1. A Manual of Hindu Astrology_B.V.Raman_1992

A Manual of

Hindu Astrology

• B.V.Raman -

1992

CONTENTS

Page. FOREWORD by Prof. B. Suryanarain Rao ..? xi

PREFACE INTRODUCTION by Dr. V. V. Ramana Sastri xix AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION xxi

CHAPTER I.

THE ZODIAC AND THE PLANETARY SYSTEM Article. 1. The Zodiac 1 2. The Ecliptic 1 3. Signs of the Zodiac 1 4. The Constellations 2 5. The Planetary System 2

6. Rotation and Revolution 3 ... 7. Velocities of Planets 4 ... 8. Retrogression and Acceleration 5

CHAPTER II .- PRELIMINARIES EXPLAINED

10. 9. Rasis and their Extent 7 Nakshatras and their Extent 7 ... 11. Movable Signs 10 ... 12. Fixed Signs 10 13. Common Signs 10 14. Odd Signs 10 ... 10 16. 15. Even Signs Signs of Long Ascension 10
11. 17. Signs of Short Ascension 10 Sirodaya Signs .. 10 19. Prustodaya Signs 11 20. Quadrants ... 11 21. Trines ... 11

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Article. Page. 22. Succeedent Houses 11 23. Cadent Houses .. 11 24. Oopachayas 11 25. Planetary Ownerships 11 25A. Exaltations 12 26. Debilitations 12 27. Good and Evil Planets 12 28. Sexes 12 29. Moola Thrikonas ... 12 30. Planetary Relations 12 31. Karakas 14 32. Bhavas 14 33. The Astrological Measure ... 16

ASTRONOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 34. The Axis and Poles of the Earth 16 35. The Earth's Equator 16 36. The Latitude ... 17 37. The Longitude 17 38. The Celestial Equator 17 39. The Celestial Latitude 17 40. The Declination 17

CHAPTER III .- THE AYANAMSA

41. The Equinoctial Points 18 42. Precession of the Equinoxes 18 43. Movable and Fixed Zodiacs ... 18 44. The Sayana and Nirayana Systems 19 45. The Ayanamsa 19 46. Varahamihira's Observations 19 47. Exact Date of Coincidence not known 20 48. Use of Ayanamsa 21 49. Determination of (Approximate) Ayanamsa 22

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CHAPTER IV .- RASI MANAS Article. 50. Page. Geographic and Geocentric Latitudes 24 51. Rasimanas 24 52. Charakhandas .. » 25 53. Rising periods on the Equator 26 54. Determination of Rasimanas 26 55. Duration of Signs in S. Latitudes 29

CHAPTER V .- SUNRISE AND SUNSET 56. Apparent Time of Rising and Setting 30 57. Apparent Noon 30 58. Ahas and Ratri 31 59. Hindu method of Determination of Sunrise and Sunset 32 60. Modern method of Determination of Apparent Time of Sunrise and Sunset 37 61. Equation of Time 39 62. Method of Determination of Equation of Time 40 63. Mean Time of Sunrise and Sunset 42 64. Easy method for finding the Mean Time of Sunrise and Sunset 43

CHAPTER VI. MEASURE AND CONVERSION OF TIME

65. Hindu Chronology 45 66. Local Mean Time 47 67. Standard Time 48 68. The Standard Horoscope 49 69. Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha 50

CHAPTER VII .- GRAHA SPHUTAS 70. Hindu Almanac ... 52 71. Method of Making Graha Sphutas 52 72. Nirayana Longitudes of Planets ... 56

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CHAPTER VIII .- LAGNA SPHUTA Article. Page. 73. Lagna or Ascendant 57 ... 74. Solar Months 57 75. Determination of Lagna ... 58 76. Rasi Kundali ... 60

CHAPTER IX .- DASAMSA BHAVA SPHUTA (Tenth House or the Mid-heaven.) 77. The Dasama Bhava 61 78. The Rasi Chakra 61 79. Erroneous Conception of Bhava Chakra ... 62 80. Bhaskara's Definition 62 81. Bhava Chakra 63 82. Method of Determination of Mid-heaven ... 63

CHAPTER X .- BHAVA SPHUTA 83. Bhava or Honse 68 84. Bhava Madhya ... 68 85. Kendra Bhavas ... 68 86. Determination of Kendra Bhavas 68 87. Non-angular Houses 69 88. Determination of Bhava Madhyas of Non-angular Honses 69 89. Bhava Sandhis ... 72 90. Determination of Bhava Sandhis 73 91. Poorva and Uttara Bhagas of Bhavas ... 74

CHAPTER XI. HOROSCOPE ACCORDING TO THE WESTERN METHOD AND ITS REDUCTION TO THE HINDU

92. General Observations 76 93. Hindu and Western Methods 76 ... 94. The Modern Ephemeris ... 77

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Article. Page. 95. Table of Houses .. ... 77 96. Local Mean Time of Birth ... 78 97. Greenwich Mean Time of Birth ... 78 98. Greenwich Mean Time Interval of Birth 79 99. Daily Motions of Planets ... 79 100. Hindu Nirayana Longitudes of Planets 80 101. The Sidereal Time at Birth 83 102. R.A.M.C. at Birth ... 84 103. Sayana Longitudes of Angular Houses .. 84 104. Rasi Kundali .. ... ... 88

CHAPTER XII .- THE SHODASAVARGAS

105. The Vargas ... ... 89 106. The Shodasavargas 89 .. ... 107. The Shadvargas ... 90 ... 108. The Saptavargas 90 ... ... 109. The Dasavargas ... 90 110. The Shodasavargas .. ... 90 111. Rasi ... 91 ... 112. Hora ... ... ... 91 113. Drekkana ... ... 92 ... 114. Chaturthamsa ... ... ... 93 115. Panchamsa 94 ... 116. Shashtamsa 94 ... ... ...

106. Sapthamsa 94 ... ... ..

107. Ashtamsa 95 ... ... ... 119. Navamsa ... ... 94 ... 120. Navamsas and Nakshatra Padas 98 ...

108. Navamsa Chakra 100 ... ...

109. Dasamsa 100 ... ... ... 123. Ekadasamsa 101 ... ... ...

110. Dwadasamsa 101 ... .. ...

111. Shodasamsa ... 101 ...

Article. Page. 126. Thrimsamsa 102 127. Shashtiamsa 103 128. Ghatikamsa 104 ... 129. General Remarks 104 130. Interpretation of Sapta Varga Table 106 TABLE 1 .- Charakhandas (1° to 60°N. Lat.) 107 TABLE II .- Terrestrial Longitudes and Latitudes 109 TABLE III .- Equation of Time. 116 TABLE IV .- Standard Times ... 117

AN INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS ... 119

FOREWORD BY

Bangalore Suryanarain Rao, B.A, M.R.A.S., F.R.H.S.,"ete., Editor, Astrological Magazine,

It gives me great pleasure to write a few words by way of a Foreword. The writer of this work Dr. B. V. Raman,. is my eldest son's eldest son, i.e., my grandson. I was on the look-out for a competent successor to the special line of researches, viz., astrono- mico-astrology in which I have spent the major portion of my active life and have found my grandson, a competent youth to take up my work. He has made an intelligent study of mathe- matical and predictive astrology and has been able to compose some treatises on this important subject. The necessity of accurate mathematical knowledge is placed beyond a question; and no astrologer of any pretensions, can ever hope to- become a successful predictor, unless he is com- petent in his astronomical knowledge of correctly casting the horoscope and finding out the various sources of strength and weakness of the Planets and the Bhavas. This work, I am proud to say has been

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done by my grandson, with considerable skill and ability. He has put his ideas in a flowing, convincing and easy style and the illustrations he has given, will be found to be of immense use to the readers. I have been, during the last 60 years, of my activities in the astrological line, dealing more or less with the judicial portion of astrology, and did not give as much attention as the subject of mathematical calculations demanded. Probably fate ordained, that, while I have fully treated in my own inimicable style, the predic- tive portions of astrology, the astronomical portions have been reserved to be elaborated by my own grandson, adding a feather to the line of my succession. As this book deals with the essential aspects of Mathematical Astrology, necessary for correct computation of horoscopes, according to the Hindu system, the selection of the name as "A Manual of Hindu Astrology" is quite appropriate. There has been a very great demand for such a book and I am proud to say that my grandson Dr. B. V. Raman has supplied the want with credit to himself. This book is written with a view to help all those who are attempting to grasp the fundamen- tal principles of Hindu Astronomico-astrology.

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To write a book on mathematical portion requires patience, diligence and devotion, all of which, my grandson, has displayed in a com- mendablc manner. I pray to God earnestly that he may live to a long age, as God has been pleased to give me longevity, and do as much service to the public as possible. Blessing him with all my heart and praying to God to make him successful and prosperous :-

BANGALORE, J (In his 80th year)

5th October 1935.)

PREFACE

Last year I wrote a comprehensive book entitled " A Text Book of Hindu Astrology", the major portion of which has been devoted to the exposition of the predictive branch of the science. But later on, I realised the need for a book devoted to the mathematical side of the subject too, by the constant pressure brought to bear upon me by students of astrology. In cast- ing horoscopes according to approved rules of Hindu Astrology, nothing but a series of mathematical calculations are involved; and hence the present manual is more or less devoted to the exposition of the important and essential principles of Hindu Mathematical Astrology. The mathematical portions dealt with are of a very elementary nature. It is hoped the present work will supply a long-felt want. All neces- sary and superfluous information constantly employed by writers on Mathematical Astrology, which are not only cumbersome but also un- important from the point of view of correct predictions, has been omitted. Ignorance of even the elementary principles of Mathematical Astrology is sure to lead one to the obvious misconception of the fundamental postulates of the judicial system and, at the same time

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too much indulgence in mathematics alone, is equally harmful as completely atrophying one's judgment faculty and power of induction. Hence to cast and read a horoscope, a moderate knowledge of Mathematical Astrology would be simply invaluable. I propose to issne two other books on the "Strengths of Planets" and "Longevity" so that these three books contain all the infor- mation necessary to enable the student to prepare a suitable ground for venturing predictions. This book deals with such aspects as the determination of the longitudes of planets, house-cusps, sunrise and sunset and other information essential for constrncting a horoscope. "The strength of planets" and "Ayur- daya " deal with the planetary relations, shad- balas, periods and sub-periods and longevity.

A separate chapter, exclusively devoted to describing the method of casting the horoscope, etc., according to the western system and its reduction to the Hindu, has been included and this is sure to enhance the value of the book by making it accessible to the Eastern and West- ern students alike. The book is intended both for the beginner and the advanced. The book may have its own defects,

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and any suggestions for its improvement will be gratefully appreciated. Original books on Varshaphal (Annual reading of horoscopes) based on Tajaka, Kala- chakra Dasas, etc., are in the course of prepara- tion and they will be released for publication in due course, for the benefit of the astrological public. I am specially indebted to my grand- father Prof. B. Suryanarain Rao, to whom this work is dedicated for his valuable instructions to me in Astrology. I have relied to some extent on the English translation of Sripathi Paddhati by Mr. V. S. Subrahmanya Sastri for information on Dasa- mabhava Sphuta and my thanks are due to him. I cannot but appreciate the labours of my wife Srimathi Rajamma Raman for re-writing the entire Manuscript and making it suitable for the press. My thanks are also due to Dr. M. C. Srikanta Pandit for having financed the publi- cation, and to Mr. Mir Abdul Huq and the staff of Modi Power Printing Works for evincing special interest in printing the work. I feel certain that my humble endeavours in expounding Astrology will be appreciated by all well-wishers of knowledge and understanding. .BETTAHALSOOR, BANGALORE, 5th October 1935,

AN INTRODUCTION BY

Jyothirbhnshan Dr. V. V. Ramana Sastrin, M.A., Ph.D., etc.

I am asked to write a few words by way of introduction, which I do with extreme pleasure, even in the face of poorly health. The present volume is devoted to the astronomical basis of Hindu Astrology, not without occasional side-lights on the theory of Western Astrology, but the manner in which the relevant findings are marshalled, and the methods, expounded, will not fail to hold the attention of the reader. To the beginner with the merest acquain- tance with the astronomical preliminaries, the presentation is bound to make a fascinating appeal, but to the trained student, the book as a whole, cannot but serve the purpose of a stimu- lating repertory of the leading facts or concepts of Astrological Mathematics. The Author, Dr. B. V. Raman has already made his mark in the astrological world, and bids fair to hold his own in the future, as a first-rate expounder of Hindu Astrology. He is none other than the grandson of Prof. B,. Suryanarain Rao, the venerable doyen of Indian Astrologers of repute, whose personal teaching

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and example have gone not a little to make of the grandson what he is. This book is intended to be the first of a serier, planned to embrace the several depart- ments of astrology, one after another, and I sincerely bid him God-speed in the successful materialisation of his plans.

VEDARANYAM, TANJORE, 25th Sept. 1935.) (Sd.) V. V. RAMANAN.

AUTHORS INTRODUCTION

The mathematical basis of astrology' is so precise and exact that even its greatest enemies cannot but be convinced of its scientific nature. The noble art of predictions assumes a fair amount of knowledge in the mathematical part of astrology. It cannot be denied, that such an ability, imposes a great strain on the limited mental acumen of the average astrologer, that his pretensions to make correct predictions are really baseless. It would be better to draw a dis- tinction, between mathematical astrology and astronomy. By the former, we mean, the rela- tion of mathematics to astrology in so far as it s concerned with the correct determination of the longitudes of planets on the basis of reliable ephemerides or almanacs, cusps of the various houses, the different kinds of Balas or Sources of strength and weakness of each planet and house, and such other details which are ascer- tainable with the aid of mathematics so that a sound basis for making correct predictions may be obtained. In other words, mathematical astrology deals with nothing but correct casting of horoscopes. And we classify the methods of computing the longitudes of planets indepen- dently, determining the periods of eclipses and

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such other details as the measurement of the dimensions of the various celestial bodies and their internal and external peculiarities, etc., under astronomy. The ancient Hindus always regarded astrology and astronomy as synony- mous so that a bad astronomer considered a was also bad astrologer. In fact the qualifications laid down by great and illustrious writers like Varahamihira and Bhaskaracharya are so rigorous, that, we fear, that none of us to-day, would be deemed to be called an astro- loger at all. Bhaskara stresses on the need of a clear knowledge of spherical astronomy, for one, who wishes to be an astrologer and a comprehension of the doctrine of sphecal projection and allied theories for locating the true positions of planets, etc. But for our purpose, we shall maintain this distinction, we have called attention to above, in regard to mathematical astrology and astronomy; and deem that a fair acquaintance with the princi- ples of mathematical astrology are absolutely essential for successful predictions. A noteworthy sign of this century seems to be a general awakening in the minds of the educated classes to institute a scientific inquiry into ancient subjects like astrology and astronomy. It is, however, deplorable to note that, in their over-enthusiasm to benefit the cause

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of the science, many of the modern English Educated Hindus of to-day are adopting an undesirable attitude towards Hindu astronomical calculations in rejecting them altogether as incor- rect or inconsistent and replacing them entirely by modern ones, as being quite accurate and precise. The arguments advanced by them, in favour of such a theory, are generally unsound and cannot stand the test of actual demonstra- tion. Are we to reject the Hindu astronomical calculations formulated and adopted by such celebrated exponents of the celestial science as Varahamihira, Bhaskara, Sripathi and others, because they seem to clash with modern ones, whird accept the ancient astrological principles? A Varahamihira or a Kalidasa, who has bequeathed to us such master-pieces as Brihat Jataka and Uttara Kalamritha could not have been so ignortant or indifferent as to give room for such fallacies, inconsistencies and errors which we are trying to find out in their writings. It would be the height of folly and absurdity to estimate their conclusions in matters of astronomy and astrology in the light of our own developments or achievements in those branches of knowledge. Modern decisions and con- clusions cannot be taken as criteria for judging the accuracy or otherwise of the ancient Hindu Astronomers. The extreme accuracy and

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precision to which we lay claim are often times questionable. It is true that no satisfactory agreement could be found between the writings of any two people even, in ancient books. But what of it ? Do all modern calculations tally with each other? Certainly not. Take for instance the measurement of terrestrial lati- tudes. Each reference book, an authority in its own way, differs decidedly from the other. Bangalore is located on 13°, 12. 57'and 12° 58'N. Lat; which of these is correct ? Therefore it is useless to reject the ancient methods of calculations completely, because they clash with ours and replace them entirely by those of modern times. Most of the theories of to-day are simply tentative ; they have not, as yet, been established. The statements of some of the astronomers are really ludicrous and excite sympathy in the hearts of sober men for such perverted views. Modern calculations alone cannot be accepted as correct or accurate (for astrological purposes) and the ancient ones rejected. Moreover the ancient Hindu astronomers dreaded secular interference in matters of astronomy for astrological purposes. The ancient Maharishis were past masters of the first magnitude in almost all branches of knowledge. That they discoveved many

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phenomena by mere observation alone cannot be vouchsafed. The plane of observation employed by them was certainly quite different from that of the modern scientists. The art of Yoga is peculiar to them. Not being satisfied with the nature of the phenomena revealed by glasses and other material objects, they dived deep into the unfathomable depths of Yoga by means of which they were able to see things in their reality, face to face. The first sutra in the Grahanirnaya Prakarana of the Bhoutika Sutras is "DarpanemithyaVadaha," meaning that objects at a distance, viewed through glasses, always present forms, which really do not repiesent their true state or nature. This clearly suggests, that to get at truth, so far as the celestial and distant objects are concerned, we must view them by something other than glasses, as there are many media between them and the earth, whose refracting and dispersing powers, we do not know much about. Thus they had the gift of Yoga, the fragments of which we see even unto this day, which helped them to a great extent in their expeditions in unveiling the mysteries surrounding the phenomenon of the celestial bodies.

. There may be still other causes for the existence of differences between modern and ancient astronomical observations. For instance

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the eqnation of the Sun's centre according to the Indian tables is 2° 10ł' whereas according to modern observations it is only 1° 552'. Is the first figure wrong because it differs from the second ? It cannot be ; for "the eccentricity of the solar orbit on which the equation just mentioned depends was greater in former ages than it is at the present time because, of the consequence of natnral disturbances of planets." Hindn calculations require consideration of Hindu figures and tables and we have to consider Hindu methods alone in matters of Hindu Astrology. Prof. Wilson observes that " The Science of astronomy at present exhibits many proofs of accurate observation and deducnon, highly creditable to the science of the Hindu Astronomers." Take for instance eclipses. The Hindu method yields as correct results as the modern method. The sciences of Hindn Astronomy and Astrology have got into disrepute by the igno- rance of the fake and quack astrologers and astronomers, whose mercenary nature make them impervious and indifferent to the grave responsibilities that lie on their heads, and such an attitude of these people is directly traceable to the lethargic mentality of many of our indolent Rajas and Maharajas who, while spending immense sums on useless and

xxvn chimerical purposes, are completely deaf towards rehabilitating such useful sciences as astrology and astronomy. The perfection of predictive astrelogy among the ancient Hindus was really marvellous; and to-day, we have lost that power. Even with sound mathematical basis, our predictions are generally vague and indefinite-except for a few, made by the real experts in this science. Is it because, our inductive faculty is marred by the too much precision we aim at, or are we on the wrong tract. Are we not wasting much of our precious time by entering into profitless discus- sions and controversies as regards house division, ascrrbing rulerships to the s called newly discovered planets, finding the rationale of the significations of the different houses of the Zodiac, etc. The greater portion of our time must be devoted to the practical study of astrology. This requires a moderate knowledge of astrological calculations. For instance, in determining Ayurdaya, Maraka Grahas (death inflicting planets) and the time of death, we should ascertain the relative sources of strength and weakness of the different planets. This requires a fair knowledge of Shadbalas. And with our present knowledge in the predictive art, we do not require to be so precise as to find out .000067" of an Arc. We had better

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maintain what can be termed "minute preci- sion ", and then adopt "second precision", after we have attained proficiency in the art of predictions consistent with our present precision in calculations. Bearing this in mind, if the reader goes through this volume, without any bias or prepos- session, he will really find much useful informa- tion presented in quite an intelligible manner. Throughout the book, in the examples worked out, fractions less than half a Ghati or 30" of Arc have been rejected. If the reader is patient enough he can consider the minutest divisions and maintain the degree of accuracy he wants In the determination of Madhya Lagna (10th Bhava), the Hindus do not consider the Sidereal Time of Birth. Instead, the Sun's Sayana Longitude at birth moment and the interval between meridian-distance are taken and the Dasamabhava Longitude determined by considering the Sidereal Time of the ascension of the Rasimanas on the equator according to the prescribed rules. Besides, the Bhojya and Bhuktha portions of a sign are found out by the application of rule of three assuming that equal arcs ascend at equal times. These two are considered, by some recent writers as fallacies or errors. But they are not fallacies at all astrologically because,

perhaps the ancients thought, that it would not make much difference, whether the ascension of Arc was calculated arithmetically or by more re- fined modern methods for astrological purposes. They had their own reasons which remain inexplicable to assnme so many things, which look controvertible to-day. We have not the slightest justifiable ground to label them as incorrect and eulogise our own conclusions as eminently correct. We have lost the power of Yoga, we cannot see things face to face by physical aids. And hence we can neither depreciate the one nor appreciate the other. Each has its own faults and perfections and we must as far as possible adopt the Hindu method of calculations for applying Hindu astrological principles.

BETTAHALSOOR, BANGALORE, 5th October 1935.

Sree

A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

( CORRECT CASTING OF HOROSCOPES)

By Dr. B. V. RAMAN

CHAPTER I.

THE 20DIAC AND THE PLANETARY SYSTEM

1. The Zodiac .- It is a broad band or belt in the heavens extending 9 degrees on either side of the ecliptic, and known to the Hindus as Bhachakra or the Circle of Light. It is a circle and as such it knows no beginning or end. In order to measure the distance, an arbitrary point is established, which is called the first point of Aries. The zodiac revolves once in a day on its axis, from east to west. 2. The Ecliptic .- The ecliptic is the Sun's path. This is known as apamandalaor Ravi marga in Sanskrit. It passes exactly through the centre of the zodiac longitudinally. 3. The Signs of the Zodiac .- The ecliptic is divided into twelve equal compartments, the signs of the zodiac, each being thirty degrees in

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extent. Each sign has its own peculiar qualities attributed to it by the ancient Maharishis, after careful and profound observation and meditation. As already observed above, the commencement of the zodiac is reckoned from the first point of Aries. Each degree is divided into sixty minutes and each minute is further subdivided into sixty seconds, so that, the total extent of the zodiac is 21,600 minutes or 129,600 seconds. 4. The Constellations .- The ecliptic is marked by twenty-seven constellations or Nak- shatras, often called lunar mansions, because the Moon is brought into special connection, with them, as traversing twenty-seven corstel- lations and making a complete round of the ecliptic in a lunar month. Each constellation contains four padas or quarters and each quarter is equal to 33° of the celestial arc (rekha). In other words the whole zodiac consists of 108 padas so that each constellation measures 13° 20' of arc. The Rasis and the Nakshatras are both reckoned from the same point, viz., the zero degree of longitude of Mesha (Aries), i.e., the initial point of Mesha* (See Chap. II) is the first point of Aswini. 5. The Planetary System .- The planetary system otherwise known as the solar system, * See Varaha Mihira's Brihat Jataka-English translation by Prof. B. Suryanarain Rao, B.A., M.R.A.S.

THE PLANETARY SYSTEM 3

headed by the most glorious Sun-the Jagat- chakshu-consists of seven important planets (including the Sun himself). All the planets, save the central luminary, are held by the gravi- tation of the Sun and they all revolve round him, the period of revolution varying with reference to each planet. Along with these are included Rahu and Kethu-considered as Aprakashakagrahas or shadowy planets; and moreover their importance does not seem to have been stressed upon by writers on Mathematical Astrology, for they partake of the characteristics of the signs which they occupy, whilst writers on Judicial Astrology, invariably recognise their influences in the analysis of a horoscope.

Saturn is the most distant planet from the earth ; Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon, come next in the order of their distance .* 6. Rotation and Revolution .- These plane- tary orbs, which the ancients recognised as having powerful influences on the terrestrial phenomena, perform the double function of not only rotating on their own axes (Brahmana) from west to east, but also revolving round the Sůn (Bhagana). The latter is comprehended in the astronomical nomenclature as the orbital * See Suryasiddhanta.

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revolution of the earth and the planets, which for the sake of simplicity, we have preferred to call as revolution. 7. Velocities of Planets .- Each planet has its own rate of motion or velocity depending upon its nearness to or distance from the earth. For instance, the Moon is our nearest planet and consequently she has a very swift motion. She travels round the zodiac once in 30 lunar days ; whereas, Saturn who is the most distant from us, has got the slowest motion and accordingly performs one revolution round the ecliptic once in thirty years. The planets do not maintain a uniform rate of movement, for various causes. The following are the approximate periods taken by each planet to make a circuit round the zodiac. The Sun moves at the rate of roughly one degree a day or 365₺ days for one complete revolution. The Moon takes 27 days 7 hours and odd for a similar circuit. Mars takes 18 months for one revolution. Mercury fequires a similar period as the Sun but his closeness to the Sun makes Mercury rather unsteady with the result that he often takes 27 days to pass through one sign. Jupiter requires roughly twelve years for a circuit. Venus has more or less the same velocity as the Sun. And Saturn moves for thirty months in a sign. Rahu and Kethu take

RETROGRESSION AND ACCELERATION 5

18 months each in a sign or 18 years for a complete revolution. All the planets have savya or direct motion, while Rahu and Kethu have Apasavya gathi, i.e., they move from east to west.

THE VELOCITIES OF PLANETS.

Degree Minute Second Para Paratpara Tatpara

Sun per 0 59 8 10 10 24 day Moon ,,13 10 34 52 3 49 Mars 0 31 26 28 11 9 Mercury 1 5 32 20 41 51 Jupiter 0 4 59 8 48 35 Venus 1 36 7 43 37 15 Saturn 0 2 0 22 53 25 .

60 Tatparas = 1 Paratpara. 60 Paratparas = 1 Para. 60 Paras 1 Second

The above information is culled out from an ancient astronomical work and the reader is referred to more advanced works on Astro- nomy for fuller and more detailed information.

8. Retrogression and Acceleration .- When the distance of any one planet from the Sun exceeds a particular limit, it becomes retrograde, i.e., when the planet goes from perihelion (the point in a planet's orbit nearest to the Sun) to aphelion (the part of a planet's orbit most distant from the Sun) as it recedes from the Sun, it gradually loses the power of *the Sun's gravitation and consequently,

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to gain it, it retrogrades ; and when the planet comes from aphelion to perihelion, nearer and nearer to the Sun the gravitation of the Sun grows more and more powerful, so that the velocity of the planet is accelerated, i.e., the state of Athichara is entered into. All the planets are subject to retrogression and acceleration excepting the Sun and the Moon, let alone the Aprakashakagrahas. Hence we find that there is no uniformity in the velocities of planets, that they are different at different parts of the orbits and that the planetary orbits are elliptical. The vakra, athichara, etc., are caused, according to Surya Siddhanta, by the invisible forces Seegrochcha, Mandochcha, and Patha.

The importance of vakra, etc., of planets, so far as it is necessary for astrological purposes will be dealt with in its proper place. Those who wish to soar into the higher regions of astronomy will do well to study such celebrated works as Surya Siddhanta, Panchasiddhantika, etc., of illustrious authors of yore, in whose luminous expositions of this celestial science, the inquiring mind is sure to find much more than what is sought for.

CHAPTER II.

PRELIMINARIES EXPLAINED

9. Rasis and their Extent .-

Sign. 1ts English Its Its) equivalent. Symbol. Extent. 1. Mesha Aries 0° 30° 3 2. Vrishabha Taurus 30 60 3. Mithuna Gemini 60 90 4. Kataka Cancer 90 120 5. Simha Leo 120 150 6. = Kanya Virgo 150 180 7. Thula Libra 180 210 8. Vrischika Scorpio 210 240 9. Dhanus Sagittarius 240 270 10. Makara Capricornus 270 300 11. Kumbha Aquarius 300 330 12. Meena Pisces 330 360

10. Nakshatras and their Extent.

No. Rasi. Nakshatra. Pada. Space on the (Sign) (Constella- (Quarter) ecliptic from tion) 0° Aries 1. Aries 1. Aswini 4 13° 20' 2. Bharani 4 26 40 3. Krithika 1 30 00

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No. Rasi. Nakshatra. JPada. Space on the (Sign) (Constella- (Quarter! ecliptic from tion) 0°.Aries

2. 'Taurus Krithika 3 40° 0' 4. Rohini 4 53 20 5. Mrigasira 2 60 0

3. Gemini Mrigasira 2 66 40 6. Aridra 4 80 0 7. Punarvasu 3 90 0

4. Cancer Punarvasu 1 93 20 8. Pushyami 4 106 40 9. Aslesha 4 120 0

5. Leo 10. Makha 4 133 20 11. Pubba 4 146 40 12. Uttara 1 150 0

6. Virgo Uttara 3 163 0 13. Hasta 4 173 20 14. Chitta 2 180 0 7. Libra Chitta 2 186 40 15. Swathi 4 200 0 16. Vishaka 3 210 0

7. Scorpio Vishaka 1 213 20 17. Anuradha 4 226 40 18. Jyesta 4 240 0

8. Sagittarius 19. Moola 4 253 20 20. Poorvashada 4 266 40 21. Uttarashada 1 270 0

CONSTELLATIONS AND THEIR EXTENT

No. Rasi. Nakshatra. Pada. Space on the (Sign) (Constella- tion) (Quarter) ecliptic from 0° Aries

10. Capricornus Uttarashada 3 210° 0' 22. Sravana 4 293 20 23. Dhanishta 2 300 0

11. Aquarius Dhanishta 2 306 40 24. Satabhisha 4 320 0 25. Poorva- 3 330 0 bhadra 12. Pisces. Poorva- 1 333 20 bhadra 26. Uttara- 4 346 40 bhadra 27. Revathi 4 360 0

The above table may be interpreted thus. lt will be seen that there are 27 constellations comprising the 12 signs. For instance, take Aries. You will find that 4 quarters of Aswini (13° 20'), 4 of Bharani (13° 20') and 1 of (3° 20') Krithika-on the whole 9 quarters constitute it. Again, the remaining 3 of Krithika (10°), the 4 of Rohini (13° 20') and 2 (6° 40') of Mrigasira make up Taurus and so on. What use this table will be of, the reader will realise after he has gone through some more pages. For the present suffice it to say that he must be quite familiar with it in order

10 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

to understand the information set forth in the subsequent chapters. Note .- In the characteristics of the signs and 'planets which I am giving below, such information as has a direct bearing upon and involved in the mathematical calculations, has been included. All other details necessary for predictions, which can be gathered from any astrological work has been scrupulously omitted.

11. Movable Signs .- Aries, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. 12. Fixed Signs .- Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Aquarius. 13. Common Signs. - Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces. 14. Odd Signs .- Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Aquarius. 15. Even Signs .- Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces. 16. Signs of Long Ascension .- Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius. . 17. Signs of Short Ascension .- Capri- cornus, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini. 18. Sirodaya Signs .- (Rising by Head) Gemini, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Aquarius.

PECULIARITIES OF SIGNS 11

19. Prustodaya Signs .- (Rising by hinder part) Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Sagittarius and Capricorn. The Sirodaya signs excepting Gemini are powerful during the day. The Prustodaya signs including Gemini are powerful during the night. The former are also called the Nocturnal signs and the latter the Diurnal signs. Pisces forms a combination of the two and is called Ubhayodaya Rasi. 20. Quadrants .- Kendras-1, 4, 7 and 10. 21. Trines .- Trikonas-1, 5 and 9. 22. Succeedent Houses .- Panaparas-2, 5, 8 and 11. 23. Cadent Houses .- Apoklimas-3, 6, 9 and 12 (9th being a trikona must be omitted). 24. Oopachayas .- 3, 6, 10 and 11. 25. Planetary Ownerships .- Aries and Scorpio are ruled by Mars; Taurus and Libra by Venus; Gemini and Virgo by Mercury; Cancer by the Moon; Leo by the Sun; Sagittarius and Pisces by Jupiter and Capricorn and Aquarius by Saturn. 25 a- Exaltations .- The Sun has his deep exaltation in the 10th degree of Aries ; Moon 3rd of Taurus; Mars 28th of Capricorn ; Mercury 15th of Virgo; Jupiter 5th of Cancer; Venus 27th of Pisces and Saturn 20th of Libra.

12 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

26. Debilitations .- The 7th house or the 180th degree from the place of exaltation is the place of debilitation or fall. The Sun is debili- tated in the 10th degree of Libra, the Moon 3rd of Scorpio and so on. 27. Good and Evil Planets .- Jupiter, Venus, Full Moon and well associated Mercury are good planets and New Moon, badly as- sociated Mercury, the Sun, Saturn and Mars are evil planets. From the 10th bright half of the Lunar month the Moon is full. He is weak from the 10th of the dark half. 28. Sexes .- Jupiter, Mars and the Sun are males: Venus and the Moon are females: and Mercury and Saturn are eunuchs. ..

27. Moola Thrikonas. - Sun's Moola Thrikona is Leo(0°-20°); Moon-Taurus (4°-30°); Mercury-Virgo (16°-20°); Jupiter-Sagittarius (0°-13°); Mars-Aries (0°-18°); Venus-Libra (0°-10°) and Saturn-Aquarius (0°-20°). 30. Planetary Relations .- By friendship we mean that the rays of the one planet will be intensified by those of the other, declared as his friend, while the same rays will be counteracted by a planet who is an enemy. Friendship will be both permanent (Nai- sargika) and temporary (Tatkalika). my "Potencies of Planets and Bhavas" for (See

Tatkalika friendship).

PLANETARY RELATIONS 13

PERMANENT FRIENDSHIP.

Planets. Friends. Neutrals. Enemies. (Grahas) (Mitras) (Samas) (Satrus)

Sun Moon, Mercury. Saturn, Mars Venus. Jupiter.

Moon - Sun, Mars, None. Mercury. Jupiter, Saturn, Venus.

Mars .. Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury. Moon, Venus. Sun.

Mercury .... Sun, Saturn, Moon. Venus. Mars, Jupiter.

Jupiter .. Sun, Saturn. Mercury, Moon, Venus. Mars.

Venus ... Mercury, Mars, Moon, Saturn. Jupiter. Sun

Saturn Venus, Jupiter. Mars, Mercury. Moon, Sun.

The practical applicability of some of these characteristics of planets and signs will be

14 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

made perfectly clear in chapters dealing with the calculation of Shadbalas, Ayurdaya, etc.

31. Karakas .- Each planet is supposed to be the karaka of certain events in life. Many function as producing, rather promoting the incidents ascribed to them.

Name. English S>ymbol. Karaka Promoter equivalent. of of

Surya Sun Pitru Father Chandra Moon Matru Mother Angaraka Mars Bhratru Brother fo Budha Mercury Karma Profession Guru Jupiter 24 Putra Children Sukra 0+ Venus Kalatra Wife or Husband Sani Saturn Ayus Longevity Rahu Dragon's 8 Mathamaha Maternal Head relations Kethu Dragon's 8 Pithamaha Paternal Tail relations

32. Bhavas .- These correspond roughly to the "Houses " of Western Astrology. The most powerful point in a Bhava is its Madhya Bhaga or mid-point whereas the first point is the most powerful in a "Western House." There are twelve Bhavas and each controls rather signifies certain important events and incidents.

BHAVAS 15

Bhava. House. Signification.

(1) Thanubhava First House build, body, appearance. (2) Dhanabhava Second 0

House family, source of death, pro- perty, vision. (3) Bhratru Third intelligence, Bhava House brothers, sisters. (4) Sukha Fourth vehicles, Bhava House general happiness, education,

6 mother. (5) Putra Bhava Fifth fame, House children. (6) Satru Bhava Sixth House: debts, diseases, misery, enemies. (7) Kalatra Seventh wife or Bhava House husband, death, tact. (8) Ayurbhava Eighth longevity, House gifts. (9) Dharma Ninth House god, guru, Bhava father, travels, piety.

16 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Bhava. House. Signification. (10) Karma Tenth occupation, Bhava House karma, philosophical knowledge.

(11) Labha Eleventh gains. Bhava House

(12) Vraya Twelfth loss, Bhava House moksha.

33. The Astrological Measure. - The various sources of strength and weakness of the planets and Bhavas are estimated by certain units or measures. They are Rupas, Virupas and Prarupas. 60 prarupas are equal to 1 Virupa and 60 Virupas make 1 Rupa.

ASTRONOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

34. The Axis and Poles of the Earth .- The axis of the earth is that diameter about which it revolves from west to east with a uniform motion. The poles of the earth are its points where its axis meets its surface and they are the North Pole and the South Pole. 35. The Earth's Equator (Vishavarekha) This is an imaginary line running round the earth half way between the two poles. The equator divides the earth into a northern and a southern hemisphere.

ASTRONOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 17

36. The Latitude (Akshamsa) .- The latitude of a place is its distance North or South of the equator, measured as an angle, on its own terrestrial meridian. It is reckoned in degrees, minutes and seconds from 0° to 90°, northwards or southwards according as the place lies in the northern or southern hemisphere. 37. The Longitude (Rekhamsa) .- The longitude of a place is its distance East or West of the meridian of Greenwich (Ujjain according to the Hindus) measured as an angle. It is expressed as so many degrees, minutes and seconds, East or West of Greenwich according to where the place lies. It is also reckoned in time at the' rate of 24 hours for 360° or 4 minutes for every degree. 38. The Celestial Equator (Nadivritta) .- This is a great circle of the celestial sphere marked out by the indefinite extension of the plane of the terrestrial equator. 39. The Celestial Latitude (Kshepa) .- This is the angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic. 40. The Declination (Kranti) .- This is the angular distance of a heavenly body from the celestial equator. It is positive or negative according as the celestial object is situated in the northern or southern hemisphere. 2

CHAPTER III.

THE AYANAMSA

41. The Equinoctial Points .- The celes- tial equator and the ecliptic intersect each other in two points; because, twice a year the Sun crosses the equator. On these two days the duration of day and night will be equal all the world over. These two points are known as the equinoctial points or the Vernal Equinox and the Autumnal Equinox. 42. Precession of the Equinoxes .- It has been observed and proved mathematically, that each year at the time when the Sun reaches his equinoctial point of Aries 0° when throughout the earth, the day and night are equal in length, the position of the earth in reference to some fixed star is nearly 50å" of space farther west than the earth was at the same equinoctial moment of the previous year. It is not merely the earth or the solar system, but the entire zodiac that is subjected to this westward motion. This slight increment-retrograde motion of the equinoxes-is known as the Precession of the Equinoxes. » 43. Movable and Fixed Zodiacs .- We have seen from the above that the Vernal Equinox

MOVABLE AND FIXED ZODIACS I9

slips backwards from its original position- recognised as the star Revati-by the Hindus. The zodiac which reckons the first degree of Aries from the equinoctial point which has a precession every year is the Movable Zodiac-whilst, in the case of the Fixed Zodiac, the first degree of Aries begins from a particular star in the Revati group of stars which is fixed. The movable zodiac is also termed as the Zodiac of Signs while the fixed zodiac is known as the Zodiac of Constellations, as its signs are almost identical with the constellations bearing the same names. 44. The Sayana and the Nirayana Systems. The system of astronomy which recognises the movable zodiac belongs to the Sayana school while that which considers the fixed zodiac is termed as the Nirayana system. The Sayana is the one employed by western astrologers for predictive purposes while the Hindu astrologers use the fixed zodiac. 45. The Ayanamsa .- The distance bet- ween the Hindu First Point and the Vernal Equinox, measured at an epoch, is known as the Ayanamsa. 46. Varahamihira' s Observations .- Even Varahamihira, one of the most celebrated of anpient writers in India, perpetuates and carries on the teachings of his far more ancient pre- decessors in marking the distinction between the

20 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

two zodiacs and referring all the astrological observations to the fixed zodiac. He states, that in his time, the summer solistice coincided with the first degree of Cancer, and the winter solistice with the first degree of Capricorn, whereas at one time the summer solistice coincided with the middle of the Aslesha. 47. Exact date of Coincidence not known. The exact period when both the zodiacs coincided in the first point is not definitely known and accordingly the Ayanamsa-the precessional distance-varies from 19° to 23° . The star which marked the first point seems to have somehow disappeared though some believe that it is 11' east of the star Pisces. A number of dates is given as the year of the coincidence, viz., 361 A.D., 498 A.D., 394 A.D., 397 A.D., 559 A.D., etc .; which to accept, and which to reject, has been a matter of considerable doubt. No definite proof is available in favour of any one of the dates given above. No amount of mere specu- lation would be of any use, especially in such matters. Some attribute these differences to the supposed errors in Hindu observations. What- ever they may be, it is not our purpose here to enter into any sort of discussion which would be purely of academical interest and absolutely outside our limits. As such without worrying the reader with the technicalities

USE OF AYANAMSA 21

involved in the discussion a most vital question like that of the Precession of the Equinoxes we shall directly enter into setting below, a simple method for ascertaining the Ayanamsa, which will serve the purpose of any scientific astrologer and which would enable the reader to thoroughly understand and follow the principles described in the following pages. 48. Use of Ayanamsa .- The Indian adepts in the celestial science, realising, that the degrees of the fixed zodiac have a permanent relation with the star-points, and that the movable zodiac does not give us a definite position both for observation and experiment and to arrive at logical conclusions, have been advocating the Nirayana positions of planets for all predictive purposes, which should be arrived at after the necessary calculations are made according to Sayana and then the Ayanamsa subtracted from such positions. For astrological purposes, it would be quite sufficient, if we know how, to determine the Ayanamsa for any particular year. Since the object of this book is not to enter into any discussion about the superiority of this or that system, or the justification of adopting any particular value as the Ayanamsa, but to clearly describe and expound principles necessary for correct computation of a horoscope mathema- tically, according to the prescribed rules and

22 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

determine the various sources of strength and weakness of planets and discover other details that are within the reach of mathematical astrology and thus clear the way for making correct predictions, we do not, propose to lay any further stress on this question of Ayanamsa.

The Longitudes of the Houses (Bhava Sphutas), Rasimanas (Oblique Ascensions) and other important calculations are all computed for Sayana Rasis. From these the Ayanamsa is subtracted and thus the Nirayana Bhavas, etc., are obtained. In other words, every one of the Hindu astrological calculations which is at first based upon the Sayana Rasis, iseeven- tually subjected to Nirayana reduction. All these indicate the absolute necessity for Aya- namsa.

49. Determination of (Approximate) Aya- namsa .- (1) Subtract 397 from the year of birth (A.D.) (2) Multiply the remainder by 50}" and reduce the product into degrees, minutes and seconds. Example 1 .- Determine the Ayanamsa for 1912 A.D. 1912-397=1515x50}"=76,255" 76,255"=21° 10' 55".

Example 2 .- Find the Ayanamsa for 1918 A.D. 1918-397=1,521×50}"=76,557"=21° 15' 57".

AYANAMSA FOR ODD DAYS 23

The slipping back of the movable zodiac in a year is so small that for odd days, we can conveniently neglect it. But the Ayanamsa for the moment can be determined by consider- ing the precession for the odd days also.

CHAPTER IV.

RASIMANAS

50. Geographic and Geocentric Latitudes. The latitudes of places marked in any ordinary atlas are the geographical latitudes. Because they are calculated on the supposition that the earth is a perfect sphere, while on the other hand, the flattened ends at the two poles, make it a spheriod, so that, the latitude measured from the true centre of the spheriod, is the geocentric latitude. For astrological purposes, it would be hardly worthwhile making any distinction whatever between the geocentric and geographic latitude of a place. For instance, the geogra- phic latitude of Bangalore is 12° 57' and its geocentric 12° 52'. We can adopt the former alone for astrological calculations. 51. Rasimanas .- Rasimanas mean the rising periods of the twelve signs of the zodiac. It is impossible to find out the actual Lagna (Ascendant) in a horoscope or the different Bhavas (Houses) or the sunrise and sunset in any place without a knowledge of the Rasimanas,. which vary from Akshamsa (latitude) to Akshamsa. It must be noted that the Rasimana is always given Sayana (with precession), that is

CHARAKHANDAS 25

to say, the time of oblique ascension is computed for the signs of the movable zodiac. From this is subtracted the Ayanamsa and the appropriate time of oblique ascension and thus is got the Nirayana Rasimana. If the division of the zodiac into 12 signs be taken to commence from the equinoctial point, their rising periods for any particular place will not vary from year to year. 52. Charakhandas .- The duration of the signs of the zodiac varies in the different degrees of latitude which can be ascertained by the Charakhandas (ascensional differences) of the particular latitude. Say, for instance, two men are born at the same time, one in Bangalore and 'the other in Berlin. Their latitudes are different. The rising periods of the signs in Bangalore must be quite different from those in Berlin. The sunrise and sunset in both the places cannot be the same. Therefore the rising periods in the different latitudes must be definitely known before casting a horoscope. These Charakhandas, (ascensional differ- ences) referred to above, in Indian sidereal time, the unit of which is an Asu (which is the equivalent of four seconds in English sidereal time) are, in accordance with certain definite rules, added to or subtracted from, the time of the Right Ascension (Dhruva) of the various Sayana Rasis, in order to get their

26 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Oblique Ascension (Chara). Since the Chara (period of oblique ascension) and the Dhruva (period of right ascension) are identically the same* for the Vishavarekha (equinoctial latitude) the ascensional difference is zero (shunya) for all the places situated on the equator. The ascen- sional difference is the same, in respect of the same sign, for places situated in the same latitude. To be more clear, the rising periods on the equator where the Charakhanda is zero-being known, it is possible to calculate the Rasimanas for any latitude, provided, its Charakhandas are also known. 53. Rising Periods on the Equator .-- The rising periods of the zodiacal signs reckoned from Sayana Mesha are thus distributed on the equator (0°_latitude.) " Asus. Aries Virgo 1674 Libra Pisces Taurus Leo 1725 Scorpio Aquarius ·Gemini Cancer 1931 Sagittarius Capricorn (6 Asus = 1 Vighatika = 24 Seconds. 60 Vighatikas = 1 Ghatika = 24 Minutes). The above means that it takes for Aries, Virgo, Libra and Pisces, 1674 Asus or 4 Gh. 39 Vig. to rise at the eastern horizon on the equator and so on. 54. Determination of Rasimanas .- From or to the rising periods on the equator, the

DETERMINATION OF RASIMANAS 27

Charakhandas of the required place from Aries to Gemini and from Capricorn to Pisces are subtractive* and from Cancer to Virgo and from Libra to Sagittarius are additive. That is, in the case of from Aries to Gemini and from Capricorn to Pisces, subtract the Charakhandas and from Cancer to Virgo and from Libra to Sagittarius add the Charakhandas of the required place and the rising periods of signs there, are obtained. These must be applied to any one of four triads as given above, into which the zodiacal signs are divided-commencing always from the Sayana Mesha, i.e., the first 30° from the equinoctial point. The following examples will clear the meaning.

Example 3 .- Find the Rasimanas at 13° N. Lat. whose Charakhandas are 162, 130 and 53 Asus respectively.

Rising Chara- Times Times of handas of oblique oblique Signs periods at 0°Lat. an 13° ascension

(in Asus.) N. at 13° N. ascension at 13° N. Lat. Lat. Lat. (in Asus) (in Ghatis)

Gh. Vig. 1. Aries 1,674 162 1,512 4 12 2. Taurus 1,795 130 1,665 4 37i 3. Gemini ... 1,931 - 53 1,878 5 13 4. Cancer 30§ ... 1,931 + 53 1,984 5 5. Leo 1,795 + 130 1,925 5 208 ... 6. Virgo 1,674 + 162 1,836 5 6 7. Libra ... 1,674 + 162 1,836 5 6 . In North JLatitudes.

28 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Chara- Times Times Rising of oblique of oblique Signs. periods khandas ascension ascension at 0° Lat. 130 ח0 (in Asus) N. at 13o N. at 13° N. Lat. Lat. Lat. (in Asus) (in Ghatis)

Gh. Vig. 8. Scorpio .. 1,795 + 130 1,925 5 20 융 9. Sagittarius .. 1,931 + 53 1,984 5 30 号 10. Capricorn ... 1,931 - 53 1,878 5 13 11. Aquarius .. 1,795 130 1,665 4 37₺ 12. Pisces ... 1,674 - 162 1,512 4 12

21,600 21,600 60 0

Example 4 .- Find the Rasimanas at 51° 32' * N. Lat. whose Charakhandas are 921, 737 and 307 respectively.

Times of Times of Rising Chara- oblique khandas oblique ascension Signs. periods ascension at 0° Lat. at (in Asus.) 51° 32' at 51° 32' at 51° 32' N. Lat. N. Lat. N. Lat. (in Asus.) (in Ghatis)

Gh. Vig. 1. Aries 1,674 - 921 753 2 5% ... 2. Taurus ... 1,795 - 737 1,058 2 563 3. Gemini 1,931 - 307 1,624 4 30៛ .. 4. Cancer 1,931 + 307 2,238 6 13 ... 5. Leo 2,532 7 2 ... 1,795 + 737 6. Virgo 1,674 + 921 2,595 7 12₺ ... 7. Libra + 921 2,595 7 122 ... 1,674 8. Scorpio 1,795 + 737 2,532 7 2 ... 9. Sagittarius 1,931 + 307 2,238 6 13 10. Capricorn 1,931 - 307 1,624 4 30§ 11. Aquarius 1,795 - 737 1,058 2 56₺ 12. Pisces ... 753 ... 1,674 - 921 2 51

21,600 21,600 60 0

. The Charakbandas for 52° are considered.

DURATION OF SIGNS IN SOUTH LATITUDES 29

(See Table I for Charakhandas for lati- tudes 1° 60°.) 55. Duration of Signs in South Latitudes. The additive and subtractive Charakhandäs of North Latitudes, become subtractive and additive respectively, in case of South Latitudes. For e.g. add 162 to 1,674 instead of subtracting, and the duration of Aries on 13° S. latitude is obtained. It is to be noted that signs of short ascension in N. Latitudes are signs of long ascension in S. latitudes.

CHAPTER V.

SUNRISE AND SUNSET

56. Apparent Time of Rising and Setting of the Sun .- The exact moment when the Sun first appears at the eastern horizon of a place is the time of sunrise there. Since the Sun has a definite diameter, the interval between the moment of the appearance of the.first ray at the horizon, and the moment at which the Sun is just clear off the horizon, is some 5 or 6 minutes. If this is so, which represents the exact moment of sunrise ? It has been acknow- ledged that it is the moment at which the centre of the solar disc rises at the eastern horizon, that marks the sunrise at the particular place. It must also be noted that on account of the refraction of the solar rays, due to the various strata enveloping the earth, the Sun is not really at the horizon when he appears to be so but is really below the horizon by about a few minutes of arc (Rekha). But we can take the apparent time as almost correct and need not worry ourselves with the so called delicate correct time of rising. 57. Apparent Noon .- This is marked when the centre of the Sun is exactly on the

AH AS AND RATRI 31

meridian of the place. The apparent noon is almost the same for all places.

58. Ahas and Ratri .- Ahas is the duration of the day, i.e., the duration of time, from sunrise to sunset, and Ratri, is the duration of time, from sunset to sunrise. On the equator, the Ahas and Ratri are always 30 ghatis or 12 hours each, while in other latitudes, the sum of Ahas and Ratri will be 24 hours, whereas the interval between sunrise and sunset and vice versa, varies, this variation depending upon the decli- nation of the Sun and the latitude of the place.

The duration of Ratri in a place expressed in arc corresponds to the Sun's nocturnal arc and that of the day to his diurnal arc. If we knew either of these arcs, we could find out sunrise and sunset. In dealing with the question of the Preces- sion of the Equinoxes, we have called attention to the fact that on the days when the Sun occupies the equinoctial points, i.e., twice a year, he is visible for 12 hours at all places and invisible for a similar period. On these two days the declination (kranti) of the Sun is zero. During his northerly course, when he will have a north declination, the duration of days is longer than that of nights, i.e., he is visible for longer periods in north latitudes, while the

32 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

reverse holds good for south latitudes. During his southerly course, when he will have a south declination, the duration of days is longer than that 'of nights in south latitudes, and the reverse holds good for north latitudes. 59. Hindu Method of Determination of Sunrise and of Sunset .- First of all note the latitude of the place for which sunrise and sunset are to be determined and then its chara- khandas. Find out the position of Nirayana Sun* at approximate sunrise on that day. This can be done from any local reliable almanac. (See Chapter VII for determining longitndes of planets). To this add Ayanamsa and the Sayana Ravi at sunrise is obtained: or the position of the Sayana Sun can be obtained by means of any modern ephemeris in which the positions of planets are to be found for Greenwich Mean Noon. By converting the approximate time (local) of sunrise to Greenwich mean time, the position of Sayana Surya-for sunrise can be found out. (See Chapter VI for Conversion of Time). Then find out the Bhuja (distance from the nearest equinoctial point) as follows :- If the Sayana longitude of the Sun be less than 90° (i.e., the first three signs) it The solar date marked in the Hindu almanacs may be roughly taken as representing Sun's Nirayana longitude at sunrise on the particular day.

DETERMINATION OF BHUJA 33

itself represents the Sun's Bhuja ; if it is more than 90° and less than 180°, subtract it from 180° and the result is Bhuja; if it is more than 180° andless than 270° (i.e., more than 6 signs and less than 9 signs) subtract 180° from the Sun's sayana longitude, the result represents Bhuja; and if the sayana longitude of the Sun is more than 270° and less than 360° (more than 9 signs and less than 12 signs) subtract it from 360° and the result is Bhuja of the Sun. If the Sun's sayana longitude is-Bhuja is (1) between 0° 90° Sun's sayana long itself. (2) 90 180 (3) . 180°-Sun's sayana long. 180 270 Sun's sayana long-1806 (4) 270 360 360°-Sun's sayana long. The Charakhandas given in three numbers are called the Adi (first), Madhya (middle) and Anthya (last) Charakhandas. The Adichara- khanda itself will be the first khanda ; this plus the madhya, the second khanda ; and the sum of the three (Charakhandas), the third khanda. Now divide the Bhuja (if it is more than 30°) by 30. The quotient represents the khanda. Keep the remainder as it is and then apply the rule :- As 30 degrees : the remainder : : the Charakhanda (Madhya, if Bhuja is more than 30° and less than 60° and Anthya if it is more than 60° and less than 90°) : the required quantity. 3

34 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

This required quantity must be added to the equivalent of the khanda represented by the quotient obtained by dividing the Bhuja by 3G. The result is chara. If the Bhuja is less than 30° then apply the rule :- As 30 degrees : the degree (represented by Bhuja) : : the Adicharakhanda : the required quantity. Then the required quantity itself will be chara. lf the Sayana Sun is in Uttara (north) Gola (hemisphere), i.e., from Aries to Virgo, add chara to 15 ghatis (6 hours). If he is in the Southern Gola (from Libra to Pisces) subtract this from 15 ghatis. The result is Dinardha (half diurnal duration). Twice this is the length of day. This deducted from 60 ghatis (24 hours) gives the length of night. Convert Dinardha into hours, etc., and add and subtract this figure to and from 12 noon. The apparent time of sunset and of sunrise respectively of the place are bbtained. Example 5 .- Find the length of day and of night and the apparent time of sunrise and of sunset at a place on 13° N. Lat. and 5 h. 10 m. 20 s. E. Long. on 16th October (1918 A.D.). (First) (Middle) (Last) Adi. Charakhandas ... Madhya Anthya 162 130 and 53 (In Asus) or 27 21.7 and 8.8 (In vighatis) (27) (22) (9)

DETERMINATION OF SUNRISE 35

1. II. 111. .. Khandas = 27 49 and 58 Nirayana Sun at approximate sunrise (6 A.M.) = 178° 48 0" Ayanamsa 21 15 57

*. Sayana Sun = 200° 3' 57"

= 200° 4' Libra 20° 4'.

Since the Sayana longitude of the Sun is between 180°-270°, apply Rule 3 to find out the Bhuja.

Rule 3 .- Sun's Sayana long .- 180°=Bhuja. 200° 4' - 180° = 20° 4' Since in the above Bhuja, viz., 20° 4' is less than 30°, apply the following rule to get Chara- As 30 degrees : the degrees represented by Bhuja :: Adicharakhanda : the required quantity = x. :. 30 : 20° 4' :: 27: the required quantity= x. 20° 4' x 30 : 27 = 18%%=18 vighatis. X

x = 18 vighatis = Chara itself. .. Sayana Sun is in Dakshina Gola (between Libra and Pisces) Dinardha = Gh. (15-0)-Gh. (0-18) (Half diurnal duration) = Gh. 14-42. .. Length of day = Gh. 14-42 x 2 = Gh. 29-24. Length of night= Gh. 60-Gh. (29-24)= Gh. 30-36. Dinardha=Gh. 14-42 ; in hours = 5 h. 52 m. 48 s. 12 noon-5 h. 52 m. 48 s. = 6 h. 7 m. 12 s. : Apparent time of Sunrise = 6 h. 7. m. 12 s. A.M. 12 noon + 5 h. 52 m. 48 s .= 5 h. 52 m. 48 s. (P.M.) sunset.

36 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Example 6 .- Find the length of day and of night and apparent time of sunset and of sunrise at 36° N. Lat. on 7th January 1932.

Charakhandas = 522'6 418'08 and 174'18 (In Asus.)

= 87 70 and 29(In vighatis.) I. II. III. .. Khandas = 87 157 186

S. D. M. S. Nirayana Sun = 8 22 30 0

Ayanamsa 0 21° 27' 41"

.. Sayana Sun = 9 13 57 41"

= 13° 58' Capricorn. S. D. M. 12 0 0 Sayana Sun 9 13 58

2 16 2= Bhuja = 76° 2'

Divide Bhuja by 30= 76° 2' 30 =Khanda 2

and remainder 16° 2'. As 30: 16° :: 29 : the required quantity= x. 16y6 x 29=15t8: vighatis=16 vighatis.

16 Vig. +157 (Khanda II)=173 Vig. = Chara. Gh. 15-Vig. 173=Gh. 12-7 = Dinardha. .. Gh. 24-14=length of day. .. Gh. 35-46=length of night. 12 noon-4 h. 50 m. 48 s .= 7 h. 9 m. 12 s. (A.M.) sunrise (Apparent time) = 7 h. 9 m. A.M. 12 noon + 4 h. 50 m. 48 s. = 4 h. 50 m. 48 s. (P.M.) sunset (Apparent time)

MODERN METHOD 37

I have given above the Hindu method of finding out the apparent time of sunrise and of sunset. Some say, that this method is riddled with certain errors. I have spoken sufficiently about the supposed errors that have crept into Hindu calculations in the Introduction to this book. I shall also give below, the modern method of the calculation of sunrise and of sunset and the reader can adopt whichever he prefers. I shall apply this method to the examples worked out for the Hindu method so that the results in both the cases may be compared. Those who want to adopt the Hindu method may do so: and those who are in a position to work out problems in trigonometry may employ the modern method. 60. Modern Method of Determination of Apparent Time of Snnrise and of Snnset .-* First convert the local approximate time of sunset (or sunrise) into Greenwich Mean Time (see next Chapter) for which ascertain Sun's declination from the Ephemeris. Note down the latitude of the place and apply the following formula. Log. Tan. Dec. of Sun + Log. Tan. Lat. of place = Log. Sin. Ascensional Difference. Subtract ascensional difference from 90° if Dec. is South and add Asc. difference to 90° if Dec. is North. * (The reverse holds good for places in south latitudes). * There is a slight difference between the results obtained according to Hindu and modern methods which may be safely overlooked for astrological purposes.

38 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Convert the resulting degrees into honrs, minntes, etc., at 15°=1 hour. The result is local apparent time of setting. This snbtracted from 12 hours e. gives local apparent time of snnrise.

Example 7 .- Find the apparent time of snnrise and 'of sunset at a place on 13° N. Lat. and 5 h. 10 m. 20 s.

E. Long. on 16th October 1918. Approximate time of sunset=6 P.M. This converted to G.M.T. H. M. S. (Greenwich Mean Time) = 12 49 40 (P.M.) The difference between Greenwich Mean Noon and G. M. T. is only 49 m. 40 seconds. Therefore, we may take the declination of the Sun at G. M. N. on 16th October. The declination may be determined for 12 h. 49 m. 40 s. or 12-50 P.M. by considering Sun's motion (in dec.) in 24 hours and thus his proportional motion for 50 m.

Decn. on October 16th at (G.M.N.) = 8° 41' S. . Log. Tan. 8° 41' + Log. Tan. 13°=Log. Sin. Asc. Diff . = 9.1839 + 9.3634 = 8.5473 = Sin. 2° (ronghly) .. Log. Sin. Asc. Difference = Log. Sin. 2° .. Asc. difference=2° " Declination is South : subtract this from 90° :90°-2°=88°

88° 0'=5 h. 52 m. (P.M.)=Local apparent time of setting. .. 12 h. - 5 h. 52 m .= 6 h. 8 m. =6 h. 8 m. (A.M.) = Local apparent time of rising. *Seven figure logarthmic tables may be consulted for greater accuracy.

EQUATION OF TIME 39

Example 8 .- Find the apparent time of sunrise and of sunset on 7th January 1932 at a place whose latitude is 36° N. and Long. 90° E. Approximate time of sunset=6 P.M. This converted into G.M.T .= 12 noon. Since G.M.T. corresponding to 6 P.M. has become the same as Greenwich Mean Noon, we may take the declination of the Sun at G.M.T. on 7th January. '. Sun's Declination at 12 noon (G.M.T.) or at the sunset at the required place=22° 30' S. . Log. Tan. 22° 30' + Log. Tan. 36°=Log. Sin. Asc. Diff. =9.6172+9.8613=19.4785=9.4785=Log. Sin. 17° 31' .. Log. Sin. Asc. Difference=Log. Sin. 17° 31' . .. Asc. Difference=17° 31' V Dec. is S. subtract this from 90° .. 90°-17° 31'=72° 29' 72°29'=4h. 49 m. 56 s .= Local apparent time of setting=4h. 49 m. 56 s. (P.M.) .. 12 h .- 4 h. 49m. 56 s .= 7h. 10m. 4s .= Local apparent time of rising. (A.M.) 61. Equation of Time .- This is the differ- ence between Mean Time and Apparent Time. We obtain by the above methods the apparent time of sunrise. For this must be applied the equation of time in order to get the mean time, i.e. . Equation of Time=Mean Time - Apparent Time at any moment. (vice versa if A.T. is > M.T.)

40 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

The equation of time at a moment is positive or negative according as the apparent time is less or greater than Mean Time.

62. Method of the Determination of Equation of Time to get, Mean Time from Apparent Time .- From any ephemeris find the Sidereal Time and the longitude (sayana) of the Sun for the G. M. N. or the G. M. T. corresponding to the approximate time of sunrise or sunset at the required place, on the required date. Find the Sidereal Time at which this particular degree (of Sun's sayana longitude referred to above) is on the cusp of the tenth- house of Greenwich or any place. This will, give the Right ascension expressed in time of the Sun ; or we shall call this, for the sake of con- venience, the Sun Time. Take the difference between the Sidereal Time and the Sun Time, and this represents the Equation of Time .*

If the Sun Time is less than the Sidereal Time, the Equation of Time must be subtracted from the Apparent Time (of sunrise or of sunset) in order to obtain the Local Mean Time of rising or of setting). If the Sidereal Time is less than Sun Time, add the Equation of Time for obtaining the Local Mean Time. Example 9 .- Find the Equation of Time on 16th . It will do if the Equation of Time is found out for G.MN.

EQUATION OF TIME 41

October 1912, as applied to apparent time at sunrise, at Bangalore.

Approximate time of sunrise = 6 AM. = 12 h. 49 m. 40 s. (A.M.) G.M.T. Sayana Longitude of Sun at G.M.N. On October 15, was = 21° 45' 46" Libra On October 16th. = 22° 45' 19"

Sun's Sayana Long. at 49 m. 40 s. AM. (G.M.T.) on 16th October = 22° 17' 56" When 22° Libra is on the Cusp of the tenth-house Sidereal H. M. S. Time = 13 21 20 When 23° Libra is on the cusp of the tenth-house Sidereal H. M. S . Time = 13 25 6

.. When 22° 17' 56" Libra is on the cusp of the tenth-house the Sidereal Time = 13 22 28 H. M. S. .. Sun Time = 13 22 28 Sidereal Time at (G.M.T.) 13 36 10

. Equation of Time at = -0 13 m. 42 s.

sunrise in the above given place, on October 16, i.e., at 12-50 AM. (G.M.T.) October 16 was: -14 m.

This must be subtracted from the apparent time of sunrise in order to get the Mean Time of sunrise. We subtract this because Sidereal Time is greater than Sun Time.

Example 10 .- Find the Equation of Time on 7th January 1912, as applied to apparent time of sunrise at Dacca.

42 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Approximate time of sunrise=6 A.M .= 12 midnight (G.M.T.) Sayana Longitnde of Sun at G.M.N. on 7th January = 15° 50' 36" Capricorn .. Sayana Longitude of Sun at G.M.T. = 15° 29' 1" When 15° Capricorn is on the cusp H. M. S. of the tenth-house, Sidereal Time = 19 5 8 When 16° Capricorn is on the cusp of the tenth-house, Sidereal Time = 19 9 26 .. When 15° 29' 1"-Sidereal time = 19 7 13 Sun Time 19 7 13 Sidereal Time (G.M.T) = 19 0 48 . Equation of Time at sunrise in the above given place on 7th Jannary, i.e., at 12 A.M. (G.M.T.) 7th January was + 0 6 25 + 6 m. This must be added to the Apparent Time of sunrise in order to get the Mean Time of sunrise. We add this because Sun Time is greater than Side- real Time.

63. Mean Time of Sunrise and of Sunset. Add or subtract the Equation of Time to or from the apparent time (of sunrise or of sunset), the respective Mean Time is obtained. The Equation of Time is positive, (i.e., must be added to the apparent time) if the Sun Time (See Article 55) is greater than Sidereal Time and it is negative, (i.e., must be subtracted from the apparent time) if the Sun Time is less than Sidereal Time.

MEAN TIME OF SUNRISE 43

Example 11 .- Find the Mean Time of sunrise on October 16th, 1918 A.D. at a place on 13° N. Lat. and 5 h. 10 m. and 20 s. E. Long. H. M. The apparent time of sunrise was 6 8 A.M.(Ex. 7) The Equation of Time (as applied to apparent time at sunrise) was-0 14 (Table II1) . the Mean Time of sunrise on October 16th was 5 54 A.M.

Example 12 .- Find the Mean Time of sunrise on 7th January 1932 at a place on 36° N. Lat. and 6 hours E. Long. H. M. The apparent time of sunrise was 7 10 AM. (Ex.8) The Equation of Time (as applied to apparent time of sunrise) · was + 0 6(Table I1I) !. the Mean Time of sunrise there on 7th January was 7 16 A.M.

64. Easy Method for Finding the Mean Time of Sunrise and of Sunset .- I have elabor- ately discnssed in the above pages, the method of calcnlating the Apparent Time of snnrise and of snnset for any place on any day, with suitable examples according to both the Hindn and Modern systems and the determination of Equation of Time (as applied to the apparent time of sunrise or of sunset) in order to obtain the Mean Time (of local sunrise or of snnset) I leave it to the discretion of the reader to choose the method he best prefers.

44 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Those who are not familiar with the method of consulting the trigonometrical and Logarthmic Tables, a knowledge of which is essential for applying modern methods are requested to adopt the following rules :-

1. Calculate the Apparent Time of sunrise and of sunset according to the Hindu method (as given in Article 59). 2. Then instead of working out the problem for ascertaining the Equation of Time, the reader may conveniently find out the Equation of Time by referring to Table III, given at the end of the book.

2. Then apply this Equation of Time to get the Mean Time of sunrise and of sunset by adopting the rules contained in Article 63.

CHAPTER VI.

MEASURE AND CONVERSION OF TIME

65. Hindu Chronology .- The division of time is peculiar to the Hindus. It begins with a Tatpara and ends in a Kalpa (equal to 4,320,000,000 Sidereal years). The Hindu day (an apparent solar day) begins from sunrise and ends with the next sunrise. The division of time is thus-

60 Tatparas 1 Para 60 Paras = 1 Vilipta 60 Viliptas = 1 Liptha 60 Lipthas = 1 Vighati 60 Vighatis = 1 Ghati 60 Ghatis 1 Day.

I shall also introduce to the reader the three kinds of days now in vogue, though it is not worthwhile wasting any time over remem- bering them.

(a) Sidereal Day .- This is equal to 23 h. and 56 m. of Mean Solar Time. This is known as Nakshatra Dina among the Hindus and this is the time the fixed stars take to come round the Pole once.

46 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

(b) Apparent Solar Day .- This is known as the Savana Dina. This is longer than the Sidereal day by about four . minutes. (c) Mean Solar Day .- This is reckoned by considering the average length of all the days in a year. Two kinds of months are generally in vogue among the Hindus, viz., Chandramana and Souramana. The Chandramana is based upon the movements of the Moon in the celestial circle. The Solar month is the time, the Sun takes to move in one sign. The month varies in duration according to the number of days the Sun takes to move in a sign. When the Sun enters into the new sign during the course of the lunation, the month is intercalary (Adhika Masa) and is baptised by the name of that which precedes or succeeds it with some prefix to distinguish it from the regular month. The Hindus have a Solar rather Sidereal year, which is their astronomical year, and a Lunar year which is their civil year. The lengths of the various years are as follows according to modern calculations :- D. H. M. S The Tropical year 365 5 48 46 The Sidereal year 365 6 9 9 The Anomalistic year 365 6 I3 48

LOCAL MEAN TIME 47

66. Local Mean Time .- The local mean time of birth is very essential for the calcula- tion of the horoscope. When the Sun is crossing the meridian of any place, it is twelve o'clock or midday at that place according to "Local Time". It is noon of local time on any day when the Sun reaches its highest point in the day. It is to be specially noted that the time shown by clocks and watches at any particular day is hardly the correct local mean time. Such times are subject to rectification by observing the course of events in one's life. Great care should be taken to see that watches and clocks, from which birth-times are recorded are accurate. Therefore, the first thing is to ascertain the correct local mean time of birth. The local mean time of a place depends upon its longitude, evidently terrestrial. In all Hindu astrological calculations the meridian of Ujjain was being taken when reckoning time or longitude, but now Greenwich is taken as the centre for such pur- poses. The local time of a place (L.M.T.) say 4 degrees east of Greenwich, will be 16 minutes later than Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.) In other words, if it is 12 noon at Greenwich, it will be 12h. 4 m. (P.M.) in a place 1° E. to it, 11,56 A.M. in a place 1° W. to it and so on.

To reduce longitude into time, simply divide the number of degrees, minutes, etc., by

48 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

15 and the quotient will be the time. For instance, the longitude of Bangalore is 77° 35' East of Greenwich. Dividing this by 15 we get 5 h. '10 m. 20 s. The place being East of Greenwich, it will be 5 h. 10 m. 20 s. (P.M.) at Bangalore-(otherwise termed as L.M.T.)when it is 12 noon at Greenwich or 8 h. 10 m. 20 s. (P.M.) when it is 3 P.M. at Greenwich and so on.

The local mean time can be obtained by adding to or subtracting from the Greenwich Mean Time, four minutes to every degree of longitude, according as the place is East or West of Greenwich. The L.M.T. always sychronises with the G.M.T. L.M.T .= G.M.T. + Longitude 15° + if the place is East of Greenwich. - if the place is West of Greenwich.

Example 13 .- Whatis the L.M.T. of a place at Long. 78° West when it is 12 noon at Greenwich ?

L.M.T .= 12 noon- 78° 15° =12 noon-5 h.12 m.

=6h. 48 m. (A.M.) (-because place is West of Greenwich). 67. Standard Time .- It is usual to choose for each country, or for each part of a large country, a standard time for use over the whole country. This standard time, as a rule, is the local time of some most important town in the

STANDARD TIME 49

country. If the birth is recorded in L.M.T. well and good; otherwise, the Standard Time of the country must be converted into the Local Mean Time. The time when Standard Times were introduced into different countries must be ascertained (See Table IV). In India Standard Time was introduced on 1-7-1905 and it is about 5 h. and 30 m. past (in advance) of Greenwich Mean Time. Before this, probably the Sun Dial Time was in existence, in which case, this can be converted into L.M.T. by applying the Equation of Time (as applied to sun dial time). For births that have occurred after 1-7-1905, if the time is recorded in Standard Time, it must be converted into L.M.T. Generally our clocks show Standard Time. For instance, Bangalore is 5 h. 10 m. 20 s. East of Greenwich; when it is noon at Greenwich the L.M.T. at Bangalore is 5 h. 10 m. 20 s. (P.M.) whilst the clock at this time shows 5 h. 30 m. P.M. (Standard Time).

L.M.T. = Standard Time + Difference between local and standard longitudes (expressed in time) + if local longitude is > Std. Long. - if local longitude is <

68. The Standard Horoscope .- In order to,illustrate the various principles described in this book, we shall consider the nativity of a female born on 16th October 1918 A.D .; at 2h. 4

50 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

20 m. P.M. (Indian Standard Time) at a place on 13° N. Lat. and 77° 35' E. Long. This horoscope will henceforth be termed as the Standard Horoscope.

Example 14 .- Find the Local Mean Time, of birth in the Standard Horoscope, the Standard Long. being 82° 30' E. of Greenwich. (5 h. 30 m. Fast of G.M.T.)

Standard Longitude 82° 30' Local Longitude = 77° 35'

Difference between St. Long. and Local Long. ' = 4° 55' 4° 55'=19 m. 40 s. in time. " Local Longitude is < Standard Longitude, this time must be subtracted from the Standard Time. :. L.M.T .= 2h. 20m .- 19m.40s .= 2h. 0 m. 20 s. (P.M.) =2P.M. .. L.M.T. of Birth = 2 P.M.

69. Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha .- It is customary among the Hindus to mention the time of birth as "Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha", i.e., the number of ghatis passed from sunrise up to the moment of birth. First ascertain the local mean time of birth and of sunrise and then apply the following rule. (24 seconds=l vighati; 24 minutes=1 ghati; 1 hour= 2₺ ghatis.)

(Birth Time - Sunrise) X 2}=Suryodayadi Janana- kala Ghatikaha.

SURYODAYADI JANANAKALA GHATIKAHA 51

Example 15 .- Findthe Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha in the Standard Horoscope ? Sunrise (L.M.T.) = 5-54 A.M. on 16th October. Birth Time (L.M.T.) =2 P.M. .. (2 P.M. - 5 h. 54 m.) x 2} = Gh.º20-15. . Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha. (Number of ghatis passed from sunrise up to birth) = Gh. 20-15

Example 16 .- Miss N. Born on 3-5-1932 at 5-45 A.M. (L.M.T.) Lat. 13° N. and 75° 0' E. Long. Find Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha. Sunrise (L.M.T.) = 5 h. 42 m. (A.M.) Birth Time (L.M.T.) = 5 h. 45 m. (A.M.) :. 5 h. 45 m. (A.M.)-5 h. 42 m. (A.M.) X 2}=Gh.0-7i = Gh. 0-8. Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha=Vighatis 8 only.

CHAPTER VII

GRAHA SPHUTAS

(PLANETARY LONGITUDES)

70. Hindu Almanac .- It requires a con- siderable amount of familiarity with the advanced portions of astronomical principles, in order to find out the longitudes of planets independently, i.e., without reference to any almanac. As such I have reserved discretion to expound those principles in a separate book, and for the present, simply describe the method commonly adopted by all astrological students and adepts. Any reliable almanac will serve our purpose. There are still a few standard Panchangas (almanacs) which can be trusted for astrological purposes.

71. Method of Making Graha Sphutas .- If the panchanga is available for the place of birth then no trouble of conversion of time is involved; otherwise, birth time must be convert- ed into local time of the place, for which the almanac is calculated, in order to find out the planetary positions. Find out the date of the birth in the almanac and note down all the details given for

PLANETARY LONGITUDES 53

that day. If no planets are marked on the day of birth, then trace back and find out the position of the planet on the date, nearest to that of birth. It will be found that the planet's position will have been marked in Nakshatras (Constellations) and Padas (Quarters), with time of entry in ghatis into the particular Pada. Find out the time at which the same planet enters the next quarter of the constellation. Mark the interval in ghatis between the entry of the planet into these two quarters. Mark also the interval between the first entry and the birth time and proceed as follows :-

Formula (a) For all Planets. The interval between the first entry and birth The interval between the two entries × 3}

=The number of degrees traversed in that particular quarter. Formula (b) For the Moon. The interval between entry into the 1st degree of the sign and birth Time taken for traversing the sign × 30°

Add this to the number of degrees the planet has passed, up to the first entry. Its Nirayana longitude is obtained. Example 17 .- Find the Nirayana Longitudes of planets in the Standard Horoscope ? The Almanac for 1918 gives the following information : 13-10-1918. Sun enters 2nd of Chitta at 51-54 Ghatis. 17-10-1918. 3rd at 12-10

54 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Therefore the period taken by the Sun to pass through one pada or 3i degrees of the celestial arc is :- Gh. Vig. 13€h October 8 6 (Subtract the time of entry from 60, the duration of a day). 14th 60 0 15th 60 0 16th 60 0 17th 12 10

Total Gh. 200 16 or 12,016 vighatis.

Time elapsed from the entry of the Sun into the 2nd of Chitta (which is nearest to the birth) up to the moment of birth :- Gh. Vig. 13th October 8 6 14th 60 0 15th 60 0 16th 20 15 (Birth Time)

Total Gh. 148 21 or 8,901 vighatis.

Applying formula (a) :- 8901 12016 x 33° = 2° 28' 9"

This distance, the Sun has passed in the second pada or quarter of Chitta. We know that the last three quarters of Uttara, the four of Hasta and the first two of Chitta constitute Kanya (Virgo). Up to the second of Chitta, the number of quarters passed in Virgo is :- Uttara 3 Hasta 4 Chitta 1 10 8 Padas or X 8 = 26° 40'. 3

MOON'S LONGITUDE 55

This added to the number of degrees passed in the second of Chitta, viz., 2° 28' 9" gives his true Nirayana Longitude as 29° 8' 9" or 29° 8' in Virgo=179° 8' from the first degree of Aries. THE MOON Gh. Vig. 14-10-1918 : Duration of Sravana=59 21 !. Dhanista lasts for 0 39 (Subtracting 59-21 from 60) 15-10-1918 Do 57 14

Duration of Dhanista 57 53

15-10-1918 Satabhisha lasts for 2 46 (Subtracting 57-14 from 60) 16-10-1918 Do do 54 19

Duration of Satabhisha 57 5

16-10-1918 Poorvabhadra lasts for 5 41 (Subtracting 54-19 from 60) 17-10-1918 Do 50 48

Duration of Poorvabhadra 56 29

Aquarius is made up of : last two quarters of Dhanista plus Satabhisha plus first 3 of Poorvabhadra. = ₺ (57-53) + (57-5) +₺ (56-29) = Gh. 128-23. i.e., The Moon takes Gh. 128-23 to travel through the sign of Aquarius -- The interval between the Moon's entry into the first degree of Aquarius and birth time is found as follows :- 1 (57-53) + (23-1) = Gh. 51-57} 51-57

56 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Applying Formula (b) Gh. 51-57 Gh. 128-23 × 30° = 12° 8' 22" in Aquarius.

Mocn's Nirayana Position is 12° 8' 22" in Aquarius, i.e., 312° 8' 22" = 312° 8' from the first degree of Aries.

72. Nirayana Longitudes of Planets .- The Longitudes of other planets, similarly found out, are reproduced below for ready reference.

Graha (Planet) Sphashta (Longitude) Sun 179° 8' Moon' 312 8 Mars 229 49 Mercury 180 33 Jupiter 83 35 Venus 170 4 Saturn 124 51 Rahu 233 23 Kethu 53 23

CHAPTER VIII.

LAGNA SPHUTA

(THE ASCENDANT)

73. Lagna or Ascendant.Lagna or the ascendant is that point of the cliptic, which is at any time on the eastern horizon, and is expressed in signs, degrees, etc., of Stellar Aries. 74. Solar Months .- The earth is egg- shaped and rotates once in a day on its axis from west to east, and thus, all the zodiacal signs are invariably exposed to the solar influence. The twelve solar months are named after the twelve zodiacal signs. On the first day of Aries the first degree of that particular sign is at the eastern horizon, and the remaining signs are gradually exposed till the next day when at the sunrise, the second degree of Aries will be at the eastern horizon. The sunrise takes place on the last degree of the Zodiac in the 30th day of Pisces when the solar year closes, i.e., the Lagna is that particular place or point, which is on the eastern horizon at any particular time. The sunrise determines the Udaya Lagna and the degree and the sign in which the Sun rises, will be the Ascendant at that moment.

58 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

75. Determination of Lagna .- First find out the true Nirayana position of the Sun and add the Ayanamsa to it so that the Sun's Sayana Longitude is obtained. Ascertain the sign of the ecliptic the Sun is in, the degrees he has traversed in it, and those he has yet to pass through. The number of degrees he has gained are the Bhukthamsas, and those to cover, the Bhogyamsas. Now from the Rasimanas of the place, find out the Bhogya Kala, i.e., the time required to pass through the Bhogyamsas, thus: Formula (a) Period of rising sign where the Sayana Sun is × Bhogyamsas 30° = Bhogya'Time. Now from the Ishta Kala (the time for which the Lagna is to be found) subtract the Bhogya time and from the remainder subtract the periods of rising of the next successive signs as long as you can. Then at last you will find the sign, the rising period of which being greater than the remainder, you will not be able to subtract and which is consequently called the Ashuddha sign and its rising period the Ashuddha rising. It is evident that the Ashuddha sign is of course on the horizon at the given time. The degrees of the Ashuddha sign which are above the horizon, are the passed degrees and hence called the Bhuktha-are thus found .-

THE ASCENDANT 59

Formula (b) 30° The remainder X of given time. Rising period of the Ashuddha sign =Passed degreds of the Ashuddha sign. Add to these passed degrees thus determined, the preceding signs reckoned from the first point of Aries and from the total subtract, the Ayanamsa. The remainder represents the Lagna from the Stellar Aries. Example 18 .- Find the Lagna in the Standard Horoscope. Nirayana Sun 178° 49' 0' Ayanamsa 21 15 57 Ishta Kala, i.e., Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha Gh. 20 15

Nirayana Long. of the Sun 178° 49' 0" Ayanamsa 21° 15' 57" . Sayana Long. of the Sun 200° 4' 57" i.e., the Sayana Sun is in Libra 20° 5 *. Bhukthamsas 20° 5' in Libra. *. Bhogyamsas .. Bhogya Time =- Gh. 5-6 9° 55

30 x 9° 55'= Gh. 1-412

i.e., the Sun has to traverse in Libra for Gh. 1-4126 Scorpio 5-20% Sagittarius 5-30% Capricorn 5-13

Gh. 17-45 Gh. Vig. Ishta Kala = 20 15 Ghatis passed till the end of Capricorn = 17 45

Bhuktha period in the Ashuddha sign, viz., Aquarius. Gh. 2 30

60 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

The Bhukthamsas corresponding to the above Bhuktha time- Applying 30 Formula (b)= 'Gh.2-30 = 16° 12' 58" × Gh. 4-37₺ :. The Sayana Lagna (Aquarius). = 16° 12' 58" Less Ayanamsa 21 15 57

. The true Lagna 24 57' 1"

or 24° 57' The Lagna of Standard Horoscope is 24° 57', Makara or Capricornus or Converting this into degrees, 294° 57' from the first point of Stellar Aries. Now adding 180° to this, viz., the Udaya Lagna, the Asta Lagna (Descendant) is obtained.

76. Rasi Kundali .- This is the Zodiacal Diagram representing a picture of the heavens at the time of birth. The diagram given below is the one generally in vogue in South India.

II Kethu Jupiter

Moon MAP OE THE HEAVENS

Ascdt. Saturn

m Mars Mercury Venus Rahu Sun

CHAPTER IX.

DASAMA BHAVA SPHUTA

(TENTH HOUSE OR THE MID-HEAVEN)

77. The Dasama Bhava .- This is also known as the Madhya Lagna. It is on the correct determination of this that rests the entire fabric of the horoscope. In fact, all the other Bhavas (Houses) are very easily arrived at, after the longitude of the Dasama Bhava has been definitely ascertained. In the astronomical language, the Madhya Lagna may be described, as the culminating point of the ecliptic on the meridian. Astrologically speaking, the Dasama Bhava plays a very important part in the profes- sion, rather the means of livelihood of a person- otherwise known as Karma.

78. Rasi Chakra .- A broad distinction must be maintained between the Rasi Chakra (see Art. 76) and the Bhava Chakra (see Art. 81) so that the reader does not mistake the one for the other. The Rasi Chakra is simply a figure of the Fixed Zodiac with the limits and occu- pants of its 12 signs as well as Lagna clearly marked. Each sign is just one-twelfth part of the zodiac made up of 30 ecliptic degrees.

62 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

.79. Erroneous Conception of Bhava Chakra .- The conception prevalent amongst some astrologers, that after the Lagna Sphuta has been made, the other Bhavas can be easily determined, by assuming, that the influence of Lagna extends 15° on either side and then com- mence the succeeding and the preceding Bhavas, is erroneous, wholly unscientific and equally misleading : for, by doing so, we will be ignoring completely the importance of the variation of the influence with regard to each degree and minute of terrestrial latitude and longitude, let alone other things of more serious importance. In other words, the Rasi Chakra is passed off for the Bhava Chakra and accordingly the predictions made. The reader is now aware of the definition of the Rasi Chakra and from what follows on the definition of the Bhava Chakra, he will realise the blunder, one would commit, if he took the former for the latter and the consequences that would inevitably follow. 80. Bhaskara's Definition .- Bhaskara- charya, describes a Bhava Chakra thus. " The point where the ecliptic cuts the horizon in the East is known as the Rising Lagna, and the point where the ecliptic cuts the horizon in the West is known as the Setting Lagna and the points where the meridian of the place cuts the

MID-HEAVEN DETERMINATION 63

ecliptic are known as the Zenith Lagna and the Nadir Lagna." 81. Bhava Chakra .- This is an unequal marking of the ecliptic into twelve divisions (Houses) with reference to the latitude of the place and the moment of birth. (See next Chap- ter for the definition of a House). The Bhava Sphutam involves elaborate processes such as the determination of the limits-cusps of the various Bhavas (Houses)-comprehended as Bhava Sandhis and other details connected with them, which evidently form the subject matter of the succeeding chapter. 82. Method of Determination of the Mid- heavon .- The interval between the midday and the time of the day indicated by the position of the Sun is termed as Natha, i.e., the meridian- distance. This Natha may be either Prag, i.e., eastern or Paschad, i.e., western. It is Prag between midnight and midday and Paschad between midday and midnight. The Prag Natha comprehends two conditions : viz., (1) the distance between the Sun and the Meridian when the birth occurs after sunrise; and (2) the distance between the Meridian and the Sun when the birth occurs before sunrise, i.e., when the Sun is still below the eastern horizon :

64 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Similarly the Paschad Natha also includes two cases, viz., (1) the distance between the Meridian and the Sun if the birth happens within sunset and (2) the distance between the Meridian and the Sun after he has set. Natha when subtracted from 30 ghatis gives Unnatha. Here it must be noted that Meridian refers to apparent noon and the Sun refers to the birth time. After clearly understanding the meaning and significance of the words Natha and Unnatha, ascertain, if the birth has fallen in Pragnatha or Paschadnatha : In Pragnatha, (a) If the birth has occurred after sunrise, deduct the birth time from Dinardha (half-diurnal duration). (6) If it has occurred before sunrise add Dinardha to the ghatis elapsed from the birth time up to sunrise. The result in both the cases is Pragnatha, i.e., Pragnatha is indicated by the time elapsed between birth-moment and local apparent noon. In Paschadnatha, (a) If the birth has taken place in the after- noon and before sunset, deduct Dinar- dha from the birth time (in ghatis).

MID-HEAVEN 65

(b) If the birth has occurred after sunset, add Dinardha to the interval between sunset and birth moment; the duration of paschadnatha is obtained. The above observations may be summarised thus :- Rule 1 .- When Birth is between Midnight and Midday. (a) Dinardha - Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha = Pragnatha Period. (b) Dinardha 4- interval between birth and sunrise = Pragnatha Period. Rule 2 .- When Birth is between Midday and Midnight. (a) Suryodayadi Jananakala Ghatikaha-Dinardha = Paschadnatha Period. (b) Dinardha 4- interval between sunset and birth = Paschadnatha Period. Rule.3 .- 30Ghatis - Natha = Unnatha.

Example 19 .- Find the nature of the Natha and its duration in the Standard Horoscope. It comes under " birth between midday and midnight " and Rnle 2 (a) can be applied to it as the birth has occurred after midday and before sunset. Dinardha (Half diurnal duration) =Gh. 14 vig. 42 Birth Time = Gh. 20 vig. 15. .. Gh. 20 vig. 15 - Gh. 14 vig. 42 = Gh. 5 vig. 33. : Nature of Natha = Paschad. Its duration = Gh. 5-33 *.

Natha is simply the interval between the Mean Time of Apparent Noon and Mean Time of Birth. In this case the interval is, L.M.T. of Birth (2 P.M.)-M.T. of Apparent Noon (11-46 A.M.) = 2h. 14m. = Gh. 5-35. The difference of 2 vighatis is due to the difference in the time of sunrise between Hindu and modem methods, which may be safely rejected for astro- logical purposes,

66 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Example 20 .-- What is the Unnatha period in a case in which pragnatha = 17 Ghatis. Applying Rule 3, we get Gh. 30 - Gh. 17 = Gh. 13 = Period of Unnatha. From the position of the Sayana Sun and reckoning the rising periods on the equator, find out the arc (in the reverse order) that corresponds to the Natha period. Add this to or subtract from Sayana Ravi according as the Natha is Paschad or Prag. The result dimi- nished by Ayanamsa, gives Nirayana Madhya Lagna. Example 21 .- Deduce Nirayana Madhya Lagna in the Standard Horoscope. Paschadnatha = Gh. 200° 24' 5-33 (Ex. 19) Sayana Sun The rising period of 20° 24'

Libra at the equator = 20° 24' 30 X Gh. 4-39=Gh. 3-9₺៛ or:3-10 Reckoning in the reverse direction, we find that Gh. 3 vig. 10 are passed in"Libra. In Virgo have passed, Natha - Gh. 3 vig. 10 or Gh. 5 vig. 33 - Gh. 3 vig. 10 = Gh. 2-23. :. Arc corresponding to Gh. 2 vig. 23 Virgo (on the Equator) = Gh. 2 vig. 23 Gh, 4 vig. 39 X 30° = 15° 22' 34}{" = 15 22 35 .. The distance between the Sun and the meridian is Libra 20° 24' Virgo 35" 15° 22' Meridian distance 35° 46' 35"

MID-HEAVEN 67

Since the Natha is Paschad, add this to Sayana Sun. Sayana Sun 200° 24' Meridian distance 35 46 35"

Sayana Madhya Lagna 236° 10' 161 Less Ayanamsa 21 15 46

.. Nirayana Madhya Lagna 214° 54' 49"

= 214° 55' The Mid-heaven or Madhya Lagna = 214° 55' = Scorpio 4 55

In other words, this is the Longitude of the Bhava Madhya or the middle point of the Tenth-house.

CHAPTER

BHAVA SPHUTA (LONGITUDES OF HOUSES)

83. Bhava or House .- According to the Hindus a Bhava means one-third of the arc of the ecliptic intercepted betwcen any two adjacent angles, viz., the Udaya Lagna (Eastern Horizon), the Patala Lagna (The Lower meri- dian), the Asta Lagna (Western Horizon), and the Madhya Lagna (Upper Meridian). 84. Bhava Madhyas .- The points of trisection of the ecliptic arcs referred to above are the Bhava Madhyas or the mid-points of the Bhavas.

84. Kendra Bhavas .- These are the four angular houses in a horoscope, viz., the Udaya Lagna, the Pathala Lagna, the Asta Lagna and the Madhya Lagna, (Article 83) and they are considered very important astrologically.

85. Determination of Kendra Bhavas .- The preceding two chapters deal exhaust- ively with the method of determining the Ascen- dant and the Mid-heaven-two of the Kendra Bhavas. The Asta Lagna (Descendant or

NON-ANGULAR HOUSES 69

Western Horizon) and the Pathala or Rasathala Lagna (Lower Meridian) are determined thus :- Rule 1 .- Udaya Lagna (Ascendant or East Horizon) + 180° = Asta Lagna (Descendant or West Horizon.) Rule 2 .- Madhya Lagna + 180° = Rasathala Lagna. (Upper Meridian) + 180° = (Lower Meridian). Example 22 .- Determinethe Longitudes of the Asta Lagna and Pathala Lagna in the Standard Horoscope ? Udaya Lagna = 294° 57' Madhya Lagna = 214 55 (Applying Rule 1) '. 294° 57'+ 180° = 114° 57' (Expunge 360°) (Applying Rule 2) .. 214° 55'+ 180° = 34° 55' (Expunge 360°) :. Asta Lagna 114° 57' Pathala Lagna = 34° 55' 87. Non-Angnlar Houses .- These are the houses between the angular ones. For instance angular houses are the I (Eastern Horizon)-IV (Lower Meridian)-VII (Western Horizon)- and X (Upper Meridian). The rest, viz., II, III, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI and XII are the Non-angular houses otherwise known as the Panapara Bhavas (Succeedent Houses), and the Apoklima Bhavas (Cadent Houses)-see Articles 22 and 23. The Madhyas of these bhavas are the points of trisection referred to above (Articles 83 and 84). 88. Determination of Bhava Madhyas of Non-angular Houses .- There are four angles in a Bhava Chakra. First ascertain-rather deter- mine the ecliptic arcs between these four angles,

70 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

viz .. (a) the arc between the Eastern Horizon and the Lower Meridian; (b) between the Lower Meridian and the Western Horizon; (c) between the Western Horizon and the Upper Meridian ; (d) and between the Upper Meridian and the Eastern Horizon.

Patala Lagna (Lower Meridian) B

a

Udaya Lagna \ ta Lagna (Eastern A C { Western Horizon) Horizon) d c

D Madhya Lagna (Upper Meridian) A, B, C, D. = Angular Houses. a, b, c, d. = Ecliptic arcs. Trisect each arc: for instance, trisect arc a. The result is ga = a/3. Add this to the Longitude of the Bhava Madhya of the Udaya Lagna and that of the II Bhava (Madhya) is obtained. To the Longitude of the II Bhava add a/3; that of the III is obtained. Again trisect arc b. The result would be 6/3 ; add 6/3 to the Longi- tude of the Lower Meridian; that of the V Bhava is obtained. Similarly deal with the other arcs for obtaining the Madhyas of the rest of the Bhavas. The four arcs may thus be determined.

ECLIPTIC ARCS 71

Arc a = Longitude of Lower Meridian - Long. of Eastern Horizon. Arc 6 = Long. of Western Horizon - Long. of Lower Meridian. Arc c = Long. of Upper Meridian - Long.of West. Horizon. Arc = Long. East Horizon - Long. of Upper Meridian. Example 23 .-- Determine the ecliptic arcs between the four angles in the Standard Horoscope ? Arc a = 34° 55' 294° 57' = 99° 58' Arc 6 = 114 57 34 55 = 80 2 Arc c= 214 55 114 57 = 99 58 Arc d = 294 57 214 55 = 80 2 a=99° 58' 6 = 80 2 c = 99 58 d = 80 2 Example 24 .- Find the Bhava-Madhyas of the Non- angular Houses in the Standard Horoscope ? Long. of the Udaya Lagna = 294° 57' Arc a = 99° 58'. *. Trisecting Arc a we get a 99. 58= 33° 19 :. 294° 57' + 33° 19}' = 328° 16}' = II Bhava 3 3

328° 16} + 33° 19}' = 361° 35}' =III Bhava Long. of Lower Meridian= 34° 55' Arc 6 = 80° 2' '. Trisecting Arc 6, we get 3 -80° 2 =26° 40g .. 34° 55' + 26° 40} = 61° 353' = V Bhava. 61 35៛ + 26 40§ = 88 16} = VI Bhava. . Note-Arc a m c and arc b - d.

72 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY Long. of Western Horizon = 114° 57' A.c c = 99° 58' .. c/3 = 33° 19} .. I14° 57' + 33° 19g' = 148° 16}' = VIII Bhava 448 16$ + 33 19$ = 181 35g = IX Bhava Long. of Upper Meridian = 214° 55' Arc d = 80° 2 :. d/3 = 26° 40g' .. 214° 57' + 26° 40g' = 241° 35g'= XI Bhava 241 35§ + 26 40§ = 268 16} = XII Bhava Example 25-Mark the Bhava Sphutas in the Standard Horoscope ? Bhava (House) Spashta (Longitude) Lagna or l:he Thanu Bhava= 294° 57' 0" 11 Dhana 328 16 20 III Bhrathru 1 35 40 IV Matru 34 55 0 ,2 V Putra 61 35 10 = VI Satru 88 16 20 VII Kalatra ,, 114 57 0 VIII 148 16 20 n Ayur IX Dharma 181 35 40 = X Karma 214 55 0 = XI Labha 241 35 40 XII Vraya 268 16 20 89. Bhava Sandhis .- These are the junc- tional points of the two consecutive Bhavas. The potency of the Bhava will be at its full in the Bhavamadhya and hence, it must begin somewhere and end somewhere. The influence of a planet will gradually rise when approaching Bhavamadhya, while it gradually diminishes from Bhavamadhya till it is practically nil at the Bhava Sandhi. The place or the point

BHAVA SANDHIS 73

where the influence of the Bhava begins is the Arambha-sandhi and the place where it stops is the Virama-sandhi. The arambha-sandhi may be termed as the first point of the house, and the virama-sandhi, the last point. For instance the arambha-sandhi of the 1st Bhava will be the end-point of the 12th Bhava. Similarly the virama-sandhi of the first Bhava will be the end-point of the Lagna and the arambha-sandhi of the second honse and so on. In other words the Sandhi of a Bhava represents the beginning of the influence of one Bhava and the termination of the influence of the Bhava preceding it. fci order to know the exact amount of the influence that a planet exercises, as a result of its position in a particular Bhava, it becomes necessary to determine the Sandhis- of the varions Bhavas. 90. Determination of Bhava Sandhis .- Add the longitudes of two consecutive Bhavas. and divide the sum by 2. The result represents sandhi. For instance, in the Standard Horos- cope adding the longitudes of first and second Bhavas and dividing the sum by 2, we get :- 294° 57' 0" 4- 328° 16' 20"

2

= 623° 13' 20" = 311° 36' 40" 2 i.e., Aquarins 11° 36' 40" is the sandhi-joint

74 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

between the I and II Houses: or the Viramasandhi of the I Bhava is 311° 36' 40" and the Arambha- sandhi of the II Bhava is 311° 36' 40". It will be sufficientif Sandhis of 6 Bhavas are determined as those of the rest could be obtained by' adding 180° to each of them.

Example 26 .- Find the Longitudes of the Arambha-sandhis of the twelve Bhavas in the Standard Horoscope ?

Arambha-sandhi (268° 16' 20" 4- 294° 57' 0") + 2 = 281° 36' 40, 11 (294 57 0 + 328 16 20 ) + 2 = 311 36 40 (328 16 20 + 1 35 40 ) + 2 = 344 56 0 IV ( 1 35 40 + 34 55 0) 2 = 18 15 20 V (34 55 0 + 61 35 40 ) : 2 = 48 15 20 VI ( 61 35 40 + 88 16 20 ) + 2 = 74 56 0

The arambha, madhya and anthya of the Bhavas are thus situated :-

Bhava. Arambha. Madhya. Anthya. 281° 36' 40" 294° 57' 0" 311° 36' 40" 11 311 36 40 328 16 20 344 56 0 III 344 56 0 1 35 40 18 15 20 IV 18 15 20 34 55 0 48 15 20 V 48 15 20 61 35 40 74 56 0 VI 74 56 0 88 16 20 101 36 40 VII 101 36 40 144 57 0 131 36 40 VIII 131 36 40 148 16 20 164 56 0 IX 164 56 0 181 35 40 198 15 20 X 198 15 20 214 55 0 228 15 20 XI 228 15 20 241 35 40 254 56 0 XII 254 56 0 268 16 20 281 36 40

91. Poorva and Uttara Bhagas of Bhavas .- The poorva bhaga is that part of the Bhava which first rises and the uttara bhaga is

POORVA AND UTTARA BHAGAS OF BHAVAS 75

the part that next rises. They can be thus determined :-

Rule 1 .- Poorva Bhaga of a Bhava = Long. of the Bhava Madhya - Long. of the Arambha-sandhi. Rule 2 .-- UttaraBhaga=Long. of Virama-sandhi-Long. of the Bhava Madhya. Rule 3 .- Length of each Bhava = Length of Purva Bhaga + Length of Uttara Bhaga.

Example 27 .- Find the Poorva and the Uttara Bhagas and the length of each Bhava in the Standard Horoscope ?

Applying the above rnles we get the following results :- Poorva Bhaga Uttara Bhaga of the Bhava. of the Bhava. Length of the Bhava. I 13° 20' 23" 16° 39' 40" 30° 0' 0" 16 39 40 16 39 40 33 19 20 TTT IP 16 39 40 16 39 40 33 19 20 IV 16 39 40 13 20 20 30 0 0 V 13 20 20 13 20 20 26 40 40 VI 13 20 20 13 20 20 26 40 40 VII 13 20 20 16 39 40 30 0 0 VIII 16 39 40 16 39 40 33 19 20 IX 16 39 40 16 39 40 33 19 20 X 16 39 40 13 20 20 30 0 0 XI 13 20 20 13 20 20 26 40 40 XII 13 20 20 13 20 20 26 40 40

180 0 0 180 0 0 360 0 0

CHAPTER XI.

CASTING THE HOROSCOPE ACCORDING TO THE WESTERN METHOD AND ITS REDUCTION TO THE HINDU

92. General Observations .- Hitherto we have exhaustively treated the processes involved in the act of casting a horoscope according to the Hindu method. Realising the fact that to a number of people who are anxious to apply the Hindu method of astrology, the Hindu almanacs will not be either accessible or intelli- gible, we have thought fit to include a chapter dealing with the method of computing the longitudes of planets, etc., according to the western method and their reduction to the Hindu. It must be borne in mind that unless one is unable to apply the Hindu method, one need not adopt the method chalked out in this chapter. 93. Hindu and Western Methods .- The Hindu method of casting a horoscope is always Sayana though finally it is reduced to the Nirayana for predictive purposes, so that, we want Nirayana Longitudes of planets and Bhavas, for analysing a horoscope according

THE MODERN EPHEMERIS 77

to the rules given in books dealing with .the Phalit Bhaga (judicial portion) of astrology. The westerners base their calculations as well as predictions on the Shifting Zodiac, i.e., the longitudes of planets, etc., given by them correspond to those of Sayana amongst us, so that by subtracting the ayanamsa from such positions, the Nirayana Longitudes can be obtained. 94. The Modern Ephemeris .- In order to cast a horoscope according to the western method, a reliable Ephemeris must be secured. An ephemeris will contain such information as the longitudes of planets, their latitudes and declinations and the Sidereal Time marked out for each day and calculated to Greenwich Mean Noon. In some, the Equation of Time referred to in the preceding chapters will also be given in addition to the daily motions of planets. A modern ephemeris roughly corresponds to a Hindu almanac with the difference that while the former is exclusively Sayana, among the latter, some are Sayana and besides, a Hindu Panchanga, contains much more useful infor- mation like thithi, yoga, karana, etc., whose importance, it is out of place to make mention of here, than an ephemeris. 95. Table of Houses .- These are abso- lutely necessary for ascertaining the ascendant

78 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

and other Houses knowing before hand, the Sidereal Time at the birth moment. The lati- tude of the birth place must be sought for in a "Table of Houses" and then the ascendant, etc., traced for the Sidereal Time. The cusps of the Houses of the western system correspond to the Sayana Bhava Madhyas of the Hindus and by the subtraction of the Ayanamsa, their Nirayana Bhava Madhyas can be obtained. Cusp of the Western House - Ayanamsa = Nirayana Bhava Madhya of the Hindus. 96. Local Mean Time of Birth .- If the birth moment is marked in Standard Time convert it into Local Mean Time (L.M.T.) (see Article 66). 6.

97. Greenwich Mean Time of Birth .- As the Sayana longitudes of planets are given for Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.) generally for Greenwich Mean Noon (G.M.N.), the L.M.T. of Birth must be converted into the corresponding G.M.T. of Birth thus :-

G.M.T .- L.M.T. + Longitude of place 15° - if place is E. of Greenwich. + if W. of Example 28 .- Miss N. born on 3-5-1932 at 5-45 A.M. (L.M.T.) Lat. 13° N., Long. 75° 0' E. Find the G.M.T. of Birth.

(This will be called the Illustrated Horoscope).

GREENWICH MEAN TIME INTERVAL OF BIRTH 79

G.M.T. = (5-45 AM.) - 7 (5-45 AM.) - 5 AM. = 0-45 AM. .. G.M.T. of Birth = 0-45 AM. 98. Greenwich Mean Time Interyal of Birth .- As already observed above, the longi- tudes of planets will be given for Greenwich Mean Noon (sometimes for midnight also). In order to find out their positions at the moment of birth, we should ascertain the elapsed time rather the interval between the G.M.N. and the G.M.T. If the G.M.T. of Birth falls after the noon (i.e., G.M.N.) then take the interval between the two: if the G.M.T. of birth is before the noon, then take the interval between the preceding noon and G.M.T. of Birth. The result is Greenwich Mean Time interval of birth.

Example 29 .- Find the G.M.T. interval of birth in the Illustrated Horoscope. The G.M.T. of Birth=0-45 AM. :. Take preceding noon (noon of 2-5-1932) : G.M.T. interval of birth is 12 h. 45 m.

99. Daily Motions of Planets .- The celes- tial arc traversed by the planets in a day is their dally motion. Take the arc that each planet has traversed from the noon preceding birth to the noon succeeding birth. Example 30-Find the daily motions of planets in the Illustrated Horoscope.

80 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Referring to Raphael's Ephemeris for 1932, we get the following information :-

Long. on 3rd May Long. on Daily motions Planet 2nd May of the at Noon. at Noon. planets. Sun (Taurus) 12° 49' 43" 11° 51' 32" 0° 58' 11" Moon (Aries) 18 19 17 6 31 20 11 47 57 Mars (Taurus) 23 15 0 22 29 0 0 46 0 Mercury (Aries) 17 13 0 16 33 0 0 40 0 Jupiter (Leo) 13 33 0 13 29 0 0 4 0 Venus (Gemini) 27 37 0 26 46 0 0 51 0 Saturn (Aquarius) 4 39 0 4 38 0 0 1 0 Rahu (Moon's ascending node) (Pisces) ... 23 45 0 23 51 0 0 6 0 (1st May) (in 2 days)

100. Hindu Nirayana Longitudes of Pla- nets .- We know the daily movements of all the planets, i.e., the arc they pass through' in 24 hours. Now find by proportion or with the aid of Logarthmic tables, the arc covered by each of them in the G. M. T. interval of birth and add this to their respective longitudes at the noon previous to birth. The result would represent their exact Sayana positions at the birth moment. If a planet is in retrograde, instead of adding the arc traversed in a day, to its previous longitude, the arc must be subtracted from it. In case of Rahu, the arc must always be subtracted. In the case of the Sun and the Moon the arc must always be added. In the case of the other five planets, the arc is additive or subtractive according as

NIRAYANA LONGITUDES OF PLANETS 81

the planet is direct or retrograde. From the Sayana longitudes so obtained, subtract 'Aya- namsa for the year of birth (See Art. 49) and the Hindu Nirayana Longitudes of the plangts are obtained. Rule 1 .- Arc traversed in G. M. T. interval of birth

= Daily motion of the planet G.M.T. interval X 24 hours of birth. Rule 2 .- Sayana Long. at birth= (a) Long. of planet at noon previous to birth 4- arc traversed in G.M.T. interval of birth + in case of Sun, Moon and other planets having direct motion, except Rahu - in case of Retrograde planets and Rahu. (b) Rahu's Long. + 180° = Kethu's Long. Rule 3 .- Hindu Nirayana Long=Sayana Long - Ayanamsa. Example 31 .- Find the Hindn Nirayana Longitudes of planets in the Illustrated Horoscope ? G.M.T. interval of birth = 12 h. 45 m. = 12.75 h. '. arc traversed by each planet in 12h. 45 m. =

Sun. 58' 11" x 12.75 24 = 0° 30ʼ 55“

Mars. 46' 0" × 12.75 24 = 0 24 26

Mercury 40' 0" × 12.75 24 = 0 21 15

Jupiter 4' 0" > 12.75 24 0 2 8

Venus 51' 0' x 12.75 24 0 27 9

Saturn l' 0" x 12.75 24 = 0 0 32

Rahu 3' 0" × 12.75 24 = 0 1 17

82 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

« It is better to ascertain the arc traversed by the Moon by recourse to Logarthmic tables given at the end of the Ephemeris. If the reader cannot do this he can simply find the arc, as usual, by the rule of three. Moon's daily motion = 11° 47' 57" = 11° 48' G.M.T. interval of birth = 12 h. 45 m. .. Log. 11° 48' = .3083 Log. 12h. 45 m. = .2747 .5830 .. Anti Log. of .5830 = 6° 16' '. Moon's motion in 12h. 45 m. = 68 16' Applying Rule 2 (a and b) we get their Sayana Longitudes thus :- Long. Arc coveredi Sayana Planet. on in Long, 2nd noon. 12h. 45m. at Birth. 1. Sun 41° 51' 32" + 0° 30' 55" = 42°, 22' 27,, .... 2. Moon 6 31 20 + 6 16 0 12 47 20 3. Mars 52 26 ... , 52 29 0 0 24 26 53 4. Mercury 16 33 0 + 0 21 15 16 54 15 5. Jupiter 133 29 0 + 0 2 8 = 133 31 8 6. Venus 86 46 0 + 0 27 9 87 13 9 7. Saturn 304 38 0 + 0 0 32 304 38 32 8. Rahu 353 51 0 0 1 17 = 353 49 43 9. Kethu 173 49 43 Applying Rule 3 .- Sayana Long. Its Planet. of planet Ayanamsa Nirayana at birth Long. 1. Sun 42° 22' 27" 21° 27' 41" = 20° 54' 46" ... 2. Moon 12 47 20 20 27 41 = 350 19 39 3. Mars 52 53 26 21 27 41 = 31 25 45 4. Mercury 16 54 15 21 27 41 = 355 26 34 5. Jupiter 133 31 8 21 27 41 = 112 3 27 6. Venus 87 13 9 21 27 41 = 65 45 28 7. Saturn 304 38 32 21 27 41 = 283 10 8. Rahu 353 49 43 21 27 41 = 332 22 2 9. Kethu 173 49 43 21 27 41 = 132 22 2

THE SIDEREAL TIME AT BIRTH 83

Now we have obtained the positions of grahas; we shall proceed to find out the different Bhavas. 101. The Sidereal Time at Births-This is very essential for finding out the ascendant and other houses. You will see the Sidereal Time marked for G. M. N. everyday in the first column of the Ephemeris, i.e., next to week day. The Sidereal Time for birth must be obtained as follows :- First ascertain the Sidereal Time at the previous Greenwich Mean Noon. From or to this deduct or add at the rate of 10 seconds for every one hour of longitude, this being the correction for the difference of time between place of birth and Greenwich. Deduct if the place of birth is East of Greenwich, add if it is West of Greenwich. The Sidereal Time for the previous Local Mean Noon is obtained. Now add to this the Mean Time interval (i.e., the number of hours passed from previous local noon to birth) and also add 10 seconds per hour since noon as this represents the difference between the Sidereal Time and the Mean Time. Ex- punge multiples of 24 hours. The result represents the Sidereal Time at Birth.

84 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Exatnple 32 .- Find the Sidereal Time at Birth in the Iliustrated Horoscope ? L.M.T. of Birth 5-45 A. M. Long. of Birth 75° E. = 5 Hours in time. H. M. S. Sidereal Time at the noon of 2nd May 2 40 45 Less correction for the difference of time between the place of birth (East of Greenwich) and Greenwich 0 0 50

Sidereal Time at the previous Local Noon 2 39 55 Number of hours passed from previous noon to birth (i.e., Mean Time interval) 17 45 0 Correction between Sidereal Time and Mean Time 0 2, 57

: Sidereal Time at Birth 27 52

102. R.A.M.C. at Birth .- Convert Sidereal Time into arc. The result represents the R.A.M.C. at birth, i.e., Sidereal Time × 15° = R.A.M.C. at birth. Example 33 .- Find the R.A.M.C. at birth given Sidereal Time at birth as 20 h. 27 m. 52 s. in the Illustrated Horoscope :- 20 h. 300° 0' 0" 27 m. 6 45 0 52 s. 0 13 0

: R.A.M.C. at birth = 306° 58' 0"

103. Sayana Longitudes of Angular Houses .- Since there is a slight difference

THE HOUSES" 85

between the Hindu and western methods of com- puting the longitudes of the non-angular houses, we shall ascertain those of the angular houses from the Modern Table of Houses, reduce them into Nirayana ones and then find out the longi- tudes of the non-angular houses according to the rules described in Article 88.

Consider the " Table of Houses " for the latitude of the birth place ; if no Table of Houses for the birth place is available, then refer to that which is nearest to the latitude of birth. Find the nearest time corresponding to the Local Sidereal Time of Birth (under the column Sidereal Time). Next to that we see the cusp of the Tenth house; mark its longitude; trace further and you will see a column marked as " Ascend" ; mark its longitude also. Deduct from these two, the Ayanamsa. Their Nirayana Bhava Madhyas are obtained-i.e., the longi- tudes of Udaya Lagna (Ascendant) and the Upper Meridian (Madhya Lagna) are obtained. Adding 180° to each of these two, the Nirayana Asta Lagna (Western Horizon) and the Pathala Lagna (Lower Meridian) are obtained. Now apply the rules contained in Articles 87, 88, 89, 90 and 91. You have got the horoscope ready.

Example 34 .- Findthe Sayana Longitudes of the cusps of the ascendant and the 10th House in the illustrated horoscope and reduce them to those of the Nirayana ?

86 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Sidereal Time at Birth = 20 h. 27 m. 52 s. BiVth place, 13° North Latitude. .. The Table of Houses for Madras, nearest to the ,birth latitude, must be consulted. 20 h. 25 m. 19 s. is the nearest to the Sidereal Time of Birth. '. Sayana Long. of cusp of ascend. = 12° 28' Taurus = 42° 28' .. Sayana Long. of cusp of tenth-house = 4° Aquarius or 304° Sayana long of the. Ayanamsa. Nirayana long. of cusp of the house. Bhava Madhya. 42° 28' - 21° 27' 41" = 21° 0' 19" 304 0 21 27 41 = 282 32 19 21° ' 19" + 180° = 201° 0' 19" 0 282 32 19 + 180 = 102 32 19 *. Asta Lagna (W. Horizon) : 201° 0' 19" Pathala Lagna (Lower Meridian)= 102 32 19

Example 35 .- Applying the rules described in Articles 87, 88, 89, 90 and 91, find the Longitudes of Bhava Madhyas of the Non-angular Houses, Bhava-sandhis, Poorva and Uttara Bhagas of the Bhavas and the length of each Bhava in the 1llustrated Horoscope and locate the planets in a map of the heavens. P.S .- In considering the Longitudes of planets and Bhavas, omit less than half a minute of arc and consider more than half a minute as equal to one minute.

Bhava Madhyas of Non-angular Houses. Arc a = 102° 32' 19" - 21° 0' 19" = 81° 32' 0" Arc b = 201 0 19 - 102 32 19 = 98 28 0 Arc c = 282 32 19 - 201 0 19 = 81 32 0 Arc d =381 0 19 -282 32 19 = 98 28 0

BHAVASANDHIS, ETC. 87

Bhava (House) Spashta (Longitude of Bhava Madhya. Thanu 21° 0' 19" II Dhana .. 48 10 59 II1 Bhrathru 75 21 39 1V Sukha or Mathru 102 .. 32 19 V Putra 135 31 39 V1 Satru 168 10 59 VII Kalatra 201 0 19 VIII Ayur 228 10 59 IX Bhagya or Dharma 255 21 39 X Karma 282 32 19 XI Labha 315 31 39 XII Vraya 348 10 59

(Less than 30" have been omitted; more than 30" have been considered as 1').

Bhavasandhis. Bhava. Arambhasandhi., Madhya, Viramasandhi.

· 1 4° 35.51 21° 0 34° 35.5' 1I 34 35.5 48 II 61 56.5 1II 61 46.5 75 22 88 57 IV 88 57 102 32 118 57 V I18 57 135 22 151 46.5 VI 151 46.5 168 11 184 35.5 VII 184 35.5 201 0 214 35.5 VIII 214 35.5 228 11 214 46.5 IX 241 46.5 255 22 268 57 X 268 57 282 32 298 57 X1 298 57 315 22 331 46.5 XII 331 46.5 348 11 4 35.5

Poorva and Uttara Bhagas of Bhavas. Bhava. Poorva Bhaga. Uttara Bhaga. Length of Bhava

I 16° 24.5' 13° 35.5' 30° 0' II 13 35.5 13 35.5 27 11 III 13 35.5 13 35 27 10.5 IV 13 35 16 25 30 0 V 16 25.5 16 24.5 32 49 VI 16 24.5 16 24.5 32 49

88 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Bhava. Poorva Bhaga. Uttara Bhaga, Length of Bhava. VII 16 24.5 13 35.5 30 0 V111 16 24.5 13 35.5 27 11 IX 13 35.5 13 35 27 10.5 X 13 34 16 25 30 0 XI 16 25 16 24.5 32 49.5 XII 16 24.5 16 24.5 32 49

180 0 180 0 360 0

104. Rasi Kundali -

• Mercury Sun 8 Moon Birth Mars Venus Rahu Ascdt.

Jupiter MAP OF THE HEAVENS

Saturn

m Kethu

CHAPTER XII.

THE SHODASAVARGAS

105. The Vargas .- The Zodiac or the Bhachakra is composed of 360 degrees of the celestial space. 30 degrees constitute one sign of the zodiac. Each of such signs is further subdivided into a number of other divisions, i.e., into certain kinds of divisions. These kinds of divisions are known as the Vargas. These are based on the assumption that planets get increase or decrease in their capacity to produce good or inflict bad, in a horoscope, according to their particular positions within a sign. They become highly potent by occupying certain- kinds of divisions, owned by them, or by planets declared as their intimate friends, or by such divisions being their own places of exaltation or fall. These various relations, like elevation (Oochcha), fall (Neecha), etc., have been already discussed elsewhere .* 106. The Shodasavargas .- These kinds of divisions are really sixteen in number. Butthe number adopted by the different astrologers varies according to how they are used. For instance, for finding out the Sthana Bala * For further information see my book " Graha and Bhava Balas ".

90 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

{Positional strength) of a planet, the Sapta- Vargac are considered. For making predictions, the Shadvargas are employed, some consider Dasa-Vargas and so on, the choice often depending upon the prevailing custom. We shall, for purposes of determining the Sthana Bala of planets, go in detail into Sapta Vargas and scan through all the sixteen-vargas rather superficially.

107. The Shadvargas .- They are (1) Rasi, {2) Hora, (3) Drekkana, (4) Navamsa, (5) Dwadasamsa and (6) Trimsamsa.

108. The Saptavargas .- (1) Rasi, (2) Hora, (3) Drekkana, (4) Saptamsa, (5) Navamsa {6) Dwadasamsa and (7) Thrimsamsa.

109. The Dasavargas .- (1) Rasi, (2) Hora, (3) Drekkana, (4) Chaturthamsa, (5) Panchamsa, (6) Shastamsa. (7) Sapthamsa, (8) Navamsa, (2) Dwadasamsa and (10) Thrimsamsa.

110. The Shodasavargas .- (1) Rasi, (2) Hora, (3) Drekkana, (4) Chaturthamsa, <) Panchamsa, (6) Shastamsa, (7) Sap- thamsa, (8) Ashtamsa, (2) Navamsa, (10) Dasamsa. (11) Ekadasamsa, (12) Dwadasamsa, (13) Shodasamsa, (14) Thrimsamsa, (15) Shashtiamsa and (16) Ghatikamsa.

RASI AND HORA 91

We shall now describe the various vargas, and the methods of locating the planets in each one of them. 111. Rasi .- Rasi means sign. The 12 signs of the Zodiac are the 12 Rasis. The limits and the lordships of the various rasis are named in the second chapter.

Example. 36 .- Findthe Rasis of the different planets and the Lagna in the Standard Horoscope and the lords of snch Rasis ?

Planet Its Long. Rasi Lord of the Rasi Ravi 179° 8 Kanya Budha Chandra 312 8 Kumbha Sani Knja 229 49 Vrischika Angaraka Budha 180 33 Tula Sukra Gurn 83 35 Mithuna Budha Sukra* 170 4 Kanya Budha Sani 124 51 Simha Ravi Rahn 233 23 Vrischika Knja Kethu 53 23 Vrischika Snkra Lagna 294 57 Makara Sani

112. Hora .- 22 Ghatis constitute 1 Hora 15 degrees are equal to 1 hour in time so that, on the whole, there are 24 horas of 15° each in the entire zodiac. Each sign contains 2 horas, namely, the Surya Hora (Sun's) and the Chandra Hora (Moon's). In Oja Rasis or odd signs the first hora is governed by the Sun and the second by the Moon. In Yugma Rasis or even signs the ruler of the first hora is the Moon, and second hora is governed by the Sun. Odd signs are Mesha, Mithuna, Simha, etc. Even

92 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

signs are Kataka, Vrishabha, Kanya, etc., For instance, the first hora in Mesha is governed by the Sun, while the second is presided over by the Moon. Similarly so with reference to Mithnna, etc. In Vrishabha, Chandra presides over the first hora and the Sun over the next.

Example37 .- Find the Horas occupied by the planets, and the lords of such horas in the Standard Horoscope.

Planet lts Long. Nature of Rasi Hora. Its Lord. Ravi 179° 8 Yugma Surya Surya or Sun Chandra 312 8 Oja Chandra Chandra Kuja 229 49 Yugma Surya Surya Budha 180 33 Oja Ravi Ravi Guru 83 35 Oja Chandra Chandra Sukra 170 4 Yugma Surya Surya Sani 124 51 Oja Surya Surya Lagna 294 57 Yugma Surya Surya

We shall omit Rahn and Kethn for the present, as they are considered Aprakashaka Grahas or shadowy planets and as they simply reflect the results of the lords of the houses which they occupy.

113. Drekkana .- The Zodiac is divided into 36 drekkanas so that each gets 10°. The Lord of the first drekkana in a rasi is the lord of the rasi itself, that of the second, the lord of 5th from it, that of the 3rd, the lord of the 9th from it.

DREKKANA AND CHATURTHAMSA 93

Lord of Lord of Lord of Rasi. its 1st its 2nd its 3rd Drekkana. Drekkana. Drekkana. Mesha Kuja Surya Guru Vrishabha Sukra Budha Sani Mithuna Budha Sukra Sani Kataka Chandra Kuja Guru Simha Surya Guru Kuja Kanya Budha Sani Sukra Tula Sukra Sani Budha Vrischika Kuja Guru Chandra Dhanus Guru Kuja Surya Makara Sani Sukra Budha Kumbha Sani Budha Sukra Meena Guru Chandra Kuja

Example 38 .- Find the various Drekkanas occupied by the planets and the lords of such Drekkanas in the Standard Horoscope.

Planet. Its Long. No. of Drekkana. Its Lord

Surya I79° 8' 3rd in Kanya Sukra Chandra 312 8 2nd in Kumbha Budha Kuja 229 49 2nd in Vrischika Guru Budha 180 33 1st in Thula Sukra Guru 83 35 3rd in Mithuna Sani Sukra 170 4 3rd in Kanya Sukra Sani I24 51 1st in Simha Ravi Lagna 294 57 3rd in Makara Budha

114. Chaturthamsa .- When a sign is divided into four equal parts, each one is called a Chaturthamsa. The Zodiac contains 48 Chaturthamsas and each is equal to ° or 7° 30' of the celestial space. The lord of the first Chaturthamsa is the lord of the Rsi itself; that of the second, the lord of the fourth from it, that of the third, the lord

94 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

of the seventh and that of the fourth, the lord of the 10th. Thus the lord of each Kendra Rasi (quadrant), will become the lord of each Chaturthamsa. 115. Panchamsa .- Each Panchamsa-+ of a sign - is 6° in extent, i.e., the Zodiac is divided into 80 panchamsas. In odd signs the first panchamsa is governed by Mars; the second by Saturn; the third by Jupiter; the fourth by Mercury; and the fifth by Venus. The reverse holds good in even signs. 116. Shastamsa .- There are 72 shasht- amsas in the whole of the Bhachakra. Each Shashtamsa is equal to five degrees and a Rasi is divided into 6 Shashtamsas. In odd signs the lords of the six Shashtamsas are the lords of the six houses from Aries and in even signs the lords of the six Shashtamsas are the lords of the six Rasis from Libra. 117. Sapthamsa .- When a sign is divided into seven equal divisions each is called a Sapthamsa and gets % = 4° 14' 17+" The Bhachakra is divided into 84 In odd signs they are governed by sap- thamsas. the lords of the first seven Rasis and in even signs by the lords of the seventh and following signs.

Example 39 .- Find the Sapthamsas the planets have

ASHTAMSA AND NAVAMSA 95

occupied, and the lords of such Sapthamsas i* th Standard Horoscope ? Planet. Its Long. Odd or No. of the Lord of Even Rasi. Sapthamsa. Sapthamsa, Surya 179° 8 Even 7th Budha Chandra 312 8 Odd 3rd Kuja Kuja 229 49 Even 5th Budha Budha 180 33 Odd 1st Sukra Guru 83 35 Odd 6th Kuja Sukra 170 4 Even 5th Chandra Sani 124 5 Odd 1st Surya Lagna ... 294 57 Even 6th Guru 118. Ashtamsa .- An ashtamsa measure 3° 45' and the Bhachakra is divided into 96 ashtamsas and each Rasi, therefore, contains 8 compartments - Ashtamsas. In movable signs (Aries, Cancer, etc.), the lords of the 8 ashta*msas are the lords of the 8 signs from Aries. In Sthira Rasis or immovable signs (Taurus, Leo, etc.), the lords of the 8 ashtamsas are those of Leo and the succeeding signs. In Dwiswabhava Rasis, (common sign like Gemini, Virgo, etc.), the 8 Ashtamsas are governed by the lords of Dhanus and the next succeeding signs. 119. Navamsa .- This is the most impor- tant subdivision among the Hindus. The successful forecasts made by them have this system as the basis. This has been formulated in view of the relationship between the dégrees of the ecliptic and the stellar points or Nakshatras. The Nakshatras are 27 in number

96 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

(Art. 10). Therefore each Nakshatra gets 13}. Each Nakshatra is further subdivided into four padas or quarters, so that one pada is equal to =E31oof the ecliptic arc. Similarly a sign is divided into nine equal parts and each is 4

a Navamsa. The Bhachakra is divided into 108 navamsas and each navamsa corresponds to a Nakshatra Pada. Reference to the schedule of Nakshatras given in Article 10 will tell you that 4 quarters of Aswini, 4 of Bharani, and l of Krittika make up Mesha. By knowing the Nakshatra padas of Grahas we can readily locate them in their precise Navamsa Vargas. Take Mesha and divide it into nine equal parts. The first part (Navamsa) is governed by the lord of Mesha, viz., Kuja ; the second by the lord of the second, viz., Sukra ; the third by Budha lord of the third; the fourth by the lord of the fourth, viz., Chandra, and so on till the last or the ninth navamsa which is governed by Jupiter, lord of the ninth from Mesha. Now divide Vrishabha into nine equal parts. We have left counting of the navamsa at Dhanus, viz., the ninth from Mesha. There- fore, the first navamsa of Taurus (or the 10th Navamsa from Mesha) is governed by the lord of the 10th from Mesha, viz., lord of Makara-San.i; the 2nd navamsa (in Vrishaba), by the lord

NAVAMSA 97

of the 11th from Mesha, viz., Sani, the 3rd by the lord of the 12th, viz., Guru, the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th by Kuja, Sukra, Budha, Chan- dra, Ravi and Budha respectively. Then the first navamsa of Mithuna is ruled by the lord of the 7th from Aries, viz., Sukra. Thelast navamsa of Gemini is governed by the lord of the ninth from Gemini, Mercury. Again the first of Cancer is governed by the lord of Cancer and the last navamsa of Cancer by the lord of the ninth from Cancer, viz., Jupiter, so that the first navamsa in Leo is ruled by the lord of tenth from Cancer-Aries, viz., Mars. lt invariably follows, that for Mesha, Simha and Dhanus, Navamsas must be counted from Mesha to Dhanus ; for Vrishabha, Kanya and Makara from Makara ; for Mithuna, Thula and Kumbha from Thula and for Kataka, Vrischika and Meena from Kataka. Thus we see four distinct groups :-

(a) Mesha, Simha, Dhanus - from Mesha. (b) Vrishabha, Makara, Kanya - from Makara. (c) Mithuna, Thula, Kumbha - from Thula. (d) Kataka, Vrischika, Meena - from Kataka.

Take for instance a planet whose longitude is 114° 26' 15 "or 24° 26' 15" in Cancer. Note this belongs to group (d) so that the navamsas mast be counted from Kataka. 24° 26' 15"+3₺=7 and odd Navamsas. The planet has passed 7 7

98 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

navamsas in Cancer and is in the 8th. The 8th navamsa in Cancer is ruled by the lord of the 8th Rasi from Cancer, viz., Aquarius- Saturn. Thus the planet is in Saturn's Navamsa. In group (a) the lords of the nine navamsas will be the lords of Mesha and the succeeding signs. Similarly with reference to other groups, the Navamsas must be considered.

Example 40 .- Find the Navamsas occupied by the planets and the Lagna, and the lords of such navamsas, in the Standard Horoscope .* Planet. Its Long. No. of the Its Lord. Navamsa. Surya .. 179° 81 9th in Kanya Budha Chandra 312 8 4th in Kumbha Sani Kuja .. 229 49 6th in Vrischika Guru Budha 180 33 1st in Thula Sukra Guru .. 83 35 8th in Mithuna Sukra Sukra .. 170 4 7th in Kanya Sukra Sani Sukra .. 124 51 2nd in Simha Lagna 294 8th in Makara Ravi .. 57 Rahu .. 233 23 8th in Vrischika Sani Kethu 53 23 8th in Vrishabha Ravi

120. Navamsas and Nakshatra Padas .- Now that we have learnt, how to find, in which Navamsa a planet is situated, we can also readily find out the particular constel- lation and the particular pada the planet is in. For instance, take the Sun. He occupies the 9th navamsa in Kanya, i.e., he is in the 9th * Include Rahu and Kethu also.

NAVAMSAS AND NAKSHATRA PADAS 99

pada of Kanya rasi. The schedule of constella- tions in Chapter II will tell you that the last three padas of Uttara Phalguni, Hasta and the first two padas of Chitta make up Kanya. See to which padam (Quarter) and nakshatram (Constellation) in Kanya, the 9th navamsa corresponds. Uttara 3 Padas. Kanya Hasta 4 Chitta 2 Therefore, the last navamsa of Kanya corresponds to, rather is the sameas, the last pada in Kanya, i.e., the second of Chitta. Therefore you say that the Sun is in the second padam (Quarter) of the nakshatra (Constellation) Chitta. Ascertain for all the planets, the nakshatras and the padas corresponding to the navamsa positions.

Example 41 .- Find the Nakshatra Padas occupied by the different planets and the Lagna (of course Bhava Madhya) in the Standard Horoscope.

Planet. Rasi. Navamsa. Nakshatra. Pada. Ravi .. Kanya Kanya -9th Chitta 2 Chandra Kumbha Makara -- 4th Satabhisha 2 Kuja Vrischika Dhanus -6th Jyesta 1 Budha Thula Thula -1st Chitta 3 Guru ... Mithuna Vrishabha-8th Punarvasu 2 Sukra ... Kanya Kataka -7th Hasta 4 Sani Simha Vrishabha-2nd ... Makha 2 LAgna Makara Simha -8th Dhanista Rahu ... Vrischika Kumbha -- 8th Jyesta 3 Kethu ... Vrishabha Simha -8th Mrigasira 1

100 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

121. Navamsa Chakra .- As navamsa combinations are too often referred to in Hindu predictive astrology, it would be better to mark the Grahas in a navamsa diagram for purposes of convenience and reference.

Example 42 .- Locate the planets and Lagna of the Standard Horoscope in a Navamsa Kundali :-

8 Guru Sani

Rahu Sukra NAVAMSA DIAGRAM

Chandra Kethu Lagna

Kuja m Budha Ravi

122. The Dasamsa .- When a sign is divided into ten equal parts, each is called a Dasamsa, meaning roth of it. The whole Zodiac gets 120 Dasamsas of 3° each. In odd signs the lords of the Dasamsas commence from the owner of the sign itself, while in even signs the rulers are the lords of the ninth* and the following houses respectively.

• See Sarwarthachintamani. English translation by Prof. Surya- narain Rao. Stanza 21, Chap. I.

EKADASAMSA AND DWADASAMSA 101

123. Ekadasamsa. - Each Ekadasamsa measures ff=21° or the Bhachakra contains 132 Ekadasamsas. The lords of the 11 Ekadasamsas are the lords of the eleven signs from the 12th Rasi, counted backwards. Thus in Aries the first Ekadasamsa is ruled by Jupiter, the lord of the 12th from it and so on.

124. Dwadasamsa .- When a sign is divided into 12 equal parts each is called a dwadasamsa and measures 2i°. The Bhachakra can thus be said to contain 12x12=144 Dwadasamsas. The lords of the 12 Dwadasamsas in a sign are the lords of the 12 signs from it, i.e., the lord of the first Dwadasamsa in Mesha is Kuja, that of the second Sukra and so on.

Example 43 .- Find the Dwadasamsas occupied by the various planets and the Lagna in the Standard Horos- cope and the lords of such Dwadasamsas.

Planet. Its Long. No. of Lord of Dwadasamsa Dwadasamsa Surya 179° 8' 12th in Kanya Ravi Chandra .. ,. 312 8 5th in Kumbha ·Budha Kuja .. 229 49 8th in Vrischika Budha Budha 180 53 .. 1st in Thula Sukra Guru 83 35 10th in Mithuna .... Guru Sukra ... 170 4 9th in Kanya Sukra Sani ... 124 51 2nd in Simha Budha Lagna ... 294 57 10th in Makara Sukra 125. Shodasamsa .- When a sign is divid- e/1 into 16 equal parts, each is called a Shoda- samsa. The Bhachakra contains 16x 12=192

102 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Shodasamsas. In odd signs the lords of the first 12 signs govern them and the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th parts are ruled by Sani, Budha, Kuja and Rayi. In even signs, the planets govern them in the reverse order. 126. Thrimsamsa .- When a sign is divid- ed into 30 equal parts each is called a Thrimsamsa measuring 1° each. In odd signs, the Thrimsamsas are governed thus :- Mars Saturn Jupiter Mercury Venus 5 5 8 7 5 = 30. In even signs the order must be reversed :- Venus Mercury Jupiter Saturn Mars 5 7 8 5 5 = 30.

The above may be interpreted thus :- In Mesha, Mithuna and such other Oja (odd) rasis, the first 5 Thrimsamsas are governed by Mars, the second 5 by Saturn and so on. In Yugma Rasis (even signs) like Vrishabha, Kataka, etc., the first 5 are govern- ed by Venus, the next 5 by Mercury, etc., as mentioned above.

Example 44 .- Find the number of the Thrimsamsas occupied by the planets and the Lagna in the Standard Horoscope and the lords of such Thrim- samsas. Planet. Its Long. No. of Lord of Thrimsamsa. Thrimsamsa. Surya 179 8 30th in even h in odd Kuja ... Chandra .. 311 30 Guru Kuja 229 40 30th in even Kuja ... Budha 180 33 1st in odd Kuja

SHASTIAMSA 103

Planet. Its Long. No. of Lord of Thrimsamsa. Thrimsamsa. Guru 83 35 24th in odd Pudha Sukra ... 170 4 21st in even Sani Sani 124 51 5th in odd Kuja Lagna 294 57 25th in even Sani 127. Shastiamsa .- When a sign is divided into 60 equal parts, each is called a Shastiamsa. The Bhachakra contains 60×12=720 Shasti- amsas. In case of odd signs, the sixty Shasti- amsas are thus named :- (1) Ghora, (2) Rakshas, (3) Devabhaga, (4) Kubera, (5) Rakshogana, (6) Kin- nara, (7) Hrusta, (8) Kalagnana, (9) Garala, (10) Agnighatha, (11) Maya- msa, (12) Preta Puriha, (13) Apam- pathy, (14) Devaganasa, (15) Kala, (16) Sarpa, (17) Amritha, (18) Chan- dra, (19) Mridwamsa, (20) Koma- lamsa, (21) Padma, (22) Lakshmisa, (23) Vageesa, (24) Digambara, (25) Devamsa, (26) Indra, (27) Kalinasa, (28) Kshitiswara, (29) Kamalakara, (30) Mandatmaja, (31) Mrityu, (32) Kala, (33) Davagnya, (34) Chora, (35) Yamakantaka, (36) Satya, (36) Amrita, (38) Paripurna, (39) Visha- pradagdha, (40) Kulanasa, (41) Mukhya (42) Vamsakshya, (43) Ootpatha, (44) Kalarupa, (45) Soumya, (46) Mrud- vamsa, (47) Susithala, (48) Damshtra,

104 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

(49) Seethabja, (50) Indumukha, (51) Poorna, (52) Kalagnya, (53) Danda- yudha, (54) Nirmala, (55) Shuba, (56) Ashuba. (57) Atishuba, (58) Sudhapayodhi, (59) Dhyumani, (60) Indurekha. In case of even signs, the order of naming must be reversed. 128. Ghatikamsa .- Each Rasi is divided into 150 ghatikamsas and each is again sub- divided into two parts so that each Rasi is divided into three hundred equal parts, each amsa being equal to 6'. Chara, Sthira and Dviswabhava Rasis are considered in naming these Ghatikamsas, which it would not be worth- while worrying with at this stage. 129. General Remarks .- We have said above that of all the Shodasavargas, it is the Saptavargas (108 Art.) alone that are of special importance to us as contributing to the positional strength (Sthanabala) of the different planets. The Saptavargas of planets, together with the lords of the Saptavargas can be tabulated as follows for our future use. Their importance and applicability has been elaborate- ly explained in my book " Graha and Bhava balas ".

Example 45 .- Tabulate all the Saptavargas of the planels. and the Lagna in the Standard Horoscope ?

SAPTAVARGAS TABULATED 105

Table of Saptavargas

Trimsamsa Navamsa Sapthamsa Rasi Drekkana Hora Dweda- Planet Its Symbol

Ravi 8 2 ... Budha Ravi Sukra Budha | Budha Ravi Kuja

Chandra D = 5 D 19 Sani Chan- Budha Kuja Sani Budha Guru dra

Kuja ... $ 24 Kuja Ravi Guru Budha Guru Budha Kuja

Budha ... +0 +O +0 +0 +O Sukra Ravi Sukra Sukra Sukra Sukra Kuja

Guru D = 5 8 2 ... 24 Budha | Chan- Sani Kuja Sukra Guru Budha dra

Sukra ... 8 2 Budha Ravi Sukra Chan- Chan- Sukra Sani +O

dra dra

Sani 8 2 -3 ... Ravi Ravi Ravi Ravi Sukra Budha Kuja

Lagba ... +0 Sani Ravi Budha Guru Ravi Sukra Sani Ascdt.

106 MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

130. Interpretation of Saptavarga Table. Rows * horizontal indicate the planets and rows longituclinal-the vargas. Take for instance., the row under the heading Drekkana. Tracing downwards we find the lords of Drek- kanas occupied by each planet and the names of the Drekkanas. For instance take the Sun, and tracing horizontally we find under the column Rasi the symbols m and 8. This

means that the Sun is in Kanya (Virgo) Rasi having Budha as the lord. The table must be similarly interpreted with reference to other planets.

CHARAKHANDAS 107

TABLE I.

Charakhandas.

Latitude. Vighatis. Vighatis. Vighaj

1° 2'10 1'68 0'73 2 4'20 3'36 1'40 3 6'30 5'04 2'10 4 8'40 6'72 2'80 5 10'50 8'40 3'50 6 12'60 10'08 4'20 7 1470 11'76 4'90 8 16'90 13'52 5'63 9 19'00 15'20 6'33 10 21'20 16'96 7'06 11 23'30 18'64 7'76 12 25'50 20'40 8'50 13 27'00 21'70 8'80 14 29'90 23'92 15 32'10 25'68 10'70 96.6

16 34'40 27'52 11'46 17 36'60 29'28 12'20 18 39'00 31'20 13'00 19 41'30 33'04 13'76 20 43'70 34'96 14'56 21 46'00 36'80 15'33 22 48'50 38'80 16'16 23 50'90 40'72 16'96 24 53'40 42'72 17'80 25 55'90 44'72 18'63 26 58'50 46'80 19'50 27 61'10 48'88 20'36 28 63'80 51'04 21'26 29 66'50 53'20 22'16

108 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Latitude. Vighatis. Vighatis. Vighatis 30° 69'30 55'44 23'10 31 72'10 57'68 24'33 32 75'00 25'00 03 77'90 62'32 00.09 25'96 34 80'90 64'72 26'96 35 84'00 67'20 28'00 36 87'10 69'68 29'03 37 90'40 72'32 30'13 38 93'70 74'96 31'23 39 97'20 77'76 32'4 40 100'60 80'48 33'53 41 104.30 83'44 34'73 42 108'00 86'40 36'00 43 111'90 89'52 37'30 44 115'80 92'64 38'60 45 120'00 96'00 40'00 46 124'20 99'36 41'40 47 128'70 102'96 42'90 48 133.30 106'64 44'43 49 138'00 110'40 46'00 50 143'00 114'40 47'66 51 148'20 118'56 49'40 52 153'50 122'83 51'17 53 159'20 127'36 53'06 54 165'20 132'16 55'06 55 171'30 137'04 57*10 56 177'90 142'32 59'30 57 184'60 147'84 61'60 58 192'00 153'60 64'00 59 199'70 159'76 66'56 60 207'80 166'24 69'26

LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES 109

TABLE II.

Terrestrial Latitudes and Longitudes

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longitude.

Aberdeen Scotland 57° 10' N. 2° 5' W. Abyssinia State Africa 10 0 N. 40 ) E. Abu Mount India 24 30 N. 72 30 E.

Achin Sumatra 5 0 N. 96 30 E.

Aden Arabia 13 0 N. 45 0 E. Adoni India 15 38 N. 77 15 E. Agin Court France 50 29 N. 2 9 E.

Agra India 27 10 N. 77 52 E. Ahmedabad India 23 2 N. 72 19 E. Ahmednagar India 19 1 N. 74 52 E. Aix-la-Chapelle Germany 50 46 N. 6 2 E. Ajjaccio France 41 55 N. 8 44 E. Ajmer India 26 32 N. 74 41 E. Ajanta India 20 31 N. 78 19 E. Akyab Burma 20 18 N. 92 45 E. Alleppey India 9 30 N. 76 13 E. Alighar 1ndia 27 52 N. 79 0 E. Alaska N. America ... 65 0 N. 150 0 W. Alexandria Egypt 31 12 N. 30 10 E. Algiers N. Africa 36 35 N. 25 45 E. Allahabad 1ndia 25 26 N. 81 48 E. Almora 1ndia 29 40 N. 79 40 E. Alwar India 27 40 N. 77 28 E. Amarapur Burma 21 50 N. 96 2 E. Ambala India 30 28 N. 76 50 E. Amraoti India (C.P.) 20 56 N. 78 0 E. Amraoti India (Deccan) 16 34 N. 80 25 E. Atari tsar 1ndia 31 39 N. 74 47 E. Amsterdam Netherlands 52 22 N. 4 53 E.

110 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longitude, Amona< Italy 43° 38' N. 13° 32' E. Ananthapur India 14 40 N. 77 39 E. Andaman India 12 0 N. 92 45 E. (lsland) Antwerp Belgium 51 13 N. 4 24 E. Anuradhapura Ceylon 8 26 N. 80 20 E. Arakan Burma 20 46 N. 93 12 E. Arabia (Country) Asia 24 0 N. 48 0 E. Aravali (Hills) India 26 0 N. 74 0 E. Arcot India 12 55 N. 79 20 E. Argentina (State) S. America ... 36 0 S. 65 0 W. Armenia (State) Asia 40 30 N. 44 30 E. Attock India 33 55 N. 72 20 E. Asia Minor Asia 30 0 N. 32 0 E. Assam (Prov.) India 20 13 N. 75 40 E. Athens Greece 38 0 N. 23 ,45 E. Atlanta U.S.A. 33 53 N. 84 19 W. Augsburg Germany 48 18 N. 10 53 E. Aurangabad India 19 53 N. 75 22 E. Austria (State) Europe 47 0 N. 14 0 E. Australia 25 0 S. 135 0 E. ... Babylon Mesopotamia 32 30 N. 44 35 E. Bagdad Mesopotamia 33 29 N. 44 31 E. Baekergang ... 1ndia 22 36 N. 90 20 E. Baikul India 12 22 N. 75 3 E. Balasore India 21 31 N. 87 0 E. Balsar 1ndia 20 35 N. 73 5 E. Baltic Sea Europe 57 0 N. 18 0 E. Baltimore Ireland 51 28 N. 9 19 W. Baltimore U.S.A. 39 35 N. 76 36 W. Baluchistan (State), Asia 28 0 N. 65 0,E. Banavasi 1ndia 14 34 N. 75 5 E. Bavanahotte .. India 22 18 N. 86 10 E.

LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES 111

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longiude.

Bangalore India 13° "'N. 77%35' E. Bangkok Siam 14 0 N. 96 15 E. Bareilly India 28 26 N. 79 25 E. Burdwan India 23 14 N. 55 E. Barbados W. Indies 13 40 N. 59 50 W. Baroda India 22 20 N. 73 0 E. Batavia Java 6 0 S.106 58 E. Bath England 51 22 N. 2 23 W. Bavaria (State) Germany 48 48 N. 12 0 E. Belgaum India 15 51 N. 74 30 E. Belgium (State) Europe 51 0 N. 4 30 E. Belgrade Yugoslavia 44 57 N. 20 37 E. Bellavi 1ndia 15 11 N. 76 55 E. Belur India 12 55 N. 76 35 E. Benares 1ndia 25 20 N. 83 1 E. Bengal (Prov.) 1ndia 24 0 N. 87 30 E. Berar (Prov.) India 20 35 N. 77 0 E. Barbara " Brit. 10 26 N. 46 0 E. Somaliland".

Berhampur India 19 20 N. 84 55 E. (Ganjam) Berhampur India 24 6 N. 88 20 E. (Bengal) Bezwada India 16 40 N. 81 0 E. Berlin Germany 52 51 N. 13 24 E. Bethlehelm Palestine 31 41 N. 35 15 E. Bhagalpur India 25 20 N. 87 0 E. Bhopal India 23 15 N. 77 23 E. Bhutan (State) Asia 27 30 N. 90 30 E. Bharatpur 1ndia 27 28 N. 77 10 E. Bhooj India 23 12 N. 68 2 E. Bikaneer India 28 0 N. 73 22 E. Bidar India 17 53 N. 77 50 E.

112 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longitude. Bijnour, India 29° 26' N. 78° 10' E. . Bijapur . India 16 50 N. 75 47 E. Bismark U. S. A. 46 50 N. 100 50 W. Bombay India 18 52 N. 72 35 E. Boordere India 25 25 N. 76 0 E. Boston . England 53 0 N. 0 2 W Brindisi . Italy 40 39 N. 17 56 E. Brunswick Germany 52 15 N. 10 22 E. Bucharest Rumania 44 25 N. 26 2 E. Bushire Persia 29 0 N. 50 50 E. Cairo Egypt 30 2 N. 31 40 E. Calais France 50 57 N. 1 51 E. Calcutta India 22 40 N. 88 30 E. Calicut India 11 15 N. 75 51 E. Cambridge England 52 12 N. 0 8 E. Canterbury England 51 16 N. 1 4 E. Canton China 23 25 N. 113 132 E. Cape Town ... C. of G. Hope 33 59 S. 18 25 E. Chandranagore India 22 50 N. 88 20 E. Cawnpore 1ndia 26 37 N. 80 10 E. Charleston United States 32 54 N. 80 0 W Chicago United States 41 50 N. 87 35 W Chota Nagpur India 23 0 N. 83 30 E. Cochin India 9 43 N. 76 13 E. Cologne Germany 50 56 N. 6 58 E. Colombo Ceylon 7 0 N. 79 45 E. Constantinople. Thrace 41 1 N. 28 55 E. Copenhagen Denmark 55 40 N. 12 34 E. Corsica, 1. France 42 10 N. 9 0 E. Costa Rica Cent. Amer ... 10 0 N. 84 0 W. Croydon England 51 22 N. 0 6 W Croydon Queensland 18 10 S. 142 0E. Cutch 1ndia 23 30 N. 70 0 E.

LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES 113

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longitude. Dacca 1ndia 23° 40' N. 90° 30' E. Dakota N. St ... U. S. A. 47 0 N. 100 0 W. Damascus Syria 33 33 N. 36 18 E. Darjeeling India 27 5 N. 88 6 E. Dartmoor England 50 38 N. 3 58 W Delhi India 28 58 N. 77 0 E. Derby England 52 50 N. 1 28 W. Devonport England 50 22 N. 4 12 W. Dublin Ireland 53 23 N. W. Dunkirk France 51 3 N. 2 22 E. Durban S. Africa 29 58 S. 30 57 E. East London C. Gd. Hope 32 58 S. 27 52 E. Ellichpur India 21 12 N. 77 8 E. Emden Germany 53 22 N. 7 13 E. Florence Italy 43 47 N. 11 20 E. Fyzabad 1ndia 26 44 N. 82 9 E. Gaya India 24 45 N. 85 5 E. Genoa Italy 44 25 N. 8 59 E. Ghazni Afghanistan 33 37 N. 66 0 E. Gibraltar Spain 36 7 N. 5 21 W, Glasgow Scotland 55 51 N. 4 16 W.

Goa India 15 30 N. 73 40 E. Golconda India 17 30 N. 78 2 E. Greenwich England 51 29 N. 0 0 E. Gwalior India 26 22 N. 78 2 E. Hague Netherlands 52 4 N. 4 18 E. Halifax England 53 43 N. 1 52 W. Hong-kong China 22 16 N. 114 9 E. Hyderabad India 17 29 N. 78 30 E. Hyderabad Sind 1ndia 25 30 N. 68 34 E. Jaipdr India 27 4 N. 76 0 E. Jerusalem Palestine 31 45 N. 35 17 E. Jodhpur India 26 26 N. 72 58 E. 8

114 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longitude. Jubbulpore India 23° 12' N. 79° 59' E.

Juggennaut India 19 59 N. 86 2 E. Kansas City U. S. A. 39 3 N. 94 39 W, Karachi India 25 0 N. 67 3 E. Karikal India 11 0 N. 79 39 E. Kobe Japan 35 0 N. 135 0 E. Kolhapur 1ndia 16 40 N. 74 18 E. Kumbhakonam India 11 0 N. 78 40 E. Lahore India 31 39 N. 74 23 E. Lancaster England 54 3 N. 2 48 W.

Lashkar India 26 0 N. 77 0 E. Leipzig 51 20 N. 12 E . Germany 21

London Canada 42 55 N. 81 11 W

London England 51 30 N. 0 5 W. Los Angeles U. S. A. 34 20 N. 118 45 W.

Madras India 13 4 N. 80 4 E. Madrid Spain 40 25 N. 340' W, Madura India 9 50 N 78 15 E. Mahe India 11 33 N. 75 35 E. Mandalay Burma 22 0 N. 96 15 E. Manila Philippines ... 14 58 N. 121 0 E. Mantua 45 10 Z Italy 10 48 E. Masulipatam India 16 15 N. 81 12 E. Mecca Arabia 21 20 N. 40 20 E. Moscow Russia 55 40 N. 37 40 E. Multan India 30 12 N. 71 31 E. Murshidabad 1ndia 24 2 N. 88 0 E. Mysore 1ndia 12 0 N. 76 38 E. Naples ltaly 40 52 N. 14 13 E. Natal South Africa 29 0 S. 30 30 E. New York United States 41 0 N. 73 55 W. Nilgiri Hills India 11 15 N. 76 30 E: Niniveh Mesopotamia 36 25 N. 43 31 E.

LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES 115

Name of Place. Name of Country. Latitude. Longitude. Olympia Greece 37° 40' N. 21° 20' E. Ottawa . Canada 45 12 N. 75 52 W. Paris . France 48 50 N. 2 21 E. Poona 1ndia 18 32 N. 73 53 E. Prestonpans Scotland 55 58 N. 2 58 W Puri India 19 59 N. 86 2 E. . Quebec Canada 47 0 N. 71 0 W. Quetta 1ndia 30 12 N. 67 30 E. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil 22 50 S. 43 44 W. Saar, R. Germany ... 49 28 N. 6 45 E. Salt Lake City U.S.A. 40 55 N. 112 0 W. San Francisco. U.S.A. 38 0 N. 122 24 W, Seringapatam 1ndia 12 13 N. 76 40 E. Shanghai China 31 28 N. 121 28 E. Sheffield England 53 23 N. 1 27 W. Shillong India 25 31 N. 91 58 E. Srinagar India 34 14 N. 74 50 E. Surat India 21 2 N. 72 50 E. Taranto ltaly 40 28 N. 17 13 E. Udaipur India 24 38 N. 73 35 E. Waterloo Belgium 50 44 N. 4 23 E. .

116 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

TABLE III.

Equation of Time

i a a. 0 b ar Oc < S p M. M. M. M. M. M. M M. M. M. M. M. SA u g. June

1. • 3+ 14 + 13+ 4-3-2+ 3 + 6 0 -- 10 -- 16 -- 11 4 14 12 4 3 2 4 6 0 10 16 11 2. 14 3 6- 16 10 3. 4 12 4 2 4 11

2. 5 14 12 3 3 2 4 6 11 16 10

5 14 12 3 4 6 11 16 10 5. 3 2

4 6 12 16 6. 6 14 12 3 3 2 10

7. 6 14 12 2 3 5 6 12 16 9

8. 7 14 11 2 4 5 6 1 12 16 9

11 2 4 5 5 2 13 16 8 9. 7 14

16 7 10. 7 14 11 2 4 5 5 3 13

11. 8 14 10 1 4 5 5 3 13 16 7

10 1 4 5 3 16 7 12. 8 14 5 13

13. 9 14 10 1 4 0 5 5 4 14 16 € 6

9 14 10 0 4 0 6 5 4 14 16 6 14. 15. 9 14 9 0 4 0 6 4 5 14 15 5

10 14 9 0 4 0 6 4 5 14 5 16. 15

17. 10 14 9 0 4 0 6 4 5 14 15 4

14 0 4 + 4 18. 10 8 1 6 4 6 15 15

8 -- 1 4 6 4 6 15 15 3 19. 11 14

8 1 4 1 6 6 14 3 20. 11 14 3 15

21. 11 14 8 1 4 1 6 3 7 15 14 2

22. 12 14 7 1 4 2 6 3 7 15 14 2

23. 12 14 7 2 3 2 6 3 7 16 14 1

1 24. 12 13 7 2 3 2 6 2 8 16 13

0 25. 12 13 7 2 3 2 6 2 8 16 13

2 3 2 0 26. 13 13 6 6 2 8 16 13

1 27. 13 13 6 2 3 3 6 2 9 16 13

28. 13 13 5 2 3 3 6 1 9 16 12 1

29. 13 5 3 3 3 6 1 9 16 12 2 ... 30, 13 5 3 3 3 6 1 10 16 12 2 ... 31. 13 4 3 6 0 16 3 ... ... ...

TABLE OF STANDARD TIMES 117

TABLE 1V.

Table of Standard Times

• Fast of Greenwich Mean Time - Slow of Greenwich Mean Time

(e.g. If it is 12 noon at Greenwich, it will be 5-30 p.m. Indian Standard Time and 9 a.m. Eastern Brazil Standard Time and so on.) H. M. India 5 30 +

Mid-European Zone-i.e., Norway, Swe- den, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Albania, Austria Hungary, Czecho- slovakia, Italy, Malta 1 0 4-

British Islesi and all European Countries West of Mid-European Zone ... 0 0

Holland 0 20 +

lceland ... 1 0 4- Palestine, Syria, Egypt, South Africa, Finland7 and all other European Coun- tries East the Mid-European Zone ... 2 0 +

Newzealand* 11 30 +

Japan, Korea 9 0 4-

Siberia (97° 30' E. to 112° 30' E.) 8 0 4- ...

Hong Kong 8 0 4- ..

Uganda, Kenya Colony ... 2 30 +

x = From April 22nd to October 7th difference + 1 h. 0 m. v = From June 20th to September 30th difference + 3 h. 0 m. z - From 2nd Sunday in October to 3rd Sunday in March + 12 h. 0 m.

118 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

H. M. Eastern Brazil 3 0

British Columbia, California, Washington 8 0

Mountain States of U.S.A. 7 0

Uruguay 3 30

New Foundland* 3 31

Canada (68° W. to 88° long. W.) 5 0

Eastern States of U.S.A. 5 0

Chite, Peru 5 0

Canada (88° W. to 103° W. long.) 6 0

Canada (103° W. to B. C. Boundary) 7 0

Central States of U.S.A. 6 0

a = From September 1st to March 31st, difference :- 4 h.

TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 119

An Index of Technical Terms.

Adi First Adhikamasa Intercalary month. Ahas Diurnal duration. Akshamsa Terrestrial Latitude. Angaraka Mars. Antya Last. Apamandala Ecliptic. Apasavya Sinistral. Apoklima Succeedent house. Aprakashaka grahas Shadowy planets. Arambha Beginning. Arambha-sandhi The starting point. Ashtamsa ₺ dn. of a sign. Ashuddha rasi The sign that cannot be subtracted. Asta Combustion. Asta Lagna Descendant. Asu Equivalent to 4 seconds of Sidereal Athichara Acceleration. [Time. Ayanamsa Precessional distance. Ayu Longevity. Ayurbhava Eighth house.

Bhachakra Zodiac. Bhagana Revolution of planets. Bhaskaracharya A great Hindu Astronomer. Bhava House. Bhavachakra Table of Houses. Bhava madhya Mid-point of the house. Bhava-sandhi Cusp of the house. Bhava sphuta Determining longitudes of houses. Bhogya To pass, e.g., time to pass. Bhogyamsas Arc to gain.

120 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Bhratru Brother. Bhratrubhava Third house. Bhuja Distance from the nearest Equinoctial. Bhuktha Gained, e.g., Time gained. Bhukthamsas Arc gained. Brahmana Planetary Rotation. Brihat Jataka A work on Horoscopy by Varahamihira Budha Mercury.

Chakra Diagram, map. Chandra The Moon. Chandramana Lunar month. Chara Variable. Charakhanda Ascensional difference. Chara rasis Movable signs Chaturthamsa ₺ dn. of a sign.

Dakshina South. Dakshina gola South (celestial) hemisphere; 180° to Dasamabhava Mid-heaven. [360° of the zodiac. Dasamsa T8 dn. of a sign. Dasavargas Ten kinds of division : e.g., of a sign. Dhanabhava Second house. Dhanas Sagittarius. Dharmabhava Ninth house. Dhruva Time of right ascension. Dina Day, diurnal duration. Dinardha Half diurnal duration. Drekkana ₺ dn. of a sign. Dwadasamsa Dwiswabhava rasis Common signs.

Ekadasamsa rr dn. of a sign.

TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 121

Ghati Equivalent to 24 minutes of English Ghatikamsa rdo dn. of a sign. [Time. Gola Hemisphere. Graha Planet. Graha Sphuta Determining planetary longitudes. Guru Jupiter.

Hora ₺ dn. of a sign.

Ishtakala The given time.

Jagatchakshu The Sun.

Kalatra Wife. Kalatrabhava Seventh hoase. Kalidasa A great Indian Dramatist. Kalpa 4,320,000,000 Sidereal years. Kanfa Virgo. Karaka Promoter. Karana Half a lunar day. Karma Profession. Karma bhava Tenth-house. Kataka Cancer. Kendra Quadrant. Kendra bhava Angular house. Kethu Dragon's tail. Khanda Division or Section. Kshepa Celestial Latitude. Kranti Declination. Kuja Mars Kumbha Aquarius. Kundali Diagram, map. #

Labha bhava Eleventh house.

122 A MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

9 Lagna Ascendant. Lagna Sphuta Finding Longitude of Ascendant. Lipta A unit of measure of Time or Arc.

Madhya Middle. Madhya Lagna Mid-heaven. Maharishis Great Sages of India. Makara Capricorn. Mandochcha A celestial force. Mathamaha Maternal relations. Mathru Mother. Meena Pisces. Mesha Aries. Mithuna Gemini. Mitra Friend. Moolathrikonas Positions similar to those of exaltation.

Nadi vritta Celestial equator. Naisargika Natural. Nakshatra Constellation. Nakshatra Dina Sidereal day. Natha Meridian-distance. Navamsa $dn. of a sign. Nirayana Ex-precession.

Oja Rasis Odd signs. Oochcha Exaltation. Oopachayas 3, 6, 10 and 11 houses.

Pada Quarter. Panapara Succeedent house. Panchamsa ₺ dn. of a sign. Panchanga Almanac. Panchasiddhantika A Hindu Astronomical work.

TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 123

Para A unit of measure of Arc or Time. Paratpara Do Paschad Western. Patha A celestrial force. Pathala Lagna Lower meridian. Phalit bhaga Judicial or predictive portion. Pithamaha Paternal relations. Pithru Father. Poorvabhaga Eastern or the first part. Prag Eastern. Prarupa A unit of measure of Arc or Time. Prustodaya Rising by hinder part : e.g., signs. Putra Children. Putra bhava Fifth house.

Rahu Dragon's head. Rasathala Lagna Lower meridian. Rasi A zodiacal sign. Rasi chakra Zodiacal Diagram Rasimana Time of oblique ascension. Rasi kundali Zodiacal Diagram

Sama Neutral. Sandhi Junctional point. Sani Saturn. Saptha vargas Seven kinds of division. Satru Enemy. Satru bhava Sixth house. Sauramana Solar month. Savana Dina Apparent solar day. Savya Dextral. Sayana With Precession. Seegrochcha A celestial force. Shadvargas Six kinds of division.

124 MANUAL OF HINDU ASTROLOGY

Shashtamsa ₺ dn. of a sign. Shashtivamsa todn. of a sign. Shodasamsa Tw dn. of a sign. Simha Leo Sirodaya" Rising by the head : e.g., signs. Spashta Planetary or house longitude. Sthanabala Positional strength. Sthira rasis Fixed signs. Sukha bhava Fourth house. Sukra Venus. Sunya Zero. Surya Sun. Surya siddhanta A Hindu Astronomical work. Suryodayadi Jana- Ghatis elapsed from sunrise to birth. nakala ghatikaha

Tatkalika Temporary. Tatpara A unit of measure of Arc or Time. Thanubhava First house. Thithi Luni-Solar day. Thrimsamsa so dn. of a sign. Thula Libra. Thrikona Trine.

Ubhayodaya Rising both by head and hinder part: Udaya Rising. [e.g., signs- Udaya Lagna Ascendant. Unnatha 30 ghatis diminished by Natha. Uttara North. Uttarabhaga Second part. Uttara Gola North (celestial) hemisphere 0° to 180° of the zodiac.

Vakra Retrograde. Varahamihira A great Indian Writer.

TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 125

Varga Manner of division. [Time. Vighati Equivalent to 24 seconds of English Vilipta A unit of measure of Arc or Time. Virama sandhi End-point. Virupa A unit of measure of Arc or rime. Vishavarekha Terrestrial equator. Vrayabhava Twelfth house. Vrischika Scorpio. Vrishabha Taurus.

Yugma Rasis Even signs.

The Modi Power Printing Works, Sri Narasimharaja Road, Bangalore City.