1. Definition and Induction A Historical and Comparative Study Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti

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Definition and Induction: A Historical and Comparative title : Study Monograph ... of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy ; 13 author : Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar. publisher : isbn10 | asin : 0824816587 print isbn13 : 9780824816582 ebook isbn13 : 9780585309538 language : subject publication date : lcc : ddc : subject :

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Page iii

Definition and Induction

A Historical and Comparative Study

Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti

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Page iv

c 1995 University of Hawai'i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

00 99 98 97 96 95 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar. Definition and induction : a historical and comparative study / Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti. p. cm. -- (Monograph no. 13, Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 8248 1658 7 1. Definition (Logic) 2. Induction (Logic) 3. Philosophy, Comparative. 4. Philosophy, Ancient -- Oriental influences. 5. Philosophy, Indic. 6. Nyaya. I. Title. II. Series: Monograph ... of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy : 13. BC199.D4C48 1995 161 -- dc20 95-7339 CIP

University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources

Camera-ready copy prepared by the author

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Page v

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments vii

Abbreviations ix

Introduction 1

Part One

Chapter One: Aristotle's View of Definition 7

Chapter Two: The Stoic View of Definition 25

Chapter Three: The Epicurean Attack on Definition 33

Chapter Four: The Nyaya View of Definition 39

Part Two

Chapter 5: Aristotle on Induction and Inference from Sign 65

Chapter 6: Epicurus on Methods 83

Chapter 7: Stoic and Later Epicurean Views on Sign 93

Chapter 8: Early Nyaya View of Induction and Inference from Sign 103

Chapter 9: Carvaka-Humean Critique of Induction and Some Indian/Western 141 Responses

Chapter 10: Induction and Probability 165

Chapter 11: Later Nyaya View of Induction and Inference from Sign 181

Selected Bibliography 215

Index 227

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Page vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We express our deep gratitude to the following institutions for their financial and other kinds of material support: the Fulbright Foundation, the Alpha Fund of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, the Indian Council of Philosophical Research, the University of Calcutta, and the Center for Philosophy of Science, the University of Pittsburgh.

We have immensely benefited from the critical comments and suggestions provided by Professors John T. Kearns, James Lennox, Michael Ferejohn, Greg Cooper, Gerald Massey, Nicholas Rescher, Morton White and the anonymous readers of the publisher. We also gratefully remember the many years of invaluable philosophical education sitting at the feet of my teachers of Indian philosophy: (late) Madhusudan Nyayacharya, (late) Narmada Tarkatirtha, (late) Panchanan Sastri, (late) Gopinath Bhattacharya, Visvabandhu Tarkatirtha, Ashoke Kumar Ganguly and Narayana Chandra Goswami. Last, but not the least, this work would not have been completed without the active help of my wife, Dr. Chandana Chakrabarti.

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Page ix

ABBREVIATIONS

Adv. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians, I and II, Loeb Classical Library, Math. London, 1929

An Aristotle, Posterior Analytics Post.

ATV Udayana, Atmatattvaviveka, ed., Dhundiraja Sastri, Kashi Sanskrit Series 84, Chowkhamba, Benares, 1940

BP Visvanatha, Bhasapariccheda, with six commentaries, ed., C. S. R. Sastry, Sri Balamorama Press, Madras, 1923

BPP Visvanatha, Bhasapariccheda, with Muktavalisamgraha, ed. Pancanana Sastri, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, Calcutta, 1984

Categ. Aristotle, Categories

De An. Aristotle, On the Soul

DI Aristotle, On Interpretation

De Int. Do

De Aristotle, Parts of Animals Part. An.

DL Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge and London, 1950

GD Gadadhara, Gadadhari, I and II, 2nd edn, ed, V. P. Dvivedi, etc., Chowkhamba, Benares, 1970

Hist. Aristotle, History of Animals An.

IGW J. W. Sedlar, India and the Greek World, Rowan and Littlefield, Totowa, New Jersey, 1980

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Page x

JI R. Swinburne, ed, The Justification of Induction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974

KKK Sriharsa, Khandanakhandakhadya, Kashi Sanskrit Series, 197, Chowkhamba, Benares, 1970

LFP R. Carnap, Logical Foundations of Probability, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1950, 2nd edn, 1962

LSA. Long and D. Sedley, eds, Hellenistic Philosophers, I and II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987

Met. Aristotle, Metaphysics

Meta. Do

NBD Dharmakirti, Nyayabindu, with Tika and Pradipa, ed. D. Malvania, K. P. Jayswal Research Institute, Patna, 1955

ND Gotama, Nyayasutra, with Bhasya of Vatsyayana, eds., P. Sastri and H. Sukla, Kashi Sanskrit Series 43, Chowkhamba, 1942

NE Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics

NK Udayana, Nyayakusumanjali, with Nyayabodhani, Prakasa, Prakasika and Makaranda, Chowkhamba, Benares, 1935

NKS Bhimacarya Jhalkikar, Nyayakosa, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 2nd edn, 1978

NKV Udayana, Nyayakusumanjali, with Vistara, ed. U. Viraraghavacarya, Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati, 1980

NP Udayana, Nyayaparisista, with Pancika, ed, S. N. Srirama Desikan, Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati, 1976

NS Gotama, Nyayasutra

NSB Gotama, Nyayasutra, with Bhasya of Vatsyayana, eds, P. Sastri and H. Sukla, Kashi Sanskrit Series 43, Chowkhamba, 1942

NV Uddyotakara, Nyayavarttika, eds, V. P. Dvivedi and L. S. Dravida, Chowkhamba, Benaras. 1915

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OP Sextus Empiricus, Outline of Pyrrhonism, Loeb Classical Library, London

PA Aristotle, Prior Analytics

Ph. Aristotle, Physics

Phys. Do

PKM Prabhacandra, Prameyakamalamartanda, ed, M. K. Sastri, Nirayna Sagar Press, Bombay, 1941

PO Aristotle, Posterior Analytics

Post. Do An.

PV Dharmakirti, Pramanavarttika, with Vrtti, ed, Dvarikadas Sastri, Bauddha Bharati, Benares, 1968

Rhe Aristotle, Rhetoric

SD Madhavacarya. Sarvadarsanasamgraha, ed, V. S. Abhyankar, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1978

SL Gangesa, Siddhantalaksana, with Didhiti, Jagadisi, etc., 2nd edn, ed, G. P. Sastri, V. V. Prakashan, Benares

Strom Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, in the Writings of Clement of Alexandria, tran, W. Watson, I and II, Edinbourgh, 1869-71

SVF von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmente, Leipzig, 1923, 1924

TC Gangesa, Tattvacintamani, with Prakasa and Tarkacudamani, vol. II, part I, ed. N. S. Ramanuja Tatacarya, Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati, 1982

TCP Gangesa, Tattvacintamani, with Mathuri, vol. I, ed, K. N. Tarkavagisa, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1974

Top. Aristotle, Topics

TPS Jayarasi, Tattvopaplavasimha, Gaekward Oriental Series, Baroda, 1930

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TRP J. M. Keynes, A Treatise on Probability, Macmillan, London, 1948

TS Annambhatta, Tarkasamgraha, with Dipika, translation and elucidation by Gopinath Bhattacharya, Progressive Publishers, Calcutta, 1976

TSD Do

TT Vacaspati Misra, Nyayavarttikatatparyatika, ed, R. S. Dravida, Kashi Sanskrit Series 24, Chowkhamba, Benares, 1925

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Page 227

INDEX

A

Aetius 31

aitia (reason) 76

akasa * 46, 59, 121-123, 126, 139

akhanda (simple) 50

akrti* (shape) 51

Alexander of Aphrodisias 27

Annambhatta 63

anumana* (inference) 104, 110, 151

anvaya (co-presence, universal, concomitance) 103, 106, 129, 148, 153, 191

anyatara (inclusive disjunction) 53

anyonyasraya* (mutual dependence, circularity) 42, 150

apadesa* (mark, reason, sign, ground) 198

apakarsa-sama (parity per deletion) 130

apta* (authority) 41

Aristotle 1, 5, 7-23, 25-27, 33, 37, 38, 54-56, 60, 61, 65-81, 83, 93, 136, 148, 186, 209

artha (meaning, object, purpose) 49

arthapatti* (hypothesis) 195

asambhava (totally amiss) 41

ativyapti* (being too wide) 41

atman* (self) 44

atmasraya* (self-dependence, circularity) 42

atom 91, 104

attestation 87, 88, 92

avacchedaka (limitor) 40, 41, 205

avinabhava* (pervasion) 148

avyabhicara* (non-deviation) 108, 125, 127

avyapti* (being too narrow) 41

B

Bardaisan 3

Basileides 3

bhava*(positive being) 152

bhavana* (memory impression) 44

bhuyodarsana* (multiple observations) 147

Buddhist 138, 151, 154, 162

C

Carvaka 5, 141-146, 148, 151, 154-159, 181, 200, 212

cause 20, 21, 29, 30, 68, 70, 76, 78, 110, 111, 113-115, 121-123, 134, 136, 146, 149, 152-154, 157, 177, 182, 184, 185, 191-194, 197, 199-202, 205, 208, 211

chakraka (circularity) 42

Chrysippus 25, 29, 98

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Page 228

Cicero 28, 31, 34, 36, 38, 91, 92

Clement of Alexandria 3, 35

co-absence 66-68, 77, 107, 136, 151, 154, 191

co-presence 66-68, 77, 106, 115, 136, 143-145, 147, 149-151, 154, 191

cognition (see jñana) 41, 42, 49, 58, 107-111, 172, 173, 183, 199, 201, 203, 204, 206-208

coherence 52, 141, 142, 147

commemorative 79, 93-97, 101

comprehension 70, 73, 74, 76, 77

connotation 55

contestation 87-91, 94, 98, 99

counter-example 26, 43, 68, 77, 108, 109, 131, 132, 136, 143, 144, 147, 188

D

definiendum 8, 9, 15, 26, 27, 29, 33, 39-45, 47-56, 60

definiens 8, 26, 33, 52, 55

Democritus 3, 4, 91

demonstration 10, 20, 21, 70, 73, 76, 83, 84, 95-98, 151, 158, 192, 193

denotation 59, 60

Descartes 192, 202, 213

deviation (see vyabhicara *) 40, 45, 107, 108, 111, 113, 118-121, 127-130, 142-146, 148, 149, 151, 172, 190, 192, 210

dharma (character, entity, element) 39, 49, 50, 59, 134

Dharmakirti 151-154, 162, 193

differentia 8-17, 27, 37, 38, 55, 56

Diogenes Laertius 3, 4, 26, 85

division 15-17, 59, 60, 156, 175, 193

dravya (substance) 41

drsta (known, seen) 110, 113, 114, 116, 137, 138

drstanta* (example) 43, 104, 105, 107, 128, 136, 137

Durveka Misra 153, 162

E

elimination method 98-100

epagoge* 1, 65-67, 71-74, 81, 82

Epicurus 33-35, 37, 83-92, 93, 94, 99

essence 1, 8-11, 13, 14, 16-20, 22, 27-29, 35, 36, 39, 52, 54, 56, 60, 61, 192

Eusabios 3

evidence 2-4, 27, 33, 36, 47, 48, 52, 57, 66, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 87-89, 92, 95, 96, 100, 104, 108, 127-129, 132-134, 156, 157, 168, 169, 171, 175, 176, 183, 189, 193, 194, 203, 208-211

evident 35, 36, 70, 78, 79, 86-88, 90, 91, 93-99, 101, 105, 129, 136, 198

expectation 141, 142, 144, 147, 156, 195

F

falsifiability 160

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Form (Plato) 11-16, 26, 29, 37, 54, 87, 88, 91, 101, 103, 104, 115, 117, 126, 142, 151, 159, 168, 206

frequency theory 170, 176

G

Gadadhara 191, 199

Galen 30, 36

Gangesa 146, 181, 185, 190, 200-203

genus 8-16, 27, 29, 37, 38, 55, 56, 116, 152

Gotama (or Gautama) 41, 62, 64, 69, 70, 100, 105, 107-109, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121, 125-129, 131-134, 136- 139, 141, 173, 174

guna (quale) 46, 111

H

hetu (cause, reason) 43, 98, 103, 105, 106, 153, 182, 198

hetvabhasa * (pseudo-probans) 45, 98, 131, 135, 137

horismos (definition) 18

horos (term, definition) 20

Hume 149, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 177, 193, 197, 200, 209

hupograph* 26, 34

hypothetico-deductive method 90, 160

inconclusive 107, 129

indicative 91, 93-97, 101, 156

indifference theory 171, 172

infinite regress 33, 37, 47, 48, 70, 84, 133, 148, 150, 151, 156, 181, 182, 201, 203, 207

introspection 116, 202, 203, 207

J

Jaina 151, 182

jati* (universal, pseudo-rejoinder) 69, 121, 125, 126, 135, 197

Jayarasi 141, 148, 154

jñana (cognition) 41, 49, 172, 184, 188

K

kakatalya* (accidental) 147

kalpana* (hypothesis) 184, 185, 194

karana* (cause) 110, 112, 152, 194, 198, 207

karya* (effect) 110, 197

Kesava Misra 62

L

laghava* (economy) 44, 194, 195

laksana (definition) 39, 40, 57

laksya (definiendum) 39

laukika (ordinary) 190, 205

linga (sign, reason) 1, 94, 103, 105, 136, 198

logical probability 165, 166

logos (account) 7, 20, 25, 38

Lucian 3

Lucretius 90, 92

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M

Mahaviracarya 177, 179

major term 80, 103

manas (inner organ) 59, 188, 204

Megasthenes 3, 4

middle term 21, 70, 72, 80, 103

minor term 80, 103

motion 16, 41, 46, 58, 59, 87, 90, 95, 98-100, 108, 110, 114, 116, 121-124, 132, 167

N

negation 62, 106, 114, 166, 184-186

negative entity 59

negative instance 104, 137

nigamana (outcome) 136, 186

nominal 1, 17, 19, 54, 55

non-attestation 87, 92

non-contestation 87-91, 94, 98, 99

nous (comprehension, mind) 70, 73, 76, 81

nyaya * (reasoning) 1, 4-6, 39, 40, 44-46, 48-64, 69, 70, 95, 101, 103-113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 124-130, 132, 133, 135-138, 141, 143, 145, 146, 148, 162, 172-175, 179, 181-188, 190-201, 203-206, 209-213

O

Occam's razor 209

opinion 25, 35, 36, 83, 85-88, 156, 168, 177, 190, 192, 193, 200

opposition 35, 48, 118, 173, 174

ostensive definition 58, 59

outline 26, 34, 35, 86, 192, 209

P

padartha* (category) 59

paksa (subject) 45, 103, 120, 130, 132, 134, 141, 172

paradeigma (exemplar) 69

pentapod 105, 137

phantasia (imagination) 85

phusis (nature) 8

Plato 15, 16, 22, 37, 38, 86, 87, 99

Porphyry 3, 64

prakarana-sama (parity per counter-balancing) 135

pramana* (knowledge-source) 97, 110, 154, 198

pratyaksa (perception) 41, 93, 105, 204

probandum 45, 103-110, 115, 121, 122, 125, 127-130, 133, 143, 145-147, 150, 155, 156, 182

probans 43, 45, 54, 62, 98, 103-110, 115, 120, 125, 127-129, 131, 135, 137, 143, 146, 155, 156, 182, 199

prolepseis* (preconception) 35, 86

property 11, 15, 21, 27, 40, 42, 44, 48-56, 59, 67, 100, 106, 120, 134, 159, 166,

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167, 170, 173

protasis (proposition) 79

pseudo-probans 45, 98, 120, 131, 135, 137

pseudo-rejoinder 121-123, 125-135, 139

purvavat * (a kind of inference) 93, 94, 109, 110, 114-116

Pyrrho 2, 4

Q

quale (see guna) 59, 114, 116, 121-123

qualificandum 49, 50

qualifier 49, 149, 205, 206

R

Raghunatha 191, 205

Rucidatta 142

S

sabda* (sound, word, authority) 41, 101, 150

sadhana* (probans) 103, 105

sadharmya* (similarity, universal inclusion) 104-106, 121, 128-130, 134, 137, 191

sadharmya-sama (pariety per similarity) 121

sadhya* (probandum) 45, 103, 132, 156, 182

sadhya-sama (parity per questionability) 132

samaniyata (co-extensive) 39, 40, 103

samanya* (common character) 59, 205

samanyato* drsta (a kind of inference) 113, 116

Samkhya 192, 193

samsaya* (doubt) 41, 119, 134, 142, 172, 173

sapaksa (positive instance) 104

savyabhicara* (deviant) 129, 131

semeion* (sign) 105

sésavat (a kind of inference) 94, 109-111, 114, 115

Sextus Empiricus 26, 30, 31, 37, 156

similarity method 98-100

species 9, 11, 15-17, 55, 71, 86, 187

Speusippus 15, 22

Sphaerus 28

Sriharsa 202

Stoics 5, 26-30, 57, 60, 93, 95-98, 209

subjective probability 168, 178

sullogismos (argument) 21, 65, 71

sumbebekotos* (accidental) 18

sumperasma (conclusion) 21

svabhava* (own nature) 151, 153, 192

synthetic 39, 52, 53, 152, 155

Syrianus 31

T

tarka (subjunctive argument) 150, 181, 182, 189, 192

tekmerion* (evidence sign) 80

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U

udaharana * (example, exemplification) 105, 137

Udayana 47, 63, 133, 141, 146, 162, 174, 201, 203

Uddyotakara 43, 58, 62, 111-114, 117, 120, 131

uha* (see tarka) 150, 182

universals 5, 13, 26, 29, 49, 53, 66, 68, 74-76, 125, 134, 138, 148, 162, 197, 208, 209

upadhi* (adjunct) 144, 145, 155

utkarsa-sama (pariety per addition) 130

V

Vacaspati Misra 43, 58, 62, 111, 112, 115, 136, 138, 203

vacya* (referent) 48

vaidharmya (dissimilarity, universal exclusion) 104, 106, 107, 121, 128, 129, 134, 137, 191

Vaisesika 138, 162, 195

Vatsyayana 40, 62, 93, 94, 100, 105-107, 109, 110, 113-116, 118, 119, 122-125, 127-130, 132-135, 137, 138, 141, 173, 174

verification 87-89, 160, 161

vibhaga* (division) 59, 60, 130

vipaksa (negative instance) 104

virodha (opposition) 173

visaya (object, content) 184, 203

visesa* (differentiator) 57, 134, 173

visesana* (qualifier) 49, 149, 205

visesya* (qualificandum) 49,

Visvanatha 63, 63

void 87, 95, 98, 100

vyabhicara* (deviation) 45, 143, 145, 172

vyañjaka (revealer) 51

vyapti* (pervasion) 46, 103, 108, 125, 126, 184

vyatireka (co-absence, universal exclusion) 103, 107, 129, 148, 153, 191

vyavahara* (use) 48

X

Xenocrates 16

Y

yogyata* (ability) 53

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti received his B.A. and M.A in philosophy from the University of Calcutta and his Ph.D. in philosophy from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He has taught at the University of Calcutta and has been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, as well as at the University of Pittsburgh, the Australian National University, and Berkeley. He currently teaches at St. Mary's College of Maryland. He is the author of The Logic of Gotama and of numerous articles and papers.

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Page 235

SOCIETY FOR ASIAN AND COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY MONOGRAPH SERIES

Henry Rosemont, Jr., Editor

No. 1 The Sage and Society: The Life and Thought of Ho Hsin-Yin, by Ronald Dimberg, 1974

No. 2 Studies in Comparative Aesthetics, by Eliot Deutsch, 1975

No. 3 Centrality and Commonality: An Essay on Chung-Yung, by Tu Wei-Ming, 1976 (out of print)

No. 4 Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese, by Gottfried W. Leibniz, translated with an introduction, notes, and commentary by Henry Rosemont, Jr., and Daniel J. Cook, 1977 (out of print)

No. 5 The Logic of Gotama, by Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti, 1978 (out of print)

No. 6 Commentary on the Lao Tzu by Wang Pi, translated by Ariane Rump, introduction by Wing-tsit Chan, 1979

No. 7 Han Fei Tzu's Political Theory, by Wang Hsiao-po and Leo S. Chang, 1986

No. 8 The Mandukya Upanisad and the Agama Sastra : An Investigation into the Meaning of the Vedanta by Thomas E. Wood, 1990

No. 9 Mind Only: A Philosophical and Doctrinal Analysis of the Vijñanavada* by Thomas E. Wood, 1991

No. 10 Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara* by Anantanand Rambachan, 1991

No. 11 Nagarjunian* Disputations: A Philosophical Journey through an Indian Looking-Glass, by Thomas E. Wood, 1994 No. 12 Ch 'en Liang on Public Interest and the Law, by Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, 1994

No. 13 Definition and Induction: A Historical and Comparative Study, by Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti, 1995

Orders should be directed to the University of Hawai'i Press, 2840 Kolowalu Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822. Manuscripts should be directed to Professor Henry Rosemont, Jr., Department of Philosophy, St. Mary's College, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686.

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