16. Ritual Activities

Āpastamba

उपासने गुरूणां वृद्धानाम् अतिथीनां होमे जप्यकर्मणि भोजन आचमने स्वाध्याये च यज्ञोपवीती स्यात् ॥1

1 When he is paying his respects to elders, the aged, and guests; when he is offering sacrifices and softly reciting prayers; and when he is eating, sipping water, and reciting his Veda, he should wear his upper garment over his left shoulder and under his right arm. [A 1.15.1]

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Baudhāyana

कौशं सौत्रं वा त्रिस्त्रिवृद् यज्ञोपवीतम् ॥5 आ नाभेः ॥6 दक्षिणं बाहुम् उद्धृत्य सव्यम् अवधाय शिरसवदध्यात् ॥7 विपरीतं पितृभ्यः ॥8 कण्ठेअवसक्तं निवीतम् ॥9 अधसवसक्तं अधोवीतम् ॥10

5 A sacrificial cord is made using three triple strings of Kuśa grass or cotton 6 and reaches up to the navel. 7 It is put on by raising the right arm and lowering the left arm and the head. 8 The opposite procedure is used in rites for the ancestors. 9 When it is worn around the neck, it is called "pendent"; 10 and when it is worn below, it is called "low-hung". [B 1.8.5–10]

Gautama

गर्भाधानपुंसवनसीमन्तोन्नयनजातकर्मनामकरणान्नप्राशनचौलोपनयनम् । ॥14 चत्वारि वेदव्रतानि । ॥15 स्नानं सहधर्मचारिणीसंयोगः । ॥16 पञ्चानां यज्ञानाम् अनुष्ठानंदेवपितृमनुष्यभूतब्राह्मणाम् । ॥16 एतेषां च । ॥17 । ॥18 सप्तहविर्यज्ञसम्स्थाः । ॥19 । ॥20 इत्य् एते चत्वारिंशत्संस्काराः । ॥21

14 Impregnation rite, quickening a male fetus, parting the wife's hair, birth rite, naming, first feeding with solid food, tonsure, and initiation; 15 the four vows associated with vedic study; 16 bath at the conclusion of study, marrying a helpmate in fulfilling the Law, and performing the five sacrifices to gods, ancestors, humans, spirits, and Veda; 17 as well as of the following: 18 the seven kinds of sacrifices using cooked food, viz., ancestral offerings on the eighth day after the full moon, offerings on full-moon and new-moon days, ancestral offerings, and offerings on the full-moon days that open a four-month season; 19 the seven kinds of sacrifices with burnt offerings, viz., setting up the vedic fires, daily fire offering, new- and full-moon sacrifices, sacrifice of first fruits, seasonal sacrifices, Nirūdhapasubandha, and Sautrāmaṇī; 20 the seven kinds of Soma sacrifices, viz., Agniṣtoma, Atyagniṣtoma, Ukthya, Ṣodasin, Vājapeya, Atiratra, and Aptoryāma-21 these are the forty sacramentary rites. [G 8.14–21]

Āpastamba

यत्र क्व चाभिमुखमुपसमाधास्यन्स्यात् तत्र प्राचीरुदीचीश्च तिस्रस्तिस्रो लेखा लिखित्वाद्भिरवोक्ष्याग्निमुपसमिन्ध्यात् ।13 उत्सिच्यैतदुदकमुत्तरेण पूर्वेण वान्यदुपदध्यात् ।14

13 On whatever occasion he is required to place the sacred fire on the altar, he should draw three lines from west to east and three lines from south to north, sprinkle water on them, and kindle the fire. 14 He should pour out the water used for that towards the north or the east and draw fresh water. [A 2.1.13–14]

नाननूचानमृत्विजं वृणीते न पणमानम् ।8 अयाज्योऽनधीयानः ।9

8 A man should neither choose as his officiating priest a man who is not deeply versed in the Veda or haggles over his fees, 9 nor officiate at the sacrifice of a man who does not engage in vedic recitation. [A 2.10.8–9]

शुचीन्मन्त्रवतः सर्वकृत्येषु भोजयेत् ।11 देशतः कालतः शौचतः सम्यक्प्रतिग्रहीतृत इति दानानि प्रतिपादयति ।12 यस्याग्नौ न क्रियते यस्य चाग्रं न दीयते न तद्भोक्तव्यम् ।13 न क्षारलवणहोमो विद्यते ।14 तथावरान्नसंसृष्टस्य च ।15 अहविष्यस्य होम उदीचीनमुष्णं भस्मापोह्य तस्मिञ्जुहुयात्तद्धुतमहुतं चाग्नौ भवति ।16 न स्त्री जुहुयात् ।17 नानुपेतः ।18

11 At all rituals one should feed individuals who are upright and learned in the Vedas. 12 He should offer gifts in proper places, at appropriate times, on the occasion of purificatory rites, and to proper recipients. 13 He should not eat food from which a portion has not been first offered in the fire or given to a guest. 14 Food containing spices or salt cannot be used for a burnt offering, 15 as also when it is mixed with some other inferior food. 16 When he offers a burnt offering of food unfit to be offered, he should take out some hot ashes from the northern side of the fire and offer it in those ashes. In this way the offering takes place, but it is not offered in the fire. 17 A woman should not make an offering in the fire, 18 nor should a man who has not been initiated. [A 2.15.11–18]

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Baudhāyana

शुचिम् अध्वरं देवा जुषन्ते ॥1 शुचिकामा हि देवाः शुचयश् च ॥2 तद् एशाअभिवदति ॥3 शुची वो हव्या मरुतः शुचीनां शुचिं हिनोम्य् अध्वरंशुचिभ्यः ॥3 ऋतेन सत्यम् ऋतसाप ॥3 अहतं वाससां शुचि ॥4 तस्माद् यत् किं चैज्यासंयुक्तं स्यात् सर्वं तद् अहतैर्वासोभिः कुर्यात् ॥4 प्रक्षालितौपवातान्य् अक्लिष्टानि वासांसि पत्नीयजमानावृत्विजश् च परिदधीरन् ॥5 एवं प्रक्रमाद् ऊर्ध्वम् ॥6 दीर्घसोमेषु सत्त्रेषु चएवम् ॥7 यथासमाम्नातं च ॥8 यथाएतद् अभिचरणीयेष्व् इष्टिपशुसोमेषु लोहितौष्णीषालोहितवाससश् चऋत्विजः प्रचरेयुश् चित्रवाससश् चित्रआसङ्गावृषाकपाव् इति च ॥9 अग्न्याधाने क्षौमाणि वासांसि तेषाम् अलाभे कार्पासिकान्यौर्णानि वा भवन्ति ॥10 मूत्रपुरीषलोहितरेतःप्रभृत्युपहतानां मृदाअद्भिरिति प्रक्षालनम् ॥11 वासोवत् तार्प्यवल्कलानाम् ॥12 वल्कलवत् कृष्णअजिनानाम् ॥13 न परिहितम् अधिरूढम् अप्रक्षालितं प्रावरणम् ॥14 नअपल्पूलितं मनुष्यसंयुक्तं देवत्रा युञ्ज्यात् ॥15 घनाया भूमेर् उपघात उपलेपनम् ॥16 सुषिरायाः कर्षणम् ॥17 क्लिन्नाया मेध्यम् आहृत्य प्रच्छादनम् ॥18 चतुर्भिः शुध्यते भूमिर् गोभिर् आक्रमणात् खननाद्दहनाद् अभिवर्षणात् ॥19 पञ्चमाच् चौपलेपनात् षष्ठात् कालात् ॥20 असंस्कृतायां भूमौ न्यस्तानां तृणानां प्रक्षालनम् ॥21 परोक्षौपहतानाम् अभ्युक्षणम् ॥22 एवं क्षुद्रसमिधाम् ॥23 महतां काष्ठानाम् उपघाते प्रक्षाल्यअवशोषणम् ॥24 बहूनां तु प्रोक्षणम् ॥25 दारुमयाणां पात्राणाम् उच्छिष्टसमन्वारब्धानामवलेखनम् ॥26 उच्छिष्टलेपौपहतानाम् अवतक्षणम् ॥27 मूत्रपुरीषलोहितरेतःप्रभृत्युपहतानाम् उत्सर्गः ॥28 तद् एतद् अन्यत्र निर्देशात् ॥29 यथाएतद् अग्निहोत्रे घर्मोच्छिष्टे च दधिघर्मे चकुण्डपायिनाम् अयने चौत्सर्गिणाम् अयने च दाक्षायणयज्ञेचैडादधे च चतुश्चक्रे च ब्रह्मौदनेषु चतेषु सर्वेषु दर्भैर् अद्भिः प्रक्षालनम् ॥30 सर्वेष्व् एव सोमभक्षेष्व् अद्भिर् एव मार्जालीये प्रक्षालनम् ॥31 मूत्रपुरीषलोहितरेतःप्रभृत्युपहतानाम् उत्सर्गः ॥32 मृन्मयानां पात्राणाम् उच्छिष्टसमन्वारब्धानाम् अवकूलनम् ॥1 उच्छिष्टलेपौपहतानां पुनर्दहनम् ॥2 मूत्रपुरीषलोहितरेतःप्रभृत्युपहतानाम् उत्सर्गः ॥3 तैजसानां पात्राणां पूर्ववत् परिमृष्टानां प्रक्षालनम् ॥4 परिमार्जनद्रव्याणि गोशकृन्मृद्भस्मैति ॥5 मूत्रपुरीषलोहितरेतःप्रभृत्युपहतानां

पुनर्करणम् ॥6 गोमूत्रे वा सप्तरात्रं परिशायनं महानद्यां वा ॥7 एवम् अश्ममयानाम् ॥8 अलाबुबिल्वविनाडानां गोवालैः परिमार्जनम् ॥9 नडवेणुशरकुशव्यूतानां गोमयेनअद्भिर् इति प्रक्षालनम् ॥10 व्रीहीणाम् उपघाते प्रक्षाल्यअवशोषणम् ॥11 बहूनां तु प्रोक्षणम् ॥12 तण्डुलानाम् उत्सर्गः ॥13 एवं सिद्धहविषाम् ॥14 महतां श्ववायसप्रभृत्युपहतानां तं देशंपुरुषअन्नम् उद्धृत्य पवमानः सुवर्जन इति एतेनअनुवाकेनअभ्युक्षणम् ॥15 मधुउदके पयोविकारे च पात्रात् पात्रअन्तरआनयनेशौचम् ॥16 एवं तैलसर्पिषी उच्छिष्टसमन्वारब्धेउदकेअवधायौपयोजयेत् ॥17 अमेध्यअभ्याधाने समारोप्यअग्निं मथित्वा पवमानेष्टिः ॥18 शौचदेशमन्त्रआवृदर्थद्रव्यसंस्कारकालभेदेषुपूर्वपूर्वप्राधान्यम् पूर्वपूर्वप्राधान्यम् ॥19 उत्तरत उपचारो विहारः ॥1 तथाअपवर्गः ॥2 विपरीतं पित्र्येषु ॥3 पादौपहतं प्रक्षालयेत् ॥4 अङ्गम् उपस्पृश्य सिचं वाअप उपस्पृशेत् ॥5 एवंछेदनभेदनखनननिरसनपित्र्यराक्षसनैरृतरौद्रअभिचरणीयेषु ॥6 न मन्त्रवता यज्ञअङ्गेनआत्मानम् अभिपरिहरेत् ॥7 अभ्यन्तराणि यज्ञअङ्गानि ॥8 बाह्या ऋत्विजः ॥9 पत्नीयजमानाव् ऋत्विग्भ्योअन्तरतमौ ॥10 यज्ञअन्गेभ्य आज्यम् आज्याधवींषि हविर्भ्यः पशुः पशोःसोमः सोमाद् अग्नयः ॥11 यथाकर्मऋत्विजो न विहाराद् अभिपर्यावर्तेरन् ॥12 प्राङ्मुखश् चेद् दक्षिणम् अंसम् अभिपर्यावर्तेत ॥13 प्रत्यङ्मुखः सव्यम् ॥14 अन्तरेण चात्वालौत्करौ यज्ञस्य तीर्थम् ॥15 अचात्वाल आहवनीयौत्करौ ॥16 ततः कर्तारो यजमानः पत्नी च प्रपद्येरन् ॥17 विसंस्थिते ॥18 संस्थिते च संचरोअनुत्करदेशात् ॥19 नअप्रोक्षितम् अप्रपन्नं क्लिन्नं काष्ठं समिधंवाअभ्यादध्यात् ॥20 अग्रेणआहवनीयं ब्रह्मयजमानौ प्रपद्येते ॥21 जघनेनआहवनीयम् इत्य् एके ॥22 दक्षिणेनआहवनीयं ब्रह्मआयतनं तदपरेण यजमानस्य ॥23 उत्तरां श्रोणिम् उत्तरेण होतुः ॥24 उत्कर आग्नीध्रस्य ॥25 जघनेन गार्हपत्यं पत्न्याः ॥26 तेषु कालेकाल एव दर्भान् संस्तृणाति ॥27 एकैकस्य चौदकमण्डलुर् उपात्तः स्याद् आचमनअर्थः ॥28 व्रतौपेतो दीक्षितः स्यात् ॥29 न परपापं वदेन् न क्रुध्येन् न रोदेन् मूत्रपुरीषेनअवेक्षेत ॥30 अमेध्यं दृष्ट्वा जपति अबद्धं मनो दरिद्रं चक्षुःसूर्यो ज्योतिषां श्रेष्ठो दीक्षे मा मा हासीर् इति ॥31 अथ यद्य् एनम् अभिवर्षति उन्दतीर् बलं धत्तौजो धत्तबलं धत्त मा मे दीक्षां मा तपो निर्वधिष्टैति ॥32

1 The gods take delight in a pure sacrifice; 2 for the gods are pure and love pure things, 3 a point affirmed by this vedic verse: "Pure oblations to you, O Maruts, who are pure. A pure sacrifice I offer to the pure ones. By ritual ordinance the lovers of rites have reached the truth, they who are pure, of pure birth, and purifying." 4 Among clothes, new ones are pure. Therefore, he should perform everything connected with the sacrifice wearing new clothes. 5 The patron of the sacrifice, his wife, and the officiating priests should wear clothes that have been washed and dried in the wind and are not worn out-6 this provision applies after the measuring out of the altar, 7 during long Soma sacrifices, and at sacrificial sessions. 8 On other occasions, one should follow the specific prescriptions. 9 So, when fire offerings, animal sacrifices, and Soma sacrifices are performed for the purpose of sorcery, the officiating priests should wear red turbans and clothes; while reciting the Vrsakapi hymn, they should wear multi-colored clothes and shawls; 10 and at the establishment of the sacred fires, linen clothes are used, and if they are not available, cotton or woollen clothes. 11 Clothes that are tainted by urine, excrement, blood, semen, and the like should be washed with earth and water. 12 Silk and bark garments are cleaned like ordinary clothes; 13 and black antelope skin, like bark garments. 14 He shall not wear a cloth that has been wrapped around his loins or on which he has slept without first washing it. 15 He should not use in a rite for the gods a cloth that has been used by humans without first laundering it. 16 When polluted, compact earth is purified by smearing with cowdung; 17 loose soil, by tilling; 18 and wet soil, by covering it with clean soil. 19 The ground is purified in four ways: by cows trampling it underfoot, by tilling it, by burning it, and by rain falling on it; 20 the fifth way is to smear it with cowdung, and the sixth is through the lapse of time. 21 Grass placed on unconsecrated ground must be washed, 22 Grass that may have become polluted out of sight must be sprinkled with water. 23 Small pieces of wood shall be cleaned in the same way, 24 while large pieces of wood must be washed and dried when they become polluted. 25 If the quantity is large, however, it may be sprinkled with water. 26 Wooden vessels touched by a person sullied with remnants must be scrubbed; 27 whereas those that are tainted by the stain of remnants must be scraped; 28 and those that are tainted with urine, feces, blood, semen, and the like must be thrown away. 29 These provisions apply unless there is a special rule, 30 as, for example, washing with Darbha grass and water at all these rituals: daily fire sacrifice, Gharmocchista, Dadhigharma, Kuṇdapāyinām Ayana, Utsargiṇām Ayana, Dākṣāyaṇa Sacrifice, Idadadha, Catuścakra, and Brahmaudana. 31 At all Soma sacrifices the utensils are washed only with water at the washing mound Marjaliya, 32 Those that are tainted with urine, feces, blood, semen, and the like must be thrown away. 1 Earthen vessels touched by a person sullied with remnants must be heated over a fire; 2 whereas those that are tainted by the stain of remnants must be fired anew; 3 and those that are tainted with urine, feces, blood, semen, and the like must be thrown away. 4 Metal vessels must be scrubbed as before and then washed. 5 Materials used for scrubbing are cowdung, earth, and ash. 6 When metal vessels have been tainted with urine, feces, blood, semen, and the like, they must be recast 7 or completely immersed in cow's urine or in a great river for seven days. 8 Vessels made of stone are to be treated the same way. 9 Vessels made of gourd, wood-apple, or skin should be scrubbed with cow's hair, 10 whereas those woven out of Nala reeds, bamboo, Sara reeds, or Kuśa grass should be washed with cowdung and water. 11 When unhusked rice becomes tainted, it must be washed and dried. 12 If the quantity is large, however, it may be sprinkled with water. 13 Husked rice, on the other hand, shall be thrown away, 14 as also cooked sacrificial oblations. 15 If a large quantity has been polluted by a dog, a crow, and the like, however, after taking out a portion from that place as food for humans, one may sprinkle water reciting the passage "The purifier, the heavenly one. ... " 16 Honey water and milk preparations are purified by pouring them from one vessel into another. 17 Likewise, one may use oil or ghee that has been touched by a person sullied with remnants after pouring it into water. 18 If an impure substance has been put into the sacred fire, he shall make the fires ascend the fire-drills, produce a new fire by churning the fire-drills, and offer the Pavamanesti sacrifice. 19 Purification, proper place, ritual formulas, ritual sequence, purpose, materials and their consecration, and proper time—when there is a conflict between these, each preceding item is more important than each succeeding one. 1 One should enter the sacrificial arena from the north 2 and leave it in the same direction. 3 In rites for ancestors, however, one should do the opposite. 4 One should wash anything that one has touched with the feet. 5 After touching one's body or the hem of the garment, one should touch water; 6 as also after cutting or breaking something; after digging; after removing something; after a rite to the ancestors, fiends, Nirrti, or Rudra; and after a rite of sorcery. 7 When a sacrificial tool is used while reciting a ritual formula, a man should not move it around his body; 8 sacrificial tools are more closely connected with the sacrifice, 9 whereas the officiating priests are more distant. 10 The patron of the sacrifice and his wife are closer to the sacrifice than the officiating priests; 11 the ghee is closer than the sacrificial tools; the sacrificial oblations are closer than the ghee; the sacrificial animal is closer than the sacrificial oblations; the Soma is closer than the sacrificial animal; and the sacred fires are closer than the Soma. 12 In accordance with the ritual acts they are performing, the officiating priests should not turn away from the sacrificial arena-13 if he is facing the east, he should turn towards his right shoulder, 14 and if he is facing the west, towards his left shoulder. 15 The passageway to and from the sacrificial area lies between the Catvala pit and the Utkara mound. 16 In the absence of a Catvala pit, it lies between the offertorial fire and the Utkara mound. 17 Those who carry out the ritual acts, as well as the patron of the sacrifice and his wife, should walk through that passageway 18 as long as the sacrifice is not completed. 19 After it has been completed, however, the passageway lies on the side that does not contain the Utkara mound. 20 One should not put into the sacred fire logs or kindling wood that have not been sprinkled with water, or that have not been dedicated, or that are wet. 21 The Brahman priest and the patron of the sacrifice should walk in front of 22 or, according to some, behind the offertorial fire, 23 The seat of the Brahman priest is located to the south of the offertorial fire; the seat of the patron of the sacrifice, to the west of the Brahman priest's seat; 24 the seat of the Hotr priest, to the north of the northern corner of the sacrificial arena; 25 the seat of the Agnidhra priest, at the Utkara mound; 26 and the seat of the patron's wife, behind the householder's fire. 27 Each and every time any of these seats is used, one should spread Darbha grass on it. 28 Each person should be provided with a pot of water to be used for sipping. 29 A man who has been consecrated for a sacrifice shall observe the following vows. 30 He should not disclose a sin committed by someone else; become angry; weep; or look at urine or feces. 31 If he sees any filth, let him recite softly: "Mind, uncontrolled; eyesight, feeble; sun, the greatest of lights. O Consecration, do not forsake me." 32 And if it rains on him, let him recite softly: "Place strength in me, O Flowing Waters; place vigor in me; place strength in me. Do not destroy my consecration or my austerity." [B 1.13.1–32; 1.14.1–19; 1.15.1–32]

भार्याआदिर् अग्निः तस्मिन् कर्मकरणं प्राग् अग्न्याधेयात् ॥22 अग्न्याधेयप्रभृत्य् अथैमान्य् अजस्राणि भवन्ति यथाएतदग्न्याधेयम् अग्निहोत्रं दर्शपूर्णमासाव् आग्रयणमुदगयनदक्षिणायनयोः पशुश् चातुर्मास्यान्य् ऋतुमुखे षड्ढोता वसन्तेज्योतिष्तोम इत्य् एवं क्षेमप्रापणम् ॥23

22 The ritual fire is established at marriage. A man should perform his rites in it until he has established his vedic fires. 23 From the time he establishes his vedic fires, he should offer the following rites without fail: establishing the vedic fires, daily fire offering, new- and full-moon sacrifices, sacrifice of first fruits at winter and summer solstices, animal sacrifices, seasonal sacrifices, Saddhotr offering at the beginning of a season, and the Jyotistoma sacrifice in the spring. In this way he obtains bliss. [B 2.4.22–23]

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Vasiṣṭha

श्रद्धाशीलसस्पृहयालुसलम् अग्न्याधेयाय नअनाहिताग्निस्स्यात् ॥9 अलम्च सोमाय नअसोमयाजी ॥10

9 A man who is generous and without greed, should neither live without the sacred fires if he has the means to establish them, 10 nor fail to offer the Soma sacrifice if he has the means to offer it. [Va 8.9–10]

अवश्यम्ब्राह्मणसग्नीन् आदधीत ॥45 दर्शपूर्णमासआग्रयणैष्टिचातुर्मास्यपशुसोमैस्च यजेत ॥46 नैयमिकम्हिएततृणसंस्तुतम्च ॥47 विज्ञायते हि त्रिभिसृणैसृणवान् ब्राह्मणस्जायतेइति यज्ञेन देवेभ्यस्प्रजया पितृभ्यस्ब्रह्मचर्येण ऋषिभ्यसितिएष वाअनृणस्यज्वा यस्पुत्री ब्रह्मचर्यवान् इति ॥48

45 A Brahmin has the obligation to establish the sacred fires. 46 And he should offer the full-moon and the new-moon sacrifices, the sacrifices of the first fruits, the seasonal sacrifices, the animal sacrifices, and the Soma sacrifices; 47 for this is specifically enjoined and is also acclaimed as a debt. 48 It is stated: "A Brahmin is born carrying three debts—of sacrifice to the gods, of offspring to the ancestors, and of studentship to the seers. That man is free from debts who has offered a sacrifice, fathered a son, and lived as a student." [Va 11.45–8]

श्रोत्रियाय च देयानि हव्यकव्यानि नित्यशः ॥8 अश्रोत्रियाय दत्तम्हि पितॄन् नएति न देवताः ॥8 यस्य चएकगृहे मूर्खस्दूरे वाअपि बहुश्रुतः ॥9 बहुश्रुताय दातव्यम्नअस्ति मूर्खे व्यतिक्रमः ॥9

8 Offerings meant for gods or ancestors should always be given only to a learned Brahmin, for what is given to one who is not a learned Brahmin reaches neither the gods nor the ancestors, 9 Even if a learned man lives far away, while a fool lives in one's own house, one should give a gift to the learned man; one does not incur the sin of neglecting a Brahmin when the man is a fool. [Va 3.8–9]

Āpastamba

अथ ब्राह्मणौक्ता विधयः ॥13 तेषां महायज्ञा महासत्त्राणिइति संस्तुतिः ॥14 अहर् अहर् भूतबलिर् मनुष्येभ्यो यथाशक्ति दानम् ॥15 देवेभ्यः स्वाहाकार आ काष्ठात् , पितृभ्यः स्वधाकार आउदपात्रात् स्वाध्याय इति ॥1

13 Next, we present some rites given in the Brāhmaṇas, 14 rites that are eulogized as "great sacrifices" and "great sacrificial sessions": 15 every day making a Bali offering to beings, giving food to men according to one's ability, 1 offering at least a piece of wood in the fire as an oblation to the gods while saying Svaha, making an offering of at least a pot of water to the ancestors while saying Svadha, and doing the recitation of his Veda. [A 1.12.13–15; 1.13.1]

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Gautama

देवपितृमनुष्यभूतर्षिपूजकः । ॥3 नित्यस्वाध्यायः । ॥4 पितृभ्यश् चोदकदानं । ॥5 यथोत्साहम् अन्यत् । ॥6 भार्यादिर् अग्निर् दायादिर् वा । ॥7 तस्मिन् गृह्याणि कर्माणि । ॥8 देवपितृमनुष्ययज्ञाः स्वाध्यायश् च बलिकर्म । ॥9 अग्नाव् अग्निर् धन्वन्तरिर् विश्वे देवाः प्रजापतिःस्विष्टकृद् इति होमः । ॥10

3 He shall pay homage to gods, ancestors, humans, spirits, and seers. 4 Every day he shall perform the recitation of his Veda, 5 the offering of water to his ancestors, 6 and other rites, according to his ability. 7 Let him set up his sacred fire either on the day of his marriage or upon the division of the paternal estate 8 and perform in it his domestic rites, 9 as well as sacrifices to gods, ancestors, and humans, the recitation of his Veda, and Bali offerings. 10 Fire oblations are offered to Fire, Dhanvantari, All-Gods, Prajapati, and Fire who makes the offering flawless. [G 5.3–10]

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Baudhāyana

अथैमे पञ्च महायज्ञाः तान्य् एव महासत्त्राणि देवयज्ञः पितृयज्ञो भूतयज्ञो मनुष्ययज्ञो ब्रह्मयज्ञ इति ॥1 अहरहः स्वाहाकुर्याद् आ काष्ठात् तथाएतंदेवयज्ञं समाप्नोति ॥2 अहरहः स्वधाकुर्याद् आउदपात्रात् तथाएतंपितृयज्ञं समाप्नोति ॥3 अहरहर् नमस्कुर्याद् आ पुष्पेभ्यः तथाएतम्भूतयज्ञं समाप्नोति ॥4 अहरहर् ब्राह्मणेभ्योअन्नं दद्याद् आ मूलफलशाकेभ्यः तथाएतं मनुष्ययज्ञं समाप्नोति ॥5 अहरहः स्वाध्यायं कुर्याद् आ प्रणवात् तथाएतंब्रह्मयज्ञं समाप्नोति ॥6 स्वाध्यायो वै ब्रह्मयज्ञः तस्य ह वा एतस्यब्रह्मयज्ञस्य वाग् एव जुहूर् मन उपभृच् चक्षुर् ध्रुवा मेधा स्रुवःसत्यम् अवभृथः स्वर्गो लोक उदयनम् यावन्तं ह वा इमां वित्तस्यपूर्णां ददत् स्वर्गं लोकं जयति तावन्तं लोकं जयति भूयांसं चअक्षय्यं चअप पुनर्मृत्युं जयतिय एवं विद्वान् स्वाध्यायम् अधीते तस्मात् स्वाध्यायोअध्येतव्य इतिहि ब्राह्मणम् ॥7 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति स्वभ्यक्तः सुहितः सुखे शयनेशयानो यं यं क्रतुम् अधीते तेन तेनअस्यैष्टं भवतिइति ॥8

1 Now, these are the five great sacrifices, which are the same as those called great sacrificial sessions, namely, sacrifice to gods, sacrifice to ancestors, Bali sacrifice to beings, sacrifice to humans, and sacrifice to the Veda. 2 Every day he should make an offering to the gods with the ritual exclamation "Svaha", even if it is just a piece of firewood. In this way he fulfils that sacrifice to gods. 3 Every day he should make an offering to the ancestors with the ritual exclamation "Svadha", even if it is just a cup of water. In this way he fulfils that sacrifice to ancestors. 4 Every day he should pay homage, even if its with just some flowers. In this way he fulfils that Bali sacrifice to beings. 5 Every day he should give food to Brahmins, even if it is just some roots, fruits, or vegetables. In this way he fulfils that sacrifice to humans. 6 Every day he should perform the recitation of his Veda, even if it is just the syllable OM. In this way he fulfils that sacrifice to the Veda. 7 Clearly, the sacrifice to the Veda is the recitation of his Veda. Now, at this sacrifice to the Veda, the Juhu spoon is indeed speech; the Upabhrt spoon is the mind; the Dhruva spoon is sight; the Sruva spoon is intelligence; the concluding bath is truth; and the conclusion of the rite is the heavenly world. When a man performs the recitation of his Veda with this knowledge, he wins as great a heavenly residence as a man who gives as a gift this world filled with wealth—indeed, he wins a heavenly residence even greater than that, a residence that is unending; and he overcomes repeated death. "Therefore," a Brāhmaṇa text declares, "one should perform the recitation of one's Veda". 8 Now, they also quote: "When someone recites a text pertaining to a particular rite, even if he does so while lying on a couch, well-anointed and fully satisfied, he has thereby actually performed that rite". [B 2.11.1–8]

Āpastamba

गृहमेधिनोर् यद् अशनीयस्य होमा बलयश् च स्वर्गपुष्टिसंयुक्ताः ॥12 तेषां मन्त्राणाम् उपयोगे द्वादशअहम् अधःशय्या ब्रह्मचर्यं क्षारलवणवर्जनं च ॥13 उत्तमस्यएकरात्रम् उपवासः ॥14 बलीनां तस्य तस्य देशे संस्कारो हस्तेन परिमृज्यअवोक्ष्य न्युप्य पश्चात् परिषेचनम् ॥15 औपासने पचने वा षड्भिर् आद्यैः प्रतिमन्त्रं हस्तेन जुहुयात् ॥16 उभयतः परिषेचनं यथा पुरस्तात् ॥17 एवं बलीनां देशे देशे समवेतानां सकृत् सकृद् अन्ते परिषेचनम् ॥18 सति सुउपसंसृष्टेन कार्याः ॥19 अपरेणअग्निं सप्तमअष्टमाभ्याम् उदगपवर्गम् ॥20 उदधानसंनिधौ नवमेन ॥21 मध्ये ऽअगारस्य दशमएकादशाभ्यां प्रागपवर्गम् ॥22 उत्तरपूर्वदेशे ऽअगारस्यौत्तरैश् चतुर्भिः ॥23 शय्यादेशे कामलिङ्गेन ॥1 देहल्याम् अन्तरिक्षलिङ्गेन ॥2 उत्तरेणअपिधान्याम् ॥3 उत्तरैर् ब्रह्मसदने ॥4 दक्षिणतः पितृलिङ्गेन प्राचीनआवीत्यवाचीनपाणिः कुर्यात् ॥5 रौद्र उत्तरो यथा देवताभ्यः ॥6 तयोर् नाना परिषेचनं धर्मभेदात् ॥7 नक्तम् एवौत्तमेन वैहायसम् ॥8 य एतान् अव्यग्रो यथाउपदेशं कुरुते नित्यः स्वर्गः पुष्टिश् च ॥9

12 The burnt oblations and Bali offerings made with the food of the couple living a household life lead to heaven and prosperity. 13 While the householder is learning the ritual formulas to be used in them, he should sleep on the floor, abstain from sex, and avoid spices and salt for twelve days. 14 While he is learning the ritual formula to be used in the final offering, he should fast for one day. 15 The ground where each Bali offering is made should be consecrated. He should sweep the area with his hand, sprinkling water on it, put down the offering, and then sprinkle water all around. 16 Using the first six ritual formulas, he should offer at each formula an oblation with his hand into the domestic or the cooking fire, 17 and as before sprinkle water all around at the beginning and the end. 18 In like manner, when Bali offerings are made together in a particular place, the sprinkling is done only once at the very end. 19 If there is a sauce, the offerings should be mixed with it. 20 With the seventh and eighth formulas the offerings should be made behind the fire—the one to the north of the other—; 21 with the ninth formula, near the water-pot; 22 with the tenth and eleventh formulas, in the middle of the house—the one to the east of the other—; 23 and with the last four formulas, in the northeastern part of the house. 1 With the ritual formula addressed to Love he makes a Bali offering near the bed; 2 with the formula addressed to mid-space, at the threshold; 3 with the next formula, at the door; 4 and with the formulas that follow, at the seat of Brahman. 5 With the formula addressed to ancestors he should make an offering towards the south with his upper garment slung over his right shoulder and under his left arm and his hand turned towards the right. 6 The offering to Rudra is to be made towards the north in the same manner as to the gods. 7 In the case of the last two, the sprinkling around with water is done separately because they follow different rules. 8 The offering thrown in the air is made reciting the last formula, and it is done only at night. 9 If a man makes these offerings steadfastly in the prescribed manner, he obtains heaven forever, as well as prosperity. [A 2.3.12–23; 2.4.1–9]

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Gautama

दिग्देवताभ्यश् च यथास्वम् । ॥11 द्वार्षु महद्भ्यः । ॥12 गृहदेवताभ्यः प्रविश्य । ॥13 ब्रह्मणे मध्ये । ॥14 अद्भ्य उदकुम्भे । ॥15 आकाशायेत्य् अन्तरिक्षे ॥16 नक्तंचरेभ्यश् च सायम् । ॥17

11 Oblations are offered also to the guardian deities of the directions, each in his respective place-12 to the Maruts at the doors to the house, 13 to the guardian deities of the house after entering the house, 14 to Brahman at the center of the house, 15 to the waters by the water pot, 16 to space in the intermediate region, 17 and to night-stalkers in the evening. [G 5.11–17]

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Baudhāyana

सायं प्रातर् यद् अशनीयं स्यात् तेनअन्नेन वैश्वदेवंबलिम् उपहृत्य ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविट्शूद्रान् अभ्यागतान् यथाशक्तिपूजयेत् ॥11

11 Using a portion of whatever food he may have, every morning and evening he should make an offering to the All-gods and a Bali offering. ... [B 2.5.11]

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Vasiṣṭha

वैश्वदेवस्य सिद्धस्य सायम्प्रातर् गृह्यअग्नौ जुहुयात् ॥3 गृहदेवताभ्यस्बलिम्हरेत् ॥4

3 Morning and evening, he should offer in the fire a portion of the food he has cooked as an oblation to the Allgods; 4 make a Bali offering to the house deities. [Va 11.3–4]

Āpastamba

संध्योश् च बहिर्ग्रामाद् आसनं वाग्यतश् च ॥8

8 At the time of the morning and evening twilights he should sit silently outside the village. [A 1.30.8]

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Gautama

बहिःसंध्यत्वं च । ॥10 तिष्ठेत् पूर्वाम् आसीतोत्तरां सज्योतिष्या ज्योतिषोदर्शनाद् वाग्यतः । ॥11 नादित्यम् ईक्षेत । ॥12

10 He should perform the twilight worship outside the village. 11 Controlling his speech, he should remain standing during the morning twilight worship from the time the stars are still visible until the sun comes into view, and remain seated during the evening twilight worship from the time the sun is still visible until the stars come into view, 12 without ever gazing directly at the sun. [G 2.10–12]

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Baudhāyana

अथअतः संध्याउपासनविधिं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥1 तीर्थं गत्वाअप्रयतोअभिषिक्तः प्रयतो वाअनभिषिक्तःप्रक्षालितपादपाणिर् अप आचम्य सुरभिमत्याअब्लिङ्गाभिर्वारुणीभिर् हिरण्यवर्णाभिः पावमानीभिर् व्याहृतिभिर् अन्यैश् चपवित्रैर् आत्मानं प्रोक्ष्य प्रयतो भवति ॥2 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥3 अपोवगाहनं स्नानं विहितं सार्ववर्णिकम् ॥3 मन्त्रवत्प्रोक्षणं चअपि द्विजातीनां विशिष्यते इति ॥3 सर्वकर्मणां चएवआरम्भेषु प्राक् संध्याउपासनकालाच्चएतेनएव पवित्रसमूहेनआत्मानं प्रोक्ष्य प्रयतो भवति ॥4 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति दर्भेष्व् आसीनो दर्भान् धारयमाणःसौदकेन पाणिना प्रत्यङ्मुखः सावित्रीं सहस्रकृत्व आवर्तयेत् ॥5 प्राणआयामशो वा शतकृत्वः ॥6 उभयतःप्रणवां ससप्तव्याहृतिकां मनसा वा दशकृत्वः ॥7 त्रिभिश् च प्राणआयामैः तान्तो ब्रह्महृदयेन ॥8 वारुणीभ्यां रात्रिम् उपतिष्ठते इमं मे वरुण तत् त्वायामिइति द्वाभ्याम् ॥9 एवम् एव प्रातः प्राङ्मुखः तिष्ठन् ॥10 मैत्रीभ्याम् अहर् उपतिष्ठते मित्रस्य चर्षणीधृतः मित्रोजनान् यातयतिइति द्वाभ्याम् ॥11 सुपूर्वाम् अपि पूर्वाम् उपक्रम्यौदित आदित्ये समाप्नुयात्

॥12 अनस्तमित उपक्रम्य सुपश्चाद् अपि पश्चिमाम् ॥13 संध्ययोश् च संपत्ताव् अहोरात्रयोश् च संतत्यै ॥14 अपि चअत्र प्रजापतिगीतौ श्लोकौ भवतः ॥15 अनागतां तु ये पूर्वाम् अनतीतां तु पश्चिमाम् ॥15 संध्यां नौपासते विप्राः कथं ते ब्राह्मणाः स्मृताः ॥15 सायं प्रातः सदा संध्यां ये विप्रा नौ उपासते ॥15 कामं तान् धार्मिको राजा शूद्रकर्मसु योजयेद् इति ॥15 तत्र सायमतिक्रमे रात्र्युपवासःप्रातरतिक्रमेअहरुपवासः ॥16 स्थानआसनफलम् अवाप्नोति ॥17 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥18 यद् उपस्थकृतं पापं पद्भ्यां वा यत् कृतं भवेत् ॥18 बाहुभ्यां मनसा वाअपि वाचा वा यत् कृतं भवेत् ॥18 सायं संध्याम् उपस्थाय तेन तस्मात् प्रमुच्यते ॥18 रात्र्या चअपि संधीयते न चएनं वरुणो गृह्णाति ॥19 एवम् एव प्रातर् उपस्थाय रात्रिकृतात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥20 अह्ना चअपि संधीयते मित्रश् चएनं गोपायत्य् आदित्यश्चएनं स्वर्गं लोकम् उन्नयति ॥21 स एवम् एवअहरहर् अहोरात्रयोः संधिषुउपतिष्ठमानोब्रह्मपूतो ब्रह्मभूतो ब्राह्मणः शास्त्रम् अनुवर्तमानो ब्रह्मलोकमभिजयतिइति विज्ञायते ब्रह्मलोकम् अभिजयतिइति विज्ञायते ॥22

1 Next, we will explain the procedure of the twilight worship. 2 After going to the bathing place, he should bathe if he is ritually impure-or, if he is already ritually pure, omit the bath --; wash his feet and hands; sip some water; and sprinkle his body with water while reciting the following: the Surabhimati verse, the Ablinga verses, the Vāruni verses, the Hiranyavama verses, the Pāvamānī verses, the Calls, and other purificatory formulas. In this way he becomes ritually pure. 3 Now, they also quote: "Bathing by immersion in water is prescribed for all classes, whereas sprinkling oneself with water while reciting ritual formulas is characteristic of twice-born people." 4 At the beginning of any ritual activity and prior to the time for twilight worship, a man becomes ritually pure by sprinkling himself with water while reciting this same set of purificatory formulas. 5 Now, they also quote: "Seated facing the east on a spread of Darbha grass and holding some blades of Darbha grass in his right hand filled with water, he should recite the Savitri verse one thousand times." 6 Alternatively, he may recite it one hundred times while controlling his breath; 7 or recite it mentally ten times together with the seven Calls, placing the syllable OM at the beginning and the end. 8 Let him tire himself by controlling his breath three times while reciting the "Brahman's Heart" text. 9 In the evening one performs the worship using the two verses addressed to Varuna: "Hear this cry of mine, O Varuna ... " and "To you, therefore, I go ... ". 10 In the morning one performs the worship in the same way, but standing and facing the east. 11 During daytime one performs the worship using the two verses addressed to Mitra: "The fame of Mitra, supporter of the people ... " and "Mitra draws people together ... ". 12 The morning twilight worship should be started long before sunrise and concluded after the sun has risen; 13 while the evening twilight worship should be started before sunset and concluded long after the sun has set. 14 The full performance of the twilight worship leads to the uninterrupted sequence of days and nights. 15 In this connection, moreover, there are a couple of verses sung by Prajapati: "When Brahmins do not worship the morning twilight before the sun rises and the evening twilight before the sun sets, how can they be considered Brahmins, When Brahmins never worship the morning or the evening twilight, a righteous king may freely employ them to do the work of Sūdras." 16 In that event, a man should fast during the night if he neglects the evening twilight worship and during the day if he neglects the morning twilight worship. 17 He obtains thereby the reward of standing during the morning and sitting during the evening twilight worship. 18 Now, they also quote: "Whatever sin a man may have committed through his sexual organ, feet, arms, mind, or speech, he frees himself from it by worshipping the evening twilight." 19 He also unites himself with the night, and Varuna does not seize him, 20 Likewise, by worshipping the morning twilight he frees himself from sins committed during the night. 21 He also unites himself with the day; Mitra, moreover, protects him, and Sun leads him up to heaven. 22 "When in this manner a Brahmin worships during the twilights between the day and the night," it is stated, "he becomes purified by Brahman; he becomes Brahman; and, abiding by the dictates of scripture, he wins the world of Brahman." [B 2.7.1–22]

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Vasiṣṭha

कर्मणा मनसा वाचा यतह्ना कृतम् ऐनसम् ॥2 आसीनस्पश्चिमाम्सन्ध्याम्प्राणायामैस्व्यपोहति ॥2 कर्मणा मनसा वाचा यत्रात्र्या कृतम् ऐनसम् ॥3 उत्तिष्ठन् पूर्वसन्ध्याम्तु प्राणायामैस्व्यपोहति ॥3

2 By controlling his breath while seated during the evening twilight a man wipes away the sins he committed during that day by deed. 3 By controlling his breath while standing during the morning twilight, a man wipes away the sins he committed during that night by thought, word, or deed. When some one remains seated restraining himself continuously controlling breath of con strains himself with two more or with double that is the highest austerity [Va 96.2–3]

Āpastamba

तिष्येण पुष्टिकामः ॥19 गौरसर्षपाणां चूर्णानि कारयित्वा तैः पाणिपादं प्रक्षाल्य मुखं कर्णौ प्राश्य च यद् वातो नअतिवाति तदासनो ऽअजिनं बस्तस्य प्रथमः कल्पो वाग्यतो दक्षिणामुखो भुञ्जीत ॥1 अनायुष्यं त्व् एवंमुखस्य भोजनं मातुर् इत्य् उपदिशन्ति ॥2 औदुम्बरश् चमसः सुवर्णनाभः प्रशास्तः ॥3 न चअन्येनअपि भोक्तव्यः ॥4 यावद्ग्रासं संनयन् ॥5 अस्कन्दयन् ॥6 नअपजहीत ॥7 अपजहीत वा ॥8 कृत्स्नं ग्रासं ग्रसीत सहअङ्गुष्ठम् ॥9 न च मुखशब्दं कुर्यात् ॥10 पाणिं च नअवधूनुयात् ॥11 आचम्य चऊर्ध्वौ पाणी धारयेद् आ प्रोदकीभावात् ॥12 ततो ऽअग्निम् उपस्पृशेत् ॥13 दिवा च न भुञ्जीतअन्यत्मूलफलेभ्यः ॥14 स्थालीपाकअनुदेश्यानि च वर्जयेत् ॥15 सौत्तराच्छादनश् चएव यज्ञोपवीती भुञ्जीत ॥16

19 A man who wants to be prosperous should, on the day of the constellation Tisya, 1 get some white mustard seeds made into powder, rub it on his hands, feet, face, and ears, and eat it. Then, if there is no strong wind, he should sit on a seat—the first preference is that it be the skin of a billy goat—and eat in silence facing the south. 2 They point out, however, that when a man eats facing in that direction his mother's life is shortened. 3 The vessel for eating is made of copper, with its center gilded with gold, 4 and no one else should eat from it. 5 He should make a lump small enough to be swallowed 6 without dropping any fragments on the ground. 7 Then, without keeping the bowl down 8 or after putting it down, 9 he should swallow the whole lump by pushing it into the mouth with his thumb, 10 not making any sound with his mouth 11 or shaking his hand. 12 After he has sipped water, he should keep his hands raised so long as they are dripping 13 and then hold them over the fire. 14 During the day, moreover, he should not eat anything besides roots and fruits 15 and avoid sacrificial milk-rice or food offered to gods or ancestors. 16 He should eat wearing his upper garment over his left shoulder and under his right arm. [A 2.18.19; 2.19.1–16]

उदगयन आपूर्यमाणपक्षस्यएकरात्रम् अवरार्ध्यम् उपोष्य तिष्येण पुष्टिकामः स्थालीपाकं श्रपयित्वा महाराजम् इष्ट्वा तेन सर्पिष्मता ब्राह्मणं भोजयित्वा पुष्ट्यर्थेन सिद्धिं वाचयीत ॥3 एवम् अहर् अहर् आ परस्मात् तिष्यात् ॥4 द्वौ द्वितीये ॥5 त्रींः तृतीये ॥6 एवं संवत्सरम् अभ्युच्चयेन ॥7 महान्तं पोषं पुष्यति ॥8 आदित एवौपवासः ॥9

3 A man who wants to be prosperous should fast for at least one night during a fortnight of the waxing moon falling within the half-year when the sun moves north; on a day of the constellation Tisya prepare a milk-rice oblation; make an offering of that in the fire to the Great King; feed a Brahmin with that milk-rice mixed with ghee; and get him to proclaim success with a formula signifying prosperity. 4 He should repeat this every day until the next Tiṣya day. 5 During the second Tiṣya cycle he should feed two Brahmins, 6 and during the third, three Brahmins. 7 By increasing the number in this manner for a whole year, 8 he will attain great prosperity. 9 The fast takes place only at the very beginning. [A 2.20.3–9]

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Baudhāyana

अथअतः संप्रवक्ष्यामि सामऋग्यजुरथर्वणाम् ॥1 कर्मभिर् यैर् अवाप्नोति क्षिप्रं कामान् मनोगतान् ॥1 जपहोमैष्टियन्त्राद्यैः शोधयित्वा स्वविग्रहम् ॥2 साधयेत् सर्वकर्माणि नअन्यथा सिद्धिम् अश्नुते ॥2 जपहोमैष्टियन्त्राणि करिष्यन्न् आदितो द्विजः ॥3 शुक्लपुण्यदिनऋक्षेषु केशश्मश्रूणि वापयेत् ॥3 स्नायात् त्रिषवणं पायाद् आत्मानंक्रोधतोअनृतात् ॥4 स्त्रीशूद्रैर् नअभिभाषेत ब्रह्मचारी हविर्व्रतः ॥4 गोविप्रपितृदेवेभ्यो नमस्कुर्याद् दिवाअस्वपन् ॥5 जपहोमैष्टियन्त्रस्थो दिवास्थानो निशाआसनः ॥5 प्राजापत्यो भवेत् कृच्छ्रो दिवा रात्राव् अयाचितम् ॥6 क्रमशो वायुभक्षश् च द्वादशअहं त्र्यहंत्र्यहम् ॥6 अहर् एकं तथा नक्तम् अज्ञातं वायुभक्षणम् ॥7 त्रिवृद् एष परावृत्तो बालानां कृच्छ्र उच्यते ॥7 एकैकं ग्रासम् अश्नीयात् पूर्वौक्तेन त्र्यहंत्र्यहम् ॥8 वायुभक्षः त्र्यहं चअन्यद् अतिकृच्छ्रः स उच्यते ॥8 अम्बुभक्षः त्र्यहान् एतान् वायुभक्षः ततः परम् ॥9 कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रः तृतीयो

विज्ञेयः सोअतिपावनः ॥9 त्र्यहंत्र्यहं पिबेद् उष्णं पयः सर्पिः कुशौदकम् ॥10 वायुभक्षः त्र्यहं चअन्यत् तप्तकृच्छ्रः स उच्यते ॥10 गोमूत्रं गोमयं क्षीरं दधि सर्पिः कुशौदकम् ॥11 एकरात्रौपवासश् च कृच्छ्रः सांतपनः स्मृतः ॥11 गायत्र्याआदाय गोमूत्रंगन्धद्वाराइति गोमयम् ॥12 आ प्यायस्वैति च क्षीरं दधिक्राव्णाइति वै दधि ॥12 शुक्रम् असि ज्योतिर् इत्य् आज्यं देवस्यत्वाइति कुशौदकम् ॥12 गोमूत्रभागः तस्यअर्धं शकृत् क्षीरस्य तु त्रयम् ॥13 द्वयं दध्नो घृतस्यएक एकश् च कुशवारिणः ॥13 एवं सांतपनः कृच्छ्रः श्वपाकम् अपि शोधयेत् ॥13 गोमूत्रं गोमयं चएव क्षीरं दधि घृतं तथा ॥14 पञ्चरात्रं तदाहारः पञ्चगव्येन शुध्यति ॥14 यत् आत्मनोअप्रमत्तस्य द्वादशअहम् अभोजनम् ॥15 पराको नाम कृच्छ्रोअयं सर्वपापप्रणाशनः ॥15 गोमूत्रआदिभिर् अभ्यस्तम् एकैकं तं त्रिसप्तकम् ॥16 महासांतपनं कृच्छ्रं वदन्ति ब्रह्मवादिनः ॥16 एकवृद्ध्या सिते पिण्डान् एकहान्याअसिते ततः ॥17 पक्षयोर् उपवासौ द्वौ तधि

चान्द्रायणं स्मृतम् ॥17 चतुरः प्रातर् अश्नीयात् पिण्डान् विप्रः समाहितः ॥18 चतुरोअस्तमिते सूर्ये शिशुचान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥18 अष्टावष्टौ मासम् एकं पिण्डान् मध्यंदिने स्थिते ॥19 नियतआत्मा हविष्यस्य यतिचान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥19 यथा कथंचित् पिण्डानां द्विजः तिस्रः त्व् अशीतयः ॥20 मासेनअश्नन् हविष्यस्य चन्द्रस्यएति सलोकताम् ॥20 यथाउद्यंश् चन्द्रमा हन्ति जगतः तमसो भयम् ॥21 एवं पापाद् भयं हन्ति द्विजश् चान्द्रायणं चरन् ॥21 कणपिण्याकतक्राणि यवआचामोअनिलअशनः ॥22 एकत्रिपञ्चसप्तैति पापघ्नोअयं तुलापुमान् ॥22 यावकः सप्तरात्रेण वृजिनं हन्ति देहिनाम् ॥23 सप्तरात्रौपवासो वा दृष्टम् एतन् मनीषिभिः ॥23 पौषभाद्रपदज्येष्ठास्व् आर्द्रआकाशआतपआश्रयात् ॥24 त्रीन्शुक्लान् मुच्यते पापात् पतनीयाद् ऋते द्विजः ॥24 गोमूत्रं गोमयं क्षीरं दधि सर्पिः कुशौदकम् ॥25 यवआचामेन संयुक्तो ब्रह्मकूर्चोअतिपावनः ॥25 अमावास्यां निराहारः पौर्णमास्यां तिलअशनः ॥26 शुक्लकृष्णकृतात् पापान्

मुच्यते अब्दस्य पर्वभिः ॥26 भैक्षआहारोअग्निहोत्रिभ्यो मासेनएकेन शुध्यति ॥27 यायावरवनस्थेभ्यो दशभिः पञ्चभिर् दिनैः ॥27 एकाहधनिनोअन्नेन दिनेनएकेन शुध्यति ॥28 कापोतवृत्तिनिष्ठस्य पीत्वाअपः शुध्यते त्रिभिः ॥28 ऋग्यजुःसामवेदानां वेदस्यअन्यतमस्य वा ॥29 पारायणं त्रिर् अभ्यस्येद् अनश्नन् सोअतिपावनः ॥29 अथ चेत् त्वरते कर्तुं दिवसं मारुतअशनः ॥30 रात्रौ जलस्थितो व्युष्टः प्राजापत्येन तत्समम् ॥30 गायत्र्याअष्टसहस्रं तु जपं कृत्वाउत्थिते रवौ ॥31 मुच्यते सर्वपापेभ्यो यदि न भ्रूणहा भवेत् ॥31 योअन्नदः सत्यवादी च भूतेषु कृपया स्थितः ॥32 पूर्वौक्तयन्त्रशुद्धेभ्यः सर्वेभ्यः सोअतिरिच्यते ॥32 समाधुच्छन्दसा रुद्रा गायत्री प्रणवअन्विता ॥1 सप्त व्याहृतयश् चएव जप्याः पापविनाशनाः ॥1 मृगारेष्टिः पवित्रेष्टिः त्रिहविः पावमान्य् अपि ॥2 इष्टयः पापनाशिन्यो वैश्वानर्या समन्विताः ॥2 इदं चएवअपरं गुह्यम् उच्यमानं निबोधत ॥3 मुच्यते सर्वपापेभ्यो महतः पातकाद् ऋते ॥3 पवित्रैर्

मार्जनं कुर्वन् रुद्रएकादशिनीं जपन् ॥4 पवित्राणि घृतैर् जुह्वत् प्रयच्छन् हेमगोतिलान् ॥4 योअश्नीयाद् यावकं पक्वं गोमूत्रे सशकृद्रसे ॥5 सदधिक्षीरसर्पिष्के मुच्यते सोअंहसः क्षणात् ॥5 प्रसूतो यश् च शूद्रायां येनअगम्या च लङ्घिता ॥6 सप्तरात्रात् प्रमुच्येते विधिनाएतेन ताव् उभौ ॥6 रेतोमूत्रपुरीषाणां प्राशनेअभोज्यभोजने ॥7 पर्याधानैज्ययोर् एतत् परिवित्ते च भेषजम् ॥7 अपातकानि कर्माणि कृत्वाएव सुबहून्य् अपि ॥8 मुच्यते सर्वपापेभ्य इत्य् एतद् वचनं सताम् ॥8 मन्त्रमार्गप्रमाणं तु विधानं समुदीरितम् ॥9 भरद्वाजआदयो येन ब्रह्मणः सात्मतां गताः ॥9 प्रसन्नहृदयो विप्रः प्रयोगाद् अस्य कर्मणः ॥10 कामांः तांः तान् अवाप्नोति ये ये कामा हृदि स्थिताः ॥10 ये ये कामा हृदि स्थिता इति ॥10 निवृत्तः पापकर्मभ्यः प्रवृत्तः पुण्यकर्मसु ॥1 यो विप्रः तस्य सिध्यन्ति विना यन्त्रैर् अपि क्रियाः ॥1 ब्राह्मणा ऋजवः तस्माद् यद् यद् इच्छन्ति चेतसा ॥2 तत् तद् आसादयन्त्य् आशु संशुद्धा

ऋजुकर्मभिः ॥2 एवम् एतानि यन्त्राणि तावत् कार्याणि धीमता ॥3 कालेन यावताउपैति विग्रहः शुद्धिम् आत्मनः ॥3 एभिर् यन्त्रैर् विशुद्धआत्मा त्रिरात्रौपोषितः ततः ॥4 तद् आरभेत येनऋद्धिं कर्मणा प्राप्तुम् इच्छति ॥4 क्ष्मापवित्रः सहस्राक्षो मृगारोअंहोमुचौ गणौ ॥5 पावमान्यश् च कूश्माण्ड्यो वैश्वानर्य ऋचश् च याः ॥5 घृतओदनेन ता जुह्वत् सप्तअहं सवनत्रयम् ॥6 मौनव्रती हविष्यआशी निगृहीतैन्द्रियक्रियः ॥6 सिंहे म इत्य् अपां पूर्णे पात्रेअवेक्ष्य चतुष्पथे ॥7 मुच्यते सर्वपापेभ्यो महतः पातकाद् अपि ॥7 वृद्धत्वे यौवने बाल्ये यः कृतः पापसंचयः ॥8 पूर्वजन्मसु चअज्ञानात् तस्माद् अपि विमुच्यते ॥8 भोजयित्वा द्विजान् अन्ते पायसेन ससर्पिषा ॥9 गोभूमितिलहेमानि भुक्तवद्भ्यः प्रदाय च ॥9 विप्रो भवति पूतआत्मा निर्दग्धवृजिनैन्धनः ॥10 काम्यानां कर्मणां योग्यः तथाआधानआदिकर्मणाम् ॥10 अतिलोभात् प्रमादाद् वा यः करोति क्रियाम् इमाम् ॥1 अन्यस्य सोअंहसाविष्टो गरगीर् इव सीदति ॥1 आचार्यस्य

पितुर् मातुर् आत्मनश् च क्रियाम् इमाम् ॥2 कुर्वन् भात्य् अर्कवद् विप्रः सा कार्याएषाम् अतः क्रिया ॥2 क एतेन सहस्रअक्षं पवित्रेणअकरोत्शुचिम् ॥3 अग्निं वायुं रविं सोमं यमआदींश् च सुरईश्वरान् ॥3 यत् किंचित् पुण्यनामैह त्रिषु लोकेषु विश्रुतम् ॥4 विप्रआदि तत् कृतं केन पवित्रक्रिययाअनया ॥4 प्राजापत्यम् इदं गुह्यं पापघ्नंप्रथमौद्भवम् ॥5 समुत्पन्नान्य् अतः पश्चात् पवित्राणि सहस्रशः ॥5 योअब्दआयनऋतुपक्षअहान्जुहोत्य् अष्टौ गणान् इमान् ॥6 पुनाति चआत्मनो वंश्यान् दश पूर्वान् दशअवरान् ॥6 ज्ञायते चअमरैर् द्युस्थैः पुण्यकर्माइति भूस्थितः ॥7 देववत्मोदते भूयः स्वर्गलोकेअपि पुण्यकृत् ॥7 एतान् अष्टौ गणान् होतुं न शक्नोति यदि द्विजः ॥8 एकोअपि तेन होतव्यो रजः तेनअस्य नश्यति ॥8 सूनवो यस्य शिष्या वा जुह्वत्य् अष्टौ गणान् इमान् ॥9 अध्यापनपरिक्रीतैर् अंहसः सोअपि मुच्यते ॥9 धनेनअपि परिक्रीतैर् आत्मपापजिघांसया ॥10 हावनीया ह्य् अशक्तेन नअवसाद्यः शरीरधृक् ॥10 धनस्य

क्रियते त्यागः कर्मणां सुकृताम् अपि ॥11 पुंसोअनृणस्य पापस्य विमोक्षः क्रियते क्वचित् ॥11 विमुक्तो विधिनाएतेन सर्वपापार्णसागरात् ॥12 आत्मानं मन्यते शुद्धं समर्थं कर्मसाधने ॥12 सर्वपापार्णमुक्तआत्मा क्रिया आरभते तु याः ॥13 अयत्नेनएव ताः सिद्धिं यान्ति शुद्धशरीरिणः ॥13 प्राजापत्यम् इदं पुण्यम् ऋषिणा समुदीरितम् ॥14 इदम् अध्यापयेन् नित्यं धारयेत्शृणुतेअपि वा ॥14 मुच्यते सर्वपापेभ्यो ब्रह्मलोके महीयते ॥14 यान् सिषाधयिषुर् मन्त्रान् द्वादशअहानि ताञ् जपेत् ॥15 घृतेन पयसा दध्ना प्राश्य निश्य् ओदनं सकृत् ॥15 दशवारं तथा होमः सर्पिषा सवनत्रयम् ॥16 पूर्वसेवा भवेद् एषां मन्त्राणां कर्मसाधने ॥16 मन्त्राणां कर्मसाधन इति अतिलोभात् प्रमादाद् वा निवृत्तः पापकर्मभ्यः समाधुश्छन्दसारुद्राः अथातः संप्रवक्ष्यामि प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामः प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामः प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामः प्रायश्चित्तानिवक्ष्यामः इति चतुर्थः प्रश्नः ४ इति बौधायनधर्मसूत्रंसमाप्तम् ॥16

1 Now I will proclaim the rites of the Rg-, Sama-, Yajur-, and Atharva-vedas by which a man will quickly obtain his heart's desires. 2 He should perform the rites only after purifying his body by the soft recitation of prayers, burnt offerings, oblations, and restraints. He will not attain success otherwise. 3 When he is about to engage in the soft recitation of prayers, make burnt offerings and oblations, and practise restraints, a Brahmin should first get his head and beard shaved and his nails clipped on an auspicious day and under an auspicious lunar mansion during the fortnight of the waxing moon. 4 Let him bathe at dawn, noon, and dusk; guard himself from anger and untruth; not speak with women or Sūdras; remain chaste; and eat only food fit for sacrifice. 5 Let him pay homage to cows, Brahmins, ancestors, and gods and refrain from sleeping during the day; and, engaged in the soft recitation of prayers, in making burnt offerings and oblations, and in practising restraints, let him remain standing during the day and seated during the night. 6 When during twelve days a man successively eats only during the daytime for three days and during the night for three days, eats food given unasked during three days, and lives on air during three days, that is the arduous penance sacred to Prajapati. 7 When a man eats one day during the daytime and the next day during the night, the following day eats what is given unasked, and lives on air the last day, and repeats this three times, it is called the arduous penance of children. 8 When someone eats a single mouthful of food a day during the first three three-day periods according to rules given above and lives on air during the final three days, it is called the very arduous penance. 9 When a man lives on water during those three-day periods and lives on air during the final three days, this third type should be known as penance beyond the very arduous penance, which is highly purifying. 10 When a man drinks only hot milk, hot ghee, and a hot decoction of Kuśa grass during the three three-day periods respectively, and lives on air during the final three days, it is called the hot-arduous penance. 11 When a man subsists on cow's urine, cowdung, milk, curd, ghee, and a decoction of Kuśa grass for one day each, and on the final day lives on air, tradition calls that the Sāntapana penance. 12–13 He takes the cow's urine with the Gayatri formula, the cowdung with the formula "Perceived by the smell ... ", the milk with the formula "Swell up ... ", the curd with the formula "Of Dadhikravan ... ", the ghee with the formula "You are the sheen ... ", and the decoction of Kuśa grass with the formula "Aroused by god Savitr ... ". He mixes one part of cow's urine, half that amount of cowdung, three parts of milk, two parts of curd, one part of ghee, and one part of the Kusa decoction. This is the Sāntapana penance; it purifies even a Svapāka, 14 When a man subsists one day each on cow's urine, cowdung, milk, curd, and ghee for five days, he is purified by these five products of the cow. 15 When a man, self-controlled and vigilant, lives without eating for twelve days, that arduous penance is called Parāka; it effaces all sins. 16 When a man lives one day each on cow's urine and so forth for a total of seven times three days, vedic savants call that arduous penance the Great-Santapana. 17 When a man observes two fasts during the two fortnights, increasing the food eaten by one mouthful during the fortnight of the waxing moon and decreasing by one mouthful during the fortnight of the waning moon, the traditional texts call it the lunar penance. 18 When a Brahmin eats four lumps of food in the morning with a collected mind and four lumps after sunset, he is performing the lunar penance of children. 19 When a man, self-controlled, eats eight lumps of food fit for sacrifice at noon each day for one month, he is performing the lunar penance of ascetics. 20 When a Brahmin eats eighty times three (240) lumps of food fit for sacrifice during one month in any manner whatsoever, he attains the same world as the moon. 21 As the moon, when it rises, removes the fear of darkness from the world, so a Brahmin, when he performs the lunar penance, removes the fear of sin. 22 When a man subsists on rice alone for one day, on oil-cake for three days, on watered buttermilk for five days, and on barley water for seven days, and lives on air for one day, it is the Tulāpuruṣa penance that destroys sins. 23 Living on barley gruel, as also a seven-day fast, wipes out the sins of embodied beings within seven days—this was discovered by wise men. 24 By remaining in wet clothes during the fortnight of the waxing moon in the lunar month December-January, by living in the open air during the same fortnight in August-September, and by exposing himself to the sun during the same fortnight in May-June, a Brahmin is freed from all sins except those that cause loss of caste. 25 Cow's urine, cowdung, milk, curd, ghee, and a decoction of Kuśa grass when mixed with barley water is the highly purifying Brahmakurca. 26 When a man fasts on new-moon days and eats only sesame seeds on full-moon days, within the course of one year he will be freed from sins committed during the fortnights of the waxing and waning moon. 27 Subsisting on almsfood obtained from Brahmins who perform the daily fire sacrifice purifies a man in one month, whereas subsisting on almsfood obtained from Yayavaras purifies him in ten day, and from forest hermits in five days. 28 Subsisting on food obtained from a man who keeps provisions sufficient for a single day purifies a man in one day. A man who subsists by drinking water given by a person living the Kapota life is purified in three days. 29 A man should recite three times the Rg-, Yajur-, and Sama-vedas or just one of these Vedas from beginning to end while fasting. That is an exceptional means of purification. 30 If, however, someone wants to finish it fast, let him live on air during daytime and spend the night standing in water until daybreak. That is equal to the arduous penance sacred to Prajapati. 31 By reciting the Gayatri verse eight thousand times at sunrise, a man is freed from all sins, provided he is not a murderer of a learned Brahmin. 32 A man who distributes food, speaks the truth, and is full of compassion to creatures is far better than any man purified by the above mentioned restraints. 1 The Rudra verses accompanied by the Madhuchandas hymns, the Gayatri verse together with the syllable OM, and the seven Calls should be recited; they wipe out sins. 2 The Mrgara, the Pavitresti, the Trihavis, and the Pavamanī, together with the Vaisvanari, are the offerings that wipe out sins. 3–4 Listen further to this other secret that I will disclose. A man is freed from all sins except the grievous sins causing loss of caste by washing himself while reciting the purificatory verses, by reciting softly the eleven Rudra verses, by making oblations of ghee while reciting the purificatory verses, and by giving gold, a cow, and sesame seeds. 5 When a man eats barley gruel cooked in cow's urine together with liquid cowdung, curd, milk, and ghee, he is instantly freed from sin. 6 A man who fathers a child from a Śūdra woman, as also a man who has sexual intercourse with a woman with whom sex is forbidden—both are freed from their sins in seven days by this method. 7 It is also the remedy for consuming semen, urine, or feces and for eating unfit food, as well as for a younger brother who establishes his sacred fire, performs the Soma sacrifice, or gets married before his older brother. 8 A man is thus freed from all his sins, even if he has committed a very large number of them, provided they do not entail loss of caste—that is the judgement of virtuous men. 9 This procedure, which is based on the authority of the vedic tradition, is declared to be that by which the likes of Bharadvaja attained the same nature as Brahman. 10 When a Brahmin performs this rite with a tranquil heart, he obtains whatever his heart desires. 1 When a Brahmin has turned away from sinful acts and practices meritorious deeds, his rites will succeed even without practising the above restraints. 2 Upright Brahmins, therefore, purified by upright activities, accomplish whatever they have set their minds on. 3 Thus a wise man should practice these restraints until such time as he achieves the purity of his body. 4 Having purified himself by these restraints and fasted for three nights, he should commence the rite by which he seeks to achieve success, 5–7 Kṣmapavitra, Puruṣa hymn, Mrgāra verses, the two Gaṇas called Amhomuca, Pāvamānī verses, Kūṣmāṇḍī verses, and Vaisvanarī verses—by offering ghee and rice in the sacred fire at dawn, noon, and dusk for seven days while reciting these formulas, as he remains silent, eating food fit for sacrifice, and controlling his senses and actions, and by gazing into a pot full of water placed at a cross-roads while reciting "Into the lion my ... ", a man is freed from all sins, even from grievous sins causing loss of caste. 8 He is freed also from the sins he has heaped up unintentionally in his old age, youth, and childhood, as well as in his previous births. 9–10 When, at the conclusion of that rite, he feeds Brahmins with milk-rice mixed with ghee and, after they have eaten, presents them with cows, land, sesame seeds, and gold—that Brahmin, his sins burnt up like a kindling stick, becomes purified and ready to perform rites for securing wishes, as also rites such as the establishment of the sacred fires. 1 If a man performs this rite for someone else either though excessive greed or though carelessness, he becomes tainted with sin and perishes as if he had drunk poison. 2 A Brahmin who performs this rite for the sake of his teacher, father, mother, or himself shines forth like the sun. Therefore, one may perform this rite for them. 3 The Creator made the Thousand-eyed god pure by means of this purificatory rite, as also Fire, Wind, Sun, Moon, Yama, and the other gods. 4 Whatever holy name there is in this world, a name such as "Brahmin" known across the three worlds, the Creator made it by means of this purificatory rite. 5 This secret of Prajapati was the first rite to be created for destroying sins. Thousands of other purificatory rites were produced after that. 6 A man who offers this Gana oblation for a year, for half a year, for a season, for a fortnight, or for a day purifies his ten ancestors and his ten descendants. 7 And, while he is still on earth, he will become known to the gods in heaven as a man of meritorious deeds; and, as a man who has performed meritorious deeds, he will also rejoice in heaven like a god. 8 If a Brahmin is unable to offer all these eight Gana oblations, he should offer at least one of them, and it will destroy his stains. 9 When someone's children or pupils offer the eight Gana oblations, through the agency of these individuals, whom he has bought by his instruction, he is also freed from sin. 10 When someone is unable to perform them himself, he may pay some people to offer these oblations with the desire of destroying his sins; an embodied man should not torment himself. 11 Money is donated to secure the success of even proper rites. In some rites it frees a man without debt from his sin. 12 Freed from the surging ocean of sin by this rite, a man should consider himself purified and competent to perform rites successfully. 13 And when, freed from the torrent of all sins, someone undertakes any rite, it will become successful effortlessly for that man with a purified body. 14 When someone teaches this ceaselessly, recalls it, or even listens to it, he will be freed from all sins and become exalted in the world of Brahman. 15 A man should recite softly for twelve days those formulas by which he seeks to secure his wishes, eating once a day at night rice mixed with ghee, milk, and curd. 16 To secure one's wishes, one should offer the oblation together with ghee in the fire ten times at dawn, noon, and dusk, before he recites those formulas. [B 4.5.1–32; 4.6.1–10; 4.7.1–10; 4.8.1–16]

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Vasiṣṭha

रोचतेइति सायम्प्रातरशनानिअभिपूजयेत् ॥69 स्वदितम् इति पित्र्ये ॥70 संपन्नम् इतिआभ्युदयिकेषुआभ्युदयिकेषुएति ॥71

69 He should pay homage to his morning and evening meals by saying, "I am delighted!"; 70 at ancestral offerings by saying, "I have eaten well!"; 71 and at rites for prosperity by saying, "It is perfect!" [Va 3.69–71]