21. Food

Āpastamba

आर्याः प्रयता वैश्वदेवे ऽअन्नसंस्कर्तारः स्युः ॥1 भाषां कासं क्षवयुम् इत्य् अभिमुखो ऽअन्नं वर्जयेत् ॥2 केशान् अङ्गं वासश् चआलभ्यअप उपस्पृशेत् ॥3 आर्यअधिष्ठिता वा शूद्राः संस्कर्तारः स्युः ॥4 तेषां स एवआचमनकल्पः ॥5 अधिकम् अहर् अहः केशश्मश्रुलोमनखवापनम् ॥6 उदकौपस्पर्शनं च सह वाससा ॥7 अपि वाअष्टमीष्व् एव पर्वसु वा वपेरन् ॥8 परोक्षम् अन्नं संस्कृतम् अग्नाव् अधिश्रित्यअद्भिः प्रोक्षेत् तद् देवपवित्रम् इत्य् आचक्षते ॥9 सिद्धे ऽअन्ने तिष्ठन् भूतम् इति स्वामिने प्रब्रूयात् ॥10 तत् सुभूतं विराड् अन्नं तन् मा क्षायिइति प्रतिवचनः ॥11

1 Arya men who are pure should cook the food intended for the offering to All-gods. 2 The cook should refrain from speaking, coughing, or sneezing while facing the food. 3 Should he touch his hair, body, or garment, he should wash himself with water. 4 Alternatively, Śūdra men under the supervision of an Arya may do the cooking. 5 They are to follow the identical procedure of sipping, 6 with the additional requirement that every day they should shave the hair of their heads, bodies, and beards; clip their nails; 7 and bathe with their clothes on. 8 Alternatively, they may shave only on the eighth day of each fortnight or on new- and full-moon days. 9 If the food has been prepared by them out of his sight, the householder should place it over the fire and sprinkle it with water. Such food, they say, is pure enough even for gods. 10 When the food has been prepared, the cook should stand and announce it to his master saying, "It is done." 11 The latter responds: "It is well-done, this splendid food! May it never fail!" [A 2.3.1–11]

अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति अष्टौ ग्रासा मुनेर् भक्षः षोडशअरण्यवासिनः द्वात्रिंशतं गृहस्थस्यअपरिमितं ब्रह्मचारिणः ॥13 आहितअग्निर् अनड्वांश् च ब्रह्मचारी च ते त्रयः अश्नन्त एव सिध्यन्ति नएषां सिद्धिर् अनश्नताम् इति ॥13

13 Now, they also quote: "A sage's meal is eight mouthfuls, a forest dweller's sixteen, a householder's twenty-two, and a student's an unlimited quantity. A man who has set up the three ritual fires, a draft ox, and a student-these three are able to do their tasks only if they eat. They cannot do them if they do not eat." [A 2.9.13]

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Gautama

न भक्षान् उत्सङ्गे भक्षयेत् । ॥56 न रात्रौ प्रेष्याहृतम् । ॥57 उद्धृतस्नेहविलपनपिण्याकमथितप्रभृतीनिचात्तवीर्याणि नाश्नीयात् । ॥58 सायंप्रातः त्व् अन्नम् अभिपूजितम् अनिन्दन् भुञ्जीत । ॥59

56 He should not eat food placed in his lap 57 or brought at night by a 58 and foods servant; whose nutrients have been extracted, such as de-creamed milk products, whey, oil-press residue, and buttermilk. 59 Morning and evening, however, he should take his meal, revering the food and never disparaging it. [G 9.56–9]

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Baudhāyana

परोक्षम् अधिश्रितस्यअन्नस्यअवद्योत्यअभ्युक्षणम् ॥2 तथाआपणेयानां च भक्षाणाम् ॥3 बीभत्सवः शुचिकामा हि देवा नअश्रद्दधानस्य हविर्जुषन्त इति ॥4 शाकपुष्पफलमूलओषधीनां तु प्रक्षालनम् ॥9

2 Food that has been prepared out of one's sight should be heated and sprinkled with water, as also viands bought at the market. 4 And it is said: "For the gods, being apprehensive and desirous of pure things, do not relish the oblations offered by people without a spirit of generosity." 9 Vegetables, flowers, fruits, roots, and herbs bought at the market, however, should be washed. [B 1.10.2–4, 9]

अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥7 अष्टौ ग्रासा मुनेर् भक्ष्याः षोडशअरण्यवासिनः ॥7 द्वात्रिंशत् तु गृहस्थस्य अमितं ब्रह्मचारिणः ॥7 आहितअग्निर् अनड्वांश् च ब्रह्मचारी च ते त्रयः ॥8 अश्नन्त एव सिध्यन्ति नएषां सिद्धिर् अनश्नताम् इति ॥8

7 Now, they also quote: "A sage's meal is eight mouthfuls, a forest dweller's sixteen, a householder's twenty-two, and a student's an unlimited quantity. 8 A man who has set up the three vedic fires, a draft ox, and a student-these three are able to accomplish their tasks only if they eat. They cannot accomplish them if they do not eat." [B 2.13.7–8]

अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥11 अन्तरा प्रातराशं च सायमाशं तथाएव च ॥11 सदाउपवासी भवति यो न भुङ्क्ते कदाचन ॥11 प्राणअग्निहोत्रमन्त्रांः तु निरुद्धे भोजने जपेत् ॥12 त्रेताअग्निहोत्रमन्त्रांः तु द्रव्यअलाभे यथा जपेत् इति ॥12 एवम् आचरन् ब्रह्मभूयाय कल्पते ब्रह्मभूयाय कल्पत इति ॥13

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Vasiṣṭha

अष्टौ ग्रासास्मुनेस्भक्तम्वानप्रस्थस्य षोडश ॥20 द्वात्रिंशत् तु गृहस्थस्यअपरिमितम्ब्रह्मचारिणः ॥20 आहिताग्निसनड्वान्च ब्रह्मचारी च ते त्रयः ॥21 अश्नन्तसेव सिध्यन्ति नएषाम्सिद्धिसनश्नताम् ॥21

20 A sage's meal is eight mouthfuls, a forest hermit's a householder's sixteen, twenty-two, and a student's an unlimited quantity. 21 A man who has set up the three ritual fires, a draft ox, and a student-these three are able to do their tasks only if they eat. They cannot do them if they do not eat. [Va 6.20–1]

Āpastamba

शब्द अर्थआरम्भणानां तु कर्मणां समाम्नायसमाप्तौ वेदशब्दः तत्र संख्या विप्रतिषिद्धा ॥12 सर्वान् वैश्वदेवे भागिनः कुर्वीतआ श्वचाण्डालेभ्यः ॥5 नअनर्हद्भ्यो दद्याद् इत्य् एके ॥6

5 He should make all creatures, down to dogs and Candalas, partake of the offering to All-gods. 6 Some, however, maintain that he should not give food to unworthy people. 8 "He should pour water before giving any gift; 9 Within the sacrificial enclosure, however, he should follow the vedic prescriptions. 10 The rule is that the distribution of food should be carried out in a way that does not cause inconvenience to those who receive food every day. 11 If he wants, he may deprive himself, his wife, or his son, but never his slaves or workers; 12 but he should not deprive himself to such a degree that he is unable to carry out his ritual duties. [A 2.9.5–6, 8–12]

अग्रं च देयम् ॥10 अतिथीन् एवअग्रे भोजयेत् ॥11 बालान् वृद्धान् रोगसंबन्धान् स्त्रीश् चअन्तर्वत्नीः ॥12 काले स्वामिनाव् अन्नार्थिनं न प्रत्याचक्षीयाताम् ॥13 अभावे भूमिर् उदकं तृणानि कल्याणी वाग् इति एतानि वै सतो ऽअगारे न क्षीयन्ते कदाचनैति ॥14 एवंवृत्ताव् अनन्तलोकौ भवतः ॥15

10 Let him also give a portion of the food as alms. 11 He should always feed his guests first, 12 and then the children, the aged, the sick, and pregnant women. 13 The master and mistress should never rebuff anyone who comes asking for food at the proper time. 14 If there is no food, then a place on the floor, some water and straw, and a pleasant welcome-these are never wanting in the house of a good man. 15 A couple who acts this way wins a world without end. [A 2.4.10–15]

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Baudhāyana

अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥5 अग्रे भोजयेद् अतिथीन् अन्तर्वत्नीर् अनन्तरम् ॥5 बालवृद्धांः तथा दीनान् व्याधितांश् च विशेषतः ॥5 अदत्त्वा तु य एतेभ्यः पूर्वं भुङ्क्ते यथाविधि ॥5 भुज्यमानो न जानाति न स भुङ्क्ते स भुज्यते ॥5 पितृदैवतभृत्यानां मातापित्रोर् गुरोः तथा ॥6 वाग्यतो विघसम् अश्नीयाद् एवं धर्मो विधीयते इति ॥6

5 Now, they also quote: "He should first feed the guests, next the pregnant women, then the children, the elderly, the indigent, and especially the sick. But a man who eats before giving food to these people according to rule does not realize that he is being eaten-he does not eat but is being eaten. 6 After giving to ancestors, gods, and servants, as well as to his parents and teacher, he should eat what remains in silence-that is the fixed rule." [B 2.13.5–6]

अन्ने श्रितानि भूतानि अन्नं प्राणम् इति श्रुतिः ॥41 तस्माद् अन्नं प्रदातव्यम् अन्नं हि परमं हविः ॥41 हुतेन शाम्यते पापं हुतम् अन्नेन शाम्यति ॥42 अन्नं दक्षिणया शान्तिम् उपयातिइति न श्रुतिः ॥42 उपयातिइति नः श्रुतिर् इति ॥42

41 "Creatures depend on food and food is life"-so states a vedic text. Therefore, people should give food, for food is the highest sacrificial offering. 42 "Sin is allayed by a burnt offering; a burnt offering is allayed by giving food; and the giving of food is allayed by the concluding gift"-so have we heard in a vedic text. [B 2.6.41–2]

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Vasiṣṭha

वैश्वदेवस्य सिद्धस्य सायम्प्रातर् गृह्यअग्नौ जुहुयात् ॥3 गृहदेवताभ्यस्बलिम्हरेत् ॥4 श्रोत्रियायअग्रभागम्दत्त्वा ब्रह्मचारिणे वाअनन्तरम्पितृभ्यस्दद्यात् ॥5 ततसतिथिम्भोजयेत्श्रेयांसम्श्रेयांसम् आनुपूर्व्येण ॥6 स्वगृह्याणाम्कुमारीबालवृद्धतरुणप्रजाताः ॥7 ततसपरान् गृह्यान् ॥8 श्वचाण्डालपतितवायसेभ्यस्भूमौ निर्वपेत् ॥9 शूद्रायौच्छिष्टम् अनुच्छिष्टम्वा दद्यात् ॥10 शेषम्दम्पती भुञ्जीयाताम् ॥11

3 Morning and evening, he should offer in the fire a portion of the food he has cooked as an oblation to the All-gods; 4 make a Bali offering to the house deities; 5 give the first portion to a vedic scholar or a student; and immediately thereafter make an offering to his ancestors. 6 After that he should give food to the guests according to their relative eminence; 7 among those of his household, to the young women, the children, the elderly, the youngsters, and the women who have recently given birth; 8 and finally to other members of his family. 9 He should throw some food on the ground for dogs, Cāndālas, outcastes, and crows; 10 and give leftover or fresh food to a Śūdra. 11 The householder and his wife should eat what remains. If, however, all the food has been used up, food should be cooked again. [Va 11.3–11]

Āpastamba

भुञ्जानं वा ॥33 यत्र शूद्र उपस्पृशेत् ॥1 अनर्हद्भिर् वा समानपङ्क्तौ ॥2 भुञ्जानेषु व यत्रअनूत्थायौच्छिष्टं प्रयच्छेद् आचामेद् वा ॥3 कुत्सयित्वा वा यत्रअन्नं दद्युः ॥4 मनुष्यैर् अवघ्रातम् अन्यैर् वाअमेध्यैः ॥5 न नावि भुञ्जीत ॥6 तथा प्रासादे ॥7 कृतभूमौ तु भुञ्जीत ॥8 अनाप्रीते मृन्मये भोक्तव्यम् ॥9 आप्रीतं चेद् अभिदग्धे ॥10

33 If, while he is eating, he is touched by a Śūdra, he should stop eating. 2 He shall not eat seated alongside ignoble people; 3 or in a place where, while the group is eating, one of them may get up and give away his leftovers or sip water; 4 or where people insult him when they give food; 5 or food that men or other filthy creatures have smelt. 6 He should not eat on a boat 7 or a terrace. 8 Let him eat sitting on a specially prepared area of the floor. 9 He should eat out of a clay vessel that has not been used before, 10 or, if it has been used, only after scorching it with fire. [A 1.16.33; 1.17.1–10]

कालयोर् भोजनम् ॥2 अतृप्तिश् चअन्नस्य ॥3 पर्वसु चौभयोर् उपवासः ॥4 औपवस्तम् एव कालअन्तरे भोजनम् ॥5 तृप्तिश् चअन्नस्य ॥6

2 The man should eat at the two appointed times, 3 but not so much that he is overly sated. 4 On new- and full-moon days, moreover, both should fast. 5 Eating at every other mealtime is a genuine fast, band then they may eat until they are quite sated. [A 2.1.2–6]

नित्यम् उत्तरं वासः कार्यम् ॥21 अपि वा सूत्रम् एवौपवीतार्थे ॥22 यत्र भुज्यते तत् समूह्य निर्हृत्यअवोक्ष्य तं देशम् अमत्रेभ्यो लेपान् संकृष्यअद्भिः संसृज्यौत्तरतः शुचौ देशे रुद्राय निनयेत् एवं वास्तु शिवं भवति ॥23

21 He should always wear an upper garment 22 or, in place of that garment, wear just a cord slung over his left shoulder and under his right arm. 23 He should sweep the place where the meal is taken, remove what has fallen down, sprinkle the place with water, scrape the remnants from the cooking pots, mix those remnants with water, and put them down in a clean spot towards the north as an offering for Rudra. In this way the house becomes auspicious. [A 2.4.21–3]

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Gautama

सोपानत्करश्चासनाभिवादननमस्कारान् वर्जयेत् । ॥45 न भक्षान् उत्सङ्गे भक्षयेत् । ॥56 सायंप्रातः त्व् अन्नम् अभिपूजितम् अनिन्दन् भुञ्जीत । ॥59

45 He should refrain from eating, sitting, greeting, or paying homage with his shoes on. ... 56 He should not eat food placed in his lap. ... 59 Morning and evening, however, he should take his meal, revering the food and never disparaging it. [G 9.45,56,59]

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Baudhāyana

सुप्रक्षालितपादपाणिर् आचान्तः शुचौ संवृते देशेअन्नमुपहृतम् उपसंगृह्य कामक्रोधद्रोहलोभमोहान् अपहत्य सर्वाभिरङ्गुलीभिः शब्दम् अकुर्वन् प्राश्नीयात् ॥21 न पिण्डशेषं पात्र्याम् उत्सृजेत् ॥1 मांसमत्स्यतिलसंसृष्टप्राशनेअप उपस्पृश्यअग्निमभिमृशेत् ॥2 अस्तमिते च स्नानम् ॥3 पालाशम् आसनं पादुके दन्तधावनम् इति वर्जयेत् ॥4 नौत्सङ्गेअन्नं भक्षयेत् ॥5 आसन्द्यां न भुञ्जीत ॥6

21 Having washed his hands and feet thoroughly and sipped some water, he should sit in a clean and enclosed place; receive respectfully the food presented to him; get rid of lust, anger, hatred, greed, and folly; and eat the food using all his fingers and without making any noise. 1 Let him not put back on to his plate a ball of rice from which he has taken a bite. 2 If he cats food mixed with meat, fish, or sesame, he should wash with water, warm himself over a fire, 3 and bathe after sunset. 4 He should refrain from using a seat, clogs, or tooth cleaners made of Palasa wood. 5 He should not eat food placed on his lap 6 or on a stool. [B 2.5.21; 2.6.1–6]

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Vasiṣṭha

रोचतेइति सायम्प्रातरशनानिअभिपूजयेत् ॥69 स्वदितम् इति पित्र्ये ॥70 संपन्नम् इतिआभ्युदयिकेषुआभ्युदयिकेषुएति ॥71

69 He should pay homage to his morning and evening meals by saying, "I am delighted!"; 70 at ancestral offerings by saying, "I have eaten well!"; 71 and at rites for prosperity by saying, "It is perfect!" [Va 3.69–71]

प्राङ्मुखसन्नानि भुञ्जीत ॥18 तूष्णीम्सअङ्गुष्ठम्कृत्स्नग्रासम्ग्रसेत ॥19 न च शब्दम्कुर्यात् ॥20

18 He should eat his food facing the east. 19 He should silently swallow the whole lump, pushing it into the mouth with his thumb 20 and not make any sound with his mouth. [Va 12.18–20]

Āpastamba

क अश्यअन्नः ॥2 य ईप्सेद् इति कण्वः ॥3 पुण्य इति कौत्सः ॥4 यः कश् चिद् दद्याद् इति वार्ष्यायणिः ॥5 यदि ह रजः स्थावरं पुरुषे भोक्तव्यम् अथ चेत्चलं दानेन निर्दोषो भवति ॥6 शुद्धा भिक्षा भोक्तव्याएककुणिकौ काण्वकुत्सौ तथा पुष्करसादिः ॥7 सर्वतोपेतं वार्ष्यायणीयम् दोउब्ले सन्धि? ॥8 पुण्यस्यईप्सतो भोक्तव्यम् ॥9 पुण्यस्यअप्य् अनीप्सतो न भोक्तव्यम् ॥10 यतः कुतश् चअभ्युद्यतं भोक्तव्यम् ॥11 नअननियोगपूर्वम् इति हारीतः ॥12 अथ पुराणे श्लोकाव् उदाहरन्ति ` उद्यताम् आहृतां भिक्षां पुरस्ताद् अप्रवेदिताम् भोज्यां मेने प्रजापतिर् अपि दुष्कृतकारिणः न तस्य पितरो ऽअश्नन्ति दश वर्षाणि पञ्च च न च हव्यं वहत्य् अग्निर् यः ताम् अभ्य् अधिमन्यत इति ॥13

2 Who, then, is the man whose food he may eat? 3 "Anyone who gives willingly," says Kanva. 4 "A pious man," says Kautsa. 5 "Anyone who gives," says Vārṣyāyaṇi, 6 for if impurities remain immobile in a person, then there is nothing wrong in eating his food, and if impurities are mobile, then the person will become pure by means of the gift. 7 "Almsfood is pure and may be eaten," according to Eka, Kuṇika, Kāṇva, and Kutsa, as well as Puṣkarasādi; and, according to Vārsyāyaṇi, food that one receives unasked from anybody. 9 He may eat the food given willingly by a pious person, 10 but even when given by a pious person, he may not eat it if it is given unwillingly. 11 He may eat food that he receives unasked from anyone at all, 12 but, says Harita, not if it is received subsequent to an invitation. 13 Now, they quote two verses from a Purana: "Almsfood brought and handed over even by an evildoer, in the opinion of Prajapati, is suitable for eating, so long as it has not been previously announced. If a man spurns such food, his forefathers will not eat from him for fifteen years and the sacred fire will not convey his oblations." [A 1.19.2–13]

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Gautama

प्रशस्तानां स्वकर्मसु द्विजातीनां ब्राह्मणो भुञ्जीत । ॥1 प्रतिगृह्णीयाच् च । ॥2 अप्रणोद्यानि सर्वेषाम् । ॥3 पितृदेवगुरुभृत्यभरणे ऽप्य् अन्यत् । ॥4 वृत्तिश् चेन् नान्तरेण शूद्रात् । ॥5 पशुपालक्षेत्रकर्षककुलसंगतकारयितृपरिचारकाःभोज्यान्नाः । ॥6 वणिक् चाशिल्पी । ॥7 नित्यम् अभोज्यम् । ॥8

1 A Brahmin may eat food given by twice-born men renowned for their devotion to their respective duties. 2 He may also accept gifts them. 3 Firewood, water, from fodder, roots, fruits, honey, a promise of safety, what is given unasked, beds, seats, shelter, carriages, milk, curd, roasted grain, Saphari fish, millet, garlands, venison, and vegetables should not be refused from anyone, 4 as also other things needed to take care of the ancestors, gods, teacher, and dependents. 5 If he is unable to sustain himself by other means, he may accept food from a Sūdra. 6 A man who looks after his animals or plows his fields, a friend of the family, his barber, and his personal servant-these are people whose food he may eat, 7 as also a merchant who is not an artisan. 8 This type of food is not fit to be eaten everyday. [G 17.1–8]

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Baudhāyana

शुचेर् अश्रद्दधानस्य श्रद्दधानस्य चअशुचेः ॥5 मीमांसित्वाउभयं देवाः समम् अन्नम् अकल्पयन् ॥5 प्रजापतिः तु तान् आह न समं विषमं हि तत् ॥5 हतम् अश्रद्दधानस्य श्रद्धापूतं विशिष्यते इति ॥5 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥6 अश्रद्धा परमः पाप्मा श्रद्धा हि परमं तपः ॥6 तस्माद् अश्रद्धया दत्तं हविर् नअश्नन्ति देवताः ॥6 इष्ट्वा दत्त्वाअपि वा मूर्खः स्वर्गं नहि स गच्छति ॥7 शङ्काविहतचारित्रो यः स्वअभिप्रायम् आश्रितः ॥8 शास्त्रअतिगः स्मृतो मूर्खो धर्मतन्त्रौपरोधनात् इति ॥8

5 Now, they also quote: "The food of a man who is pure but not generous and the food of a man who is impure-having generous but pondered over this, the gods pronounced them to be equal. But Prajapati told them: 'They are not equal; they are clearly unequal. The food of the man who is not generous is totally useless, and the food cleansed by generosity excels it by far. 6 Now, they also quote: "Lack of generosity is the highest generosity is clearly the highest austerity. The gods, therefore, do not eat an oblation offered without spirit of generosity. 7 Such a fool will never go to heaven, though he may have offered sacrifices or distributed gifts. 8 A man whose conduct is plagued by vacillation, who pursues his own objectives, and who violates the scriptural provisions-such a man, tradition says, is a fool, because he thwarts the course of the Law." [B 1.10.5–8]

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Vasiṣṭha

न मृगयोसिषुचारिणस्परिवर्ज्यम् अन्नम् ॥14 विज्ञायते हि अगस्त्यस्वर्षसाहस्रिके सत्रे मृगयाम्चचार तस्यअसंस्तरसमयास्पुरोडाशास्मृगपक्षिणाम्प्रशस्तानाम् ॥15 अपि हिअत्र प्राजापत्यान्श्लोकान् उदाहरन्ति ॥16 उद्यताम् आहृताम्भिक्षाम्पुरस्तातप्रचोदिताम् ॥16 भोज्याम्प्रजापतिस्मेने अपि दुष्कृतकारिणः ॥16 श्रद्दधानस्य भोक्तव्यम्चोरस्यअपि विशेषतः ॥17 न तुएव बहुयाज्यस्य यस्चौपनयते बहून् ॥17 न तस्य पितरसश्नन्ति दश वर्षाणि पञ्च च ॥18 न च हव्यम्वहतिअग्निस्यः ताम् अभ्यवमन्यते ॥18

14 He should not refuse the food of a man who hunts with bow and arrow, 15 for it is stated: "During a sacrificial session lasting a thousand years, Agastya went hunting; and he had sacrificial cakes made with the choice meat of excellent animals and birds." 16 In this connection, moreover, they cite these verses of Prajapati: "Almsfood brought and handed over even by an evildoer, in the opinion of Prajāpati, is suitable for eating, so long as it has not been previously announced. 17 In particular, the food given by a generous man should be eaten, even if he is a thief, but never that given by a man who performs sacrifices for a lot of people and initiates a lot of people. 18 If a man spurns such food, his forefathers will not eat from him for fifteen years and the sacred fire will not convey his oblations." [Va 14.14–18]

Āpastamba

विषमगतायअगुरवे नअभिवाद्यम् ॥15 मध्व् आमं मार्गं मांसं भूमिर् मूलफलानि रक्षा गव्यूतिर् निवेशनं युग्यघासश् चौग्रतः प्रतिगृह्याणि ॥1 एतान्य् अपि नअनन्तेवास्याहृतानिइति हारीतः ॥2 आमं वा गृह्णीरन् ॥3 कृतअन्नस्य वा विरसस्य ॥4 न सुभिक्षाः स्युः ॥5 स्वयम् अप्य् अवृत्तौ सुवर्णं दत्त्वा पशुं वा भुञ्जीत ॥6 नअत्यन्तम् अन्ववस्येत् ॥7 वृत्तिं प्राप्य विरमेत् ॥8 त्रयाणां वर्णानां क्षत्रियप्रभृतीनां समावृत्तेन न भोक्तव्यम् ॥9 प्रकृत्या ब्राह्मणस्य भोक्तव्यं कारणाद् अभोज्यम् ॥10 यत्रअप्रायश्चित्तं कर्मआसेवते प्रायश्चित्तवति ॥11 चरितनिर्वेषस्य भोक्तव्यम् ॥12 सर्ववर्णानां स्वधर्मे वर्तमानानां भोक्तव्यं शूद्रवर्जम् इत्य् एके ॥13 तस्यअपि धर्मौपनतस्य ॥14 सुवर्णम् दत्वा पशुं वा भुञ्जीत नअत्यन्तम् अन्ववस्येद् वृत्तिं प्राप्य विरमेत् ॥15 सङ्घअन्नम् अभोज्यम् ॥16 परिक्रुष्टं च ॥17 सर्वेषां च शिल्पआजीवानाम् ॥18 ये च शस्त्रम् आजीवन्ति ॥19 ये चआधिम् ॥20 भिषक् ॥21 वार्धुषिकः ॥22 दीक्षितो ऽअक्रीतराजकः ॥23 अग्नीषोमीयसंस्थायाम् एव ॥24 हुतायां वा वपायां दीक्षितस्य भोक्तव्यम् ॥25 यज्ञअर्थे वा निर्दिष्टे शेषाद् भुञ्जीरन्न् इति हि ब्राह्मणम् ॥26 क्लीबः ॥27 राज्ञां प्रैषकरः ॥28 अहविर्याजी ॥29 चारी ॥30 अविधिना च प्रव्रजितः ॥31 यश् चअग्नीन् अपास्यति ॥32 यश् च सर्वान् वर्जयते सर्वान्नी च श्रोत्रियो निराकृतिर् वृषलीपतिः ॥33 मत्त उन्मत्तो बद्धो ऽअणिकः प्रत्युपविष्टो यश् च प्रत्युपवेशयते तावन्तं कालम् ॥1

1 Honey, uncooked food, venison, land, roots, fruits, protection, pasture for cattle, house, and fodder for a draught ox may be accepted from an Ugra. 2 According to Harita, even these may be accepted only when they are brought by a pupil. 3 Alternatively, uncooked food may be accepted, 4 or even cooked food if it does not contain any seasoning, 5 but not a lot. 6 If he has lost his livelihood, he may eat food obtained on his own from anyone after paying for it with gold or an animal. 7 He should not be overly attracted to this way of life 8 and give it up when he finds his legitimate livelihood. 9 A student who has returned home may not eat any food given by people belonging to the three classes beginning with Kṣatriya. 10 As a rule, he may eat the food of a Brahmin, although it may become unfit to be eaten for a particular reason, 11 as during a time when a person required to do a penance is performing the penitential act. 12 After the man has concluded his penance, he may eat his food. 13 According to some, he is permitted to eat the food of people belonging to any class who adhere to their respective Laws, with the exception of Śūdras, 14 and even of a Śūdra whom he has obtained according to the Law. 15 He may eat it after paying for it with gold or an animal, but let him not be overly attracted to this way of life and give it up when he finds his legitimate livelihood. 16 He shall not eat the food given by a corporate body 17 or announced through a public invitation; 18 the food of anyone who lives by practising a craft 19 or using weapons; 20 the food of a pawnbroker, 21 a physician, 22 or an usurer; 23 and, prior to the purchase of the Soma, the food of a man who has been consecrated for a sacrifice. 24 Only after the animal dedicated to Agni and Soma has been killed 25 or after its omentum has been offered, may one eat the food of a man consecrated for a sacrifice, 26 for a Brāhmaṇa states: "Alternatively, after setting aside the portion to be offered in sacrifice, they may eat the remainder." 27 He shall not eat the food of the following: an impotent man; 28 a royal messenger; 29 a man who makes oblations with substances unfit for offering; 30 a spy; 31 a man who has become a wandering ascetic without following the proper procedure; 32 a man who has relinquished his sacred fires; 33 a vedic scholar who stays away from everybody, eats anybody's food, neglects his vedic recitation, or is married to a Sūdra woman; 1 a drunkard; a mad man; a prisoner, a debtor; and a moneylender who hounds a man who owes him, as well as the man who makes the lender hound him, so long as they are thus engaged. ... 14 And further: "It is forbidden to eat the food of physicians, hunters, surgeons, fowlers, unchaste wives, or eunuchs." 15 Now, they also quote: "An abortionist rubs his sin off on the man who eats his food, an innocent person on the man who slanders him, a thief on the king who releases him, and a supplicant on the man who makes false promises." [A 1.18.1–33; 1.19.1, 14–15]

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Gautama

। ॥17 अपङ्क्त्यानां प्राग्दुर्वालात् । ॥18

17 [These are unfit to be eaten:] food given by someone who has been disowned by his parents, a harlot, a heinous sinner, a hermaphrodite, a law enforcement agent, a carpenter, a miser, a jailer, a physician, a man who hunts without using the bow or eats the leftovers of others, a group of people, or an enemy, 18 as also by those listed before a bald man as people who defile those alongside whom they eat. [G 17.17–18]

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Vasiṣṭha

अथअतस्भोज्यअभोज्यम्च वर्णयिष्यामः ॥1 चिकित्सकमृगयुपुंश्चलीदण्डिकस्तेनअभिशस्तषण्ढपतितानाम् अन्नम् अभोज्यम् ॥2 कदर्यदीक्षितबद्धआतुरसोमविक्रयितक्षरजकशौण्डिकसूचकवार्धुषिकचर्मावकृन्तानाम् ॥3 शूद्रस्य च ॥4 अस्त्रभृतस्च ॥5 उपपतेस्यस्चौपपतिम्मन्यते ॥6 यस्च गृहान् दहेत् ॥7 यस्च वधअर्हान् नौपहन्यात् ॥8 कस्भोक्ष्यतेइति वाचाअभिघुष्टम् ॥9 गणअन्नम्गणिकाअन्नम्चैति ॥10 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥11 नअश्नन्ति श्ववतस्देवास्नअश्नन्ति वृषलीपतेः ॥11 भार्याजितस्य नअश्नन्ति यस्य चौपपतिस्गृहे इति ॥11 एधौदकयवसकुशलाजाअभ्युद्यतयानावसथशफरीप्रियङ्गुस्रज्गन्धमधुमांसानिइतिएतेषाम्प्रतिगृह्णीयात् ॥12 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥13 गुरुअर्थम्दारम् उज्जिहीर्षनर्चिष्यन् देवताअतिथीन् ॥13 सर्वतस्प्रतिगृह्णीयात्न तु तृप्येत् स्वयम्ततः इति ॥13 चिकित्सकस्य मृगयोस्शल्यहर्तुः तु पापिनः ॥19 षण्ढस्य कुलटायास्च उद्यताअपि न गृह्यते इति ॥19

1 Next we will describe food that is fit and food that is unfit to be eaten 2 The following are unfit to be eaten: food given by a physician, a hunter, a harlot, a law enforcement agent, a thief, a heinous sinner, a eunuch, or an outcaste: 3 as also that given by a miser, a man consecrated for a sacrifice, a prisoner, a sick person, a man who sells Soma, a carpenter, a washerman, a liquor dealer, a spy, an usurer, a leather worker, 4 a Śūdra, 5 a man who bears arms, 6 a lover of a married woman and a husband who countenances it, 7 an arsonist, 8 or one who does not execute those who deserve capital punishment; 9 food given after yelling: "Who will eat this?"; 10 food given by a corporate body or by a courtesan. 11 Now, they also quote: "Gods do not eat the food of a man who keeps dogs, who is married to a Śūdra woman, who is controlled by his wife, or who lets his wife's lover remain in his house." 12 He may accept the following from even such people: firewood, water, fodder, Kuśa grass, popped rice, food given unasked, vehicles, shelter, Saphari fish, millet, garlands, perfumes, honey, and meat. 13 Now, they also quote: "For the sake of his teacher, to save his wife, and to honor gods or guests, a man may accept gifts from anyone, but never to satisfy himself." 19 "Almsfood given by physicians, hunters, surgeons, fowlers, eunuchs, and unchaste wives is not to be accepted even if it is given unasked." [Va 14.1–13, 19]

Āpastamba

हिंसाअर्थेनअसिना मांसं छिन्नम् अभोज्यम् ॥16 दद्भिर् अपूपस्य नअपच्छिन्द्यात् ॥17 यस्य कुले ॥18 तथाअनुत्थितायां सूतिकायाम् ॥19 अन्तःशवे च ॥20 अप्रयतो ऽअपहतम् अन्नम् अप्रयतं न त्व् अभोज्यम् ॥21 अप्रयतेन तु शूद्रेणौपहृतम् अभोज्यम् ॥22 यस्मिंश् चअन्ने केशः स्यात् ॥23 अन्यद् वाअमेध्यम् ॥24 अमेध्यैर् अवमृष्टम् ॥25 कीटो वाअमेध्यसेवी ॥26 मूषकलाङ्गं वा ॥27 पदा वाउपहतम् ॥28 सिचा वा ॥29 शुना वाअपपात्रेण वा दृष्टम् ॥30 सिचा वाउपहृतम् ॥31 दास्या वा नक्तम् आहृतम् ॥32

16 Meat that has been cut with a knife used for slaughtering is not fit to be eaten. 17 He should not break off a piece of cake with his teeth. 18 When a death has occurred in a house, he should not eat there for ten days, 19 as also after a birth before the mother comes out of the birthing room, 20 and when there is a corpse in a house, 21 Food that has been touched by an impure person becomes impure but is not rendered unfit to be eaten. 22 Food that an impure Sūdra brings, on the other hand, is not fit to be eaten, 23 as also food in which there is a hair 24 or some other filth; 25 food that has come into contact with filthy substances; 26 food in which there is an insect that lives on filth 27 or in which there are mouse droppings or mouse parts; 28 food that has been touched with the feet 29 or with the hem of a garment; 30 food that has been seen by a dog or a degraded individual; 31 food that has been carried in the hem of a garment; 32 and food that has been brought at night by a slave woman. [A 1.16.16–32]

नअपणीयम् अन्नम् अश्नीयात् ॥14 तथा रसानाम् अमांसमधुलवणानिइति परिहाप्य ॥15 तैलसर्पिषी तुउपयोजयेद् उदके ऽअवधाय ॥16 कृतअन्नं पर्युषितम् अखाद्यअपेयअनाद्यम् , शुक्तं च ॥17–18 फाणितपृथुकतण्डुलकरम्भरुजसक्तुशाकमांसपिष्टक्षीरविकारओषधिवनस्पतिमूलफलवर्जम् ॥19 शुक्तं चअपरयोगम् ॥20

14 He should not eat food obtained from the market, 15 even seasonings, with the exception of raw meat, honey, and salt; 16 oil and ghee, on the other hand, may be used after sprinkling them with water. 17 He should not eat, drink, or consume cooked food that has been left overnight 18 or turned sour, 19 with the exception of sugar-cane juice, rolled rice, gruel, roasted barley, barley meal, vegetables, meat, flour, milk, milk products, and roots and fruits of plants and trees. He should not consume anything that has turned sour without mixing it with some other food. [A 1.17.14–20]

उपेतः स्त्रीणाम् अनुपेतस्य चौच्छिष्टं वर्जयेत् ॥7

7 An initiated man should avoid eating the leftover food of women or uninitiated men. [A 2.9.7]

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Gautama

केशकीटावपन्नम् । ॥9 रजस्वलाकृष्णशकुनिपदोपहतम् । ॥10 भ्रूणघ्नावेक्षितम् । ॥11 भावदुष्टम् । ॥13 गवोपघ्रातम् । ॥12 शुक्तं केवलम् अदधि । ॥14 पुनः सिद्धम् । ॥15 पर्युषितम् अशाकभक्षस्नेहमांसमधूनि । ॥16 । ॥17 अपङ्क्त्यानां प्राग्दुर्वालात् । ॥18 वृथान्नाचमनोत्थानव्यपेतानि । ॥19 समासमाभ्यां विषमसमे पूजातः । ॥20 अनर्चितं च । ॥21

The following are unfit to be eaten: food into which hair or an insect has fallen; 10 what has been touched by menstruating woman, a black bird, or someone's foot; 11 what has been looked at by an abortionist 12 or smelt by a cow; 13 food that looks revolting; 14 food that has turned sour, except curd; 15 re-cooked food; 16 food that has become stale, except vegetables, chewy or greasy foods, meat, and honey; 17 food given by someone who has been disowned by his parents, a harlot, a heinous sinner, a hermaphrodite, a law enforcement agent, a carpenter, a miser, a jailer, a physician, a man who hunts without using the bow or eats the leftovers of others, a group of people, or an enemy, 18 as also by those listed before a bald man as people who defile those alongside whom they eat; 19 food prepared for no avail; a meal during which people sip water or get up against the rules, 20 or at which different sorts of homage is paid to people of equal stature and the same homage is paid to people of different stature; 2 and food that is given disrespectfully. [G 17.9–21]

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Baudhāyana

पर्युषितंशाकयूषमांससर्पिःशृतधानागुडदधिमधुसक्तुवर्जम् ॥14 शुक्तानि तथाजातो गुडः ॥15

14 One should not eat food-except stale vegetables, soup, meat, ghee, cooked grains, molasses, curd, honey, and barley meal -; 15 as also foods that have turned sour, including molasses. [B 1.12.14–15]

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Vasiṣṭha

उच्छिष्टम् अगुरोसभोज्यम् ॥20 स्वम् उच्छिष्टम् उच्छिष्टौपहतम्च ॥21 यत्वसनकेशकीटौपहतम्च ॥22 कामम्तु केशकीटान् उद्धृत्यअद्भिस्प्रोक्ष्य भस्मनाअवकीर्य वाचा प्रशस्तम् उपयुञ्जीत ॥23 अपि हिअत्र प्राजापत्यान्श्लोकान् उदाहरन्ति ॥24 त्रीणि देवास्पवित्राणि ब्राह्मणानाम् अकल्पयन् ॥24 अदृष्टम् अद्भिस्निर्णिक्तम्यत्च वाचा प्रशस्यते ॥24 देवद्रोण्याम्विवाहेषु यज्ञेषु प्रकृतेषु च ॥25 काकैस्श्वभिस्च संस्पृष्टम् अन्नम् तत्न विसर्जयेत् ॥25 तस्मातन्नम् अपोद्धृत्य शेषम्संस्कारम् अर्हति ॥26 द्रवाणाम्प्लावनेनएव घनानाम्प्रोक्षणेन तु ॥26 मार्जारमुखसंस्पृष्टम्शुचि एव हि तत्भवेत् ॥27 अन्नम्पर्युषितम्भावदुष्टम्सहृद्लेखम्पुनर्सिद्धम् आममांसम्पक्वम्च ॥28 कामम्तु दध्ना घृतेन वाअभिघारितम् उपयुञ्जीत ॥29 अपि हिअत्र प्राजापत्यान्श्लोकान् उदाहरन्ति ॥30 घृतम्वा यदि वा तैलम्विप्रस्नअद्यात्नखश्च्युतम् ॥30 यमः ततशुचि प्राह तुल्यम्गोमांसभक्षणैः ॥30 हस्तदत्ताः तु ये स्नेहास्लवणव्यञ्जनानि च ॥31 दातारम्नौपतिष्ठन्ति भोक्ता भुञ्जीत किल्बिषम् ॥31 प्रदद्यात् न तु हस्तेन नआयसेन कदाचन इति ॥32

20 Leftover food from anyone other than one's teacher is unfit to be eaten, 21 as also one's own leftovers, and food that has come into contact with leftovers 22 or with a garment, hair, or insects. 23 If he wants, however, he may use it after removing the hair or the insect from it, sprinkling it with water, strewing some ash over it, and getting it verbally declared as suitable. 24 In this connection, moreover, they cite these verses of Prajapati: "Gods invented three means of purification for Brahmins: being unaware that something is impure, sprinkling it with water, and getting it verbally declared as suitable. 25 When food is touched by crows or dogs during a divine procession, marriage festivities, or while sacrifices are in progress, it should not be thrown away. 26 After extracting from it the defiled portion of food, the rest should be purified, liquids by straining them and solids by sprinkling them with water." 27 When something is touched by a cat's mouth, it undoubtedly remains pure. 28 Food that has gone stale, looks revolting, makes a person uneasy, has been cooked again, or is raw or pan-cooked is unfit to be eaten. 29 If he wants, however, he may use such food after pouring some curd or ghee over it. 30 In this connection, moreover, they cite these verses of Prajāpati: "A Brahmin should not eat anything that drips from someone's nails, whether it is ghee or oil; Yama has declared that it is impure and equal to eating cow's meat. 31 Oils, salt, or sauces served with the hand are of no service to the giver, while the eater devours guilt. 32 Therefore, they should be given placed on a leaf or a blade of grass; let him never serve them with his hand or with an iron utensil." [Va 14.20–32]

Āpastamba

सर्वं मद्यम् अपेयम् ॥21 तथाएलकं पयः ॥22 उष्ट्रीक्षीरमृगीक्षीरसन्धिनीक्षीरयमसूक्षीराणिइति ॥23 धेनोश् चअनिर्दशायाः ॥24 तथा कीलालओषधीनां च ॥25 करञ्जपलण्डुपरारीकाः ॥26 यच् चअन्यत् परिचक्षते ॥27 क्याक्वभोज्यम् इति हि ब्राह्मणम् ॥28 एकखुरौष्ट्रगवयग्रामसूकरशरभगवाम् ॥29 धेनुअनडुहोर् भक्ष्यम् ॥30 मेध्यम् आनडुहम् इति वाजसनेयकम् ॥31 कुक्कुटो विकिराणाम् ॥32 प्लवः प्रतुदाम् ॥33 क्रव्यअदः ॥34 हंसभासचक्रवाकसुपर्णाश् च ॥35 क्रुञ्चक्रौञ्चवार्ध्राणसलक्ष्ंअनवर्जम् ॥36 पञ्चनखानां गोधाकच्छपश्वाविट्शल्यकखण्गशशपूतिखषवर्जम् ॥37 अभक्ष्यश् चेटो मत्स्यानाम् ॥38 सर्पशीर्षी मृदुरः क्रव्यअदो ये चअन्ये विकृता यथा मनुष्यशिरसः ॥39

21 It is forbidden to drink any type of liquor; 22 as also the milk of sheep, 23 camels, and deer; the milk of animals in heat or bearing twins; 24 and the milk of a cow during the first ten days after giving birth. 25 Herbs used in the manufacture of liquor are likewise forbidden; 26 as also Karañja, garlic, onion, leeks, 27 and any other food that is forbidden. 28 For a Brāhmaṇa states: "Mushrooms should not be eaten." 29 The meat of one-hoofed animals, camels, Gayal oxen, village pigs, and Sarabha cattle are forbidden. 30 It is permitted to eat the meat of milch cows and oxen. 31 A text of the Vajasaneyins states: "The meat of oxen is fit for sacrifice." 32 Among birds that feed by scratching with their feet, the cock is forbidden, 33 and among birds that feed by thrusting their beaks, the Plava heron. 34 Carnivorous birds are forbidden; 35 as also the Hamsa goose, the Bhasa vulture, the Cakra bird, and the Supama falcon. 36 The Kruñca curlew and the Krauñca crane are forbidden, with the exception of the Vārdhrāṇasa cranes and Lakṣmaṇa cranes. 37 Animals with five claws are forbidden, with the exception of the Godha monitor lizard, tortoise, porcupine, hedgehog, rhinoceros, hare, and Pūtikhasa. 38 Among fish, the Ceta is forbidden, 39 as also the snake-head fish, the Mrdura crocodile, carnivorous fish, and others that are grotesque, such as the mermen. [A 1.17.21–39]

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Gautama

गोश् च क्षीरम् अनिर्दशायाः सूतके । ॥22 अजामहिष्योश् च । ॥23 नित्यम् आविकम् अपेयम् औष्ट्रम् ऐकशफं च । ॥24 स्यन्दिनीयमसूसंधिनीनां च । ॥25 विवत्सायाश् च । ॥26 पञ्चनखाश् चाशल्यकशशश्वाविद्गोधाखड्गकच्छपाः । ॥27 उभयतोदत्केश्यलोमैकशफकलविङ्कप्लवचक्रवाकहंसाः । ॥28 काककङ्कगृध्रश्येना जलजा रक्तपादतुण्डाग्राम्यकुक्कुटसूकराः । ॥29 धेन्वनडुहौ च । ॥30 अपन्नदन्नवसन्नवृथामांसानि । ॥31 किसलयक्याकुलशुननिर्यासाः । ॥32 लोहिता व्रश्चनाः । ॥33 निचुदारुबकबलाकाशुकमद्गुटिट्टिभमान्धालनक्तचराअभक्ष्याः । ॥34 भक्ष्याः प्रतुदविष्किरजालपादाः । ॥35 मत्स्याश् चाविकृताः । ॥36 वध्याश् च धर्मार्थे । ॥37 व्यालहतादृष्टदोषवाक्प्रशस्तानभ्युक्ष्योपयुञ्जीतोपयुञ्जीत । ॥38

22–3 It is forbidden to drink the milk of a cow, a goat, or a buffalo, during the first ten days after it gives birth; 24 the milk of sheep, camels, and one-hoofed animals under any circumstances; 25 the milk of animal from whose udders milk flows spontaneously or of an animal that has borne twins, gives milk while pregnant, 26 or has lost her calf. 27 The following are forbidden foods: animals with five claws, with the exception of the hedgehog, hare, porcupine, Godha monitor lizard, rhinoceros, and tortoise; 28 animals with teeth in both jaws, with a lot of hair, or without any hair; one-hoofed animals; Kalaviṅka sparrows; Plava herons; Cakravāka geese; Haṃsa geese; 29 crows; Kaṅka herons; vultures; falcons; water birds; red-footed and red-beaked birds; village cocks and pigs; 30 milch-cows and oxen; 31 meat of animals whose milk-teeth have not fallen and of animals that are sick or wantonly killed; 32 young shoots; mushrooms; garlic; resins; 33 red juices flowing from incisions on trees; 34 woodpeckers; Baka egrets; Balāka ibis; parrots; Ṭiṭṭibha cormorants; Madgu sandpipers; Māndhāla flying foxes; and night birds, 35 Birds that feed by thrusting their beaks or scratching with their feet and that do not have webbed feet may be eaten, 36 as also fish that are not grotesque, 37 and animals that have to be killed for the sake of the Law. 38 He may avail himself of animals killed by predators after washing them, so long as he does not detect any flaw in them and after getting them verbally declared as suitable. [G 17.22–38]

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Baudhāyana

अभक्ष्याः पशवो ग्राम्याः बौध्१५बौध्१५१२२ क्रव्यादाः शकुनयश् च ॥1 तथा कुक्कुटसूकरम् ॥3 अन्यत्रअजअविभ्यः ॥4 भक्ष्याः श्वाविद्गोधाशशशल्यककच्छपखङ्गाःखङ्गवर्जाः पञ्च पञ्चनखाः ॥5 तथाऋश्यहरिणपृषतमहिषवराहकुलुङ्गाःकुलुङ्गवर्जाः पञ्च द्विखुरिणः ॥6 पक्षिणस्तित्तिरिकपोतकपिञ्जलवार्ध्राणसमयूरवारणावारणवर्जाः पञ्च विष्किराः ॥7 मत्स्याः सहस्रदंष्ट्रश् चिलिचिमोवर्मिबृहच्छिरोमशकरिरोहितराजीवाः ॥8 अनिर्दशाहसंधिनीक्षीरम् अपेयम् ॥9 विवत्सअन्यवत्सयोश् च ॥10 आविकम् औष्ट्रिकम् ऐकशफम् अपेयम् ॥11 अपेयपयःपाने कृच्छ्रोअन्यत्र गव्यात् ॥12 गव्ये तु त्रिरात्रम् उपवासः ॥13

1 It is forbidden to eat domestic animals, 2 carnivorous animals and birds, 3 as well as cocks and pigs, 4 with the exception of goats and sheep. 5 The following may be eaten: porcupine, Godhā monitor lizard, hare, hedgehog, tortoise, and rhinoceros—excluding the rhinoceros, these are the five five-clawed animals; 6 Ṛśya antelope, Hariṇa deer, Pṛṣata deer, buffalo, wild boar, and Kuluṅga antelope—excluding the Kuluṅga antelope, these are the five cloven-hoofed animals; 7 and the following birds: partridge, pigeon, Kapiñjala partridge, Vārdhrāṇasa crane, peacock, and Vāraṇa bird—excluding the Vāraṇa bird, these are the five birds that scratch with their feet. 8 The following fish may also be eaten: Cilicima, Sahasradaṃṣṭra, Mahāśakari, Bṛhacchiras, Varmi, Rohita, and Rājīva. 9 It is forbidden to drink the milk of an animal during the first ten days after it has given birth or of an animal that is pregnant, 10 whose calf has died, or that is suckling a calf that is not hers. 11 It is forbidden to drink the milk of sheep, camels, and one-hoofed animals. 12 If someone drinks forbidden milk, with the exception of cow's milk, he should perform an arduous penance; 13 in the case of cow's milk, on the other hand, he should fast for three days. [B 1.12.1–13]

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Vasiṣṭha

लशुनपलाण्डुक्याकुगृञ्जनश्लेष्मान्तकवृक्षनिर्यासलोहितव्रश्चनश्वकाकअवलीढशूद्रौच्छेषणभोजनेषुअतिकृच्छ्रः ॥33 सन्धिनीक्षीरम् अवत्साक्षीरम् ॥34 गोमहिषिअजानाम् अनिर्दशअहानाम् ॥35 अन्तर्नाविउदकम् ॥36 अपूपधानाकरम्भसक्तुवटकतैलपायसशाकानि शुक्तानि वर्जयेत् ॥37 अन्यान्च क्षीरयवपिष्टविकारान् ॥38 श्वाविध्शल्यकशशकच्छपगोधास्पञ्चनखानाम्भक्ष्याः ॥39 अनुष्ट्रास्पशूनाम् अन्यतस्दन्तास्च ॥40 मत्स्यानाम्वा चेटगवयशिशुमारनक्रकुलीराः ॥41 विकृतरूपास्सर्पशीर्षास्च ॥42 गौरगवयशरभास्च ॥43 अनुद्दिष्टाः तथा ॥44 धेनुअनडुहौअपन्नदन्तान्च ॥45 भक्ष्यौ तु धेनुअनडुहौ मेध्यौ वाजसनेयके विज्ञायते ॥46 खड्गे तु विवदन्तिअग्राम्यशूकरे च ॥47 शकुनानाम्च विषुविष्करजालपादकलविङ्कप्लवहंसचक्रवाकभासवायसपारावतकुररसारङ्गपाण्डुकपोतक्रौञ्चक्रकरकङ्कगृध्रश्येनबकबलाकमद्गुटिट्टिभमान्धालनक्तञ्चरदार्वाघाटचकटरैलातकाहारीतखञ्जरीटग्राम्यकुक्कुटशुकशारिककोकिलक्रव्यादस्ग्रामचारिणस्च ग्रामचारिणस्चैति ॥48

33 For eating garlic, onions, mushrooms, Grñjana onions, Śleṣmāntaka fruits, tree resins, red juices flowing from incisions on tree barks, anything licked by a dog or a crow, or the leftovers of a Śūdra he should perform the very arduous penance; for eating other things, except preparations of honey, meat, or fruits, the arduous penance. 34 The milk of cows in heat or whose calves have died, 35 and of cows, buffaloes, or goats during the first ten days after giving birth; 36 water collected at the bottom of a boat; 37 wheat cakes, fried grains, porridge, barley-meal, oil cake, oil, milk rice, and vegetables that have turned sour-he should avoid these, 38 as also preparations made with milk and barley-meal. 39 Among animals with five claws, the porcupine, hedgehog, hare, tortoise, and Godha monitor lizard may be eaten. 40 as also, among domestic animals, those that have teeth in only one jaw, with the exception of the camel, 41 These are forbidden to be eaten: among fish, the Ceta, the Gavaya, the porpoise, the alligator, and the crab, 42 as also grotesque fish and snake-head fish; 43 Gaura bison, Gayal oxen, and Sarabha, 44 as also animals not specifically indicated; 45 milch-cows, draft oxen, and animals whose milk-teeth have not fallen. 46 It is stated in the Veda of the Vajasaneyins that the milch-cow and the draft ox are pure and can be eaten. 47 Regarding the rhinoceros and the wild pig, however, there are conflicting opinions. 48 Among birds, the following are forbidden: birds that agitate, scratch with their feet or are web-footed; Kalavinka sparrow, Plava heron, Hamsa goose, Cakravāka goose, Bhāsa vulture, crow, Pārāvata dove, Kurara osprey, and Sāranga cuckoo; white dove, Kraunca crane, Krakara partridge, Kanka heron, vulture, falcon, Baka egret, and Balāka ibis; Madgu cormorant, Ṭiṭṭibha sandpiper, Māndhāla flying fox, and nocturnal birds; woodpecker, sparrow, Railātakā bird, Hārīta pigeon, Khañjarīṭa wagtail, village cock, parrot, and Śārika starling; Kokila cuckoo and carnivorous birds; and those living in villages. [Va 14.33–48]

श्वकुक्कुटग्राम्यशूकरकङ्कगृध्रभासपारावतमानुषकाकौलूकमांसअदने सप्तरात्रम् उपवासस्निष्पुरीषीभावस्घृतप्राशस्पुनस्संस्कारस्च ॥30

30 If someone eats the meat of a dog, a cock, a village pig, a Kanka heron, a vulture, a Bhāsa vulture, a Pārāvata dove, a man, a crow, or an owl, he should fast for seven days until all the excrement is gone, then consume some ghee and undergo re-initiation. [Va 23.30]

Vasiṣṭha

पितृदेवताअतिथिपूजायाम् अपिएव पशुम्हिंस्यातिति मानवम् ॥5 मधुपर्के च यज्ञे च पितृदैवतकर्मणि ॥6 अत्रएव च पशुम्हिंस्यात्नअन्यथाइतिअब्रवीत्मनुः ॥6 नअकृत्वा प्राणिनाम्हिंसाम्मांसम् उत्पद्यते क्वचित् ॥7 न च प्राणिवधस्स्वर्ग्यः तस्मात्यागे वधसवधः ॥7 अथअपि ब्राह्मणाय वा राजन्याय वाअभ्यागताय महाउक्षाणम्वा महाअजम्वा पचेतेवम् अस्मैआतिथ्यम्कुर्वन्तिइति ॥8

5 The treatise of Manu states: "An animal may be killed only on the occasion of paying homage to ancestors, gods, or guests." 6 When offering the honey mixture, at a sacrifice, and during rites for ancestors and gods-only on these occasions, Manu has declared, should an animal be killed. 7 Without killing a living creature you can never obtain meat; and killing living creatures does not get you to heaven. Killing an animal at a sacrifice, therefore, is not a killing. 8 "He should, moreover, cook a big ox or a big male goat for a Brahmin, for a Kṣatriya, or for a visitor. In this way they show him hospitality". [Va 4.5–8].

Baudhāyana

अथ शालीनयायावराणाम् आत्मयाजिनां प्राणआहुतीर्व्याख्यास्यामः ॥1 सर्वअवश्यकअवसाने संमृष्टौपलिप्ते देशे प्राङ्मुखौपविश्य तद् भूतम् आह्रियमाणम् भूर् भुवः सुवर् ओं इति उपस्थाय वाचं यच्छेत् ॥2 न्यस्तम् अन्नं महाव्याहृतिभिः प्रदक्षिणम् उदकं परिषिच्यसव्येन पाणिनाअविमुञ्चन् अमृतौपस्तरणम् असिइति पुरस्ताद् अपःपीत्वा पञ्चअन्नेन प्राणआहुतीर् जुहोति प्राणे निविष्टोअमृतंजुहोमि शिवो मा विशअप्रदाहाय प्राणाय स्वाहा अपानेनिविष्टोअमृतं जुहोमि शिवो मा विशअप्रदाहाय अपानाय स्वाहा व्याने निविष्टोअमृतं जुहोमि शिवो मा विशअप्रदाहाय व्यानायस्वाहा उदाने निविष्टोअमृतं जुहोमि शिवो मा विशअप्रदाहाय उदानाय स्वाहा समाने निविष्टोअमृतं जुहोमि शिवो माविशअप्रदाहाय समानाय स्वाहाइति ॥3 पञ्चअन्नेन प्राणआहुतीर् हुत्वा तूष्णीं भूयो व्रतयेत्प्रजापतिं मनसा ध्यायन् नअन्तरा वाचं विसृजेत् ॥4 यद्य् अन्तरा वाचं विसृजेत् भूर् भुवः सुवर् ओमिति जपित्वा पुनर् एव भुञ्जीत ॥5 त्वक्केशनखकीटआखुपुरीषाणि दृष्ट्वा तं देशं पिण्डमुद्धृत्यअद्भिर् अभ्युक्ष्य भस्मअवकीर्य पुनर् अद्भिः प्रोक्ष्य वाचाच प्रशस्तम् उपयुञ्जीत ॥6 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥7 आसीनः प्राङ्मुखोअश्नीयाद् वाग्यतोअन्नम् अकुत्सयन् ॥7 अस्कन्दयंः तन्मनाश् च भुक्त्वा चअग्निम् उपस्पृशेद् इति ॥7 सर्वभक्ष्यअपूपकन्दमूलफलमांसानि दन्तैर् नअवद्येत् ॥8 नअतिसुहितः ॥9 अमृतअपिधानम् असिइति उपरिष्टाद् अपः पीत्वाआचान्तोहृदयदेशम् अभिमृशति प्राणानां ग्रन्थिर् असि रुद्रो माविशअन्तकः तेनअन्नेनआप्यायस्वैति ॥10 पुनर् आचम्य दक्षिणे पादअङ्गुष्ठे पाणी निस्रावयति ॥11 अङ्गुष्ठमात्रः पुरुषोअङ्गुष्ठं च समाश्रितः ॥11 ईशः सर्वस्य जगतः प्रभुः प्रीणाति विश्वभुक् इति ॥11 हुतअनुमन्त्रणम् ऊर्ध्वहस्तः समाचरेत् श्रद्धायांप्राणे निविश्यअमृतं हुतम् प्राणम् अन्नेनआप्यायस्व श्रद्धायामपाने निविश्यअमृतं हुतम् प्राणम् अन्नेनआप्यायस्व श्रद्धायांव्याने निविश्यअमृतं हुतम् प्राणम् अन्नेनआप्यायस्व श्रद्धायामुदाने निविश्यअमृतं हुतम् प्राणम् अन्नेनआप्यायस्व श्रद्धायांसमाने निविश्यअमृतं हुतम् प्राणम् अन्नेनआप्यायस्वैति पञ्चभिः ॥12 ब्रह्मणि म आत्माअमृतत्वायैति ॥13 अक्षरेण चआत्मानं योजयेत् ॥14 सर्वक्रतुयाजिनाम् आत्मयाजी विशिष्यते ॥15 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥16 यथा हि तूलम् ऐषीकम् अग्नौ प्रोतं प्रदीप्यते ॥1 तद्वत् सर्वाणि पापानि दह्यन्ते ह्य् आत्मयाजिनः ॥1 केवलअघो भवति केवलआदी मोघम् अन्नं विन्दतेअप्रचेता इति ॥2 स एवम् एवअहरहः सायं प्रातर् जुहुयात् ॥3 अद्भिर् वा सायम् ॥4 गृहस्थो ब्रह्मचारी वा योअनश्नंः तु तपश् चरेत् ॥9 प्राणअग्निहोत्रलोपेन अवकीर्णी भवेत् तु सः ॥9

1 Next, we will describe the fire offerings to the vital breaths performed by men who offer sacrifices in their selves, the Salinas and the Yayavaras. 2 When he has finished all his daily obligations, he should sit facing the east on a place that has been swept and smeared with cowdung; worship the food as it is being brought, saying: "Earth, Atmosphere, Sky, OM!"; and thereafter remain silent. 3 When the food is placed before him, he should sprinkle water over it clockwise, reciting the Great Calls. While continuing to hold the vessel in his left hand, he drinks some water prior to the meal, saying: "You are an underlayer for the Immortal!"; and makes five offerings of food to the vital breaths, saying: Established in the out-breath, I offer the Immortal. Enter me kindly, so as not to burn me. To the out-breath, Svaha! Established in the in-breath, I offer the Immortal. Enter me kindly, so as not to burn me. To the in-breath, Svaha! Established in the inter-breath, I offer the Immortal. Enter me kindly, so as not to burn me. To the inter-breath, Svaha! Established in the up-breath, I offer the Immortal. Enter me kindly, so as not to burn me. To the up-breath, Svaha! Established in the link-breath, I offer the Immortal. Enter me kindly, so as not to burn me. To the link-breath, Svaha! 4 After making the five offerings of food to the vital breaths, he should complete the rest of his meal silently, reflecting in his mind on Prajapati. He should not speak during the meal. 5 If he happens to speak during the meal, he should say softly "Earth, Atmosphere, Sky, OM", and begin eating once again. 6 If he sees a piece of skin, hair, or nail, an insect, or mouse droppings, he should take out a lump from that place; sprinkle the food with water; scatter some ash over it; sprinkle it with water again; have it declared suitable; and then avail himself of it. 7 Now, they also quote: "Seated facing the east, he should eat the food in silence without disparaging it or scattering it on the ground and with his mind on the food. After eating, he should warm his hands over the fire." 8 He should not bite off with his teeth pieces from cakes, bulbs, roots, fruit, and meat, which are to be eaten whole. 9 He shall not eat until he is completely full. 10 After the meal he drinks some water, saying: "You are the overlayer of the Immortal"; sips some water; and rubs some water over his heart, saying: "You are the bond of the vital breaths. You are Rudra. You are Death. Enter me. May you wax strong through this food", 11 He then sips water again and lets drops of water from both his hands fall on the big toe of his right foot, as he recites: "The Man the size of a thumb dwells in the thumb as the lord of all, the sovereign of the world, and the enjoyer of the universe—may he be pleased." 12 He should perform the consecration of the food that has been offered with his arms raised, reciting these five formulas: "Having established myself in the out-breath, in faith I have offered the Immortal. May my out-breath wax strong through this food. Having established myself in the in-breath, in faith I have offered the Immortal. May my in-breath wax strong through this food. Having established myself in the inter-breath, in faith I have offered the Immortal. May my inter-breath wax strong through this food. Having established myself in the up-breath, in faith I have offered the Immortal. May my up-breath wax strong through this food. Having established myself in the link-breath, in faith I have offered the Immortal. May my link-breath wax strong through this food." 13 Let him then recite, "May my self become fit for immortality in Brahman", 14 and focus his mind on his self while reciting the syllable OM. 15 A man who offers sacrifices to his self far surpasses people who perform all the various kinds of sacrifices. 16 Now, they also quote: 1 "As the tip of a reed stuck in a fire goes up in flames, so indeed do all his sins burn up when a man offers sacrifices to his self. 2 A man who eats alone reaps evil alone; in vain does the foolish man procure his food." 3 In this manner let him offer every day morning and evening, 4 or he may offer just water in the evening. ... 9 "When a householder or a student practices austerity by not eating, however, by his failure to perform the offering to the vital breaths, he becomes equal to a student who has broken his vow of chastity." [B 2.12.1–16; 2.13.1–4, 9]