2. Volume 4 — part 2

rdis, had come there and were shut up in Et6.wa. The siege was carried on against them for four months, but at last they gave tribute and four elephants, on account of Gwalior, and so made peace. In the month of Shawwal, Ikbal Khdn proceeded from Etawa to Kanauj, and fought against Sultan [Mahmud], but the place was strong, and he could not take it, so he returned to Dehli disappointed.

In the month of Muharram, 808 H. (July, 1405 a.d.), Ikbdl Khan marched against Saindna. Bahram Khan Turk-bacha,'^ who had fought against his nephew the son of Sarang Khan,^ fled through fear to the mountains of Badhnor.^ Ikbal Khan proceeded to the town of Arubar* in these mountains, and there halted. Finally, Makhdum-z4da Shaikh 'Alamu-d din, grand- son of Hazrat Saiyid Jalal Bukhdri, interposed, and relying upon him, Bahram Khan came to Ikbal Khan, and had an interview. From thence Ikbal Khdn marched towards Multdn. When he reached Talwandi, Rdi Kam41u-d din arrived. Here he seized Bahram Khan, Eai Ddud Kamdl Main, and Eai Himu [son of] Khul Chain Bhatti.^ On the third he flayed Bahrdm K!han, and securing the others, he carried them with him. When he reached the banks of the Dahanda, near the hhitta of Ajodhan, he was met by Khizr Khan and a large army. On the 19th Jumada-1 awwal, 808 h. (12th November, 1405), a battle was fought between them. At the first charge, Ikbal Khan was defeated, and fled. He was pursued, and his horse fell upon him and wounded him, so that he could not escape. He was killed, and his head was cut off and sent to Fathpur.

Daulat Khdn, Ikhtiyar Khdn, and other amirs, sent a depu-

■ Firishta says he was one of the " Khdna-zddon i Firozshdhl," or sou of one of Ffroz Shah's Turki slaves.

'' The TabaMt-i Akbari, Bad&iini and Firishta, all agree in saying, more simply and intelligihly, "who had fought against S&rang Khin."

3 "Halhor" and "Hadoz"in the MS., "Dahor" in Firishta. "Badhnor" is from the TahaMt-i ATebari.

' The TahaMt-i Akbari agrees essentially, but Firishta says, " E4f Ditid, Kamil Bhatti, and E&i Habbri, son of E&f Eati."

tation to Sultan Mahmud, urging hini to take the government. In the month Jumada-1 4khir, the Sultan left Kanauj with a small force, and proceeded to the capital,' where he assumed the sovereignty. The family and dependents of Ikbdl Khan were removed from Dehli, and sent into the khitta of Kol. Daulat Khdn was made faujddr of the Doab ; and Ikhtiydr Khan received the gift of the palace of Ffrozdbdd. Iklim Khdn Bahadur Ndhir brought two elephants as an offering, and joined the Sultan. In the month of Jumada-1 awwal, 809 h. (October, 1406), the Sultan went to Kanauj, and Daulat Khan was sent with an army to Samdna. As the Sultan approached Kanauj, Sultan Ibrahim threatened the city, and crossing the Ganges, sat down against it. But after a time he retired to Jaunpur, and the Sultan returned to Dehli. As he proceeded homewards, his army dispersed; the men going off to their respective fiefs (ikid's). Ibrahim Shah (heard of the Sultan's retreat) as he was journeying homewards, and immediately returned to Kanauj, and there besieged Mahmud Tarmati, who had been left in command by Sultdn Mahmud. He held out for four months, but when no one came to the rescue, he of necessity surrendered. The fief of Kanauj was then given to Ikhtiyar Khan, grandson of Malik Y4r Khdn Kampila.

Having passed the rainy season in Kanauj, he (Ibrdhim Shah) marched against Dehli in the month of Juraada-1 awwal, 810 h. (October, 1407). Nusrat Khan G-urg-anddz, Tatar Khan son of Sdrang Khdn, and Malik Marhaba ghuldm of Ikbal Khdn, deserted Sultdn Mahmud, and joined Ibrahim Shdh. Asad Kh4n Lodi was besieged (by Ibrahim Shdh) in the fort of Sambhal. On the second day he surrendered, and the fort was given by Ibrahim to Tatdr Sh4h. From thence Ibrahim Shdh marched towards Dehli, intending to cross the Jumna at the ford of Kicha. But intelligence was brought to him that Zafar Khan had conquered the territory of Dhar, and having made Alp Khdn, son of Dildwar Khdn, prisoner, he intended to proceed to Jaunpur. Starting from the ford of Kichar, he (Ibrdhim Shah)

returned by regular marches to Jaunpur, leaving MarhabA Khan with a small force in the fort of Baran. In the month of Zi-1 ka'da, Sult4n Mahmud marched from Dehli against Baran. Marhaba Kh^n came forth to meet him, and a battle followed, in which the KhAn was worsted and driven into the fort. The Sultan's men pursued, and entering the fort they killed Marhabd Khdn. The Sultdn then proceeded to Sambhal, but before he came to the banks of the Ganges, Tdtar Khan evacuated the fort and went off to Kanauj. The Sultan left the place in charge of Asad Khan, and returned to Dehli.

Daulat Khan Lodf had been sent against Sdmana, which, after the murder of Bahram Khan Turk-bacha, had been taken possession of by Bairam Khan. On the 11th Eajab, 809,' a battle was fought between them about two kos from Saindna, and Daulat Khan was victorious. Bairam Khan fled to Sirhind, but after a time, Daulat Khdn forgave him and patronized him. Bairam Khdn had previously made an engage- ment with Khizr Khan, and had promised to serve him, so when Khizr Khan heard of the capture of Sdmdna, he proceeded with a strong force against Daulat Kh4n. On his reaching Fath&bad, Daulat Kh^n fled across the Jumna, and all the amirs and maliks who had been connected with him joined Khizr Kh4n. He confided the shikk of His4r Firozah to Kiw4m Khan, and the fiefs of S4mana and Sannam were taken from Bairam Khan and granted to Zirak Khan, the fief of Sirhind and some other parganas were given to Bairam Khdn, and Khizr Khdn then returned to Fathpilr. Baydna, the Doab, and the fief of Ruhtak, were all that now remained in the possession of Sultan Mahmud.

In the month of Rajab, 811 H. (December, 1408), SultAn Mahmud went to Hisar Firozah, and besieged Kiwdm Khan in the fort. After some days Kiwdtn Kh4n made proposals of

' The TabaJcdt-i Akhari confirms this date, but Firishta makes it 810, whicli seems to be the more correct.

peace, and sent his son to the Sultan with tribute. The Sultan tben returned through Dhatrath to Dehli. Khizr Kh4n, when he heard of this, marched quickly to Fathabad and chastised the people who had joined the Sultan. On the 11th Eamazan, he (Khizr Khdn) sent Maliku-sh Shark Malik Tuhfa with a strong force to attack Dhatrath, and Fath Khan fled with his household into the Dokh. Many of the people who remained there were plundered and made prisoners. Khizr ,Kh4n pro- ceeded through Euhtak to Dehli, and besieged it ; Sultan Mahmud being in the fort of Siri, and Ikhtiyar Khan in the palace of Firoz^bad. A scarcity of forage ensued, and Khizr Khan withdrew across the Jumna into the Doab, but meeting with resistance there, he r6-crossed the river and marched to Fathpur.

In the year 812 h. (1409 a.d,), Bairam Kh4n Turk-bacha turned against Khizr Kh4n, and joined himself to Daulat Khdn. On hearing of this defection, Khizr Khan proceeded to Sirhind. Bairam Kh4u sent his family into the mountains, and proceeded himself with his forces to join Daulat Khdn at the ford of the Jumna. Khizr Khdu pursued him, and halted on the bank of the river. Bairam Khan having no hope of escape, felt himself vanquished and helpless, so he went [and submitted] to Khizr Khdn, who restored to him his parganas. Khizr Khan then returned to Fathpur. During this year the Sultdn remained in the capital, and made no excursion.

In the year 81-3 H. (1410 a.d.), Kliizr Kh4n marched to Ruhtak, and besieged Idris Kh4n in the fort. The war went on for six months, but at length being reduced to extremity, Idrls Khdn sent out a large sum of money as tribute, and his son as a hostage, and so making peace, he bound himself by engagements to Khizr Khan. After this Khizr Khan returned through Samdua to Fathpur. ■ Sultan Mahmud went to Katehr, and after hunting there, returned to the capital. The whole business of the State was fallen into the greatest disorder. The Sultdn gave no heed to the duties of his station, and had no

care for the permanency of the throne ; his whole time was devoted to pleasure and debauchery.

In 814 H. (1411 A.D.), Khizr Khkn proceeded to Euhtak. Malik Idris and Malik Mubariz Khan his brother, received the khitta of Hansi, and were honoured by being allowed to kiss the feet."- They received many other favours. After this Khizr Khan plundered the town of Narnaul, which was in the posses- sion of Iklim Khan and Bahadur Nahir. Then he went to Mewat, and plundered the towns of Tajarah, Sarath, and Khai'ol, and having pillaged other places in Mewdt, he returned, and proceed- ing to Dehli, he invested the fort of Siri. Sultan Mahmud was in the fort, and Ikhtiyar Kh^n held the palace of Firoz4b4d for him. The contest went on till Ikhtiyar Kh4n joined Khizr Kh4n, who then removed from before Siri, and took possession of the fort of Firozabdd. Thus he became master of the fiefs of the Do^b, and of the neighbourhood of the capital.

As grain and forage were scarce, in Muharrara, 815 h. (April, 1412 A.D.), he proceeded by Panipat to Firozpur. In Jumada-1 awwal, Sultdn Mahmud went to Katehr, aud after spending some days there hunting, he returned to Dehli. On his way home he was seized with illness in the month of Rajab,^ and died. He reigned, through all these many vicissitudes and misfortunes, twenty years and two months.

After the death of the Sultan, the amirs and maliks, and royal servants, pledged their faith to Daulat Khan. .Mub4riz Khan and Malik Idris abandoned Khizr Kh4n, and went over to Daulat Khan. During this year, Khizr Khan remained in Fathpur, and did not go to Dehli.

In Muharrara, 816 h. (April, 1413), Daulat Kh4n went to Katehr, where Ral Har Singh and other rdis came to wait upon him. When he reached Pattlali, Muhabat Kh4n, amir of Badaun, joined him. Intelligence was now brought that Sultan Ibrahim was besieging Kadir Khdn, son of Sultdn

1 This shows that Khizr Kh^n had assumed regal state. ^ The other authorities agree in saying Zi-1 ka'da.

Mahmud Khan [in Kalpi],i but Daulat Khan had not sufficient forces to attempt to relieve him. In Jum4da-1 awwal, Khizr Kh4n led his forces out of Dehli, and when he went to Hisar Firozah, all the amirs and maliks of that country gathered round him. Siege was laid to the fort of Ruhtak, in which Idris Kh^n was living, and Khizr Kh4n passing near, went into Mew4t. Jalal Khdn, nephew of Iklim Khan Bahddur Nahir, came to wait upon him. Turning hack from thence, he went into Sambhal, and laid the country waste. In the month Zi-1 hijja he pro- ceeded to Dehli, and posted himself in front of the gate of Siri. At length Malik Lona and some partisans of Khizr Khan in the city conspired together, and [gave him such assistance that] he obtained possession of the gate of the naiibat-khdnah. When Daulat Khan saw that his position was desperate, he begged for quarter. Khizr Kh4n gave him an interview, and then consigning him to the charge of Kiwdm Khdn, he sent him to the fort of Hisar Firozah. Khizr Kh4n thus obtained possession of Dehli on the 8th E.abi'u-1 awwal, 817 h. (23rd May, 1414 a.d.)

Khizr Khan was the son of Maliku-sh Shark Malik Sulaiman,

2 The title of Sultan or Bddshdh is not given to Khizr KhS,n. He wielded the sovereign power, but he professed and wished to be considered the vicegerent of Tim\ir, whose favour he had gained by politic submission while that conqueror was in India. To compensate for the want of the regal style, some curious titles are given to him, indicative of his fealty to TImdr. In the heading of this chapter the words Bandagi rdydt-i 'all, " service of the exalted (or imperial) standards," are prefixed to his name. In other passages, especially before his attaining the throne, he is entitled Masnad-i 'ali, " the exalted throne." The Taiakdt-i Akbari styles him Mdydt-i 'all, " exalted standards." Badiiflnl prefers the Masnad-i 'ali. Firishta does not employ these expressions, but calls him simply " Saiyid Khizr Khka." The TaiaJedt-i Akbari gives the following explanation, which is quoted by Firishta. " Although he (Khizr Khta) acquired the dignity of sovereign and the powers of ruler, he professed himself subordinate to TimiSr. He would not allow himself to be called Bddshdh (king), but was addressed as Sdydt-i 'ali. At the beginning of his reign, the name of Timiir was employed in the coins and in the khutba ; afterwards the name of ShS,h Rukh was used • but at length Khizr Khin's name was introduced in the khutba, and prayers were offered for him." Firishta adds, that for several years he sent appropriate tribute to Shih Rukh. As to the coins, see Thomas's " Path&n Kings," p. 328.

who was adopted in childhood, and brought up by MaHk Nasiru-l Mulk Mard^n Daulat.^ Historians record that he was by descent a saiyid. The chief of the saiyids, Jaldlu-d din Bokhari, once honoured the house of Malik Mardan with a visit, and when food was spread before his guest, MaUk Marddn ordered Sulaiman to wash the great saiyid's hands. The saiyid said, " This is a saiyid, and is unfit for such work as this." As the great chief of the saiyids thus testified to Sulaiman being a saiyid, there can be no doubt that he was one. Another proof of his being a saiyid is, that he was generous, brave, merciful, considerate, true to his word, and kind: these are all virtues which were conspicuous in the Prophet, and wetre manifest in him.

When Malik Mardin died, Malik Shaikh his son obtained the fief of Multan, but he died soon after, and Malik Sulaiman succeeded him. He likewise soon afterwards died, and Khizr Khan then obtained Multdn, with all its dependencies, from Sultdn Firoz Shdh. God Almighty had chosen him for great work and a high station, and his dignity increased daily. The events of his campaigns and victories, before he accomplished the conquest of Dehli, have already been related. On the 15th Eabi'u-1 awwal, 817 (30th May, 1414 a.d.), he entered the fort of Siri, and posted his army in the palace of Sultan Mahmtid. The people of the city, by force of late events, had become impoverished and needy, so he settled allowances and made provision for them. By this kindness, they were all made easy and happy. He gave to Maliku-sh Shark Malik Tuhfa the title of Taju-1 Mulk, and made him wazir. To Saiyid Salim, chief of the saiyids, he gave the ikia and shikk of Saharanpiir, and all affairs were set in order. He gave to Malik 'Abdu-r Rahim, adopted son of the late Malik Sulaiman, the title of

^ The TahaMt-i Alcbari, Bad-iCiiil, and Firishta all agree that Malik SulaimS.n was the adopted son of Nasiru-l Mulk, and the coutext of our MS. accords. The actual wording of this passage, however, makes Khizr Kh&n to be the adopted son of Mardan, an evident error, which one little word in the text would rectify, and which has been admitted in the translation.

'Alau-1 Mulk, and he confided to him the ildd* and shikh of Mult&n and Fathpur. He made Malik Sarwar governor {shahna) of the capital, and his locum tenens when he was himself absent. Malik Khairu-d din was made 'driz-i mamdlik (muster-master), Malik Kdlu keeper of the elephants, Malik Daud became secre- tary [dahir). Ikhtiyar Kh&,n was appointed to the shilik of the Doab. The State officials were confirmed in ^^ parganas, villages, and xktd's, which they had held in the reign of Sultdn Mahmud, and were sent to look after them. Thus the afiairs of State were all properly arranged.

In the year 817 H. (1414 a.d.), Maliku-sh Shark Taju-1 Mulk was sent out with the army of Hindustan, while Khizr Khan himself remained in the capital. Taju-1 Mulk crossed the Jumna, and went to the town of Ahdr. Then he crossed the Granges into the country of Katehr, and chastised and plundered the infidels of that country. Eai Har Singh fled into the mountains of Anwala.i When the army of Islam closed in upon him, he was helpless, and paid taxes, money, and tribute {mahsul o mdl o khidmati). Muhdbat Khdn, amir of Baddun, came to wait upon Tdju-1 Mulk. After this interview, Taju-1 Mulk pursuing the course of the Rahab, he arrived at the ford of Sarg-dwari, and there crossed the Ganges. He chastised the infidels of Khur^ and Kambil (Kampila), and passing through the town of Sakina, he proceeded to Badham. Hasan Ehdn, amir of Rapri, and Malik Hamza his brother, came to wait upon him. The infidels of Grwalior, Seori, and Chandawdr,^ brought their money and taxes {mdl o mahsul), and bowed their necks to the yoke of obedience. He wrested Jalesar from the possession of the infidels of Chandawar, and gave it to the

1 MS. ts].j] "^- TabaMt-i Akiari ^ y\ ^^j; Bad&(itii ,il,jj J^i^-.

Firishta says simply the " kohistdn " (mountains). See note infra, p. 49.

2 " Now known as Shams&b&d." — TabaMt-i Akbm-i.

' Eipri, or EaprI, and Chandaw&r are on the Jumna, a few miles below Agra, in a country full of ravines, and well capable of being defended by a few men against thousands.— Elliot, edition of 1849, p. 192.

Musulmans, who had formerly held it. He left his own officers there. Then passing along the Black river, he chastised the infidels of Et^wa, and returned to the capital.

In the year 818 H. (1416 a.d.), Khizr Kh^n gave to his son, the exalted prince Maliku-sh Shark Malik Mubarak, who was worthy to be a king, the khittas of Firozpiir and Sirhind, and all the iktd's of the late Bairam Khdn. He gave him command over all the west country, and sent Malik Sadhu Nddira to act as his deputy. When all the affairs of that country were satisfactorily arranged, the prince returned with Malik Sadhu Nadira,, Zirak Khdn, amir of Samdna, and other amirs and malihs, to the capital.

In 819 H. (1416 A.D.), Khizr Khan sent Malik Taju-1 Mulk with a great army to Bayana and Grw41ior. When the Malik entered the country of Bayana, Malik Karimu-1 Mulk, brother of Shams Khan, gave him a grand reception. From thence he proceeded to Gwalior and plundered the country, and having seized the money and tribute of [the E.ai of] Gwdlior and other rdis} he passed the Jumna opposite Chandawar, and went towards Kampila and Pattiali. Rai Har Singh, the occupier of Katehr, was submissive, so after taking the revenue and tribute from him, the Malik returned to the capital. Malik Sadhu Ncidira had been sent to Sirhind as the representative of Prince Mubarak. In the month of Jumada-1 awwal, some Turk-bachas^ of the family of Bairam Khan treacherously got Sadhu into their power and murdered him. They then seized upon the fort of Sirhind. Khizr Khdn sent Malik Ddud, the dahir (secretary), and Zirak Khan, to put down these rebels. The Turk-bachas fled across the Satladar (Sutlej), and escaped to the mountains. Daiid pursued them thither, and for two months carried on operations in the hills. But their mountainous retreats were strong, and he was unable to subdue them, so he returned. While this was passing, intelligence arrived in the month of

' The Tabalidt-i Akbari says, " having taken the fixed tribute from the R&f of Gw&Uor." 2 ggg suprd, note 1, p. 40.

Rajab that Sultdn Ahmad of G-ujardt had laid siege to the fort of Ndgor. Khizr Khan marched thither, passing between Tonak and Todah, and when Sultdn Ahmad heard of his approach, he retreated towards Dhkr. Khizr Khan went to New city Jh4in {shahr-i nau Jhdin),^ and Ily4s Khdn, amir of Jhdin, had the honour of an interview. Having repressed the disturbances in that quarter, Khizr Khan returned to GrwaUor, and besieged the rdi in the fort. As the fort was very strong, he could "not take it, but he took money and revenue on account of Grwdlior, and then proceeded to the khitta of Bayana, where Shams Kh4n Auhadi (amir of Baydna) also paid money and tribute. After this he returned to Dehli.

In 820 H. (1417 a.d.), Tiighdn Rais and sundry other Turk- bachas, who had slain Malik Sadhu, broke out in rebellion, and Khizr Khdn sent Zirak Khdn, amir of Sam ana, with a strong force, to put them down. When he reached Samana, Tughdn, and the other Turk-bachas, who had besieged Malik Kamdl Badhan, representative of Khan-zada Mu'azzam, in the fort of Sirhind, went off to the mountains. Zirak Khan pursued them to the town of HiiU Here Tughan Rals consented to pay a fine. He expelled the Turk-bacha murderers of Malik Sadhti from his band, and gave his son as a hostage. Zirak Khan sent the youth and the money to Dehli, and himself returned to Samdna.

In 821 H. (1418 A.D.), Khizr Khdn sent Mahk Taju-1 Mulk with a numerous army to repress the rebellion of Har Singh, of Katehr.^ When this force crossed the Ganges, Har Singh laid

1 The Taiakdt-i Akbari says, " shahr-i nau-'arfis Jhain." Bad&unl has simply "Jah&han." Firishta says, "shahr-i nau, known as ' arua-i jahdn (bride of the world)," and his words show that he meant jahdn, and not JhMn, though he may have misunderstood the TahaMt-i Akiari. The title of "bride" was applied to a virgin fortress. See Yol. iii., p. 622.

2 This name is given as Bdil and Mail in the MS., and by the Taiakdt-i Akbari. Firishta says " PMl."

3 The Hindu name of the present province of Eohilkhand. At first the Muham- madan conquerors called all the country to the east of the Ganges Katehr, but subsequently, when Sambhal and Bad^iSn were made separate governments, the country beyond the Eamgang& only was called by that name. — Elliot, edition of 1849, p. 192.

waste the whole country of Katehr, and went into the jungle of Anwala, which borders that country for a distance of twenty-four kos. The army of Islam encamped near the jungle, and Har Singh being inclosed therein, had to fight. The royal forces were victorious, and all the furniture and baggage and arms and horses of the infidels fell into their hands. Har Singh fled towards the mountains of Kum^yun. On the following day about twenty thousand horse were sent in pursuit, whilst Taju-1 Mulk remained stationary with his army and baggage. The forces of Islam crossed the Rahab, and pursued the enemy into the mountains of Kumaytin. Har Singh pressed forward into the mountains, and on the fifth day the royal forces retired, after having secured great spoil. Tdju-1 Mulk then fell back, and passing near Badaiin, he crossed the Granges at the ford of Bajlana. Muhdbat KhS,n, amir of Badaun, there took leave of him, and he proceeded to Et4wa. He ravaged that district, and besieged E,4i Sarwar,^ who held it ; but the Eai offered money and tribute, and so secured peace. From thence Taju-1 Mulk returned in the month of Eabi'u-l akhir triumphant to Dehli. He there presented the money and tribute which he had brought to Khizr Khan, and was most graciously received.

In 822 H. (1419 a.d.), Khizr Khan marched against Katehr. First he chastised the rebels in the country of Kol, after that he scoured the jungles of the Eahab and of Sambhal, and over- threw the rebels. From thence he proceeded, in the month of Zi-1 ka'da, towards Baddun, and passed the Ganges near the town of Pattiali. When Muhdbat Khdn heard of this, his heart was struck with dismay, and he made preparations for standing a siege. In the month of Zi-1 hijja, Khizr Khan invested the fort, and carried on the siege for six months. He was just upon the point of capturing it, when he received in- formation that a conspiracy had been formed against him by some amirs and maliks of the late Mahmud Shah, who had

1 See sup7-d, pp. 22, 26. Our MS. still calls him " Sablr," and Firishta here names him " Sambir."

been overpowered by Daulat Khdn Among them were Kiwam Khdn and Ikhtiyar Khdn. As soon as this came to his knowledge, Khizr Khkn raised the siege of Badaun, and marched towards Dehli. On his march, by the banks of the Granges, on the 20th Jum4da-1 awwal, 822 h., having captured Kiwam Khan, Ikhtiyar Kh&n, and other officers of the late Sultan Mahmdd, he put them to death in punishment of their treason, and then repaired to Dehli.

Information was now given of an impostor who had assumed the name of Sarang Khan. It appeared that a man assuming the name of Strang Khdn'^ had appeared in the mountains of Bajwara,^ dependent on Jalaudhar, and had given himself out to be Sarang Khdn. Many foolish ignorant people [believed him, and he had assembled a party around him. Khizr Khan] ^ gave the iktd' of Sirhind to [Malik Sultan Sh^h] Lodi, and deputed him to repress the pretender. Malik Sultan Shah, in the month of Rajab, proceeded with his own forces to Sirhind. The pretender Sarang, with his rustic adherents, then sallied forth from Bajwdra, and when he approached the river Satladar (Sutlej), the people of Arubar (Rupar) also joined him. In the month of Sha'bdn, he came near to Sirhind, and a battle was fought. Malik Sultdn Shah Lodi obtained the victory, and the pretender was put to flight. He fled to the town of Tarsari,* one of the dependencies of Sirhind. Khwaja 'Ali Indarabi, amir of the town of Jhath, with his dependents, joined the pretender. Zirak Khan, amir of Sdmana, and Tughan, rais (chief) of the Turk-bachas of Jalandhar, came forward to strengthen Sultan Shdh. Sultdn Shah entered Sirhind, and the pretender Sarang then fled to Arubar (Rupar). Khwaja

1 "Who died in the time of Timor's invasion."— Firislita.

2 The TabaMt-i Akbari and Badiiini read "Bujwajra," but Firishta makes it " Machiw&ra."

3 There is an evident break in our MS. here, about a line being absent. The first two words are suggested by the context ; the others are taken from the Tabakdt-i A-lebarl.

^ The Tabakdt-i Akbari has " Lahori." Bad^iini and Firishta do not give the name.

'AH now deserted him, and joined Zirak Khan. Next day the royal army advanced to Arubar (Rupar), and there halted, the pretender having fled to the mountains. While this was passing Malik Khairu-d din Khani was also sent with a strong force against the pretender. In the month of Ramazan, he arrived at Arubar (Rupar), and there the forces united, and marched into the mountains in pursuit of the impostor. Sarang Khdn's followers were vanquished and helpless, but the moun- tains were not easy of conquest, so the (royal) forces retreated. Malik Khairu-d din proceeded to the capital, and Zirak Khan went to Samdna, leaving Sultan Shah Lodi with a force in possession of Arubar. So the royal army was dispersed.

In 823 H. (1420 a.d.), the pretended Strang Khan had a meeting with Tughan, chief of the Turk-bachas, when Tiighan treacherously got the impostor into his power, and made him prisoner. He afterwards killed him. Khizr Khan remained in the capital, but he sent Malik Taju-1 Mulk with an army against Etawa. This array marched through the town of Baran, and came into the country of Kol. After suppressing the rebels in that quarter, it advanced into Etawa, and there destroyed the village of Dehli, the strongest place in the possession of the infidels. From thence, it marched against Et4wa, and besieged Rai Sarwar,! who at length made peace, and paid his annual revenue and tribute. The army then proceeded to the country of Ohandawdr, which it plundered, and laid waste. It then marched into Katehr, where Rai Singh, the possessor of that country, paid further revenue and tribute. After that, T4ju-1 Mulk returned to the capital. In the month of Rajab, intelli- gence arrived that Tughan Rais had a second time broken out into rebellion, and was besieging the fort of Sirhind, and that he had overrun the country as far as Mansiirpur and Bail.^ Khizr Khan again sent Malik Khairu-d din with an army to over-

1 Still " Sabi'r " in the MS., and " Sarii " in the TahaUt-i Akhari. ''■ See note 2, supra, p. 49.

power him. He marched to S^m^na, and there united his forces to those of Majlis-i '6,11 Zirak Khan. They then went in search of the rebel, but he being informed of their approach, crossed the river Satladar (Sutlej), at the town of Ludhijdna, and con- fronted the royal army from' the other side of th« river. But the waters were low, and the royal forces crossed. Tughan then fled into the country of Jasrath Ehokhar. His fief (iktci') was given to Zirak Khdn, and Malik Khairu-d din returned to Dehli. In 824 H. (1421 A.d.), Khizr Kh^n marched to Mewat. Some of the Mewarttis joined him, and the others were besieged in the fortress of Eiitila [belonging to] Bahadur Nahir. Ehizr Khdn sat down against the fort, and the Mewat tis sallied forth to fight ; but they were quickly defeated, the fort was taken, and they fled to the mountains. After destroying the fort of Kutila, Khizr Xhan marched towards Gwalior. On the 7th Muharram, 824 h. (13th January, 1421 a.d.), Malik Taju-1 Mulk died, and the office of icazir was given to his eldest son, Maliku-sh Shark Malik Sikandar. When Khizr Khdn arrived in Gwalior, his forces invested the fort, and overran the country. After realizing money and tribute, he proceeded to Etawa. Rai Sarwar of Etawa was dead, and his son being unable to make resistance, paid his revenue and tribute money. Khizr Khan was now taken ill, and returned to Dehli. On the 17th Jumada-I awwal, 824 h. (15th May, 1421 a.d.), after reaching the city, he died, and God in his mercy took him.

SuUdn-t 'azam wa Eliuddigdn-i mu'azzam Mu'izzu-d dunyd

wau-d din Mubarak Shah} Khizr Khan, three days before his death, nominated his excel- lent and worthy son as his heir-apparent. On the 19th Jum4da-I awwal, 824, with the approval of the amirs and maliks,^ Mubdrak

1 Mubirak Shah, like Hs father, is in this work rarely oaUed SuMn. He is com- monly spokea of as Kkuddwand Jahdn-pandh, " the Lord, the asylum of the world."

3 Briggs (Firishta, i., 512) sees in this a proof of the increased power of the aristocracy ; but the same terms have been used in describing the accession of many of Mubirak Shih's predecessors, and so no inference can be drawn from them.

Shah took his seat upon the throne. Khizr Khan being dead, the people in general renewed their vows of allegiance to his throne. The amirs and maliks, the imams, saiyids, and kdzis, and every one else who held appointments and emoluments in the late reign, were confirmed in their ikta's, parganas, villages (dih), parcels of ground Qcati'), and allotments {mahdiid), by the new sovereign. He even increased them of his own accord. The fiefs of the shilik of His&r Firozah and of Hdnsi were taken from Malik Rajab Nadir and given to Maliku-sh Shark Malik Badah, the Sultan's nephew. Malik Rajab received the fief of the shikk of Dibalptir. News now arrived of the rebellion of Jasrath Shaikha Khokhar and Tugh^n Rais.

The cause of this outbreak was, that in 823 h. (1420 a.D.), Sultan 'All, King of Kashmir, led his army into the country of Thatta, but as he returned, he was encountered by Jasrath Khokhar. The Shah's army was scattered, part being still in Thatta, and part having come out. Incapable of sustaining the attack, it broke and fled. Shdh 'All himself fell a prisoner into the hands of Jasrath, and all his baggage and stores were plun- dered. Jasrath Khokhar was an imprudent rustic. Intoxicated ■with victory, and elated with the strength of his forces, he began to have visions about Dehli. When he heard of the death of Khizr Khan, he passed the rivers Biyah and Satladar (Sutlej), with a body of horse and foot, and attacked R4I Kamalu-d din Main, at Talwandi. Rai Firoz fled before him towards the desert. Jasrath next plundered the country, from the town of Ludhiy^na to the neighbourhood of Arubar (Rupar), on the Sutlej. Some days after, he re-crossed the river, and proceeded to Jdlandhar. ZIrak Kh4n withdrew into the fort, and Jasrath Khokhar pitched his camp three kos from the town, on the bank of the Beni. Negociations went on between them, and terms of capitulation were agreed upon by both parties. The fort was to be evacuated and given into the charge of TughAn. Majlis-i 'all Zirak Khan was to take a son of Tugh4n to wait upon the Sultdn, and Jasrath was to send tribute, and return home. On

the 2n(i Jumdda-l dkhir, Zirak Kh4n came out of the fort of Jalandhar, and was conducted to Jasrath Khokhar, who was drawn up ready to receive him with his whole force. When Jasrath saw Zirak Kh4n in his power, he forgot his promise, and carefully guarding him, carried him off a prisoner over the Sutlej, to the town of Ludhiy^na. From thence he marched on the 20th Jumdda-l akhir, to Sirhind, where he arrived in the middle of the rainy season. Malik Sultan Shah Lodi took refuge in the fort, and although Jasrath made great exertions, God guarded the fortress, and Jasrath failed to take it. When Malik Sultan Shah's appeals for assistance reached the ears of the Sultan, he, notwithstanding the rains, marched out of the city in the month of Eajab, and proceeded towards Sirhind. He reached the town of Kohila, in the neighbourhood of Sdmana, and Jasrath hearing of his approach, raised the siege of Sirhind, on the 27th Rajab, and retreated to Ludhiyana. He released Majlis-i 'ali Zirak Kh4n,i who then returned to Sdmdna, and joined his sovereign. The royal army then ad- vanced to Ludhiyana, and Jasrath Khokhar crossed to the other side of the river, where he encamped in full view of the Sultan's forces. He had got possession of all the boats, so the royal army was unable to pass. For nearly forty days they thus remained posted in sight of each other, until Can opus rose and the waters fell. The Sultan then retired to Kabulpiir, and Jasrath Khokhar, keeping to the bank of the river, made a similar movement. On the 11th Shaww41, the kino; sent Sikan- dar Tuhfa, Majlis-i 'all Zirak Kh4n, Maliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan, Malik Kalu, and several other amirs, with a strong force and six elephants, to cross the river higher up at Rupar. Early in the morning they crossed the river by a ford. On the same day, the king himself marched to the place where they had crossed. Jasrath Khokhar also, still holding to the bank of the river, advanced by a parallel march; but when he

1 Bad&,tini agrees that he was released, but Firishta says he escaped. The Tabakdt-i Akbari simply says he joined the Sultia.

heard that some forces had crossed the river, he was alarmed, and took up a position four kos distant from the ford. The Sultdn then passed with his whole army, and hastened to meet him. As soon as the royal forces came in sight, the rebels fled without fighting, leaving all their baggage behind. The royal forces pursued, and many horse and foot men were killed. Jasrath fled hastily with some light-horse, to the town of Jalandhar, and on the second day he crossed the Biydh. When the royal army reached the Biydh, he made off to the Ravi. The Sultdn crossed the Biy4h at the foot of the hills, and reached the Ravi, near the town of Bhowa. He continued his pursuit across the river, and Jasrath then went over the J4nh4va,i and proceeded to Tekhar,^ in the hills. Rai Bhim, the chief of Jammii, was honoured in an interview with the Sultdn, and he then undertook to act as guide. He crossed the Jdnhdva, and conducted the royal army to Tekhar, which was his [Jasrath Khokhar's] ^ strongest place. They destroyed the place, and made many of those who had there sought refuge prisoners. The royal army then retired victorious towards Labor.

In Muharram, 825 H. (December, 1421), the Sultan entered the ruined city of Labor,* in which no living thing except the owl of ill omen had its abode. After a while the Sultan turned his attention to the restoration of the city, and under his royal favour building was recommenced. He stayed there encamped by the side of the Ravi for nearly a month, engaged in repairing the fort and the gates. When this work was completed, he gave the fief of Lihor to Maliku-sh Shark Malik Mahmud Hasan. He gave him also two thousand horse, and having made pre-

' So in the text : Bad&fini haa " Chhinio." The Chin&h is meant. See vol. iii., p. 313.

" So in the text : The Tahakdt-i AkhariTaas " Thankar," and Bad^iini, " Talhar." Firishta says, " Beesul," hnt Bissdli is on the R&vi.

' He calls it shahr-i maimun, " the happy city " — rather at variance with his description of it.

paration for the maintenance of this force and of the fort, he left them in his charge, and then returned to Dehli. In Jum^da-1 akhir of this same year, Jasrath Shaikha crossed the rivers Janhava and Ravi with a large force of horse and foot, and proceeded to Lahor.^ He pitched his camp near the place (tomb) of the Shaikhu-1 Mashaikh Shaikh Hasan Zanjanl. On the 11th Jum4da-1 dkhir, an engagement was fought in the mud fort {hisdr-i khdm), and by Grod's grace Jasrath was repulsed. The royal forces came out of the fort in pursuit, but did not advance very far, so that the opposing forces maintained their respective positions. On the next day Jasrath held his ground, but on the following day he went down the Ravi. There having assembled the wise men i^ulamd), he, on. the 17th of the month, fell back one kos from Labor. On the 21st he returned and again attacked the fort, but the arms of Isldm were once more victorious. The assailants were driven back and pursued, and Jasrath returned to his army. In this way for a month and five days fighting went on outside the fort, but at length Jasrath was compelled to retreat towards K414nor. Rai Bhim had come into the fort of Kalanor, with the object of rendering assistance to the royal forces. He had (already) excited the enmity of Jasrath, and when the latter approached, constant fighting went on, but neither party could prevail. So the strife continued; but subsequently, in the month of Ramazan, they made peace. Jasrath then went towards the Ravi, and there he gathered together all the people of the territory of the Khokhars who were in alliance with him. Sikandar Tuhfa now arrived at the ford of Buhi with a large force to support Malik Mahmud Hasan, who had been sent by the Sultan against Jasrath. Unable to resist these forces, Jasrath fled across the E^vi and Jdnhava with his followers, and proceeded to Tekhar.^ Maliku- sh Shark crossed the Biyah at the ford of Btihi, and on the 12th

1 " Shahr-i maimun Mubdrak-dhdd." The name of its restorer had thus been given to the " happy city." * Here called Telhar.

Shaww41, he arrived at L4hor. Malik Mahmud Hasan came three kos out of the fort to meet him.

Previous to this, Malik Eajab, amir of Dib41pur, Malik S.ultdn Shah Lodi, amir of Sirhind, and E4i Firoz Main joined Malik Sikandar. The army (of Sikandar Tuhfa) marched along the Edvi, and crossed that river between Kdldnor and the town of Bhoh. On reaching the confines of Jammu,^ they were joined by E,ai Bhim. After this, some Khokhars who had separated from Jasrath, at the river of Janhava, were defeated, and the army returned to Labor. His Majesty now gave orders that Maliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan should go to the fief of Jalandhar, and having got ready (his followers), should return and join him. Malik Sikandar was placed in charge of Ldhor, and in obedience to the royal order, he proceeded with his army into the fort. His Majesty having recalled Mahmud and the other amirs, removed Malik Sikandar from the oflice of wazir, and appointed as his successor Maliku-sh Shark Sarwar, then governor of the city. The son of the latter succeeded him in the office of governor.

In the year 826 h. (1423 a.d.). His Majesty made ready his army, and determined to march towards Hindustan. In the month of Muharram he entered the territory of Katehr, and collected the revenue and taxes [mdl o maJisiil). At this time Muhabat Khan, who had felt himself in danger from the Sultan's father Khizr Khan, was admitted to an interview and forgiven. From thence, the Sultan crossed the Ganges, and attacked the country of the E4htors, putting many of the infidels to the sword. He remained for some days encamped on the Oanges, and then he left Malik Mubdraz, Zirak Khan, and Kam4l Khan with a detachment in the fort of Kampila, to put down any outbreak of the Rahtors. The son of Rai Sarwar, who had joined His Majesty, and had followed in his retinue, now took alarm and went off. Maliku-sh Shark Khairu-d din Khdn was sent in pursuit of him with a strong force, but could not

come up with him. He, howe,ver, plundered his country, and descended upon Etawa. The Sultan also marched and joined Khairu-d din in Etawa, when the infidel ruler of that country shut himself up in his fort. But he was unable to hold out, and so this son of E.ai Sarwar made his submission, and paid the revenue and tribute which was owing. His Majesty then returned victorious to Dehli, where he arrived in Jumada-1 akhir, 826 h. Malik Mahmiid Hasan came in with a large body of followers from his fief of J^landhar to wait upon the Sultan, and was received with great distinction. The ofiice of 'driz-i mamdlik was taken from Malik Khairu-d din Khani and given to Mahmud Hasan. This worthy and righteous man was a faithful servant of the Sultan ; he applied himself diligently to business, and his dignity daily increased. In Jumada-1 awwal of this same year, there was fighting between Jasrath Shaikha and E.ai Bhim. The rdi, was killed, and the greater portion of his horses and arms fell into the hands of Jasrath. On ascer- taining the death of Hki Bhim, Jasrath united a small army of Mughals with his own, and attacked the territories of Dibalpur and Labor. Malik SOcandar immediately marched after him, but Jasrath fell back, and crossed over the Jdnhdva. About this time intelligence arrived of the death of Malik 'Aldu-1 Mulk, amir of Multan.

Accounts were also brought in, that Shaikh 'Ali,^ lieutenant of the prince the son of Sar-'atmash, was advancing with a large force from Kabul to attack the territories of Bhakkar and Siwistdn. To repulse this attack and overthrow the accursed invaders. His Majesty placed the districts of Multdn and Siwist4n under the charge of Maliku-sh Shark Malik Mahmud Hasan, and he sent him with a large army, and with all his family and dependents, to Multdn. When he arrived there, he restored tranquillity among the population, and distributing in'dms, pensions, and allowances, he made the people joyful and happy. The inhabi-

' Firishta says " one of the nobles of Mirza Shkh Eukh, who was established at Kabul."

tants, both of the city and country, felt secure. He repaired the fort which had been damaged in the straggles {hddisah) with the Mughals, and he collected a strong army around him.

News now arrived that Alp Khan,^ amir of Dhar, had marched against the E4i of Gwalior. His Majesty hastened thither with a large army, but when he arrived at the district (khitta) of Bay^na, the son of Auhad Kh^n, amir of Bayana, who had treacherously' murdered his uncle, Mubarak Khdn, rebelled against the Sultdn, and destroying the fort, retired to the top of the hill. His Majesty sat down with his army at the foot of the hill, and after a time, the son of Auhad Khdn, being reduced to extremities, paid his revenue and tribute, and placed his neck in the collar of obedience. His Majesty then continued his march towards Gwdlior against Alp Khan. This chief held the fords of the Ohambal, but another ford was accidentally found, and the royal army passed over. Malik Mahmud Hasan and some other amirs, and the Mewattis, and Nusrat Khan, with their horse and foot, plundered the baggage of Alp Khdn, and brought many of his men, both horse and foot, back as prisoners. His Majesty considering that both parties were Musulmdns, spared the lives of the prisoners and set them free. Next day, Alp Khan sent messengers to His Majesty to make proposals of peace. The Sultan seeing that he was reduced to a state of impotence, consented to make peace, on condition of Alp Khan sending in tribute and retiring from Gwalior. On the following day. Alp Khdn forwarded his tribute, and marched back towards Dhar. His Majesty remained for some time encamped on the banks of the Chambal, levying revenue and taxes from the infidels of the neighbourhood according to old custom, after which he returned to Dehli, where he arrived in Rajab, 827 H., and devoted himself to the business of the State.

1 Our MS. and Bad&rini give the name as " Alb (Alp) Khin, but tbe TabaMt-i Akbarl has "Alaf Kh&n" (which is a common error for "TTlugh Khin"), and adds that he was known as " Sult&n fltishang." Firishta calls him, " Sult&n Hfishang, prince [wait) of Malwa."

In Muharrara, 828 h. (November, 1424), His Majesty resolved on going to Katehr. On reaching the banks of the Ganges, Rai Har Singh came to pay his respects, and was received with great condescension ; but as he had not paid his taxes (mahsul) for three years, he was detained for a while.i The royal army then crossed the Granges, and having chastised the recusants of the neighbourhood, proceeded to the hills of Kumdyun. There it stayed for a time, but when the weather became hot, it marched homewards by the banks of the Eahab. Crossing the Granges at Gang, the intention was to march to Kanauj ; but there was a terrible famine in the cities of Hindustan, and consequently the army advanced no farther. News was brought that the Mewattis had broken out into rebellion, so the Sultan marched into Mewat, which he ravaged and laid waste. The Mewattis having driven off all the population,^ took refuge in [the mountains of ^] Jahra, which was their great stronghold. This place was impregnable, and grain and fodder were scarce, so the Sultdn returned' to Dehli. He arrived there in the month of Eajabj and took up his abode in the palace. The amirs and maliJcs were dismissed to their own estates, and the Sultan gave himself up to relaxation and pleasure.

In 829 H. (November, 1425), he again marched against Mewat. Jallu and Kaddii,* grandsons of BahMur Nahir, and several Mewattis who had joined them, laid waste their own territories, and took up a position in the mountains of Andwar. They were attacked for several days by the royal forces, who drove them out of Andwar, and then they went to the mountains of Alwar. Next day His Majesty destroyed the fortified post of Andwar, and marched against Alwar. When Jallti and Kaddti posted

' The Tabakdt-iAhbari is more explicit : " In consequence of the balances due for three years, he was kept for some days in confinement ; but then having paid the money, he was set at liberty."

3 " Having laid waste and depopulated their country." — Taiakdt-i Akbmi.

» The Tabakdt-i Akbari and Firishta agree in these names. For the first of these names our MS. gives " Khalk."

themselves there, the royal forces followed them. At length

they were reduced to distress, and were compelled to surrender.

His Majesty granted them quarter, and afterwards graciously

• " The Sultan having wasted the country of Mewat, " returned home. Fourteen months afterwards, on the "11th Muharram, 830 h. (12th November, 1426 a.d.), "he proceeded to Mew^t, and after punishing the dis- " affected in that quarter, he marched to BayAna. Mu- "hammad Khan, son of Auhad Khdn, ruler of Bayana, " retired to the top of the hill, and for sixteen days kept " up his resistance. Some of his men joined the Sultan, " and when he could no longer hold out, he came forth from " the fort in the month of Eabi'u-1 dkhir, with a rope round "his neck, and made his submission. The horses and " arms and goods of all sorts which were in the fort, he "offered as tribute. By order of the Sultan, his family " and dependents were brought out of the fortress and sent "to Dehli. Bayana was given to Mukbil Xhan. Sikrf, " which is now known as Fathpiir, was entrusted to Malik "Khairu-d din Tuhfa. His Majesty then proceeded to- " wards Gwalior. The E.ai of Gwalior and [the Rdis] of " Bhangar and Chandawdr, made no resistance, but paid " their revenue according to the old rule.

" The Sult4n returned to Dehli in the month Jumdda-1 "awwal. He then changed the territory of Mahmud " Hasan, giving him charge of Hisar Firozah, and trans- " ferring Multan to Malik Eajab ' Nadira. Muhammad "Kh^n [son of Auhad Khdn] having escaped with his "family, fled to Mewat, where several of his scattered

' The TaiaMi-i Ahiari and Firishta agree in saying that he (or they) were imprisoned.

2 The MS. is deficient in making no mention of the year 830. A lacuna occurs just at this point, as evidenced hy the abrupt wording of the MS., and by the omission of all account of certain events recorded by other writers. What follows, marked by inverted commas, is taken from the Tabakdt-i Akbarl.

*' followers rejoined him. There he learnt that Malik Mukbil *' [the governor J had marched with his army towards *' Mah&wan, leaving Malik Khairu-d din Tuhfa in the fort, *'and the town empty [of soldiers]. Muhammad Khdn " seized the opportunity, and being supported by several *' zaminddrs of Bayana, he went there with a small force. " Most of the people of the town and country joined him. "Unable to hold the fort, Malik Khairu-d din capitulated, " and went to Dehli.

"Mubarak Shah then gave Bayana to Malik Mubariz,

" and sent him against Muhammad Khan. The rebel shut

" himself up in the fort, and Mubdriz took possession of the

" country and began to manage it. Muhammad Khdn then

" left a party of his adherents in the fort, while he himself

" escaped, and with all speed went to join Sultan Ibrdhim

" Shark!. Sultan Mubarak Shdh summoned Malik Mubariz,

"to his presence to account for the escape of Muhammad

" Khan, and marched in person against Baydna. On his

" way, a letter reached him from Kadir Khan, the governor

" of Kdlpi, informing him that Sultan Ibrahim Sharki was

" coming up against Kalpi with a strong force. The Sultdn

"therefore deferred his march to Baydna, and turned to

"meet Sultan Ibrdhim Sharki. Meanwhile the forces of

" Sharki had attacked the town of Bhukanu, ^ and were

"marching upon Badaun. Sultan Mubdrak Shah then

"crossed the Jumna, and attacked the village of Haroli,

"one of the well-known places of Mawas. From thence

His Majesty was now informed that Mukhtass Khdn, brother

of Sharki, had entered into the territory of Etawa with a large

army and many elephants. He immediately sent off Maliku-sh

Shark Mahmiid Hasan, with ten thousand brave and experienced

horsemen, against Mukhtass Khan. The malik marched with

1 Fiiishta agrees with this reading, but Bada,iini has Bhtin-kanfin.

this force, and came to the place where the SharJd army was encamped. When Mukhtass Khan heard of his approach, he retreated, and joined [Ibrdhim Shdh] Sharki. Mahk Mahmud Hasan remained there some days, seeking to take his opponents unawares ; but they were on the alert, and he could not find an opportunity. He then returned and joined his own army.^ [Ibrahim Shah] Sharki now advanced along the banks of the Blaekwater^ to Burhanabad, in the district of Etawa. His Majesty marched against him from Atroli, and arrived at the town of Pdyin-kotah,^ where the two armies were only a short distance apart. When Sharki saw the magnificence and the bravery of His Majesty, and the strength of his army, he retreated in the month of Jumada-1 awwal, and went towards the town of Ei,pri. There he crossed the Jumna to Grudrang, and marching on, he encamped on the river of Katehr. His Majesty crossed the Jumna at Chandawar in pursuit, and en- camped four kos distant from the enemy. The royal skirmishers made constant attacks upon all points, and carried ofi" prisoners, cattle, and horses. About twenty days passed in this manner, the two armies being in close proximity. On the 17th Jumada-1 dkhir, Sharki drew up all his forces, horse and foot and elephants, in battle array. His Majesty, Maliku-sh Shark Sarwaru-l Mulk, Saiyid Salim chief of the saiyids, and several other great amirs, remained in the camp in safety, and some others were sent against the enemy, such as Maliku-sh Shark Malik Mahmud Hasan, and Khan-i 'azam Fath Khan son of Sultan Muzaifar, Majlis-i 'ali Zirak Khan, Maliku-sh Shark Sultan Shah, who had lately received the title of Isl4m Khan, Malik Jaman, grandson of the late Khan-i Jahan, Kalu Khani, master of the elephants, Malik Ahmad Tuhfa, and Malik Mukbil Khdn. The battle began and went on from midday till evening, but as night fell, the combatants withdrew to their

-' '■^ A'i-i siydh," meaning the K&linadi.

^ The TaiaMt-i Akbari has " M&li-kona," and Firishta " Ma,llkota."

respective positions. Neither side turned their backs, but remained fighting till the last. There were many wounded in the army of Shark!, so that when next day he saw the strength of the royal forces, he retreated towards the Jumna. On the 17th Jumdda-1 ^khir, he crossed from Gudrang to Edpri, and from thence marched to his own country. The Sultan pursued him to Grudrang ; but as the combatants on both sides were Musulmans, His Majesty yielded to the inter- cession of his nobles, and gave up the pursuit. He then marched to Hath-kdnt, where he took revenue and taxes and tribute, according to old custom, from the Eai of Gwalior, and other rdis. Turning homewards, he proceeded along the Chambal, and entered Baydna. Muhammad Khan Auhadi had joined Sharki, and consequently being afraid, he shut himself up in the fort. The Sultan invested the fort, which was very lofty and strong, and was deemed impregnable. But the garrison was unable to make a successful defence ; their hands were powerless against the assailants, and their feet were unable to flee. So they were compelled to capitulate and ask for mercy. His Majesty, full of royal mercy and compassion for Musulmans, forbore to punish Muhammad Khan, and granted him forgive- ness. He directed his forces to remove from the fort, and on the 26th Rajah he marched out with his followers, and went off towards Mewat. His Majesty remained there for some days to set in order the wasted city ; then he took effectual care to preserve the district and fortress, by appointing as their governor Malik Mahmud, who had exhibited great resolution and loyalty in the government and protection of provinces, and had success- fully accomplished many great duties. Thus, in the beginning of the reign, he had fought against Jasrath Khokhar ; and when he held the command at Labor, he had successfully contended against the prince-deputy of the Prince of Khur4sdn,i and had prevented him from coming to Multan. He was now appointed to command the fort of Bay^na, and to manage the territory,

and that iktd' and all its dependencies were placed under his charge.

His Majesty then departed homewards, and proceeding along the hanks of the Jumna, he reached Dehli on the 16th Sha'ban, 831 H. (30th April, 1428 a.d.), and took up his residence in Siri. Then dismissing the amirs and maliks to their fiefs, he gave himself up to pleasure and enjoyment. * * * In the month of Shawwal, he seized Kaddu the Mewatti, for having allied himself to Sultdn [Ibrdhfm Sharki], and for having kept up a correspondence with him : afterwards he had him put to death privately. His Majesty then sent Malik Sarwaru-1 Mulk with an army to Mewat, to repress the turbulence of the people and settle the country. The inhabitants laid waste several of their towns and villages, places flourishing in the desert, and then retreated into the mountains. Jalal Kh^n brother of Malik Kaddu, and some other chiefs, including Ahmad Khan, Malik Fakhru-d din, and several other maliks related to them, collected all their horsemen and footmen, and assembled in the fort of Alwar. When Malik Sarwaru-1 Mulk sat down against the fort, the besieged saw that it was hopeless to resist, so they made proposals for peace, engaging to give hostages for the payment of their revenue. In accordance with this engagement, having received the revenue (mdl), taxes (mahsul), and hostages, Sarwaru-1 Mulk returned with his army to Dehli.

In the month of Zi-1 kaMa, intelligence was brought that Jasrath Khokhar had besieged the town of Kalanor. Maliku-sh Shark Malik Sikandar Tuhfa marched from Labor to relieve the place ; but Jasrath, quitting his position before Kalanor, advanced some kos to meet him. A battle followed, in which Jasrath was victorious ; Malik Sikandar retreated with his forces to Lihor. Jasrath passing by Kaldnor, crossed the Biydh, and attacked J^landhar ; but the place was strong, and he was unable to take it, so he retreated to Kaldnor, carrying off the people of the neighbourhood as prisoners. When His Majesty was informed of these occurrences, he ordered Zirak Khdn, amir of Samina, and

Islam Klian, amir of Sirhind, to unite their forces and advance to reinforce Malik Sikandar. But before thej reached. Lahor, Malik Sikandar had gone to Kal^nor, and there uniting with his own forces all the horse and foot belonging to Rai Ghalib of that town, he marched after Jasrath, and met him near Kdngra, on the banks of the Biyah. Both armies drew up in battle array, and the fight began. The forces of Islam were victorious. Jasrath being defeated, all the spoils which he had gained at J^landhar fell into the hands of the victors, and he retreated to- Tekhar. Malik Sikandar then returned to Labor.

In Muharram, 832 h. (October, 1428 A.D.), Maliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan having suppressed the rebellion which Muham- mad KhAn Auhadi had stirred up among the infidels of Bayana, he quitted that district and w^ent to wait upon His Majesty in Dehli. He was received with- great favour, and the fief of Hisar- Firozah was granted to him.

His Majesty determined to march into the mountains of Mewdt, and the royal camp was pitched at the top of the Hauz-i kkdss. The amirs and maliks from all parts of the country joined it. Marching from thence, the Sultan proceeded to the palace- of Hindwari, and rested there for a while. JaMl Khan,. MewattL and other Mewdttis, being reduced to extremities, brought in the money, contributions, and tribute according to old rule, and some of them were granted the honour of paying homage. In the month of Shawwal, the royal standards returned safe and victorious to the capital. Nothing else of importance was done this year. About this time, intelligence was received of the death of Malik Eajab Nadira, amir of Multan, and the fief of Multan was restored to Maliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan, who> received the title of 'Imadu-1 Mulk, and was sent to Multdn with a large army.

In the year 833 h. (1429-30), the Sultan led his army to Grwalior, and passed through the country of Bayana. Having punished the rebels of Gwalior, he proceeded to Hathkant. The Rai of Hathkant was defeated, and he fled into the mountains

of J^lhar. His country was pillaged and laid waste, and many of its infidel inhabitants were made prisoners. From thence the army proceeded to R4pri, and the fief of E^prl was taken from the son of Hasan Kh4n and given to Malik Hamza. The army then returned to the capital in the month of Rajab. During the march, Saiyid Salim was attacked by illness and died. His body was placed in a coffin, and carried to Dehli with all speed, and buried. Saiyid Salim was [for thirty years, one of the great nobles in the service of] ^ the late Khizr Khdn, and he held many fiefs iiktd's) and parganas in the Dodb, besides the fort of Tabarhindh (Sirhind). His Majesty had also granted to him the khitta of Sarsuti and the ildd' of Amroha. The late Saiyid was a very avaricious man, and in the course of time had amassed an immense sum of money, and vast quantities of grain and stuffs in the fort of Tabarhindh (Sirhind). After his death, all the iktd's and parganas were given to his sons. The eldest son received the title of Saiyid Khan, and the other was entitled Shuja'u-1 mulk. In the month of Shawwal, Pulad Turk-bacha, slave of Saiyid Salim, came into the fort of Tabar- hindh, at the instigation of the Saiyid's sons, and there began to prepare for rebellion. His Majesty imprisoned the Saiyid's two sons, and sent Yiisuf Sarub and Rai Hansu Bhatti, to conciliate the above-mentioned Pulad, and to get possession of the late Saiyid's wealth. When they carae near the fort of Tabarhindh, on the first day, Piilad met them and conferred with them in the most friendly way ; he also sent them provisions, and made them feel at ease. Next day he sallied out of the fort with his men, and made a sudden attack^ upon them. Malik Yiisuf and Rai Hansu were informed of his treachery, and made their forces ready to meet him. Although the maUk''s men were all covered with iron, yet they could not stand before the infamous Pulad.^ At the first onset they were scattered like drops, and

1 These words, wanting in the MS., are taken from the Talakdt-i Alcbari. ^ " Shab-khim." Etymologically this means a night attack, and is so explained by the Dictionaries, but it seems to be used for any sudden onslaught. 3 Piildd OTfuUd means steel.

he pursued them for a parasang. Then he returned and took, possession of their baggage, tents, money, goods, and whatever they had left behind them.

The Suh.^n, when he heard of this, was much affected, and started for Tabarhindh. He arrived at Sarsuti, where the amirs and maliks of those parts joined the royal standard. Puldd had made many preparations for the siege, and had strengthened himself in the fort. Majlis-i '^li Zirak Khan, Malik Kdlu, keeper of the elephants, Islam Kh&n and Kamdl Khan invested the fort. Maliku-sh Shark 'Imadu-1 Mulk, amir of Multan, was summoned to come from Multan and advise upon the suppression of Pulad's rebellion. In the month of Zi-1 hijja, 'Imadu-1 Mulk left his army in Multan, and proceeded hastily ^ to Sarsuti with a small party, where he was admitted to an interview. But before this, Pulad had said to himself that he could depend upon the promise and protection of 'Imadu-1 Mulk, and that if through him he could gain his object, he (Pulad) would return to his obedience, and would hope for the honour of being received into the royal presence.. 'Imadu-l Mulk was sent forward to Tabar- hindh to excite his expectations. Pulad came out of the fort, and had an interview with 'Imadu-1 Mulk and Malik Kdlu in front of the gate.^ " PulS,d, however, talked and made state. " ments, but determined to persevere in his revolt.^ So " 'Imddu-l Mulk returned unsuccessful. In the month of " Safar, the Sult&n ordered 'Imadu-1 Mulk back to Multan, " and he himself returned to Dehli.

' The word used is "jarrdra," to which the Dictionaries give the meaning of " a numerous or encumhered army." In a previous passage it seemed to have the meaning of express, quicle ; and that is clearly the meaning of it here. The whole

passage runs c^jt^i»-b jV^ S' ^jlsL jO *& iJi>Jji>- U^^l

lA^T ■-■■■> ^U-t- !■> v,N.A»^ It is evidently equivalent to y«W<fo(.

■'• Here again there is a break in the MS. What follows, marked with inverted commas, is from the Tabakdt-i Ahbari.

3 Badiiini is more explicit. He says, Ptil&d " came out and saw 'ImS,du-l Mulk, but he did not feel assured ; so being afraid, he went back to the fort, and continued the war."

" The SultAn left Islim Khdn, Kamdl Khdn, and R4i " Firoz Main to carry on the siege of Tabarhindh. 'Imddu-l " Mulk instructed these officers as to the siege operations, " and then departed for MuMn. Pulad held out for six " months. He then sent a sum of naoney by the hands of " some trusty adherents to Shaikh 'All Beg, at Kdbul, " soliciting his assistance.^ In the month of Jum4da-1 " awwdl, Shaikh 'Ali went to Tabarhindh. When he came " within ten kos distance, Islam Khan, Kam41 Khdn, and " all the other amirs abandoned the siege, and went to their " own homes. Ptil^d then came out of the fort, and had " an interview with Shaikh 'Ali, to whom he paid the two " hes of tankas he had promised. Shaikh 'Ali, taking with " him the family -of Pulad, started on his return. Passing " through Jalandhar, he went to Labor. There Malik " Sikandar gave him the money which he paid to him " annually, and sent him away. From thence. Shaikh 'AH " proceeded to Talwara, and endeavoured to destroy it. " 'Im4du-1 Mulk now marched to Tulamba, in order to " oppose him, and Shaikh 'Ali not being strong enough to " meet him, went off to Khatibpiir. Orders now arrived " for 'Imadu-1 Mulk to leave Tulamba and go to Multan. " On the 24th Sha'bdn, be accordingly proceeded to Multdn, " and Shaikh 'All being emboldened, crossed the Ildvi at " Khatibpur, and laying all waste along the banks of the " Jhilam, which is well known as the Jin^b (Chinab),^ " advanced towards Multdn. When he arrived at a villao'e a " kos distant from Multan, 'Imadu-l Mulk sent out Sultan " Shah Lodi uncle of Bahlol Lodi to oppose him. This " officer met his enemy unexpectedly, and was killed. His " army was put to flight, and the men returned in small

' " Shaikh 'All, Mughal goTernor of K^bul on the part of Sh&h Rukh Mirza." -=-Bad&,iini and Firishta. " Such is the extraordinary statement of the text, and Firishta copies it.

" parties to Multan. On the 3rd Ramaz^n, the Shaikh occu- " pied Khairabdd, near Multan." On the 25th of Ramaz^n,i Shaikh 'Ali advanced with all his forces against the gates of Multdn, to make an assault ; but the troops of 'Imadu-1 Mulk and the citizens sallied forth to meet him. A fight took place in the gardens, and the assailants were driven back, with the loss of all the provisions they had brought with them. On the 27th Ramazdn, they again made an attack in great force. Dismounting his horsemen, in order to push through the gates of the city, 'Imadu-1 Mulk fell upon them with his horse and foot, and they, unable to support his attack, retreated. Some were killed, and some succeeded in falling back to the main body. Being thus again defeated, they dared not make any further attack upon the place.

When the report of these events reached the ears of the Sultan, he sent Majlis-i 'ali Khan-i 'azam Fath Khdn son of Sultan Muzaffar Gujarat!, Majlis-i 'ali ZIrak Khdn, Malik Kalu keeper of the elephants, Khan-i 'azam Isldm Khan, Malik Yusuf Sarwaru-1 Mulk, Khan-i 'azam Kal Khan, and Rai Hansu Khtil Chain Bhatti with a large army, to reinforce Maliku-sh Shark 'Imadu-1 Mulk. On the 26th Shawwal, this army arrived in the khitta of Multan, and remained encamped for some days. On Friday, the 3rd Zi-1 ka'da, it marched, and approaching the prayer-house (namdz-gdh), endeavoured to enter the hiitila of 'Ala-1 Mulk. Shaikh 'All was informed of this, and he drew up all his horse and foot in opposition. The royal forces also were marshalled ready for the fight. Maliku-sh Shark 'Im^du-l Mulk was in the centre ; Majlis-i 'ali Fath Khan, Malik Yusuf, and Rdi Hansii on the right ; and Majlis-i 'all Zirak Khan, Malik Kalu, Khan-i 'azam IsMm Khdn, and Khan-i 'azam Kamal Khan on the left. At the sight, even from a distance, of the approach of the royal forces, the hearts of the enemy wavered ; and when the brave warriors made a general charge on

1 The Tabakdt-% Akhari^m^ this event on the "4th" of the month, and the following one on the " 27th."

them, they broke and fled. So precipitate was their flight, that they never looked behind them. Several of their generals were killed endeavouring to escape, and the rest of the army took refuge in the fortification which had been raised round the baggage. The victorious army pressed on to the fortifications, and the enemy, unable to withstand the attack, were driven into the Jhilam. Many were drowned,^ and those who escaped the waves were killed or made prisoners. Hdji K4r was wounded, and perished among the drowned. Shaikh 'Ali and Amir Muzafiar crossed the river in safety, and proceeded with a few horsemen to the town of Shor.^ All their arms, baggage, and equipments fell into the hands of the victors. So great a disaster had never befallen an army at any former time, or under any reign. All who took to the water were drowned, and all who resisted on the battle-field were killed ; neither flight nor fight availed to save them. * * To return to our narrative : Maliku-sh Shark Malik 'Imadu-1 Mulk, that is, Malik Mahmiid Hasan, and the other commanders, on the 4th Zi-1 ka'da, pursued Shaikh 'All to the town of Shor. Amir Muzafiar^ prepared himself to stand a siege in the fort of Shor, and to fight it out. Shaikh ' Ali, defeated and discouraged, fled with a small body of followers towards Kabul. At this juncture, orders arrived from the Sultdn, in accordance with which all the atnirs who had been sent left the fort of Shor, and proceeded to the capital. In consequence of this business, the iktd' of Multan was taken from Maliku-sh Shark, and given to Malik Khairu-d din Khanf. But this transfer was made inconsiderately and imprudently, and hence great troubles and disturbances arose in the khitta of Multan, which will have to be narrated in subsequent pages.

In the year 835 h. (1431-2) it was reported to the Sultan that Malik Sikandar Tuhfa had marched towards Jalandhar.

2 Sometimes written " Sor," and sometimes " Seor " or " Sewar " ; but the Tahakdt-i Akbari says, " Shor." Firishta and Badifinl agree on " Sewar." ' " Nephew of Shaikh ' Mi."— Tahakdt-i Akbari.

For Jasrath -Shaikhd, Khokhar had come down with a strong force from the mountains of Telhar, and hiving crossed the Jhilam, R^vi and Biyah, had come near to Jalandhar on the river Pani. Malik Sikandar was incautious, and encountered him with a small force. At the first charge he was defeated, and by the decree of fate fell into the hands of Jasrath Khokhar. Some of Malik Sikandar's men were killed in the fight, and some fled to Jalandhar. Jasrath carried off Sikandar and some others who had been made prisoners with him, and marched in triumph to Labor, to which fortress he laid siege. Saiyid JSTajmu-d din, lieutenant of Sikandar, and Malik Khush-kbabr, his slave, held the fort, and carried on a constant fight with the besiegers. While this was passing Shaikh 'Ali collected a band of accursed wretches, and attacked the frontiers of Multan. He made prisoners of the people of Khatibpur, and several other villages on the banks of the Jhilam, as he descended that river. On the 17th Eabi'u-1 awwal he reached Tulamba, and having got the people of the town to surrender, he kept the chiefs of them prisoners. Then he gave his accursed followers permission to take possession of the fort. Next day, all the Musulmans became the prisoners of the unclean ruthless infidels. Although many good men of the place were imams, saiyids, and kdzis, no respect for the Musulman religion, no fear of God, could restrain that accursed wretch, devoid alike of feeling and shame. Women, youths, and little children were all dragged to his house. Some of the men were killed and some were set at liberty. The fort of Tulamba, which was vei'y strong, he caused to be destroyed.

About this time Pulad Turk-baoha came out of Tabarhindh with his followers, and attacked the country of R4i Firoz. As soon as the rdi heard of this, he marched with his horse and foot to oppose him, and a battle followed. The rdi was slain, and the victorious Pul4d cut off" his head and carried it to Tabarhindh. He also secured many horses and a large supply of grain. When the Sultan received information of these events, he himself marched towards Ldhor and Multdn, and he sent

Malik Sarwar on in advance with a strong force to repress the rebellion of Puldd. When the army came near to Saraana the infamous Jasrath Khokhar abandoned the siege of the fort, and went into the hills of Telhar, carrying with him Malik Sikandar. Shaikh 'All also, fearing the royal army, retreated towards Bdrtot.^ The fief of Labor was taken from Maliku-sh shark Shamsu-1 Mulk, and given into the charge of Khan-i 'azam Nusrat Kh4n Garg-andaz. Malik Sarwar brought the family of Shamsu-1 Mulk out of Labor, and sent them to the capital. Nusrat Kbdn thus became possessed of the fort of Labor and the fief of J41andhar. In the month of Zi-1 hijja Jasrath Khokhar came down with his followers from the hills, and attacked Nusrat Khan at Ldhor, but, in the end, he was worsted and returned to the hills. The Sultdn pitched his royal camp on the river Jumna, near to the hhitta of Pdnipat, and there he remained for a time. From thence, in the month of Kajab, he sent Maliku-sh Shark Tmadu-1 Mulk with a strong force to Bayana and Gwdlior, with orders to punish the rebels and infidels of those parts. He himself then returned to the capital.

In 836 H., in the month of Muharram (Sept., 1432), the king marched from Dehli to S4mdna, to punish the disaffected in that neighbourhood. He proceeded as far as Pdnipat. News was then brought that Makhdi^ma-i Jabdn, his mother, was very ill. He immediately returned to the capital, leaving his army and baggage in charge of the amirs and maliks. A few days after his return his mother died. After performing her obsequies he remained for a day in the capital, and then returned to his army. On his arrival he ordered Malik Sarwar to march with an army, appointed for the purpose, against the fort of Tabarbindh, where Piilad Turk-bacha had made himself stronger than he was before, having thrown into the fort all the arms and implements and grain which he had gathered from the country of Rdi Firoz. The fort was invested and operations were begun. Malik Sarwaru-1 Mulk, when the dispositions were made, left Majlis-i 'all Zirak

Khan, Islam Kh4n, and Malik Kahun Eaj in command, and proceeded with a small escort to join the Sultan at P^nipat. The Sultan having given up his design of proceeding on his in- tended expedition, took the fiefs of Lahor and Jdlandhar from Nusrat Khdn, and gave them to Malik AUah-ddd. [When Malik Allah-d4d arrived at Jalandhar, Jasrath Shaikhi crossed the Biydh and attacked him.] ^ Jasrath was victorious, and the Malik being obliged to flee went into the mountains of Kothi. In the month of Eabi'u-1 awwal the Sultdn marched towards the mountains of Mewdt, and arrived at the town of Tdoru.^ Jalal Khdn Mewatti, on hearing of his advance, shut himself with a large force in the fort of Andaru,^ which is the strongest place belonging to the Mewdttis. Next day the Sultan prepared to attack the place, but before his forces drew near, Jalal Khdn set fire to the fort, and making his way out he went off towards Kutila. The greater part of the provisions and materials and gi-ain, which had been collected in prospect of the siege, fell into the hands of the royal forces. His Majesty then marched away, and encamping at the town of Tajara, he devastated the greater part of the country of Mewat. Jalal Khan, being distressed and helpless, returned to his allegiance ; and paying his revenue and taxes according to old rule, gave up his rash proceedings, and was pardoned. Malik 'Imadu-l Mulk joined the Sultin at Tajara with a strong force of horse and foot from Bayana. The Sultan sent Malik Kamalu-1 Mulk and all the amirs and maliks from Tajara to coerce the infidels of Gwalior and Etawa, and he himself returned with an escort to the capital, which he reached in the month of Jumdda-1 awwal.

After he had been there a few days, the intelligence arrived that Shaikh 'All was marching with a large force against the amirs who were engaged in the siege of Tabarhindh (Sirhind). This troubled His Majesty, for he feared lest these amirs, alarmed

' The words in brackets are taken from the Tahaidt-i AJehari, to supply a manifest want in our MS. 2 The TabaJcdt-i Akhari says "K"adir." s See suprd, p. 61.

at the news, should raise the siege, as it had been raised before. He therefore sent Malik 'Imadu-l Mulk to support them ; and when that chief arrived, the officers in command were encouraged and strengthened. Shaikh 'Ali, marching quickly from Shor,* entered the country on the banks of the Biy4h, and after making prisoners of many of the men of Sdhani-wal and other villages, he went on to Labor. Malik Yusuf Sarwar, Malik Isma'il nephew of Majlis-i 'all Zirak Khan, and the son of Bihar Khan, had been left in charge of the fort of Ldhor. They now closed the fort, and opposed the assailants. The people of the city were negligent of their watch and ward ; consequently Malik Yiisuf and Malik Ismd'Il left the city by night and fled. Shaikh 'Ali sent a force in pursuit. Many of the horsemen fell under the attacks of the accursed pursuers, and many were taken prisoners, including Malik Eaja. Next day the accursed Shaikh 'All made all the Musulmdns of the city, both men and women, prisoners. This wretched graceless fellow had no better object or occupation than to lay waste the seats of Islam and to make Musulmans captive. After making prisoners of the men of Labor, he re- mained there for some days, and repaired the walls of the fortress which had been damaged. Then leaving about 2,000 men, horse and foot, behind, with the means of standing a siege, he marched towards Dibdlpiir. Malik Yusuf Sarwaru-1 Mulk was about to abandon the fort of Dibalpur and flee, as he had abandoned that of Labor ; but Maliku-sh Shark 'Imadu-1 Mulk at Tabarhindh, being informed of his intention, sent Maliku-1 umara Malik Ahmad, his brother, with a body of men, to hold the fort. Shaikh 'Ali had (formerly) escaped alive with a thousand troubles from before Maliku-sh Shark, and dread of that chief still ruled in his heart, so he was unable to go to Dib&lpur.

In JumAda-1 dkhir the Sultan received intelligence of these movements. Q^he brave monarch, prompted only by his courage, and without hesitation, marched with the limited force which was

' The MS. of this work, Bad^unl and Firishta, all write " Shewar," or " Sewar," but the Tabakdt-i Aibari seems correct in giving " Shor." — See suprd, page 72.

ready at his command to Sdmana. There he waited some days for Maliku-sh Shark Kamalu-1 Mulk. When that chief, with the force under his command, joined the Sultdn, he left Samdna and marched to Talwandi (belonging to) R^i Firoz Main, where he encamped. Here he was joined by Maliku-sh Shark 'Imddu-1 Mulk and Isldm Khdn Lodi, who had been sent to Tabarhindh. Giving orders to his other amirs not to delay the investment of the fort, he hastened on and crossed [the Edvf ] ^ at the ford of Pohi. When the enemy heard of these movements, he was alarmed, and took to flight. The royal forces arrived in the neighbourhood of Dibalpur, and, crossing the E4vi, encamped on the other side, when the accursed foe had already crossed the Jhilam. Maliku-sh Shark Sikandar Tuhfa now received the title of Shamsu-1 Mulk, with the fiefs of Dibalpiir and Jalandhar.^ The Sultan marched on unopposed towards Shor, which was in the possession of the enemy, and crossed the E^vi near the town of Tulamba, sending on Maliku-sh Shark in pursuit of the foe. But he fled precipitately, never staying to look behind him, and many horses and much baggage and goods which he had got in boats fell into the hands of the victors. Shaikh 'All's nephew. Amir Muzaffar, was in command of the fort of Shor, and held out for nearly a month; but he was at length compelled to capitulate in the month of Ramazan. He gave his daughter to the king's son, and paid a large sum of money as tribute. The band of Mughals who were besieged in Labor capitulated to Maliku-sh Shark Shamsu-1 Mulk in the month Shaww^l, and he then took possession of the place. * * * Maliku-sh Shark 'Ira4du-1 Mulk had been successful in several important charges, so the Sultcin took the fiefs of Dibalpur, Labor, and Jdlandhar from Malik Shamsu-1 Mulk and gave them to 'Imadu-1 Mulk; he also gave the fief of Bayana which 'Imadu-d din had held to Shamsu-1 Mulk. Leaving his elephants and horses, his army and baggage and followers, in charge of Maliku-sh Shark Kamalu-I

'' There is a broken sentence here which is not supplied by the other writers.

Mulk, the Sultan hastened with all speed to Dehli, which he reached on the day of the ''Id [of Kurbdn]. * * * On the 1st Zi-1 hijja Kamalu-1 Mulk also arrived with the army. The duties of diwdn and wazir were not effectively discharged hy Sarwaru-1 Mulk ; so as Kamdlu -1 Mulk had shown himself in all his duties to be trustworthy, capable and loyal, the diwdn i ashraf was transferred to him, and the office of wazir only was confirmed to Sarwaru-1 Mulk. They were both ordered to carry on the affairs of the State in concert, but they acted falsely to each other. [Kamalu-d din was the more competent man],^ so the government officials consulted him about their affairs. Sarwaru-1 Mulk's thoughts were now turned towards blood. His deprivation of the fief of Dibdlpur had rankled like a thorn in his heart, and his mind was now set upon effecting some revolution in the State. Some villainous infidels, such as the sons of Kangu and Kajwi Khatri, whose families, from the days of their ancestors, had been patronized and protected by the royal house, and who had become masters of many servants and followers and much territory and power ; some treacherous Musulmans also, Miran Sahib, deputy of the 'driz-i mamdlilc, Kazi 'Abdu-s Samad Khan Hdjih and others, conspired with Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and were intent upon their design [of killing the Sultdn].^ They did not find an opportunity, but no fear of God or shame of man restrained their hands from this wicked and senseless deed.

The Sultan had determined to build a city on the banks of the Jumna, and on the 17th RabI'u-1 awwal, 837 H. (31st October, 1433), he laid the foundation of a city at Kharababad.^ The name given to that ill-omened city was Mubdrakabad. He knew not that the foundation of his existence was shaken, and that his life had turned its face towards departure. He devoted

I TabaMt-i Akiari. '' Bad&riiil and Firishta.

' Neither the Tahakdt-i Akiari nor Firishta say anything about Khar&b&h^d Bad^ani's statement is different. " He founded a city which he called Mubkrak&.b4d (blessed city), but which in reality, was Kharab&bid (ruined city)." — See Thomas's " Chronicles of the Pathta Kings," page 332.

much time and care to the direction of this building. At this time intelligence was brought of the reduction of the fort of Tabarhindh by the amirs who had been sent against it, and of the death of the evil Pulad, whose head had been cut off and sent to the Sultan by the hands of Mirdn Sadr. The Sultan now set out, as if for hunting, to settle and make quiet the country of Tabarhindh. After staying there a few days, he returned in good health and spirits, and went to the city of Mub4rakabad. Subsequently he proceeded towards Hindustan, for he had heard of war having broken out between Sultan Ibrdhim and Alp Khan, on account of Kalpi. He had previously contemplated leading his armies in that direction ; and on hearing this intelli- gence, his course was decided. Orders were sent in every direction for the amirs of the capital, and the maliks of every country, to gather their forces with the greatest celerity, and to join His Majesty. When a large army was assembled, in the month of Jumdda-1 dkhir, the Sultan left the city to begin his march to Hindustdn, and he encamped for a few days at the ehautara of Shir-gah. Thence he proceeded with only a small escort, and without ceremony, to Mubdrakabad, in order to see the progress of the buildings. The unworthy Sarwaru-1 Mulk had been watching his opportunity, and he now set the vile infidels and the traitor Miran Sadr to work, lest his secret plots should become disclosed. A time of privacy was what his plans required. On Friday, the 9th Eajab, 837 h. (19th January, 1434), the Sultan had reached Mubdrak^bad with his small party, and was preparing for prayers, when Mirdn Sadr craftily removed the amirs who were on guard, and like a cunning fox and bloodthirsty jackal, brought in his wretched infidels armed and mounted on horseback upon pretence of taking leave. Sa- dharun Kdngu stood with his party outside the door, to prevent any one from going in to the rescue. The confiding sovereign, having full confidence in them, took no notice of these prepara- tions. He had been exceedingly kind and generous to these foes of God and enemies of himself. Sidhu Pal, grandson of

Kaju, from his ambush, dealt the king such a blow Tipon the head with his sword, that his life's blood flowed upon the ground, Ednti the black, and the other conspirators, then rushed out with loud hellish cries, and despatched that righteous sovereign.

• • Mubarak Shdh reigned thirteen years, three months, and sixteen days.

Sultan Muhammad Shcih bin Farid Shdh bin Khizr Shah. A clement and generous sovereign, full of excellent qualities.

• • When the august Mubarak Shah had received his martyr- dom, the vile infidels and the traitor Mirdn Sadr hastened to Sarwaru-l Mulk, and informed him of the completion of their work, which filled him and them with joy and exultation. Then, with the assent of the amirs and maliks, imams and saiyids, soldiers and civilians, on the same day, Friday, the 9th Rajab 837, the new Sultan ascended the throne. Sarwaru-l Mulk, although he gave his adhesion to. the new sovereign, was still intent upon his own designs, to such an extent indeed, that he kept the treasures and stores, the horses and elephants, and the arsenal under his own command. He received the title of Khdn-i Jahdn, and Miran Sadr was ennobled as Mu' inu-1 Mulk. The vile infidels (assassins) grew conceited and arrogant, and in all things they sought their own advantage ; but in the end they got their deserts. Maliku-sh Shark Kam41u-1 Mulk, a man versed in the business of government, was outside of the city with all the amirs and the soldiers, and the elephants, and the royal stud and servants ; but he came in, and pledged his fealty to the king. Revenge was his object, for he was resolved to kill Sarwaru-l Mulk and the other conspirators, as they had slain Mubdrak Shah. But he could not get an opportunity, and so resigned his vengeance to the Lord, who in time worked such a retribution as has never been rehearsed in tale or history. * * To return to our narrative : Next day, Sarwaru-l Mulk, under pretence of requiring the vow of allegiance, summoned several of the officials of the late king, all of whom were men of position

and importance. He apprehended them all, and put Malik Sa, amir of Koh, to death on the maiddn. Malik Makhdum, Malik Mukbil, Malik Kanauj, and Malik Bira he put in prison, and exerted all his powers to uproot the family of Mubdrak Sh4h. Some of the iktd's and parganas of the country he kept for himself, and some, such as Baydna, Amroha, Ndrnaul, Kuhram, and some parganas in the Dodb, he gave to Sidhl Pal, Sadhdran, and their relations. Ranti, the black, a slave of Sidhi P41, was sent with a numerous band of turbulent followers, and all his family, to take possession of Baydna. He approached Baydna in the month of Sha'ban, and on the 12th of that month he entered the district. Halting for the night, he wanted to get possession of the fort, and next day he went forth with all his forces in great array. Tusuf Khan Auhadl had been informed of his approach, and drawing his forces out of the town of Hindwan, he boldly marched with a strong body of horse and foot to oppose him. The opposing forces met near the khatira of the prince.i and being drawn up in array the battle began. The vile infidels were unable to make a stand, but broke at the first charge. E.anu the black, and many others, were put to the sword. His foul head was cut oflF and suspended over the gate, and all his family, his wives and children, fell into the hands of the army of IslcLm. God is the protector of the religion of Islam, and He gave the victory to Ytisuf Khdn, enabling him to aveno-e the death of Mubarak Shah on that vile heretic.

The noise of the perfidy of Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and of his leaguing •with base infidels, spread through all the country, and many atnirs and maliks who had been recipients of the bounty of the late Khizr Khdn now withdrew from their obedience. Sarwaru-I Mulk being disaffected like them, strife and disturbances arose. Malik Allah-d4d Kdka^ Lodi amir of Sambhal, and Khkr Miydn holder of Badaun and grandson of the late Khan-i Jahan, Amir 'AH Gujardti and Amir Kambal Turk-bacha [had formed a party

against Sarwaru-1 Mulk who,] ^ on being informed of their pro- ceedings, appointed Maliku-sh Shark Kam6,lu-d din and Khan-i 'azain Saiyid Khdn, son of Saiyid Salim, to repress their re- bellion. Malik Tusuf, son of Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and Sadharan Kangu, were sent along with them. In the month of Ramazan, his forces being in readiness, he (Kamdlu-d din) marched out and encamped at the top of the hauz, and a few days afterwards he proceeded to the banks of the Jumna. Crossing the river at the ford of Kicha, he arrived and halted at Baran, intent upon his schemes of vengeance. On being apprised of his approach, Malik Allah- d4d, desirous of avoiding an action, was about to cross the Ganges and go elsewhere ; but when he was en- lightened as to Kamalu-d din's real intention of exacting a full revenge, he was re-assured, and halted at the town of Ahdr. Sarwaru-1 Mulk got intelligence of these proceed- ings, and sent his slave, Malik Hush3'S,r, under the pretence of assisting Kamdlu-d din, [but in reality, to ascertain his treachery, and watch over the safety of Yusuf.]'^ In a short time also, Malik Ohaman drew out his forces in Baddun, to assist Malik Allah-dad, and joined him at the town of Ahdr. Malik Yusuf and Hushyar and Sadhdran were suspicious of Kamalu-d din, and now their apprehensions grew stronger. Wavering like a ball tossed from hand to hand, their fears prevailed, and they fled to the capital. On the last day of Ramazdn, Malik Allah-dad, Miyan Chaman, and the other amirs with them, joined Kamalu-1 Mulk. Having thus drawn a large and im- posing force around him, on the 2nd Shawwal, he crossed [the Ganges] at the ford of Kicha. On hearing of his approach, Sarwaru-1 Mulk, although in a forlorn condition, made every preparation for standing a siege. * * Kamdlu-1 Mulk advanced and sat down against the place. The vile infidels and the wretched Hushydr sallied forth and joined fight ; but they soon

1 The MS. is here defective iu more than one passage. The words in brackets are borrowed fi-om the Tabakat-i Akbari,

turned their backs, and retreated to the fortifications.^ Many were killed, and many were made prisoners. Next day, Kamalu-d din pressed on against the fort of Siri, and many amirs and maliks of the neighbourhood joined him. During the month of Shawwal, the place was so closely invested that it was impossible for any one to make his way out. But although the besiegers made daily attacks upon the fortifications, and effected breaches in several places, it held out for three months. In the month of Zi-1 hijja, Zirak Khan, amir of Sdm4na, died, and his fief was granted to his eldest son Muhammad Khan. Although His Majesty was in appearance friendly to those in the fort, he was in reality desirous of taking revenge for the murder of the late Mubarak Shah, but he did not find the opportunity. They on their side were in the greatest apprehension lest the Sultan should betray them. Thus, both parties were suspicious of each other.

On the 8th of Muharram, 838 a.h. (14th August, 1434 a.d.), the traitor Sarwaru-1 Mulk and the sons of the perfidious Miran Sadr preceded with treacherous intentions to- the residence of the Sultan. But he was ready, and on his guard. * * * Sarwaru-1 Mulk was killed with blows of the sword and dagger, and the sons of Miran Sadr were taken prisoners and put to death before the darhdr. The vile infidels, being informed of these events^ shut themselves up in their houses and prepared for resistance. The Sultan conveyed information to Kanialu-d din, directing him to come into the city with a party of his followers. Kamalu-l Mulk entered by the gate of Baghdad, with other amirs and maliks. Sidhi Pal, the accursed, set fire to his house, making, his wives and children fuel for hell. He himself came out and died fighting. Sadh^ran Kangu, and the band of khatris who were taken alive, were taken to the khatira of the martyred Sultan,, and there put to death. Malik Hushyar and Mubdrak Kotwal were taken prisoners, and were beheaded before the Red gate.

1 The author here indulges in rhetorical flourishes, which are suppressed in the translation.

Next day, Maliku-sh Shark Kam^lu-1 Mulk, and all the other amirs and maliks who were outside [the city,J renewed their oaths of allegiance to the Sultan, and he again, with general consent, took his seat upon the throne. Kamalu-1 Mulk was made ^Da%ir, with the title of Kam^l Khan. Malik Jiman received the title of Gh^zi-u-1 Mulk, and the fiefs of Amroha and Badaiin were confirmed to him. Malik Allah-dad Lodi would not take any title himself, but obtained the title of Darya Khan for his brother. Malik Khtinraj Mubarak Khdni received the title of Ikbal Khan, and the fief of Hisar Firozah which he held was confirmed in his possession. All the amirs were favoured with great honours and rich gifts ; and all men who held offices or fiefs, or villages or grants, or pensions, received confirmation, and even an increase of their possessions. The eldest son of Saiyid Salim was entitled Majlis-i '^lII Saiyid Khan, and the younger one Shuja'u-1 Mulk. Malik Madh 'i^lam, his nephew, was entitled 'Alau-1 Mulk, and Malik Euknu-d din was called Nasiru-1 Mulk. They also received golden girdles, and splendid head-dresses and fiefs. Maliku-sh Shark Haji Shudani was made governor of the capital. Having thus arranged for the administration of the kingdom, the Sultan determined on going to Multan. In the month of Rabi'u-1 ^khir, he encamped at the chaiitara of Mubarakab^d, and gave orders to the amirs and maliks to make ready their forces and join him. Maliku-sh Shark ['Imadu-1 Mulk] ^ came and waited upon the Sultan. He received rich presents and great honours, and was confirmed in many dignities. Those amirs and maliks who delayed their

^ " Muhammad Shah, after visiting the holy men of " Multan, and having left Khan-i Jahan there, returned " to Dehll."

^ The following Extracts, completing the history of the Saiyid dynasty, are taken from the TabaMt~i ATcbarl, the -work -which has so frequently heeu drawn upon to supply the deficiencies in the MS. of the TdrUh-i Mabdrak-shdhi.

" In the year 840 h. (1436 a.d.) the Sultdn himself pro- "ceeded to Satnana, and sent an army against Shaikh4 " Khokhar. The country of this chief was ravaged, and " the Sultan then returned to Dehli.

" In 841 H. (1437 a.d.), intelligence arrived that anarchy " prevailed in Mult4n, in consequence of the insubordina- " tion of the tribe of Lano-dhs. And intellig'ence was also " brought that Sultan Ibrahim Sharki had seized upon " several parganas. The rdi of Gwalior, and other rdis, " ceased to pay their revenue. Still, the Sultan took no " measures to secure his possessions, but gave himself up " tc indulgence and neglect. All men''s heads were crazy, " and every heart was anxious. Some amirs invited Sultan '''■ Mahmud Khilji, King of Malwa, and in the year 844 h. " (1440 A.D.), he proceeded towards Dehli. Muhammad Shah " equipped his army, and sent it forth with his son, under " the command of Bahlol Khan Lodi. On the other side, " Sultan Mahmud Ehilji sent his two sons Ghiyasu-d din " and Kadar Khdn to meet them. The battle raged from " morning till night, when both sides withdrew to their " respective positions. Next day Muhammad Shdh made " proposals of peace. Just at this time Sultan Mahmud " was informed that Sultan Ahmad Gujarati was marching " against Mandu, so he immediately accepted terms of " peace and returned home. This peace degraded Muham- " mad Shah still lower in the estimation of all men. As " Sultan Mahmud of Mdlwa was retreating, Bahlol Lodi " pursued him, and carried off part of his baggage and " valuable effects. This success of Bahlol Khan's delighted " Sultan Muhammad ; he honoured Bahlol with great dis- " tiuction and favour, and called him son.

" In 845 (1441 a.d.), the Sultdn went to Samana. He '' conferred upon Bahlol Klidn the country of Dibdlpur and " Ldhor, and sent him against Jasrath Khokhar. Then •' the Sultan returned to Delhi. Jasrath made peace with

" Bahlol Kh4n, and flattered him with hopes of the throne " of Dehli. Aspirations of sovereignty now inspired Bahlol " Khan and he became intent on forming a party. He called " together the Afghans from all parts around, and enlisted " them, so that in a short time he assembled a lai-ge force. " He also took possession of all the surrounding parganas. " On a slight pretence he declared war against Sultan Mu- " ham mad Shah, and marched against Dehli in great force, " and besieged it for some time, but was eventually obliged to " fall back unsuccessful. The business of the State day by " day fell into greater confusion, and affairs came to such " a pass that there were amirs at twenty kos from Dehli who " shook off their allegiance, and made pretensions to inde- " pendence. At length, in the year 849^ (1445, a.d.), Sultan " Muhammad Shah died, after a reign of ten years and " some months.

Sultan 'Aldu-d dm, son of Muhammad Shah, son of Mubarak Shah, son of Khizr Khan?

"Upon the death of Muhammad Shah, the amirs and " nobles assembled and raised his son to the throne, under " the style of Sultan 'A14u-d din. Malik Bahlol and all " the amirs proffered allegiance to him. In a very short " time it became evident that the new Sultdn was more " negligent and incompetent than his father in the duties " of government, and the mad ambition of Malik Bahlol -' grew stronger. In 850 h. (1446 A.D.), the Sultdn went " towards Samdna ; but as he was on the road, news ar- " rived that the king of Jaunpur was on the march against " Dehli ; on hearing which the Sultan returned immediately " to Delhi. Hisdm Khan, wazir of the State,^ and vice-

' The MS. says " 844," which is clearly wrong. Badiiini makes it " 847" ; but Firishta seems correct in making it " 849." 2 This heading is borrowed from Badilini, that in the MS. being very defective. ^ 8ie, see infra.

" gerent in the king's absence, then represented to the " Sultan, that it was unworthy of a sovereign to return " upon hearing a false report of the approach of an enemy. " This remark went against the Sultdn's feelings, and " wounded him deeply.

" In 851 H. (1447 a.d.), the Sultan went to Baddun, and " after staying there some time, returned to Dehli ; when " he said that he was much pleased with Badaun, and " wished to stay there always. Hisam Khan, in all " sincerity, told him that it was impolitic to leave Dehli, " and to make Badaun the capital. This answer incensed " the king still more, and he separated the wasir from " himself, and left him in Dehli. He made one of his " wife's brothers governor of the capital, and to the other " he gave the title of amir.

" In 852 H, (1448 a.d.), he again went to Baddiin, and " gave himself up to pleasure, resting satisfied with the " little territory that remained to him. After a time, dis- " sensions broke out between his wife's two brothers in " Dehli. They made war against each other, and one was " killed. Next day the citizens killed the other brother in " revenge, at the instigation of Hisdm Khan. Disaffected " men now incited the Sult4n to kill Hamid Kh^n, the " wazzr of the State.^ The Khan took to flight, and " proceeding to Dehli, he, with the connivance of Hisam " Khan, took possession of the city, and invited Malik " Bahlol to assume the sovereignty. Full particulars of " these transactions are given in the history of the reign " of Bahlol. The result was, that Malik Bahlol Lodi came " to Dehli with a large force, and took possession of it. " After a short time, he left a party of his adherents in " Delhi, and went to Dibdlpiir to organize an army. Then " he wrote to the Sultan, stating that his opposition was " really for the Sultdn's benefit, and that he was his devoted ' Sie, see siqtrd preceding page.

"servant. To this 'Alau-d din replied, 'My father called " you his son, and I have no means of resisting you. I " will content myself with the single district of Badaun, " and resign the sovereignty to you.' Thus successful, Malik " Bahlol clothed himself with the garments of royalty. " Leaving Dibdlpur, he proceeded to Dehli, and ascended " the throne with the title of Sultdn Bahlol. The nobles " who remained with 'A14u-d din were confirmed in their " privileges. After a while, 'Alau-d din died, and the world " went on according to the wish of Sultan Bahlol. The " length of the reign of Sultdn 'Alau-d din was eight years " -and some months."

The full title of this yaluable work is Matla'u-s Sa'dain wa Majma'u-l Bahrain, " The Rising of the two fortunate Planets (Jupiter and Yenus), and the Junction of the two Seas," com- posed by Kam41u-d din 'Abdu-r Razzak bin Jal41u-d din Is'hak as Samarkand!. The author of the HaUhu-s Siyar thus speaks of 'Abdu-r Razzak.

" Kamalu-d din 'Abdu-r Razzak was a son of Jaldlu-d din Is'hdk, of Samarkand, and was born at Hirdt on the 12th Sha'ban, a.h. 816 (6th November, 1413 a.d.). His father Is'h4k resided at the Court of Sult4n Shah Rukh, in quality of Kdzi and Imam, and was sometimes consulted on points of law, and desired to read learned treatises in His Majesty's presence. 'Abdu-r Razzak, after his father's death, in the year 841 (a.d. 1437), wrote a comment on Azdu-d din Yahya's Treatise upon Arabic Prepositions and Pronouns, and dedicated it to Sultan Shd,h Rukh, on which occasion he had the honour to kiss His Majesty's hand. In the latter part of that prince's reign, he went as his ambassador to the King of Bijdnagar, and experienced various extraordinary incidents and vicissitudes on that journey, but at length returned to Khurasan in safety. After the death of Sultan Shah Rukh, he was successively admitted to the presence of Mirza 'Abdu-1 Latif, Mivza 'Abdu-Uah, and Mirza Abu-1 Kdsim ; and in the first Jumad of 877 (October, 1472), under the reign of Sultan Abu Sa'id, he was appointed superintendent of the khdnkdh of Mirza Shah Rukh, where he continued to the

time of his death, which happened in the latter Jum4d of the year 887 (Angust, 1482).i Among the excellent productions of his pen is that useful work the Matla'u-s Sa'dain, which is in every one's hand, and is universally known ; and in which he has given a general history of events from the time of Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Kh^n down to the assassination of Mirz^ Sultan Abd Sa'id Gurgan."

[Mr. Morley in his Catalogue of the MSS. of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, uses the above biography, but makes the following additions : "In a.h. 850 (a.d. 1446), 'Abdu-r RazzAk was sent on an embassy into Gilan, and had scarcely fulfilled his mission, when he was ordered to depart for Egypt, with the title of ambassador. The death of his master, however, prevented his journey."

" In 856 (a.d. 1452), the Sultan Abu-1 Kdslm Babar, passing through the town of Taft Yazd, had an interview with the celebrated historian Sharafu-d din 'Ali Yazdi, and our author was present at the conference. Two years afterwards he became attached to the person of the Sultan Abu Sa'id, who treated him with the greatest honour ; and in a.h. 863 (a.d. 1458), when Sultdn Husain Bahddur undertook an expedition into Jurjdn, our author, who had been sent on a mission into that part of the country, had an opportunity of witnessing most of the events of the war."

" Vol. I. Commencing with the birth of Abu Sa'id, son of Uljaitu Sultdn Muhammad Khud^bandah. — The history of Timiir, from the rise of his fortunes to his death, i.e., from a.h. 704 (a.d. 1304) to A.H. 807 (a.d. 1404), giving a detailed ac- count of his reign in 'Irdk, Turdn, and other countries.^

1 " Haji Khalfa, v., p. 603. Biog. TJniverselle. Not.etExt. des MSS., xiv., p. 3." The Sahibu-s Sii/ar gives the date of the author's death asA.H. 880, a.d. 1475, infrd. So also does D'Herhelot, v. " Schahrokh."

^ [" I have not seen this first volume, and have given the contents from the cata- logue of the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg, p. 287." — Morley.]

" Yol. II. The history of Timur's descendants, from the accession of Sh^h Eukh, in a.h. 807 (a.d. 1404), to that of Sultdn Hasan Mirza, in a.h. 875 (a.d. 1470), the time when the author wrote."]

'Abdu-r Eazzdk's embassy to India does not seem to be related either in the Rauzatu-s Safd or the Sabibu-s Siyar, though their narrative of that period is copious.

This history is not so well known in India as in Europe. The best MS. I have seen in India is in the possession of Muhammad Raziyau-d din, chief native judge of Allahabad. It is a well written folio in the Naskh character, containing in the first division 426, and in the second 452 pages, of thirty-one lines to a page. There are copies in the British Museum, the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg, and other public collections. [The second volume seems to be more common than the first ; the Library of the East India Office has a copy, and so had"^ the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society. This professed to be an autograph copy of the author, but Mr. Morley saw reason to doubt the truth of this statement. The India Office copy, which is a finely written folio with illustrations, written in the year 1601 A.D., has been used by the editor for the following Extracts respecting the Embassy to India.]

[There is among Sir H. Elliot's papers a copy of that portion of the first volume which relates the history of Timur's expedi- tion to India. On comparing this account with the Malfuzdt-i Timuri and the Zafar-ndma, it proves to be a mere reproduction of Timur's own narrative. 'Abdu-r Razzdk evidently used both the memoirs and the Zafar-ndma. His narrative is less verbose than Timur's, and more simple in style than the language of Sharafu-d din ; still the details are essentially the same, the facts being related in the same order without addition, modifica- tion, or comment. So notwithstanding the high reputation of the Matla'u-s Sa'dain, this portion of the work proves, like the celebrated Zafar-ndma^ to be nothing more than another version