337. EARLY BEGINNINGS OF POETRY 339

EARLY BEGINNINGS OF POETRY 339

यति च' I. 4. 1). The बुद्धचरित of अश्ववोष (not later than 3rd century, as it was translated into Chinese about 414-421 A. D. and probably of the 1st or 2nd century A. D.) was composed at a time when some theory of poetics had already been in vogue. Each canto has at the end a verse or verses in a different metre. The author is very much after alliteration (I. 14, 15; V. 26), employs such a frightful jingle as हरितुरगतु- रक्षवत्तरङ्ः (V.87) and is very fond of यथासंख्य (V. 42 and IX. 16). The बुद्धचरित III. 51 employs the word रसान्तरम्. Similar remarks apply to Aśvaghosa's another Mahākāvya, the Saundarananda. In X. 2 there is अनुप्रासं and in X.11 there is यमक 'चलत्कदम्बे हिमवन्नितम्बे तरौ प्रलम्बे चमरो ललम्बे ।'. Compare नाट्यशाख 17. 84 (हली बली लली &.); the same verse is K.M. ed. 16.85 and GOS. vol. II chap. 16. 84 p. 330. Prof. H. Lüders published in 1911 fragments of a drama of Aśvaghosa called सारिपुत्रप्रकरण which had nine Acts. That shows that ancient dramas on which the rules of the नाट्यशाख were most probably based were lost or forgotten when later dramas like those of भास and कालिदास took the field. Sabhaparva 11. 36 speaks of नाटकS 'नाटका विविधा काव्याः कथाख्यायिककारिकाः' अश्वघोष uses the technical words हाव and भाव (भावज्ञानेन हावेन चातुर्याद्रूपसम्पदा । बुद्ध० IV. 12). Vide नाट्य० 24. 8-10 for भाव and हाव. नाट्यशास्त्र (GOS. ed. vol. III.) chap.22. 6-8 are: देहात्मकं भवेत्सत्वं सत्त्वा- डाव: समुत्थितः । भावात्समुत्थितो हावो हावाद्ेला समुत्थिता॥ वागङ्मुखरागेश्ष सत्त्वेनाभिनयेन च । कवेरन्त्गतं भावं भावयन्भाव उच्यते ॥I. It was shown above (p. 47) that the नाट्यशास्त्र must have been composed not later than 300 A. D. It contains a full exposi- tion of the rasa theory, of dramaturgy and of four figures of speech and gunas. कालिदास is fond of अनुप्रास and employs यमक in रघुवंश IX. Bharavi (who is mentioned in the Aihole Inscription) cannot be placed later than about 580-590 A.D. and in the 15th sarga of Kiratarjuniya exemplifies such faeys as गोसूत्रिका (verse 12), सर्वतोभद्र (25), एकाक्षर (verse 14 in which the only consonant that occurs is ), different kinds of Hes (verses 35, 37, 52), a verse with three applications (45). 1. In the 15th sarga of the किरातार्जुनीय we have एकाक्रपाद in verse 5, एकाक्षर in all padas in verse 14, सर्वतोभद्र and various kinds of qwes and verse 45 has three meanings. It has been shown above (pp. 119-20) that भारवि flourished about 580-590 A. D. at the latest.