340. 342 HISTORY OF SANSKRIT POETICS

342 HISTORY OF SANSKRIT POETICS

him as 'साहित्यश्रीमुरारे: Here obviously the word साहित्य stands for साहित्यशाख्त्र (as in the case of मीमांसा, व्याकरण and तर्क that precede the word साहित्यश्रीमुरारे:). मुकुल in the explanation of the karika पदवाक्यप्रमाशेषु तदेतत्प्रतिबिम्बितम् । यो योजयति साहित्ये तस्य वाखी प्रसीदति ।।' अभिधावृत्ति० p. 22) remarks 'व्याकरमीमांसातर्कसाहित्यात्म केषु चतुर्षु शास्त्रेवपयोगात्'. राजशेखर (काव्यमी. p. 4) says 'पञ्चमी साहित्यविद्येति यायावरीयः । सा हि चतसृखामपि विद्ाना निष्यन्दः ।' मङ्गक says 'विना न साहित्यविदाSपरत्र गुखः कर्थञ्चित्प्रथते कवीनाम्।' श्रीकएठचरित II. 12). These passages establish that sometime before 900 A.D. (when राजशेखर flourished) the word साहित्य came to be used in the sense of 'the science of Poetics'. How much earlier it was employed in that sense it is difficult to say. The word साहित्य seems to be derived from सहित (meaning 'together'). When poctry came to be defined as 'शब्दार्थौं सहितौ काव्यं,' the science of poetic criti- sism that propounded this definition was naturally called साहित्य राजशेखर gives this etymology "शब्दार्थयोर्यथावत्सहभावेन विद्या साहित्यविद्या' (काव्यमी. P. 5). Similarly, the व्यक्तिविवेकटीका (p. 36) remarks 'न च काव्ये शास्त्रादिवदर्थप्रतीत्यर्थ शब्दमात्रं प्रयुज्यते सहितयोः शब्दार्थयोस्तत्र प्रयो- गाव। साहित्यं तुल्यकक्षत्वेनान्यूनातिरिकत्व म्।'.भामह says 'शब्दार्थो सहितौ काव्यं' (I. 16) and the वक्रोक्तिजीवित (I. 8 and 17 quoted above on p. 227) does the same. The शिशुपालवध says 'शब्दार्थो सत्कविरिव द्वयं विद्ानपेक्षते' (1I. 86). In order to constitute real काव्य, the साहित्य of शब्द and अर्थ is required to possess peculiar charm. This will be discussed later. Therefore the use of the word साहित्य arose probably after the 7th or 8th century A. D. In J. O. R., Madras, vol. IX. pp. 128-134, in 'Some concepts of Alankāra- sastra' pp. 264-267 Dr. Raghavan puts forward the theory that, before the days of दएडी and भामह, क्रियाकल्प was the name of Sanskrit Poetics. He relies upon the list of 64 कलs mentioned in वात्स्यायन's कामसूत्र and upon the words in the रामायण, उत्तरकाण्ड chap. 94. 7 (क्रियाकल्पविदश्चव तथा काव्यविदो जनान्). There is absolutely no proof that the chapter 94 is a genuine part of the रामायण, but Dr. Raghavan holds without hardly any obje- ctive evidence that that chapter is genuine or an old part of the epic. Granting for argument that the उत्तरकाएड passage is genuine, it does not prove that the sastra was called क्रियाकल्प. काव्यविद् by itself might mean 'he who knows the science of Poetics'; compare साहित्यविदा quoted above. So क्रियाकल्पविदः may have to be construed otherwise. Further, in an appropriate context क्रिया may mean काव्यक्रिया and क्रियाकल्प may mean the