1. in_ernet_dli_2015_172823_2015_172823_English-Prose--Vol-1

ENGLISH PROSE

H. CRAIK

VOL. I

MACMILLAN AND CO.

FROM THE FOURTEENTH TO THE END OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited

MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON · BOMRAY · CALCUTTA · MADRAS MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO

ENGLISH PROSE

HENRY CRAIK

VOL. I

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

COPYRIGHT

First Edition 1893

Reprinted 1928

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

BY R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, EDINBURGH

PREFACE

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

W. P. Ker

Sir John Mandeville

G. Saintsbury

19

The Lady of the Land

23

Of the Qualities of the Right Balm

23

The Castle of the Sparrowhawk

24

The State of Prester John

25

John Wycliffe (1324-1384)

The Editor

27

Extracts from Sermons

30

A Short Rule of Life

36

The Clergy subject to the Civil Magistrate

37

Chaucer (about 1340-1400)

W. P. Ker

39

Preface to the Treatise on the Astrolabe

42

Description of Hell

45

Reginald Pecock (about 1390-1460)

The Editor

50

The Uses of Logic

53

Reason and Scripture

54

Divinity and Moral Philosophy

55

Reasonable Use of Images

56

Defence of Religious Orders

57

Malory (about 1470)

J. W. Hales

60

Extracts from the Morte d'Arthur

62

Sir John Fortescue (about 1394-1476)

H. R. Reichel

77

Extracts from the Governance of England

81

The Lawyer refuting his own Arguments

86

John Capgrave (1393-1464)

J. Churton Collins

Dedication to Edward IV.

Causes of the Longevity of the Antediluvians

The Vision which appeared to Augustus Cæsar

The Story of Count Leopold

The Ghost of Bishop Groseste appears to the Pope

William Caxton (about 1415-1491)

The Editor

Prologue to the Recueil des Histoires de Troye

Epilogue to the Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers

Piety of King Henry the Fifth

The Character of the True Knight

Robert Fabyan (d. 1511)

The Editor

Charlemagne

William with the Long Beard

Wat Tyler's Rebellion

Marriage of Richard II. and Isabel of France

Lord Berners (about 1467-1532)

The Editor

Extract from the Preface

The Death of King Robert the Bruce

How the Town of Calais was given up

The Bird in borrowed Feathers

The French King seized by Madness

Froissart's Visit to England

John Fisher (about 1465-1535)

The Editor

Dependence upon Divine Mercy

Character of Henry VII.

Character of Margaret, Countess of Richmond.

Comparison between the Life of Hunters and that of Christians

Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)

H. R. Reichel

Pasturage destroying Husbandry

The Doctrine of the Utopians

King Richard III. in Council

Plunder of the Church by Heretics

The Apology of Sir Thomas More

How far is Recreation lawful

William Tyndale

Sir Thomas Elyot

Coverdale

Thomas Cranmer

Hugh Latimer

John Leland

The Complaint of Scotland

George Cavendish

Sir John Cheke

Roger Ascham

False Flattery of the Scots

A Dialogue in the Socratic Manner

What we may learn from Athens

The Force of Example

Books that do hurt

Thomas Wilson (about 1526-1581)

F. H. Trench

A Lesson in Tactics

The Virtue of Simplicity

The Uses of Wit

Rules of Art

Intolerance in Rome

The Teaching of Poets

John Knox (1505-1572)

J. M. Dodds

John Knox chosen as Preacher

Knox and Queen Mary

The Necessity of Schools

George Buchanan (1506-1582)

J. M. Dodds

Chamæleon

Conspiracies against King James V.

Raphael Holinshed (about 1515-1573)

Mary Darmesteter

The Flight of the Empress from Oxford

The Weird Sisters

The Murder of the Little Princes

The Trial of Queen Katharine

John Foxe (1516-1587)

J. M. Dodds

Cranmer at the Stake

Rose Allin

Cicely Ormes

Sir Thomas North (d. about 1603)

C. Whibley

The Greatness of Pericles

Volumnia's Pleading

The Flight of Antony

Philemon Holland (1552-1637) and the Classical Translators

C. Whibley

William Webbe (1586)

W. P. Ker

An Account of English Poets

George Puttenham (1589)

W. P. Ker

English Poets

Lord Burleigh (1520-1598)

W. Minto

Ten Precepts

Spenser (1552-1599)

J. W. Hales

Irish Costume

Irish Bards

The Misery of Ireland

Richard Hooker (about 1553-1600)

Vernon Blackburn

Calvin's Return to Geneva

Christian Unity Counselled

Man's Desire for Happiness

Defence of Church Ceremonial

The Doctrine of Grace

Man's Sinfulness

Hooker's Defence of Himself

Justice and the Harmony of Creation

A Virtuous Woman

An Appeal

Richard Knolles (about 1544-1610)

G. Saintsbury

Amurath

Mahomet and Irene

William Camden (1551-1623)

Edmund Gosse

The Beauties of the Isle of Britain

Of its Inhabitants

King Canute

The Earl Marshal of England

James Melville (1556-1614)

W. P. Ker

Shipwrecked Captains of the Armada

Richard Hakluyt (about 1553-1616)

W. P. Ker

Principal Navigations, etc., of the English Nation

Drake at Nombre de Dios

Sir Walter RaleIGH (1552-1618)

Edmund Gosse

The Revenge :

A Useful Hostage

Misdeeds of Henry VIII.

The Attributes of God .

Death .

The Law of Change

The Absence of the Queen

Thomas Lodge (about 1556-1625).

1. H. Ward

A Rake's Progress

The Wrestling Match .

Evening and Morning in Arden

Robert Greene (about 1560-1592)

1. H. Ward

Italian Suitors .

The Cupbearer's Dilemma

Bellaria's Babe .

An Arcadian Wit-combat

A Parthian Prayer .

Thomas Nashe (1567-1600)

A. IV. Ward

How the Herring became King of all Fishes

ReligiousFaction

A Latter-day Appeal

John of Leyden and his Crew

Surrey's Knight-Errantry

Samuel Daniel (1562-1619)

G. Saintsbury

A Defence of Rhyme .

The Limits of Authority

Let us be True to Ourselves

Thomas Dekker (about 1565-1640)

G. Saintsbury

City Hunting .

How the Warren is made

The Tumbler's Hunting Dry-foot

The Tumbler's Hunting Counter

The Dove .

The Pelican

The Phœnix

William Clowes (1540-1604)

Norman Moore

The Boasting of a Quack

A Braggart's Fate

Timothy Bright (1551-1615)

Norman Moore

How the Soul by one Simple Faculty performeth so many and Divers Actions

NOTES

INTRODUCTION

THE EARLIER HISTORY OF ENGLISH PROSE

The attraction of medieval literature comes perhaps more strongly from some other countries than from England. In France and Provence, in Germany and Icelard, there were literary adventurers more daring and achievements more distinguished. It was not in England that the most wonderful things were produced; there is nothing in old English that takes hold of the mind with that masterful and subduing power which still belongs to the lyrical stanzas of the troubadours and minnesingers, to Welsh romance, or to the epic prose of the Iceland histories.

The Norman Conquest degraded the English language from its literary rank, and brought in a new language for the polite literature. It did not destroy, in one sense it did not absolutely interrupt, English literature; but it took away the English literary standard, and threw the country back into the condition of Italy before Dante—an anarchy of dialects. When a new literary language was established in the time of Chaucer, the Middle Ages were nearly over: and so it happened that for the greatest of the medieval centuries, the twelfth and thirteenth, the centuries of the Crusades, of the Hohenstaufen Emperors, of St. Francis, St. Dominic, and St. Louis, there is in English no great representative work in prose or rhyme. There are better things, it is true, than the staggering rhythms of Layamon, or the wooden precision of Orm: the Ancren Riwle is better. But there is no one who can be taken, as some of the writers in other countries

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INTRODUCTION

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SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE

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SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE

THE LADY OF THE LAND

SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE

OF THE QUALITIES OF THE RIGHT BALM

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SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE

THE STATE OF PRESTER JOHN

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John Wycliffe

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JOHN WYCLIFFE

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SERMONS

I.

Cum turbe irruerunt ad Jesum.--LUC. v. 1.

THE story of this gospel telleth good lore, how prelates should teach folk under them. The story is plain, how Christ stood by the river of Gennesaret, and fishers come down to wash therein their nets; and Christ went up into a boat that was Simon's, and prayed him to move it a little from the land, and He sate and taught the people out of the boat. And when Christ ceased to speak, He said to Simon, Lead the boat into the high sea, and let out your nets to taking of fish. And Simon answering said to Him, Commander, all the night travailing took we nought; but in Thy word shall I loose the net. And when they had done this they took a plenteous multitude of fish, and their net was broken. But they beckoned to their fellows that were in the other boat to come and help them; and they came and filled both boats of fish, so that well nigh were they both dreynt. And when Peter had seen this wonder, he fell down to Jesus' knee, and said, Lord, go from me for I am a sinful man. For Peter held him not worthy to be with Christ, nor dwell in His company; for wonder came to them all in taking of these fishes. And so wondered James and John, Zebedee's sons, that were Simon's fellows. And Jesus said to Simon, From this time shalt thou be taking men. And they set their boats to the land, and forsook all that they had, and sued Christ.

Before we go to spiritual understanding of this gospel we shall wit that the same Christ's disciple that was first cleped Simon, was cleped Peter after of Christ, for sadness of belief that he took of Christ, which Christ is a corner stone, and groundeth all truth. Over this we shall understand that the apostles were cleped of

JOHN WYCLIFFE

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VOL. I

JOHN WYCLIFFE

IV

Homo quidam habuit duos.—LUKE xv. 11.

LUKE saith that Christ told how a man had two sons; and the younger of them said unto his father, Father, give me a portion of the substance that falleth me. And the father departed him his goods. And soon after this young son gathered all that fell to him, and went forth in pilgrimage into a far country; and there he wasted his goods, living in lechery. And after that he had ended all his goods, there fell a great hunger in that land, and he began to be needy. And he went out and cleaved to one of the citizens of that country, and this citizen sent him into his town to keep swine.

And this son coveted to fill his belly with these holes that the hogs cat, and no man gave him. And he, turning again, said, How many hinds in my father's house be full of loaves, and I perish here for hunger. I shall rise, and go to my father, and say to him, Father, I have sinned in Heaven and before thee; now I am not worthy to be cleped thy son, make me as one of thy hinds. And he rose and came to his father. And yet when he was far, his father saw him, and was moved by mercy, and running against his son, fell on his neck and kissed him. And the son said to him, Father, I have sinned in Heaven and before thee; now I am not worthy to be cleped thy son.

And the father said to his servants anon, Bring ye forth the first stole, and clothe ye him, and give ye a ring in his hand, and shoon upon his feet. And bring ye a fat calf, and slay him, and eat we, and feed us; for this son of mine was dead, and is quickened again, and he was perished, and is found. And they began to feed him. And his elder son was in the field; and when he came and was nigh the house, he heard a symphony and other noise of minstrelsy. And this elder son cleped one of the servants, and asked what were these things.

And he said to him, Thy brother is come, and thy father hath slain a fat calf, for he hath received him safe. But this elder son had disdain and would not come in; therefore, his father went out, and began to pray him. And he answered, and said to his father, Lo, so many years I serve to thee, I passed never thy mandement; and thou gavest me never a kid, for to feed me with my friends. But after that he, this thy son hath murthered his goods with hooris is come, thou hast

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A SHORT RULE OF LIFE

JOHN WYCLIFFE

THE CLERGY SUBJECT TO THE CIVIL MAGISTRATE

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CHAUCER

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CHAUCER

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CHAUCER

W. P. Ker

PREFACE TO THE TREATISE ON THE ASTROLABE

CHAUCER

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CHAUCER

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CHAUCER

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REGINALD PECOCK

REGINALD PECOCK

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THE USES OF LOGIC

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REGINALD PECOCK

DIVINITY AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY

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REGINALD PECOCK

DEFENCE OF RELIGIOUS ORDERS

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REGINALD PECOCK

MALORY

MALORY

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How Arthur by the mean of Merlin gat Excalibur his Sword of the Lady of the Lake

RIGHT so the king and he departed, and went until an hermit

that was a good man and a great leach. So the hermit searched

all his wounds and gave him good salves; so the king was there

three days, and then were his wounds well amended that he

might ride and go, and so departed. And as they rode, Arthur

said, I have no sword. No force, said Merlin, hereby is a sword

that shall be yours and I may. So they rode till they came to a

lake, the which was a fair water and broad, and in the midst of

the lake Arthur was ware of an arm clothed in white samite, that

held a fair sword in that hand. Lo, said Merlin, yonder is that

sword that I spake of. With that they saw a damsel going upon

the lake : What damsel is that? said Arthur. That is the Lady

of the lake, said Merlin ; and within that lake is a rock, and

therein is as fair a place as any on earth, and richly beseen, and

this damsel will come to you anon, and then speak ye fair to her

that she will give you thàt sword. Anon withal came the damsel

unto Arthur and saluted him, and he her again. Damsel, said

Arthur, what sword is that, that yonder the arm holdeth above

the water? I would it were mine, for I have no sword. Sir

Arthur king, said the damsel, that sword is mine, and if ye will

give me a gift when I ask it you, ye shall have it. By my faith,

said Arthur, I will give you what gift ye will ask. Well, said the

damsel, go ye into yonder barge and row yourself to the sword,

and take it and the scabbard with you, and I will ask my gift

when I see my time. So Sir Arthur and Merlin alight, and tied

their horses to two trees, and so they went into the ship, and

when they came to the sword that the hand held, Sir Arthur took

it up by the handles, and took it with him. And the arm and

the hand went under the water ; and so they came unto the land

and rode forth. And then Sir Arthur saw a rich pavilion : What

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MALORY

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MALORY

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MALORY

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SIR JOHN FORTESCUE

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SIR JOHN FORTESCUE

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THE GOVERNANCE OF ENGLAND

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SIR JOHN FORTESCUE

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SIR JOHN FORTESCUE

ONLY COWARDICE KEEPS THE FRENCHMEN FROM RISING

POVERTY is not the cause why the commons of France rise no against their sovereign lord. For there were never people in that land more poor than were in our time the commons of the country of Caux, which was then almost desert for lack of tillers, as it now well appeareth by the new husbandry that is done there, namely in grubbing and stocking of trees, bushes, and groves grown while we were there lords of the country. And yet the said commons of Caux made a marvellous great rising, and took our towns, castles and fortresses, and slew our captains and soldiers at such a time as we had but few men of war lying in that country. Which proveth that it is not poverty that keepeth Frenchmen from rising, but it is cowardice and lack of heart and courage, which no Frenchman hath like unto an Englishman. It hath been often times seen in England that three or four thieves for poverty have set upon six or seven true men, and robbed them all. But it hath not been seen in France that six or seven thieves have been hardy to rob three or four true men. Wherefore it is right seldom that Frenchmen be hanged for robbery, for they have not hearts to do so terrible an act. There be therefore more men hanged in England in a year for robbery and manslaughter than there be hanged in France for such manner of crime in seven years. There is no man hanged in Scotland in seven years together for robbery. And yet they be oftentimes hanged for larceny and stealing of goods in the absence of the owner thereof. But their hearts serve them not to take a man's goods while he is present, and will defend it, which manner of taking is called robbery. But the Englishman is of another courage. For if he be poor, and see another man having riches, which may be taken from him by might, he will not spare to do so, but if that poor man be right true. Wherefore it is not poverty, but it is lack of heart and cowardice that keepeth the Frenchmen from rising.

THE LAWYER REFUTING HIS OWN ARGUMENTS

SIR JOHN FORTESCUE

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JOHN CAPGRAVE

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DEDICATION TO EDWARD IV

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THE VISION WHICH APPEARED TO AUGUSTUS CÆSAR

JOHN CAPGRAVE

THE STORY OF COUNT LEOPOLD

JOHN CAPGRAVE

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WILLIAM CAXTON

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VOL. I

PROLOGUE TO THE RECUEIL DES HISTOIRES DE TROYE

WILLIAM CAXTON

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WILLIAM CAXTON

PIETY OF KING HENRY THE FIFTH

WILLIAM CAXTON

THE CHARACTER OF THE TRUE KNIGHT

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WILLIAM CAXTON

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WILLIAM CAXTON

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ROBERT FABYAN

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ROBERT FABYAN

III

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CHARLEMAGNE

ROBERT FABYAN

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WAT TYLER'S REBELLION

IN this mayor's year and end of the third year of King Richard, toward the summer season, in divers places of the land, the com- mons arose suddenly and ordained to them rulets and captains, and especially in Kent and Essex, the which named their leaders Jack Straw, Will Waw, Wat Tyler, Jack Shepherd, Tom Miller, and Hob Carter. These unruled company gathered unto them great multitude of the commons, and after sped them toward the city of London, and assembled them upon Black Heath in Kent, within three miles of London, and upon Corpus Christi day, being the eleventh day of June, they entered the tower of London, and there the king being then lodged, took from thence perforce Master Sudbery, then Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Robert Halys, lord or prior of St. John's, and a white friar, confessor unto the king; which three persons, with huge noise and cry, they led unto the hill of the said tower, and smote off their heads, and when they had so done, they returned into Southwark by boats and barges, and there slew and robbed all strangers that they might find : and that done they went to Westminster, and took with them all manner of sanctuary men, and so came unto the Duke of Lancaster's place standing without Temple Bar, called Savoy, and spoiled that was therein, and after set it upon fire and brent it ; and from thence they yode unto the head place or Saint John's in Smithfield, and despoiled that place in like wise. Then they entered the city, and searched the Temple and other inns of court, and spoiled their places and brent their books of law, and slew as many men of law and questmongers as they might find : and that done they went to Saint Martin's the Grand, and took with them all sanctuary men, and the prisons of New- gate, Ludgate, and of both counters, and destroyed their registers and books, and in like manner they did with the prisoners of the Marshalsea and King's Bench in Southwark. When Jack Straw had thus done all thing at his will, and saw that no resistance was made again, he was smitten with so huge a presumption that he thought no man his peer, and so being enflamed with that presumption and pride rode unto the Tower, where the king, being smally accompanied of his lords, caused him to ride about some part of the city, and so conveyed him into Smithfield, where in the king's presence, he caused a proclamation to be made, and

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MARRIAGE OF RICHARD II. AND ISABEL OF FRANCE

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LORD BERNERS' PREFACE

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THE DEATH OF KING ROBERT THE BRUCE

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HOW THE TOWN OF CALAIS WAS GIVEN UP TO THE KING OF ENGLAND

After that the French king was thus departed from Sangate, they within Calais saw well how their succour failed them, for the which they were in great sorrow. Then they desired so much their captain, Sir John of Vyen, that he went to the walls of the town, and made a sign to speak with some person of the host. When the king heard thereof, he sent thither Sir Gaultier of Manny, and Sir Basset : then Sir John of Vyen said to them, sirs, ye be right valiant knights in deeds of arms, and ye know well how the king, my master, hath sent me and other to this town, and commanded us to keep it to his behoof, in such wise that we take no blame, nor to him no damage ; and we have done all that lieth in our power. Now our succours have failed us, and we be so sore strained that we have not to live withal, but that we must all die, or else enrage for famine, without the noble and gentle king of yours will take mercy on us ; the which to do we require you to desire him to have pity on us, and to let us go and depart as we be, and let him take the town and castle and all the goods that be therein, the which is great abundance. Then Sir Gaultier of Manny said, Sir, we know somewhat of the intention of the king our master, for he hath showed it unto us ; surely know for truth it is not his mind that you nor they within the town should depart so, for it is his will that ye all should put yourselves into his pure will to ransom all such as pleaseth him, and to put to death such as he list ; for they of Calais have done him such contraries and despites, and have caused him to dispend so much good, and lost many of his men, that he is sore grieved against them. Then the captain said, Sir, this is too hard a matter to us ; we are here within, a small sort of knights and squires, who have truly served the king our master, as well as ye serve yours in like case. And we have endured much pain and unease ; but we shall yet endure as much pain as ever knights did rather than to consent that the worst lad in the town should have any more evil than the greatest of us all ; therefore, sir, we pray you that of your humility, yet that ye will go and speak to the King of England, and desire him to have pity of us, for we trust in him so much gentleness, that by the grace of God his purpose shall change. Sir Gaultier of Manny and Sir Basset

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THE FRENCH KING SEIZED BY MADNESS

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DEPENDENCE UPON DIVINE MERCY

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JOHN FISHER

CHARACTER OF HENRY VII.

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JOHN FISHER

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE LIFE OF HUNTERS AND THAT OF CHRISTIANS

JOHN FISHER

153

where they shall lie and rest them. Surely if religious persons

had so earnest a mind and desire to the service of Christ, as have

these hunters to see a course at a hare, their life should be unto

them a very joy and pleasure. For what other be the pains of

religion but these that I have spoken of. That is to say, much

fasting, crying, and coming to the choir, forsaking of worldly

honours, worldly riches, and fleshly pleasures, and communication

of the world, humble service, and obedience to his sovereign, and

charitable dealing to his sister, which pains, in every point, the

hunter taketh and sustaineth more largely for the love that he

hath to his game, than do many religious persons for the love of

Christ. For albeit, the religious person riseth at midnight which

is painful to her in very deed, yet she went before that to her bed

at a convenient hour, and also cometh after to her bed again.

But the hunter riseth early, and so continueth forth all the long

day, no more returning to his bed until the very night, and yet

peradventure he was late up the night before, and full often up all

the long nights.

(From The Ways to Perfect Religion. Written while

prisoner in the Tower.)

SIR THOMAS MORE

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II. Prose.—Of his prose works, by far the most important intrinsically is the Utopia. The English version, however, is not by him; so pungent was the satire that not even the original Latin could be published in England during Henry VIII.'s lifetime. For specimens of More's English style we must, therefore, turn to other and less famous compositions.

(a) Life of John Picus, Earl of Mirandula, 1510, not an original work, but a translation from a Latin life. Its value lies both in the training it gave for the formation of that easy and nervous style which is perfected in the History of Richard III., and also in the picture it displays of a career which made a profound impression on More. The parallel between them is close. Both began as humanists and ended as theologians; the life of each was largely determined by the influence of a great preacher; in each rich mental endowment was accompanied by a sensuous delicacy that might easily pass into sensuality; and both remained laymen till the end.

(b) Historic of Richard III.—In the Historic we see the happy result of that long and continuous practice which Erasmus tells us his friend devoted to the cultivation of his prose style. It is certainly the first good historical English prose. This must be largely attributed to the union in More of two qualifications which had hitherto not been found together. He was at once a finished Latin scholar and the most racy English conversationalist of his day. Thus he has succeeded in investing his narrative with a certain classical shapeliness and dignity without impairing the freshness and vigour of the native vein; the former never becomes stilted, the latter never passes into the broad mannerisms which disfigure most Elizabethan and much Jacobean prose. In fact, what Chaucer had done for English vocabulary, More did for English style; to the two together we owe the fixing of the true proportion in which the Teutonic and Latin elements of the language are most effectively blended. Chaucer is the father of English verse; More has almost an equal claim to be called the father of English prose. Their genius, indeed, is not dissimilar though exercised in different domains; above all, they resemble each other in that subtle humour and perfect sanity of judgment, springing from a just balance of the faculties, which have stamped their literary innovations with classic permanence. Hallam calls the Historic “the first example of good English language: pure and perspicuous, well chosen, without vulgarisms and pedantry,”

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the second ; and abounds in interesting references (e.g., the Prentice Riot in London, ch. xlvii.) (5) The Debellacyon of Salem and Bisance, 1533 (90 pp.) ; and (6) The Answer to the First Parts of the Poisoned Book which a Nameless Heretyk hath named the Supper of the Lord (100 pp.), call for no special notice. It is different with the two last, which were composed during his final imprisonment, and exhibit a chastened resignation and charity in pleasing contrast with the earlier tone. (7) A Dyalogue of Comforte against Tribulacion, 1534 (125 pp.), is supposed to pass between a Hungarian gentleman and his nephew. The object is devotional rather than polemical (vide Extract), and the best argument in the book is its spirit. It is striking how, as bitterness departs, the old mellow humour revives. (8) A Treatise upon the Passion of our Lord Chryste (134 pp.), is an unfinished devotional commentary on the latter part of the Gospel narrative.

To return now to the most permanent product of his genius. The Utopia, 1516, was originally written in Latin, partly to secure a wider audience, partly for safety, and won for its author an immediate European reputation side by side with the author of Morice Encomium, whose Novum Instrumentum appeared in the same year. It consists of two books—the former introductory and critical, the latter constructive. The second was composed in 1515 in the course of an embassy to Brussels, the first being only elaborated after the author's return to England in 1516. The discovery of the new world offered a convenient peg on which to hang his satire. While at Antwerp he meets a certain Portuguese explorer, Raphael Hythlodaye by name, who had made several voyages with Amerigo Vespucci, on the last of which he had been left behind at his own desire in the neighbourhood of Cape Frio, and had thence made his way to the island of Utopia (nowhere), the supposed seat of the ideal constitution sketched in book ii. An air of historic verisimilitude is thus created, which is ingeniously heightened by the publication at the end of the pamphlet of a specimen of Utopian verse, and by the affectation of uncertainty as to a few details, on which More writes to consult the Antwerp merchant at whose house the meeting had taken place.

In book i. Hythlodaye frankly states his opinion with regard to the social and political evils he observed in England, hinting how much better they managed these things in Utopia, and then

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PASTURAGE DESTROYING HUSBANDRY

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SIR THOMAS MORE

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KING RICHARD THE THIRD IN COUNCIL

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PLUNDER OF THE CHURCH BY HERETICS

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HOW FAR IS RECREATION LAWFUL?

Anthony and Vincent

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WILLIAM TYNDALE

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OF WORSHIPPING OF SACRAMENTS, CEREMONIES, IMAGES, RELICS, AND SO FORTH

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PILGRIMAGES

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SIR THOMAS ELYOT

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WHAT ORDER SHOULD BE IN LEARNING?

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SIR THOMAS ELYOT

COVERDALE AND THE EARLY TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE

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PROLOGUE TO THE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE

MILES COVERDALE TO THE CHRISTIAN READER

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THE USES OF HOLY SCRIPTURE

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THE DANGERS OF FALSE DOCTRINE

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THOMAS CRANMER

HUGH LATIMER

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VOI. I

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DECAY OF THE YEOMANRY

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HUGH LATIMER

DUTIES AND RESPECT OF JUDGES

I WILL tell you my Lords Judges, if ye consider this matter well, ye should be more afraid of the poor widow, than of a nobleman with all the friends and power that he can make. But nowadays the Judges be afraid to hear a poor man against the rich, insomuch, they will either pronounce against him, or so drive off the poor man's suit, that he shall not be able to go through with it. The greatest man in a realm can not so hurt a Judge as the poor widow, such a shrewd turn she can do him. And with what armour I pray you? She can bring the Judge's skin over his ears, and never lay hands upon him. And how is that? Lacrimæ miserorum descendunt ad maxillas, the tears of the poor fall down upon their cheeks, et ascendunt ad cœlum, and go up to heaven, and cry for vengeance before God, the judge of widows, the father of the widows and orphans. Poor people be oppressed even by laws. Væ iis qui condunt leges iniquas. Woe worth to them that make evil laws. If woe be to them that make laws against the poor, what shall be to them that hinder and mar good laws? Quid facietis in die ultionis? What will ye do in the day of vengeance, when God will visit you? He saith, he will hear the tears of poor women when he goeth on visitation. For their sakes he will hurt the judge, be he never so high. Deus transfert regna. He will for widows' sakes change realms, bring them into subjection, pluck the judges' skins over their heads.

Cambyses was a great Emperor, such another as our master is; he had many Lord deputies, Lord presidents, and Lieutenants under him. It is a great while ago sith I read the history. It chanced he had under him in one of his dominions a briber, a gift taker, a gratifier of rich men, he followed gifts, as fast as he that followed the pudding, a hand maker in his office, to make his son a great man, as the old saying is, Happy is the child whose father goeth to the Devil.

The cry of the poor widow came to the Emperor's ear, and caused him to flay the judge quick, and laid his skin in his chair of judgement, that all judges, that should give judgement afterward, should sit in the same skin. Surely it was a goodly sign, a goodly monument, the sign of the judge's skin : I pray God we may once see the sign of the skin in England. Ye will say peradventure that this is cruelly and uncharitably spoken : no, no,

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HUGH LATIMER

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JOHN LELAND

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THE LABORIOUS JOURNEY AND SEARCH OF JOHN LELAND FOR ENGLAND'S ANTIQUITIES, GIVEN OF HIM AS A NEW YEAR'S GIFT TO KING HENRY THE EIGHTH.

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THE COMPLAINT OF SCOTLAND

1549

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ANE MONOLOGUE OF THE ACTOR

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A GREAT HOUSE IN FRANCE

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GEORGE CAVENDISH

THE KING ENTERTAINED AT YORK PLACE

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GEORGE CAVENDISH

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GEORGE CAVENDISH

AUGURY

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GEORGE CAVENDISH

SIR JOHN CHEKE

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SIR JOHN CHEKE

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THE LESSONS OF SEDITION

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SIR JOHN CHEKE

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SIR JOHN CHEKE

THE BLESSINGS OF PEACE

SIR JOHN CHEKE

ROGER ASCHAM

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ROGER ASCHAM

A PLEA FOR MUSIC

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ROGER ASCHAM

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ROGER ASCHAM

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ROGER ASCHAM

THE FORCE OF EXAMPLE

Present examples of this present time I list not to touch; yet there is one example for all the gentlemen of this court to follow, that may well satisfy them, or nothing will serve them, nor no example move them to goodness and learning.

It is your shame (I speak to you all, you young gentlemen of England) that one maid should go beyond you all in excellency of learning and knowledge of divers tongues. Point forth six of the best given gentlemen of this court, and all they together show not so much good will, spend not so much time, bestow not so many hours daily, orderly, and constantly, for the increase of learning and knowledge, as doth the Queen's Majesty herself. Yea, I believe, that beside her perfect readiness in Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish, she readeth here now at Windsor more Greek every day, than some prebendary of this church doth read Latin in a whole week. And that which is most praiseworthy of all, within the walls of her privy chamber, she hath obtained that excellency of learning to understand, speak, and write both wittily with head, and fair with hand, as scarce one or two rare wits in both the universities have in many years reached unto. Amongst all the benefits that God hath blessed me withal, next the knowledge of Christ's true religion, I count this the greatest, that it pleased God to call me to be one poor minister in setting forward these excellent gifts of learning in this most excellent prince; whose only example if the rest of our nobility would follow, then might England be for learning and wisdom in nobility, a spectacle to all the world beside. But see the mishap of men; the best examples have never such force to move to any goodness, as the bad, vain, light, and fond have to all illness.

And one example, though out of the compass of learning, yet not out of the order of good manners, was notable in this court not fully twenty-four years ago; when all the acts of parliament, many good proclamations, divers strait commandments, sore punishment openly, special regard privately, could not do so much to take away one misorder, as the example of one big one of this court did, still to keep up the same: the memory whereof doth yet remain in a common proverb of Birching Lane.

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ROGER ASCHAM

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THOMAS WILSON

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THOMAS WILSON

A LESSON IN TACTICS

THOMAS WILSON

THE VIRTUE OF SIMPLICITY

VOL. I.

INTOLERANCE IN ROME

THOMAS WILSON

THE TEACHING OF POETS

JOHN KNOX

JOHN KNOX

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JOHN KNOX

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JOHN KNOX

JOHN KNOX CHOSEN AS PREACHER

JOHN KNOX

KNOX AND QUEEN MARY

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JOHN KNOX

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GEORGE BUCHANAN

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GEORGE BUCHANAN

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GEORGE BUCHANAN

JAMES MILLER DODDS.

CHAMÆLEON

GEORGE BUCHANAN

CONSPIRACIES AGAINST KING JAMES THE FIFTH

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RAPHAEL HOLINSHED

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RAPHAEL HOLINSHED

MARY DARMASTETER

THE FLIGHT OF THE EMPRESS FROM OXFORD

RAPHAEL HOLINSHED

VOL. I

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RAPHAEL HOLINSHED

THE TRIAL OF QUEEN KATHARINE

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JOHN FOXE

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JOHN FOXE

JAMES MILLER DODDS

CRANMER AT THE STAKE

JOHN FOXE

ROSE ALLIN

JOHN FOXE

SIR THOMAS NORTH

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SIR THOMAS NORTH

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THE GREATNESS OF PERICLES

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SIR THOMAS NORTH

VOLUMNIA'S PLEADING

SIR THOMAS NORTH

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SIR THOMAS NORTH

THE FLIGHT OF ANTONY

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SIR THOMAS NORTH

PHILEMON HOLLAND AND THE CLASSICAL TRANSLATORS

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HOLLAND AND THE CLASSICAL TRANSLATORS

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HOLLAND AND THE CLASSICAL TRANSLATORS

Charles Whibley

VOL. I

MARCELLUS AND HANNIBAL AT NOLA

HOLLAND AND THE CLASSICAL TRANSLATORS

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HOLLAND AND THE CLASSICAL TRANSLATORS 363

a final end and conclusion of his days : whom the wrathful queen Tomyris seeking out among the slain and mangled bodies of the Persians, took his head and throwing it into a vessel filled with blood, in vaunting and glorious wise insulted over it in these words. Thou butcherly tyrant, my son thou tookest by craft and killedst by cruelty, wherefore with thyself I have kept touch. Now therefore take thy fill, bloody caitiff, suck there till thy belly crack. In this manner died the noble king Cyrus : of whose death and end since many and sundry things are bruited, it seemed us good to follow that, which among the rest sounded nearest to truth.

(From the Famous History of Herodotus, translated by B. R. [Barnaby Rich].)

GREAT BRITAIN AND HER INHABITANTS

The site of Britannie and dwellers, described by sundry writers, I purpose here to declare, not to compare in fineness or wit, but because it was then first thoroughly subdued : so that such things, as our elders without perfect discovery have polished with pen, shall now be set faithfully down upon knowledge. Britannic, of all islands known to the Romans the greatest, coasteth by east upon Germanie, by west toward Spain, and hath France on the south : northward no land lying against it, but only a vast and broad sea beating about it. The figure and fashion of whole Britannie, by Livy of the ancient, and Fabius Rusticus of the modern, the most eloquent authors, is likened to a long dish or two-edged axe : and so is the part shapen indeed of this side Caledonia, whereupon the fume went of the whole as it seemeth : but there is beside a huge and enorne track of ground, which runneth beyond unto the furthermost point, growing narrow and sharp like a wedge. This point of the utmost sea the Roman fleet then first of all doubling discovered Britannie to be an island, and withal found out and subdued the isles of Orkney before that time never known. Thyle also was looked at aloof, which snow hitherto and winter had covered. The sea thereabout they affirm to be dull and heavy for the oar and not to be raised as others with winds : belike because land and mountains are rare, which minister cause and matter of tempests, and because a deep mass

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JOHN STOW

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JOHN STOW

VOL. I

ORATION OF SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

MAY DAY IN LONDON

JOHN STOW

JOHN STOW

JOHN LYLY

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that many of the characteristics of Lyly's style are to be found in the Spanish of Guevara, and more distinctly in the English translations and imitations of Guevara, before Lyly. Guevara may be taken as the author who did most to fix for a time this fashion of grammatical prose rhetoric. The English translations of Guevara are numerous, and to the most famous of them, the Marco Aurelio, translated by Lord Berners first, and then by Sir Thomas North, Lyly seems to be indebted for something more than lessons in composition. The Marco Aurelio, the Dial of Princes, is the source of many things belonging to the substance of Lyly's book. The style of Euphues is not to be regarded as directly borrowed from Guevara. Lyly used consistently and deliberately a manner of writing that had been used occasionally by earlier writers, and that in Lyly's time was evidently growing into a literary habit, before and apart from Euphues. Just as Guevara in Spain by a consistent use of the ordinary figure of balanced clauses had ruled the fashion which he did not invent, so Lyly, coming two generations later into acquaintance with the English variations on Guevara, took them up, appropriated them, and worked them out with more pains than any one else had bestowed on them.

The marks of Euphuism are three: balance of phrases, an elaborate system of alliteration, and a methodical use of similes taken generally from the virtues of different creatures—“the fish Scolopidus,” “the serpent Porphyrius,” and a thousand others.

The first quality is common to all early experiments in sentence-making. The second had begun to be developed by North and Ascham: it represents, in English, the jingle of syllables, the Paronomasia, Parachesis, and other distressing symptoms noted by the classical rhetoricians. This kind of ornament is one of the earliest invented, and the soonest outworn; the use of it makes one of Plato's touches in his dramatic portrait of the sedgy person with intellectual tastes who reports the conversation of the Symposium. Lyly's alliteration is much less obvious and, in fact, much less essential to his style than the other two mannerisms.

The continual reference to beasts and precious stones was, and is, felt as the most annoying of the devices of Euphuism. In this also Lyly had predecessors, who dealt, for instance, in “the herb Camomile; the more it is trodden down the more it spreadeth abroad.” But their ventures were modest and occasional: Lyly in this, as in everything, made the most of his chances; he felt bound

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LOVE'S CONSTANCY

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JOHN LYLY

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JOHN LYLY

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ROBERT PARSONS

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THE EARTH TEACHES GOD

THE SEA SHOWS GOD

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THE THINGS IN MAN DECLARE GOD

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THE THINGS IN MAN DECLARE GOD

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THE THINGS IN MAN DECLARE GOD

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THE SECURITY OF ECCLESIASTICAL ORDER

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THE SECURITY OF ECCLESIASTICAL ORDER

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ROBERT PARSONS

DISTURBERS OF PEACEFUL UNION

STEPHEN GOSSON

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MODERN LUXURY

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STEPHEN GOSSON

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STEPHEN GOSSON

THE PLAYMAKERS' SOPHISTRIES EXPOSED

STEPHEN GOSSON

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

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A. W. Ward

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THE KING OF ARCADIA AND HIS DAUGHTER

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

PAMELA'S FAITH

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PARTHENIA'S RETURN TO ARGALUS

BUT the headpiece was no sooner off but that there fell about the shoulders of the overcome knight the treasure of fair golden hair, which, with the face, soon known by the badge of excellency, witnessed that it was Parthenia, the unfortunately virtuous wife of Argalus ; her beauty then, even in despite of the passed sorrow, or coming death, assuring all beholders that it was nothing short of perfection. For her exceeding fair eyes having with continual weeping gotten a little redness about them ; her round, sweetly-swelling lips a little trembling, as though they kissed their neighbour death ; in her cheeks, the whiteness striving by little and little to get upon the rosiness of them ; her neck—a neck indeed of alabaster—displaying the wound which with most dainty blood laboured to drown his own beauties ; so as here was a river of purest red, there an island of perfectest white, each giving lustre to the other, with the sweet countenance, God knows, full of unaffected languishing : though these things, to a grossly conceiving sense, might seem disgrace, yet indeed were they but apparelling beauty in a new fashion, which all looking upon through the spectacles of pity, did even increase the lines of her natural fairness, so as Amphialus was astonished with grief, compassion, and shame, detesting his fortune that made him unfortunate in victory.

Therefore, putting off his headpiece and gauntlet, kneeling down unto her, and with tears testifying his sorrow, he offered his, by himself accursed, hands to help her, protesting his life and power to be ready to do her honour. But Parthenia, who had inward messengers of the desired death's approach, looking upon him, and straight turning away her feeble sight, as from a delighless object, drawing out her words, which her breath, both to depart from so sweet a body, did faintly deliver, "Sir," said she, "I pray you, if prayers have place in enemics, to let my maids take my body untouched by you : the only honour I now desire by your means is, that I have no honour of you. Argalus made no such bargain with you : that the hands which killed him should help me. I have of them—and I do not only pardon you, but thank you for it—the service which I desired. There rests nothing now but that I go and live with him since whose death I have done nothing but die." Then pausing, and a little fainting,

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

THE EPITAPH.

(From the Same, Book III.)

LYRIC AND HEROIC POETRY

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Lord Brooke

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Lord Brookes

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WILLIAM OF ORANGE

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LORD BROOKE

OF ENGLAND AND SPAIN

AND the rather, because her long custom in governing would quickly have made her discern, that it had been impossible, by force or any human wisdom to have qualified those overgrown combinations of Spain ; but only by a countermining of party with party, and a distracting of exorbitant desires, by casting a gray-headed cloud of fear over them ; thereby manifesting the well disguised yokes of bondage, under which our modern qucerors would craftily entice the noun-adjective-natured princes and subjects of this lime to submit their necks. A map—as it pleased her to say—of his secrets, in which she confessed herself to be the more ripe, because under the like false ensigns, though perchance better masked, she had seen Philip the Second after France, a principal fellow-member in that earthly founded, though heavenly seeming Church of Rome, when he redelivered Amiens, Abbeville, etc., together with that soldier-like passage made by the Duke of Parma through France to the relief of Roan ; yet whether this provident Philip did frame these specious charities of a conqueror, Augustus-like aspiring to live after death greater than his successor ; or providently foreseeing that the divers humours in succeeding princes, would prove unable to maintain such green usurpations, in the heart of a kingdom competitor with his seven-headed Hydra kept together only by a constant and unnatural wheel of fortune, till some new child of hers, like Henry the Fourth, should take his turn in restoring all unjust combinations or encroachments ; or lastly, whether like a true cutter of cumine seeds, he did not craftily lay those hypocritical sacrifices upon the altar of death, as peace-offerings from pride to the temple of fear, as smokes of a dying diseased conscience choked up with innocent blood : of all which perplexed pedigrees, I know not what to determine otherwise ; than that these tyrannical encroachments do carry the images of Hell, and her thunder-workers, in their own breasts, as fortune doth misfortunes in that wind-blown, vast, and various womb of hers.

(From the Same.)

A HONEYMOON

LORD BROOKE

THE EXCELLENCE OF DUTY

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WILLIAM WEBBE

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WILLIAM WEBBE

435

"Tityrus happily thou li'st tumbling under a beech-tree,"

and so forth; and a version of Hobbinol's praise of Eliza in

the Shepherd's Calendar, done into Sapphics.

The Discourse is full of interest, as an example of average

literary opinions of a certain type. Webbe's appreciation of the

"new poet" of the Shepherd's Calendar is sincere; his learning is

rather casual, his judgment rather wavering and apt to be con-

trolled by other people's opinion. But his Discourse is published

as a "small travell," "not as an exquisite censure concerning this

matter."

W. P. KER.

AN ACCOUNT OF ENGLISH POETS

WILLIAM WEBBE

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WILLIAM WEBBE

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GEORGE PUTTENHAM

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ENGLISH POETS

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GEORGE PUTTENHAM

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WILLIAM CECIL, LORD BURLEIGH

TEN PRECEPTS

WILLIAM CECIL, LORD BURLEIGH

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WILLIAM CECIL, LORD BURLEIGH

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SPENSER

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SPENSER

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IRISH COSTUME

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SPENSER

IRISH BARDS

SPENSER

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SPENSER

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SPENSER

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RICHARD HOOKER

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RICHARD HOOKER

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CALVIN'S RETURN TO GENEVA

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CHRISTIAN UNITY COUNSELLED

RICHARD HOOKER

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MAN'S DESIRE FOR HAPPINESS

RICHARD HOOKER

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RICHARD HOOKER

THE DOCTRINE OF GRACE

RICHARD HOOKER

MAN'S SINFULNESS

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RICHARD HOOKER

A VIRTUOUS WOMAN

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RICHARD HOOKER

RICHARD KNOLLES

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RICHARD KNOLLES

AMURATH, AN EXAMPLE OF THE VANITY OF WORLDLY HONOUR

RICHARD KNOLLES

MAHOMET AND IRENE

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KNOLLES

VOL. I

WILLIAM CAMDEN

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WILLIAM CAMDEN

501

EDMUND GOSSE.

THE BEAUTIES OF THE ISLE OF BRITAIN

WILLIAM CAMDEN

OF ITS INHABITANTS

THIS warlike, victorious, stiff, stout, and vigorous nation, after it had as it were taken root here about one hundred and sixty years, and spread his branches far and wide, being mellowed and mollified by the mildness of the soil and sweet air, was prepared in fulness of time for the first spiritual blessing of God, I mean our regeneration in Christ, and our ingrafting into His mystical body by holy baptism. Which Beda, our ecclesiastical historian, recounteth in this manner, and I hope you will give it the reading. Gregory the great bishop of Rome, on a time saw beautiful boys to be sold in the market at Rome, and demanded from whence they were; answer was made him, out of the Isle of Britain. Then asked he again, whether they were Christians or no? they said no. "Alas for pity," said Gregory, "that the foul fiend should be lord of such fair folks, and that they which carry such grace in their countenances, should be void of grace in their hearts." Then he would know of them by what name their nation was called, and they told him, Angleshmen. "And justly be they so called (quoth he) for they have angelic faces, and seem meet to be made coheirs with the angels in Heaven."

(From the Same.)

KING CANUTE

KING CANUTUS, commonly called Knute, walking on the sea-sands near to Southampton, was extolled by some of his flattering followers, and told that he was a King of Kings, the mightiest that reigned far or near; that both sea and land were at his command. But this speech did put the godly king in mind of the infinite power of God, by whom kings have and enjoy their power, and thereupon he made this demonstration to refell their flattery. He took off his cloak, and wrapping it round together, sate down upon it near to the sea, that then began to flow, saying "Sea, I command thee that thou touch not my feet!" But he had not so soon spoken the word but the surging wave dashed him. He then, rising up and going back, said: "Ye see now, my Lords, what good cause you have to call me a king, that am

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JAMES MELVILLE

SHIPWRECKED CAPTAINS OF THE ARMADA

MDLXXXVIII

That winter the King was occupied in commenting of the Apocalypse, and in setting out of sermons thereupon against the Papists and Spaniards. And yet, by a piece of great oversight, the Papists practised never mair busily in this land, and made greater preparation for receiving of the Spaniards, nor that year. For a long time the news of a Spanish navy and army had been blawit abroad ; and about the Lammas tide of the 1588, this Island had found a fearful effect thereof, to the utter subversion both of Kirk and Policy, if God had not wonderfully watched over the same, and mightily foughten and defeat that army by his soldiers, the elements, quhilk he made all four maist fiercely to afflict them till almost utter consumption, Terrible was the fear, piercing were the preachings, earnest, zealous, and fervent were the prayers, sounding were the sighs and sobs, and abounding were the tears at that Fast and General Assembly keipit at Edinburgh, when the news was credibly tauld, sometimes of their landing at Dunbar, sometimes at St. Andrews, and in Tay, and now and then at Aberdeen and Cromarty Firth. And in very deed, as we knew certainly soon after, the Lord of Armies, who rides upon the wings of the winds, the Keeper of his awin Israel, was in the mean time convoying that monstrous

1 Juan Gomez de Medina sailed in the Gran Grifon, "Capitana de las urcas" He had 23 "urcas" or hulks when the Armada left Lisbon, and 19 after the first storm, when the fleet was reviewed at Corunna, July 13th. Patricio Antolinez and Esteban de Legorreta, captains of the tercio of Nicolas de Isla, sailed along with him in the "Captain of the Hulks." There is an anonymous narrative MS., Madrid, describing the voyage of the Armada, and the loss of the narrator's ship, a large "urca," on the "Faril," September 27th. Of 300 men disembarked there, 50 had died by November 14th. At this date the writer was waiting for the return of messengers sent to another island (Orkney ?) to procure help —Duro, La Armada Invencible, i 279.

JAMES MELVILLE

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RICHARD HAKLUYT

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PRINCIPAL NAVIGATIONS, VOYAGES, TRAFFIQUES, AND DISCOVERIES OF THE ENGLISH NATION

By Richard Hakluyt, Preacher, and sometime Student of Christ Church in Oxford (1598).

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RICHARD HAKLUYT

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REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

DRAKE AT NOMBRE DE DIOS, JULY 1572

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REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

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REPORT OF DRAKE'S VOYAGE, 1572

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SIR WALTER RALEIGH

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SIR WALTER RALEIGH

VOL. I

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SIR WALTER RALEIGH

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THE REVENGE

A USEFUL HOSTAGE

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MISDEEDS OF HENRY VIII

SIR WALTER RALEIGH

THE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD

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DEATH

DEATH

DEATH

DEATH

THE LAW OF CHANGE

THE LAW OF CHANGE

SIR WALTER RALEIGH

THE ABSENCE OF THE QUEEN

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THOMAS LODGE

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THOMAS LODGE

A. W. Ward

A RAKE'S PROGRESS

THOMAS LODGE

THE WRESTLING MATCH

THOMAS LODGE

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THOMAS LODGE

EVENING AND MORNING IN ARDEN

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THOMAS LODGE

ROBERT GREENE

ROBERT GREENE

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ITALIAN SUITORS

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ROBERT GREENE

BELLARIA'S BABE

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ROBERT GREENE

AN ARCADIAN WIT-COMBAT

AT the hour appointed, Menaphon [the shepherd of King Democles of Arcadia], Carmela [his sister], and Samela [a shipwrecked widow from Cyprus], came [to a gathering of shepherds and shepherdesses] when all the rest were ready making merry. As soon as word was brought, that Menaphon came with his new mistress, all the company began to murmur, and every man to prepare his eye for so miraculous an object ; but Pesana, a herdsman's daughter of the same parish, that long had loved Menaphon, and he had filled her brows with frowns, her eyes with fury, and her heart with grief : yet coveting in so open an assembly, as well as she could, to hide a pad in the straw, she expected as others did the arrival of her new corrival, who at that instant came with Menaphon into the house. No sooner was she entered the parlour, but her eyes gave such a shine, and her face such a brightness, that they stood gazing on this goddess ; and she unacquainted, seeing herself among so many unknown swains, dyed her cheeks with such a vermilion blush, that the country maids themselves fell in love with this fair nymph, and could not blame Menaphon for being over the shoes with such a beautiful creature. Doron jogged Melicertus on the elbow, and so awaked him out of a dream ; for he was deeply drowned in the contemplation of her excellency, sending out volleys of sighs in remembrance of his old love, as thus he sate meditating of her favour, how much she resembled her that death had deprived him of : well, her welcome was great of all the company, and for that she was a stranger, they graced her to make her the mistress of the feast. Menaphon, seeing Samela thus honoured, conceived no small content in the advancing of his mistress, being passing jocund and pleasant with the rest of the company, insomuch that every one perceived how the poor swain fed upon the dignities of his mistress' graces. Pesana noting this, began to lower, and Carmela winking upon her fellows, answered her frowns with a smile, which doubled her grief ; for women's pains are more pinching if they be girded with a frump, than if they be galled with a mischief. Whiles thus there was banding bandying of such looks, as every one imported as much as an impreso, Samela, willing to see the fashion of these country young-frowes, cast her eyes abroad, and in viewing every face, at last her eyes glanced on the looks of

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A PARTHIAN PRAYER

ROBERT GREENE

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THOMAS NASH

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THOMAS NASH

HOW THE HERRING BECAME KING OF ALL FISHES

THOMAS NASH

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THOMAS NASH

A LATTER-DAY APPEAL

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THOMAS NASH

JOHN OF LEYDEN AND HIS CREW

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THOMAS NASH

SURREY'S KNIGHT-ERRANTRY

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SAMUEL DANIEL

VOL. I.

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GEORGE SAINTSBURY

A DEFENCE OF RHYME

To all the Worthy Lovers and Learned Professors of Rhyme within His Majesty's Dominions

Worthy Gentlemen—About a year since, upon the great reproach given the professors of rhyme, and the use thereof, I wrote a private letter, as a defence of my own undertakings in that kind, to a learned gentleman, a friend of mine, then in court. Which I did, rather to confirm myself in mine own courses, and to hold him from being won from us, than with any desire to publish the same to the world.

But now, seeing the times to promise a more regard to the present condition of our writings, in respect of our sovereign's happy inclination this way : whereby we are rather to expect an encouragement to go on with what we do, than that any innovation should check us, with a show of what it would do in another kind, and yet do nothing but deprave : I have now given a greater body to the same argument ; and here present it to your view, under the patronage of a noble earl, who in blood and nature is interested to take our part in this cause, with others who cannot, I know, but hold dear the monuments that have been left unto the world in this manner of composition ; and who, I trust, will take in good part this my defence, if not as it is my particular, yet in respect of the cause I undertake, which I here invoke you all to protect.

THE LIMITS OF AUTHORITY

Methinks we should not so soon yield up our consents captive to the authority of antiquity, unless we saw more reason ; all our understandings are not to be built by the square of Greece and Italy. We are the children of nature as well as they, we are not

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SAMUEL DANIEL

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THOMAS DEKKER

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CITY HUNTING

HOW THE WARREN IS MADE

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THOMAS DEKKER

THE TUMBLER'S HUNTING COUNTER

THE PHŒNIX

WILLIAM CLOWES

NORMAN MOORE

THE BOASTING OF A QUACK

WILLIAM CLOWES

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DR TIMOTHY BRIGHT

HOW THE SOUL BY ONE SIMPLE FACULTY PERFORMETH SO MANY AND DIVERS ACTIONS

DR. TIMOTHY BRIGHT

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NOTES

PAGE

22. The Isle of Lango. The island

of Cos, one of the Sporades

group, opposite Halicarnassus

23. kindly shape = her natural shape

good kepe = great care

24. Ermonye = Armenia

layays = Lagazzo

o time = one time

wake that sparrowhawk. Wake

is here used in its proper sense.

It is now restricted to the

funeral sense of watch by

cheve = prosper

30. dreynt = hard pressed, sinking

sued = followed

sadness of belief = seriousness of belief

31. what hight Tobies' hound. What

was the name of the dog casually mentioned as going with

Tobias in the Book of Tobit;

to typify inquiry into trifling

and insignificant matters

medeful works = works of merit

chevely = chiefly

32. ought the lord = owed the lord

all gates = by all means

33. fullness = wickedness, cruelty

axeth = asketh

meddleth = mixeth

34. glaver = talk

35. holes = husks

hooris = harlots

37. religions = priests of the various

orders

38. potestate = magistrate

nime'y = especially

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45. engine = talent (ingenium)

assoin = absolution

mede = payment or recompense

46. or I go = before I go

delices = delights (delicia)

48. waymenting = lamentation

49. skile = reason

so do = so to do

lawe of kind = natural law (jus

gentium)

doom of reason = judgment of reason

55. entermete = interfere

entermeene = intervene

57. bear thee an hand = ascribe to thee, or accuse thee of

woned = usual, customary

skile. See note to page 54

58. worthe = become (werden)

this thirty-fourth winter. Dating from the siege of Harfleur

in 1415. The Repressor was written in 1449

waged = taken for wages

so much sin, how much sin is now rehearsed. This seems to be

equivalent to "so much sin as is now rehearsed."

it is wellnigh. An adverbial phrase = almost

59. first manner . . . second manner. The first manner is

when sin comes from an institution as a cause; the second

manner when it comes from it only as an occasion

64. worship = honour

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169. raced = tore, gashed

170. enemiours = shown by the enemy

171. eath = easy

172. almoise (alms) = relief

173. gaggling = cackling

See note on p. 168

175. nousled = nursed

176. wrungen = compressed by twisting

178 giglot = wanton

179. flockmeal = in flocks or troops

steadeth = stands in good stead

186. in a memoria. The Latin memoria was used by the

Fathers for a shrine or chapel

187. St. Agatha's letter. When the

Emperor Frederick II. was

reducing Catania, St. Agatha's

native place, he saw a warning against doing so, in golden

letters before his eye. Hence

St. Agatha's letter was a charm

against the burning of houses

limiter = a friar licensed to preach within certain limits

194. uneath = hardly, scarcely

195. Copie (copia) = abundance : brought about by the committal of one original to

memory or writing (hence the ordinary use of copy)

237. Blackheath field. Where the rebels were defeated in 1497

238. hand-makers = pilferers

239. augmentationers. Officers of the Augmentation Court, established for settling disputes

about the Abbey hands

234. wesaunt = windpipe

cough the king = procure for the king. Like the Scotch coff kaufen

237. Carolus Magnus. See the description of these tables in

the extract from Fabyan on p. 113

238. Vecta, the Isle of Wight. Mona, Anglesea. Menavia (also wrongly spent Mevania), the Isle of Man

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241. gurt = forced

sopit = made heavy or dull (sopitum)

works = torments

rammel = branching

but sleep = without sleep

242 visland = examining

rammasche (from French rammasse) = in flocks

beir = noise

hoiw = hollow

247. visnomy = physiognomy.

248. hault = high

261 backs = bats

270. plain-song = chanting. prick-song = music with the notation marked

Sophocles. The passage referred to seems to be that at v. 964

of the Ajax. But it is Teucmess, and not Teucer, who

utters the words—

oi γὰρ κακοὶ γυνώμαστί τάγαθὸν χεροὶν

ἐχοντες οὐκ ἰσασι, πρὶν τις ἐκβάλῃ

272. swap = snatch. Connected with swoop

273. many a year or they begin = many a year before they begin

274. Textor = Ravisius Textor, or Tixier (1480-1524), who wrote a book called Officina, vel potius Naturae Historia

275. atonement. In its literal meaning of union, or being at one

Johannes Major, or John Mair (1469 - 1550), the tutor of Buchanan, who wrote a history of Scotland in 1521

freers = friars

281. fair with hand. Caligraphy was an art much practised, and Ascham himself excelled in it

this most excellent prince. Observe that prince is used in the feminine as well as the masculine

Birching Lane, leading from Cornhill, a place noted for drapers' shops, and for the sale of ready-made clothes

292. Rhetorike and Logike. These words are of four and three

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449. yirke = be irksome to

450. leese = injure

451. coronel = colonel. We have preserved the pronunciation, although not the spelling

452. refell = set aside (refallere)

453. bekkit = bowed

454. kythe = show

trunshman = interpreter

trauchled = tired

511. dewgard = compliment

rus = praise

519. valing, or vailing, = retiring

Aristotle lib. de admir. auscult. See note on p. 387

loads-man = steerer (from lead)

526. conceited = conceived of or imagined

527. escapes = escapades or freaks

frumps = gibes or flouts

nussell, or nousle, = nurse

545. thwartest = thwartest

555 fangle = trifling ornament

ouch. See note on p. 119

of the Spanish cut. A full over-coat

side-slop = breeches

bombast = stuffed

556. stale = decoy

reclasm = tame. A hawking term

sease = alight or settle

The Cupbearer's Dilemma. Pandosto, king of Bohemia, husband to Bellaria, is jealous of

Egistus, king of Sicily, and endeavours to make his cup-

bearer, Franion, poison him. The extract is Franion's soliloquy

557. Bellaria's babe. Bellaria, imprisoned by her husband, gives birth in prison to a child, and

Pandosto, in spite of his nobles' entreaties, condemns both to death

558. gastful = frightful

sotted = besotted (sopitus)

559. corrival = rival

frump = gibe. See also p. 543 and p. 561

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559. impreso = motto

560 quatt'd Has a double meaning:

" satiated " and " crushed "

561. my supposition would be simple

ferior, position would be simple"

569. darraine = array (connected with arranger)

bid base = defy

570. butte. Probably, the halibut

cannasado. Possibly a malformed word from the Spanish

cahazo, a hostile blow, or rudeness. Or perhaps from

the Italian canniccrato, a palisade of reeds to stop fish

Alfonsus, Alphonso the Wise, of Castile. Poggius, Poggio

Bracciolini, the noted scholar, repeatedly cited by Nash

571. garboils = disorders. Ital. gar-

bugglo

brabbler = wrangler

572. niggardise = niggardliness

573. botcher = tailor

lists = odd strips of cloth

twilted = stuffed

574. dunstically = duncically

575. dehortment = dissuasion (dehort-or)

576. Ubi nunc est respublica, etc.

"Where the republic now is,

there let us be, rather than be in no republic at all, through

holding to that which is antiquated"

587. Bartholomew babies. Dolls from

Bartholomew Fair

592. spatula. A surgeon's knife

593. heronshrew, or heronshaw, a longer

form of the heron's name.

Shaw (sue, sequor) denotes its

fishing instinct

598. Eratosthenes' sieve. The Cribrum

arithmeticum, or method of

detecting prime numbers, ascribed to Eratosthenes

of Cyrene (276-196 B.C.)

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