1. in_ernet_dli_2015_463811_2015_463811_Dictionary-Of-English-Literature-Ed-3rd

Villiers, George. See Buckingham, Duke of.

Vincentio. Duke of Vienna, in Measure for Measure (q.v.). Also tho name of an old gentloman of Pisa in The Taming of the Shrew (q.v.).

"Vindicate the ways of God to man, But." A line in Pope's poem, An Essay on Man, which may be compared with Milton's line in Paradise Lost, book 1 :-

"And justify the ways of God to man."

Vindicioe Galliae: "A Defence of the French Revolution and its English Admirers against the Accusations of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke," by Sir James Mackintosh (1765—1832) ; published in 1791. Soveral passages were suppressed in later oditions.

Vinegar Bible, The. An odition published by tho Oxford Clarendon Press in 1717, and so called because, in the twontieth chapter of st. Luke's Gospel, "The Parable of tho Vinegur" is printed instoad of "The Parable of thn Vincyard."

Vinesauf, Geoffrey de. See Nova Poetria.

Viola. Sister to Sebastian, and the heroine in Twelfth Night(q.v.); in love with Orsino, the Duke of Ilyria. "That she should be touched by a passion made up of pity, admiration, gratitude, tenderness, does not, I think," says Mrs. Jameson, "in any way detract from the genuine sweetness of her charaoter, for she never told her love."

Violante. One of tho heroines of Lord Lytton's story of My Novel (q.v.), of whom it has been said that "to the unconscious grace, and innate nobility, which rightly or wrongly, we associate with high birth and a long line of ancestors, she adds something of the energy and modest boldness of the Viola [q.v.] in Twelfth Night, and possibly Lord Lytton may, with the name, have borrowed from Shakespeare the hint of her relations with L'Estrange."

Violante. The high-spirited heroine of Fletcher's Spanish Curate (q.v.).

Violante, Donna. The heroine of Mrs. Centlivre's comedy of The Wonder (q.v.); beloved by Don Felix (q.v.).

Violenta. See Acheley, Thomas.

Violente. A character in All's Well that Ends Well (q.v.).

Violet, On a Dead. A lyric by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

"Violets plucked. the sweetest rain," -John Fletcher, The Queen of Corinth-

"Makes not fresh nor grow again."

These lines reappear, slightly altered, in Percy's composite ballad of The Friar of Orders Grey.

Virgidemiarum. See Satires in Six Books.

Virgil. The leading English versions of the AEneid of this famous poet are those of Gawin Douglas, finished in 1513; of Lord Surrey, published in 1553 ; Thomas Phaer and Thomas Twyne (1558—1573) ; Richard Stanyhurst (1583) ; John Dryden (1697) ; Christopher Pitt (1740) ; John Conington (1870) ; and William Morris (1876). Nor the Ancient Classics for English Readers.

Virgil Travestie. See Scarronides.

Virgil's Gnat. A poem by Edmund Spenser.

Virgin Martyr, The. A tragedy by Philip Massinger (q.v.), written in 1622. In this fine play he was assisted by Dekker.

Virgin Unmasked, The: "or, Female Dialogues," by Bernard de Mandeville (about 1670—1733) ; published in 1709, and consisting of coarse discussions on an indecent subject.

Virgin Widow, The. A comedy, by Francis Quarles (1592—1644), which appeared in 1649. This was the only dramatic production of the author of Divine Emblems.

Virginia. The subject of one of Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome (q.v.).

Virginians, The: "A Tale of the Last Century," by William Makepeace Thackaray (1811—1863) ; published in 1857. "This Virginians," says Hannay, "shows many of Thackoray's best qualities, but does not add to the resources at our disposal for understanding or measuring his powers."

Virginitatis, De Laude. A prose treatise by Aldhelm (656—709).

Virginius. A tragedy by James Sheridan Knowles (1784—1862), produced originally at Covent Garden Theatre, with Macready in the title-rôle.

Virolet. The hero of Fletcher's play of The Double Marriage; married to Juliana (q.v.) and to Martia (q.v.).

"Virtue alone is happiness below." Line 310, epistle iv., of Pope's Essay on Man (q.v.).

"Virtue alone out-builds the pyramids." Line 312, night vi., of Young's poem of Night Thoughts.

"Virtue is her own reward." A line which occurs in Dryden's play of Tyrannic Love (act iii., scene 1). A very similar thought is found in Pindar's Imitation of Horace (book iii., ode 2), Gart's Epistle to Methuen, and Rowe's play of Douglas (act iii., scene 1). Henry More, in his Cupid's Conflict, says, "Virtue is to'herself the best reward."

"Virtue of necessity, Make a."—Two Gentlemen of Verona, act iv., scene 1. The expres-

sion appears to have been previously used by Chaucer in The Squire's Tale :—

" Then I made vertu of necessite."

It is found also in Dryden's Palamon and Arcite.

Virtue or Merit, An Enquiry concerning, by Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713); published in 1699, again in 1709, and eventually forming the fourth treatise in the writer's Characteristics, published in 1711 and 1713.

Virtuoso, The. A comedy by Thomas Shadwell (1640—1692), produced in 1676. "There is nobody," says Langbaine, "will deny this play its due of applause; at least, I know that the university of Oxford—who may be allowed competent judges of comedy, especially of such characters as Sir Nicholas Gimcrack, and Sir Formal Trifle—applauded it. And as no one ever undertook to discover the frailties of such pretenders to this kind of knowledge before Mr. Shadwell, so none since Mr. Jonson's time ever drew so many different characters of humours, and with such success."

" Virtuous actions are but born and die." A line in Stephen Harvey's translation of Juvenal, satire ix.

Virtuous Octavia. A "tame and feeble" Roman play, by Samuel Brandon (temp. Eliza-beth); produced in 1598.

" Virtuousest, discreetest, best." See " Wisest," &c.

Vision, A. The title of what Chambers calls "a grand and thrilling ode," by Robert Burns, "in which he hints—for more than a hint could not be ventured upon—his sense of the degradation of the ancient manly spirit of his country under the Conservative terrors of the passing era."

Vision of Judgment, A. A poem by Robert Southey (1774—1843), published in 1821. See next paragraph.

Vision of Judgment, The: "by Quevedo Redivivus; suggested by the composition so entitled by the author of Wat Tyler." (q.v.), and published in 1822. "Quevedo Redivivus," is Lord Byron, who wrote this poetical parody upon Southey's poem in revenge for an attack on him by the latter in a newspaper of the day. Southey had also denominated Byron, in his Vision of Judgment, the leader of the "Satanic School of Poetry" (q.v.). The scene of Byron's satire is laid hard by the gates of heaven, where St. Peter stands ready to admit those worthy, and whither the devil repairs in order to show just reason why King George III., who has just died,

Make out a case to be exempt from woe

Byrnal."

To this end he calls several witnesses, including Wilkes and Junius, and the latter has just "melted

in celestial smoke," when the ghost of Southey makes its appearance, and after recounting briefly all the things he has written, he proceeds to read a few lines from an unpublished MS., which causes the company to disperse in great disorder, and induces St. Peter to knock the poet down with his bunch of keys

" All I saw futiur in the last confulion

Was, that King George iwrge did linde to a calin,

I left him particilin the hundr ith psalm "

Vision of Poets, A. A poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1809—1861), published in 1844. It describes how

" a poet must not sleep at night,

For his soul kept too much light

Under his eyelids for the night."

and how he

" rose disquieted

With sweet, rent mu linging flutu life head,

And in the forret wandered."

meeting there a lady whose mission it was to "crown all poets to their worth," and through whose agency he obtains a sight of some of the great men of song. These are characterised in general foli. itous terms.

Vision of Sin, The. An allegorical poem by Alfred Tennyson, written in 1842.

" Vision and the faculty divine, The."

—Wordsworth, The Excursion, book i.

Vision of the Sea, A. A poetic fragment by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written in 1820.

Vision, The. A poem by John Sheppard, Duke of Buckinghamshire (1649—1721), written in 1680, during a voyage to Tangiers. It is "a licentious poem," says Johnson, "such as was fashionable in those times, with little power of invention or propriety of sentiment."

Vision, The Theory of, by George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne (1684—1753), was published in 1709. The author's aim in this treatise is "to distinguish," says Dugald Stewart, "the immediate and natural objects of sight which experience and habit teach us to draw from them in our earliest infancy; or, in the more concise metaphysical language of a later period, to draw the line between the original and acquired perceptions of the eye."

Visions: "of Bellay," "of Petrarch," "of the World's Vanity." Poems by Edmund Spenser.

Visions, A Book of. By Lowin, Bishop of Worcester (d. about 768).

Visions in Verse. Poems by Nathaniel Cotton (1721—1788), intended "for the instruction of younger minds."

" Visions of glory, spare my aching sight."—Gray, The Bard, part iii., stanza 1.

" Vital spark of heav'nly flame." First line of The Dying Christian to his Soul (q.v.), an ode by Alexander Pope (1688—1744).

VIT

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VOX

Vitalis, Ordericus. See Ordericus Vitalis.

Vivian. The pseudonym adopted by George Henry Lewes (q.v.) in various contributions to The Leader.

Vivian Grey. A novel by Benjamin Disraeli (q.v.), published in 1826–7. The writer is supposed to have indicated, if anything more, his own character in that of the hero, who is represented as being, like himself, the son of a literary man, and between whose career and that of the subsequent Lord Beaconsfield there are certain points of likeness. Among the other characters in the book are the Marquis of Carabas, Mrs. Felix Lorraine, Stapylton Toad, Mrs. Million, and many others. In one of his profaces to the work, the author describes Vivian Grey as a youthful production, having all the usual faults of youth. It was highly popular when first published, and is still widely read, chiefly, however, for the light it is supposed to throw upon the author's life and character.

"For Merlin once had told her of a charm, With woven paces and with waving arms, The man as wrapt in thought as on a farm Closed in the four walls of a blue-low tower, From which was no escape for evermore, And none could hear his voice for evermore."

"Coming and going, and he lay dead And lost to life and use and name and fame. And Vivien ever sought to work the charm Upon the great enchanter of the time, As fancying that her story would be great According to his greatness she would be quenched."

"Vocal spark."—Wordsworth, A Morning Exercise.

"Voice of the sluggard, 'Tis the." First line of some verses by Dr. Watts.

"Voiceful sea, The."—(Coleridge, Fancy in Nubibus.

Voices of the Night. Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 1807), published in 1841. They include the Prolude, the Hymn to the Night, A Psalm of Life, and Flowers.

"Violet by a mossy stone, A." A line in Wordsworth's poem, beginning— "She dwelt among the untrodden ways." The whole verse runs— "A violet by a mossy stone, Half-hidden from the eye ! Fair as a star when only one Is shining in the sky."

Volpone: "or, the Fox." A comedy by Ben Jonson (1574–1637), written in 1605. Hazlitt calls it his best play; "prolix and improbable, but intense and powerful. It seems formed on the model of Plautus in unity of plot and interest." The principal character is represented as a wealthy sensualist, who tests the character of his friends and kinsmen by a variety of stratagems, obtains from them a large addition to his riches by the success of his impostures, and finally falls under the vengeance of the law. "Volpono," says Campbell, "is not, like the common misers of comedy, a mere money-loving dotard, a hard, shrivelled old mummy, with no other spice than his avarice to preserve him—he is a happy villain, a jolly misanthrope, a little god in his own solfishness; and Mosca [q.v.] is his priest and propt. Vigorous and healthy, though past the prime of life, he hugs himself in his harsh humour, his successful knavery and imposture, his sensuality and his wealth, with an unhallowed relish of selfish existence."

Volscius, Prince, in the Duke of Buckingham's farce of The Rehearsal (q.v.), is in love with Parthenope (q.v.).

Voltaire. The Life of this French writer was written by Oliver Goldsmith in 1759. See the essay by Thomas Carlyle, included in his Miscellaneous Works; and the Life by Francis Espinasse (1866); the biographical study by John Morley, published in 1871; also Foreign Classics for English Readers, in which is included a work on Voltaire by Colonel Hamley.

Voltimand. A courtier, in Hamlet (q.v.).

Vortigern and Rowena. A drama written by William Henry Ireland (q.v.), and put forward by him as the work of Shakespeare. It was brought out at Drury Lane, with Kemble as the leading character, but was immediately condemned, the line, "And when this solemn mockery is o'er." significantly emphasised by the actor, being taken up by the pit, and received with a roar of ironical approval which sealed the fate of the drama.

Vox Clamantis. The second part of a great poem by John Gower (1320—1402), written in Latin, and never printed. It is in seven books, of alternate hexameter and pentameter verse, and "treats," according to a contemporary chronicler, "of that marvellous event which happened in England in the time of King Richard II., in the fourth year of his reign, when the servile rustics rose impetuously against the nobles and gentles of the kingdom, pronouncing, however, the innocence of the said lord the king, then under age, his case therefore excusable. He declares the faults to be more evidently from other sources by which, and not by chance, such strange things happen among men. And the title of this volume, the order of which contains seven sections, is called Vox Clamantis: the Voice of one Crying." This, of course, refers to the insurrection of Wat Tyler, in 1381. Many years later, after the accession of Henry IV., Gower added to this poem a supplement called The Tripertite Chronicle (q.v.). See Confessio Amantis and Speculum Meditantis.

Voyage and Travaile, Thea, "which treateth of the W yf to the Hierusalem, and of the Marvayles of Indo, with other Ilands and Countryes," by Sir Johr Mandevills (q.v.); originally written in English, then translated into Latin, and finally into English, "that every man of his nacioun" might read it.

Voyage of Captain Popanilla, The. A work of fiction by Benjarnin Disraeli (q.v.), published in 1828.

"Vulgar flight of common souls, The." -Murphy, Zenobia, act v., scene 2.

Vyet, Childe. A ballad, printed by Maidment, Buchan, and Jamieson. "Lady Maiary, loving Childe Vyet, is forced to marry his old'r brother, Lord Ingram, and a sudden fate falls upon the three." The two brothers kill one'r another, and Lady Maiary goes mad. See, in Jamieson's collection, the ballad called Lord Wa'yates and Auld Ingram.

W

Wace, Maistre, Norman poet (b. 1112, d. 1184), wrote Le Roman de Brut and Le Roman de Rou. See The Retrospective Review for November, 1853; Wright's Biographia Literaria; and Plugnet's Notice sur la vie et les écrits de Robert Wace. See Lrrayon and Rou.

"Wad some Pow'r thie giftie gie us, O." See Louse, To a.

Waddington, George, D.D., Dean of Durham (1793—1869), published A Visit to Greece (1825), A History of the Church from the Earliest Ages to the Reformation (1833), and A History of the Reformation on the Continent (1841).

Waddington, William of, was the English author of the French work, Manuel des Péchés, which Robert de Brunne translated into English as A Handling of Sins (q.v.). Waddington's own work was, however, so far from being original that he himself said of it, "Rien del mien ni mettrai."

Wade, Thomas, poet (b. 1805), has published Mundi et Cordis (1835), and other works. See Stedman's Victorian Poets.

"Wade through slaughter to a throne, Forbade to"—Gray, Elegy written in a Country Churchyard.

Wadman, Widow. A character in Strrern's novel of Tristram Shandy (q.v.); an intriguing female, who essays the heart of Uncle Toby (q.v.).

"Watfe sigh from Indus to the Pole, And." Line 58 of Pope's epistle of Abelard to Eloisa.

Wager, Lewis. See Maris Magdalene.

Wager, W. See Longer thou livest, &c.

Wages. A lyric by Alfrred Tennyson, originally published in Macmillan's Magazine.

Waggoner, The. A poem in four cantos by Williarn Wordsworth, written in 1805, and dedicated to Charles Lamb. It was published in 1819.

Waife, Gentleman, in Iord Lytton's novel of What Will he Do with It ? is described by The Quarterly Review as "a perfectly new character, drawn with all the tender delicacy of a Sophocles—the old man, who, for the sake of screening a dissolute and criminal son, contents to undergo transportation, and for years to bear the imputation of a felon ; struggling against poverty for the support of his grandchild, with the same thrift and calm philosophy as Dr. Riecebocca; dreading success more than failure, because it brings notoriety ; refusing each proffer of friendship, and loving darkness because his deeds are good and his son's evil."

Wake, Sir Isaac, political and miscellaneous writer (b. about 1575, d. 1632), was the author of, among other works, Rex Platonicus, sive de Potentissimi principis Jacobi regis ad Acad. Oxon. adventu (1605), which contains a passage that is said to have suggested to Shakespeare the plot of his Macbeth.

Wake, William, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1657, d. 1737), was the author of An Exposition of the Doctrines of the Church of England (1686), An English Version of the Genuine Epistles of the Apostolic Fathers (1693), and The State of the Church and Clergy of England Considered (1697). His Romains include Charges and Sermons.

"Waked to ecstasy the living lyre, Or."—Gray, Elegy written in a Country Churchyard.

Wakefield, Gilbert, scholar and miscellaneous writer (b. 1756, d. 1801), published a large number of works, of which the most important are his translation of the New Testament; Poemata Latina partim scripta, partim reddita (1776) ; An Essay on Inspiration (1781) ; A Plain and Short Account of the Nature of Baptism (1781) ; An Enquiry into the Opinions of the Christian Writers of the three first centuries concerning the Person of Jesus Christ (1784) ; Remarks on the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion (1789) ; Silva Critica (1789—95) ; An Enquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public or Social Worship (1702) ; Evidence of Christianity (1793) ; An Examination of the Age of Reason, by Thomas Paine (1794) ; A Reply to Thomas Paine's Second Part of the Age of Reason (1795) ; Observations on Pope (1796) ; and A Reply to some Parts of the Bishop of Llandaff's Address to the People of Great Britain (1798). His Memoirs, written by Himself, appeared in 1792; his Correspondence with the late Right Hon. Charles James Fox in the years 1796—1801, chiefly on subjects of Classical Literature, appeared in 1813.

• • WAK [ 670 ] WAL

Wakefield Plays, The, sometimes called the Towneley or the Widkirk Mysteries; Towneley, because the only MS. in which they are contained belongs to the library of the Towneley family at Towneley, Lancashire; and Widkirk, from the statement made by Douce in 1814 to the effect that they "formerly belonged to the Abbey of Widkirk, in the county of York." It has since been discovered that no such place as Widkirk ever existed, and that at Woodkirk—which is four miles from the town of Wakefield—there were no guilds or trades, it is obvious the plays could only have been acted at the latter place, which is also sufficiently indicated by internal evidence. The mysteries, which are thirty-two in number, were first published in 1836 for the Surtees Society. "The metres," says Professor Morley, "are more various and irregular than those of the Chester or Coventry series, and more freely broken up into dialogue by the dramatic spirit of the writers. It is evident that these plays are not, as the other sets appear to be, the production of one wit." A full analysis of them will be found in Collier's History of Dramatic Literature and Morley's English Writers. See Shepherd's Play, The.

Wakefield, The Vicar of. A novel by Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), published in 1766, with the sub-title of A Tale, supposed to be written by himself—i.e., the Vicar. It had been written as early as 1764, when Johnson, calling at his lodgings, found he had been arrested by his landlady for rent, "at which he was in a violent passion." "He had got a bottle of Madeira and a glass before him. I put the cork into the bottle, desired he would be calm, and began to talk to him of the means by which he might be extricated. He then told me he had a novel ready for the press, which he produced to me. I looked into it, and saw its merit; told the landlady I would soon return, and, having gone to a bookseller, sold it for £60." The bookseller was Newberry, by whom the tale was issued on the 27th of March, 1766. By May, a second edition had been called for; by August, a third; and a sixth had been issued before Goldsmith's death in 1774. It was translated into most European languages, and it is only four years after its publication that Herder read a German version of it to the poet Goethe, who admired it greatly. "How simple a Vicar of Wakefield was," says Professor Masson, "how humorous, how pathetic, how graceful in its manner, how humane in every pulse of its meaning, how truly and deeply good! So said everybody; and gradually into that world of imaginary scenes and beings, made familiar to English readers by former works of fiction, a place of special regard was found for the ideal Wakefield, the Primrose family (q.v.), and all their belongings."

"Waken, lords and ladies gay." First line of a Hunting Song by Scott, first published in The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1808:—

"To the greenwood haste away."

"Walking blies, Such sober certainty of."—Milton, Comus, line 263.

Wald, Matthew. A novel by John Gibson Lockhart (1794–1854), published in 1824, and written in an autobiographical form.

Walden, Thomas of (b. about 1380, d. 1430), wrote Doctrinale Antiquitatum Ecclesice (q.v.); De Sacramentis; Bundles of Master John Wiclif's Tares with Wheat; Fasciculi Zizaniorum; and various books on theological and metaphysical subjects.

Waldly, John of. See Mirror of Life, The.

Walford, Edward, miscellaneous writer (b. 1823), has published A Handbook of the Greek Drama (1856); Lives of the Prince Consort (1862), Lord Palmerston (1867), and Louis Napoleon (1873); Old and New London (after vol. ii.); Tales of our Great Families (1877); and many other works. He was for some time the editor of Once a Week (1864–67) and of The Gentleman's Magazine (1866–68), and has contributed largely to periodical literature.

Walker, Clement (d. 1651), was the author of The History of Independency, published in three parts, in 1648, 1649, and 1651. A fourth part was added by another hand in 1660.

Walker, John, lexicographer (b. 1732, d. 1807), published, in 1775, A Dictionary of the English Language, answering at once the Purposes of Rhyming, Spelling, and Pronouncing; Elements of Elocution (1781); Hints for Improvement in the Art of Reading (1783); The Melody of Speaking Delineated (1787); A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (1791); Rhetorical Grammar (1801); English Themes and Reasays (1801); The Academic Speaker (1801); Outlines of English Grammar (1805); and A Rhyming Dictionary (q.v.).

Walker, Obadiah. See Beauty, A Discourse of.

Walker, Sir Edward (b. early in the seventeenth century, d. 1677), wrote Historical Discourses upon the Progress and Success of the Arms of Charles I., &c. (1705), the most important portions of which are their accounts of the personal history of that king, in 1644–5, and of Charles II., in his Scotch expedition, in 1650–1. He is also credited with A Circumstantial Account of the Preparations for the Coronation of Charles II. (1820), and Iter Carolinum, a diary of the movements of Charles I., from 1641 to his death, published in 1660.

Walker, Thomas, magician (b. 1784, d. 1836), was the author of The Original (q.v.).

Walking Gentleman, A. The name assumed by Thomas Collier Grattan (1792—

WAL

[ 671 ]

WAL

1802), in the publication of his work, entitled

High-ways and Bye-ways, or Tales of the Road-side,

picked up in the French Provinces (1826).

"Walks in beauty, like the night,

She." First line of one of Byron's Hebrew

Melodies (q.v.).

"Walks the waters like a thing of life,

She." See stanza 3, canto i., of Byron's poem

of The Corsair :-

"And seems to dare the elements to strife."

Wall. A character in the interlude of Pyramus

and Thisbe, in A Midsummer Night's Dream, enacted

by Snout, a tinker :-

"In this same interlude it doth befall

That I, one Snout by name, present a wall."

Wallace, Alfred Russel, scientific and

miscellaneous writer (b. 1822), has published

Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1852), The

Malay Archipelago (1869), Contributions to the

Theory of Natural Selection (1870), and The Geo-

graphical Distribution of Animals.

Wallace, Donald Mackenzie (b. 1841),

is the author of Russia (1877).

Wallace, James. A novel by Robert Bage

(1728–1801), published in 1788.

Wallace, The Acts and Deeds of Sir

William. A poetical chronicle written about

year 1460, by the wandering minstrel called Blind

Harry (q.v.). It is written in the ten-syllabled

couplet, and is said to have been mainly founded on

a Latin Life of the hero by his schoolfellow, John

Blair—

"The man

That first compil'd in dyte the Layne buk

Of Wallace lyfe, r3 chit fameous of renoun."

It was republished in 1869. "Blind Harry," says

Professor Morley, "was more patriot than poet,

but where the spirit of the patriot is active, the

life-blood of song flows warm."

Wallenstein. A drama in two parts, trans-

lated from Schiller by Samuel Taylor Coleridge,

in 1800.

Waller, Edmund, poet (b. 1605, d. 1687).

The first collection of this writer's works was made

by himself, and published in 1646. It went

through numerous editions in his life-time, and

was followed in 1690 by a second collection of

poems, written in his later years. The complete

Works of Edmund Waller, Esq., in Verse and Prose,

published by Mr. Fenton, appeared in 1729. The

Poems were edited by Robert Bell in 1856.

See Johnson's Lives of the Poets. "The characters,"

says that writer, "by which Waller intended to

distinguish his writing are sprightliness and

dignity ; in his smallest pieces he endeavours to

be gay ; in the larger, to be great. Of his airy

and light productions, the chief source is gallantry,

that attentive reverence of female excellence which

has descended to us from the Gothic ages. As his

poems are commonly occasional, and his addresses

personal, he was not so liberally supplied with

grand as with soft images. The delicacy which

he cultivated, restrains him to a certain nicety and

cantion, even when he writes upon the slightest

matter. He has, therefore, in his whole volume,

nothing burlesque, and seldom anything ludicrous

or familiar. He seems always to do his best,

though his subjects are often unworthy of his care.

His thoughts are for the most part easily under-

stood, and his images such as the superficies of

nature readily supplies ; he has a just claim to

popularity, because he writes to common degrees

of knowledge, and is free at least from philo-

sophical pedantry, unless, perhaps, the end of a song

To the Sun may be excepted, in which he is too

much a Copernican. His thoughts are sometimes

hyperbolical, and his images unnatural. His

images of gallantry are not always in the highest

dogree delicate. Sometimes a thought, which

might perhaps fill a distich, is expanded and

attenuated till it grows weak and almost evanesc-

ent. His sallies of casual flattery are sometimes elegant

and happy, as that in return of The Silver Pen;

and sometimes empty and trifling, as that upon

The Card torn by the Queen. There are a few Lines

Written in the Duchess' Tasso, which he.is said by

Fenton to have kept a summer under correction.

It happened to Waller, as to others, that his

success was not always in proportion to his labour.

Of these pretty compositions, neither the beauties

nor the faults deserve much attention. The

amorous verses have this to recommend them,

that they are less hyperbolical than those of some

other poets. Waller is not always at the last

gasp ; he does not die of a frown, nor live upon a

smile. There is, however, too much love, and too

many trifles. Little things are made too important ;

and the Empire of Beauty is represented as

exerting its influence further than can be allowed

by the multiplicity of human passions and the

variety of human wants. Of his nobler and more

weighty performances, the greater part is pane-

gyrical. He certainly very much excelled in

smoothness most of the writers who were living

when his poetry commenced. But he was rather

smooth than strong; of the "full resounding line"

which Pope attributes to Dryden, he has given very

few examples. The general character of his poetry is

elegance and gaiety. He is never pathetic, and very

rarely sublime. He seems neither to have had a

mind much elevated by nature, nor amplified by

learning. His thoughts are such as a liberal con-

versation and large acquaintance with life would

easily supply." See Panegyric upon the Lord

Protector; Sacharissa.

Waller, John Francis, LL.D., poet and

miscellaneous writer (b. 1810), has published The

Slingsby Papers (1852), Poems (1854), The Dead

Bridal (1856), Pictures from English Literature

(1870), The Revelations of Peter Brown (1870), and

Festival Tales (1873). He was for many years the

editor of The Dublin University Magazine; has edited (with biographical memoirs) the works of Swift, Goldsmith, and Moore; and has contributed largely to periodical literature. He also edited The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography. See Slingaby, Jonathan Freke.

Waller, Sir William, general (b. 1597, d. 1668), wrote Divine Meditations upon Several Occasions with a Daily Directory (1680), and a Vindication of the Character and Conduct of Sir William Waller, Kat., Commander in Chief of the Parliamentary Forces in the West; explanatory of his taking up Arms against King Charles the First, written by himself, now first published from the original Manuscript (1793). See Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses.

Wallis, John, D.D., mathematician (b. 1616, d. 1703), wrote A Grammar of the English Tongue (1653); Mnemonica: or, the Art of Memory (1661); Hobbius Heauton-timorumenos (1662); Mechanica, sive de Motu (1670), and other works, republished in a complete form in 1693–9, the titles of which may be read in Hutton's Philosophical Dictionary. For autobiographical particulars, see the publisher's appendix to the preface to Hearne's edition of Langtoft's Chronicle.

"Walnuts and the wine, Across the."—Tennyson, The Miller's Daughter.

Walpole. A comedy by Edward, Lord Lytton (q.v.), published in 1869, and founded on incidents in the career of Sir Robert Walpole.

Walpole, Horace, fourth Earl of Orford, antiquary (b. 1717, d. 1797), wrote Ædes Walpolianæ: or, a Description of the Pictures at Houghton Hall, the seat of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford (1752); Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, with Lists of their Works (1758); Fugitive Pieces in Prose and Verse (1758); Catalogue of the Collections of Pictures of the Duke of Devonshire (1760); Anecdotes of Painting in England (1762–71); Catalogue of Engravers who have been born or resided in England (1763); The Castle of Otranto (1765), (q.v.); Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard III. (1768), (q.v.); The Mysterious Mother (1768), (q.v.); Miscellaneus Antiquities (1772); Description of the Villa of Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill (1772); Letter to the Editor of the Miscellanies of Thomas Chatterton (1779); Hieroglyphic Tales (1785); Essay on Modern Gardening (1785); Hasty Productions (1791); Memoirs of the Last Ten Years (1751 —80) of the Reign of George II. (edited by Lord Holland in 1812); Reminiscences (collected in 1818); Memoirs of the Reign of King George III. from his accession to 1771 (edited by Sir Denis Le Marchant in 1845); Journal of the Reign of George III. from 1771 to 1783 (edited by Dr. Doran in 1859); and several minor publications. A complete edition of The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, edited by Peter Cunningham, chronologically arranged, illustrated with notes, and accompanied by a general index, appeared in 1857. His Memoir, edited by Eliot Warburton, were published in 1851. See Macaulay's Essays from The Edinburgh Review and Scott's Biographies. "It is the fashion," wrote Lord Byron, "to underrate Horace Walpole; firstly, because he was a nobleman, and secondly, because he was a gentleman; but to say nothing of the composition of his incomparable letters, and of The Castle of Otranto, he is the 'ultimus Romanorum,' the author of The Mysterious Mother, a tragedy of the highest order, and not a puling love-play. He is the father of the first romance and the last tragedy in our language, and surely worthy of a higher place than any living author, be he who he may." This exaggerated estimate of Walpole may be contrasted with Macaulay's criticism: "None but an unhealthy and disorganised mind could have produced such literary luxuries as the works of Horace Walpole. His mind was a bundle of inconsistent whims and affections. He played innumerable parts, and over-acted them all. When he talked misanthropy he out-Timoned Timon; when he talked philanthropy he left Howard at an'immensurable distance."

Walsh, William, poet, critic, and scholar (b. 1663, d. 1709), wrote The Golden Age Restored; Eugenia, a Defence of Women; Esculapius: or, the Hospital of Fools; and A Collection of Letters and Poems, amorous and gallant. See Johnson's Lives of the Poets. The reader will remember Pope's reference to him in The Dunciad:—

"And knowing Walsh would tell me I could write."

Walsingham, Thomas, monk of St. Albans, and chronicler (circa 1400), wrote Historia Anglicana (q.v.); and Ypodigma Neustrie, vel Normannie ab Irruptione Normannorum usque ad Annum Sextum regni Henrici V. (1574). Both works were reprinted in 1603.

Walter, John, journalist (b. 1739, d. 1812), began The Daily Universal Register on January 1, 1785, merging it on January 1, 1788, into the paper which is now known as The Times (q.v.).

Walter of Varilla. A vassal of the Landgrave Lewis, in Charles Kingsley's dramatic poem of The Saint's Tragedy (q.v.). He represents the "healthy animalism" of the Tutotihic mind, with its mixture of deep earnestness and hearty merriment.

Walter, Richard. See Anson, George, Lord.

Walter, William. See Sigismunda.

Walton, Brian, Bishop of Chester (b. 1600, d. 1661), is best known as the editor of the Polyglott Bible, which goes by his name. He was, however, the author of several valuable and interesting

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treatises. See the Life by Todd (1821). See also Polygloita Biblia Wiltoni.

Walton, Isaak, biographer and angler (b. 1593, d. 1683), wrote Lives of Donne (1640), Wotton (1651), Hooker (1665), Herbert (1670), and Sanderson (1678), the first four being published together in 1671. The Compleat Angler: or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation (q.v.), appeared in 1653. Walton also wrote an elegy on the death of Donne in 1633, and he is said to be the author of "two modest and peaceable letters" on Love and Truth (q.v.), which were published in 1680. A Life of Isaak Walton, including Notices of his Contemporaries, was published by Dr. Zouch in 1814. See also the Lives by Hawkins, Nicholas, and Dowling. See "Satellites burning in a lucid ring," and Thealma and Clearchus.

Waltz, The: "an Apostrophic Hymn," by Horace Hornem, Esq. (i.e., Lord Byron), published in 1813. A satirical poem, in the heroic couplet, directed against the improprieties of a dance which had a short time previously been introduced into England. The writer represents himself as "a country gentleman of a Midland county," who, disgusted with what he witnessed at a ball, "sat down, and, with the aid of William Fitzgerald, Esq., and Dr. Busby, composed the hymn" in question.

"Waly, waly up the bank, O." See "O waly, waly up the bank."

Wamba. "Son of Withloss," and jester to Cedric of Rotherwood, in Sir Walter Scott's romance of Ivanhoe (q.v.).

"Wandered east (I've) , I've wandered west,"—Motherwell, Jeanie Morrison—

"Through many a weary day."

"Wanderer (A), Willie, from thy native land." First line of an Ode to Rae Wilson, by Thomas Hogg.

Wanderer of Swizerland, The. A poem by James Montgomery (1771—1854), published in 1806, and severely reviewed in The Edinburgh Review for January, 1807. It was apropos of the latter notice that Byron declared this poem of Montgomery's to be "worth a thousand Lyrical Ballads and at least fifty degraded epics."

Wanderer, The. A poem contained in the Exeter Book (q.v.), in which the wanderer bewails the slaughter of his lord and kinsmen, the destruction of their king, and the hardship of his wanderings. "Into this half epic matter," says Warton, "are woven reflections on the excellence of constancy and silent endurance, and on the transitory nature of earthly things: the ruins which cover the face of the earth are but presages of that general destruction to which all things are tending; the world grows old and decrepit day by day."

43

Wanderer, The. A poem by Richard Savage (q.v.), published in 1729.

Wanderer, The; or, Female Difficulties. A novel by Madame D'Arblay (1752—1840), published in 1814, for which she received the sum of £1,500. "Yet," says Miss Kavanagh, "The Wanderer is a dull story, in spite of character, incident, evident care, and minor merits." The heroine is called Juliet Granville, and is wedded to a man whom she despises, from whom she flees in despair, and by whom she is relentlessly followed, until his death delivers her from her torture, and restores her to liberty and social rank.

Wanderer, The. The title given by Robert, Lord Lytton (q.v.), to a collection of his miscellaneous lyrics published in 1859.

Wandering Jew, The. A ballad of the sixteenth century, which relates how this famous personage appeared at Hamburgh in 1547, and pretended he had been a shoemaker at the time of Christ's crucifixion. It is preserved in the Pepys collection. The story of the Wandering Jew is told by Matthew of Paris, and may be consulted in the crudito pages of Baring-Gould's Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.

Wandering Jew, The. A romance by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written in conjunction with Captain Medwin, about 1809, when the poet was seventeen years of age.

Wandering Muses, The: "or, the River of Forth Feasting." See River of Forth Feasting.

Wandering Prince of Troy, The. An old ballad on the subject of the travels of Æneas.

Wandering Willie. A song by Robert Burns (1759—1796), the heroine of which, according to Allan Cunningham, was Mrs. Riddell. Chambers, on the other hand, thinks it was written on Mrs. Maclehose, who was thon in the West Indies, seeking a reunion with her husband.

"Wankin', ye breezes, row gently, ye hillows, And waft my dear laddie ance mair to my arms."

Wandering Wood, The, in Spenser's Faërie Queene, is the place where the Red Cross Knight (q.v.) and Una (q.v.) encounter Error, who is slain by the former.

"Want of decency is want of sense." A line in Roscommon's Essay on Translated Verse.

"Want of peace, That eternal want of." See "Peace, That eternal want of."

"Wanton willies." —Milton, L'Allegro, line 27.

"War (Ere fur), I call it murder."—Lowell, Biglow Papers.

"War its thousands slays: peace its ten thousands."—Beilby Porteus, Death, line

"War, Sinews of." See "Sinews of War."

"War, war is still the cry,' 'war even to the knife!'"—Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto i., stanza 86. The expression, "war to the knife," is said to have been uttered by General Palafox in reply to a summons to surrender Saragossa in 1808.

"Warbler of poetic prose." A description applied to Sir Philip Sidney by William Cowper in his Task, book iv. ("Winter Evening").

"Warbles his native wood-notes wild."—Milton, L'Allegro. The allusion is to Shakespeare.

Warburton and a Warburtonian, Tracts by. Published by Samuel Parr (1747—1825) in 1789. The tracts were early compositions by William Warburton, not admitted into the collected editions of his works; and the Warburtonian was Bishop Hurd, who had been as full of adulation for his brother bishop as he had been of recrimination for his opponents, and whom Parr bitterly attacked in the preface to the Tracts. See D'Israeli's Quarrels of Authors.

Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew George, novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1810, d. 1852), wrote The Crescent and the Cross (1845); Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers (1849); Reginald Hastings (1850); Darien : or, the Merchant Prince (1851); and A Life of the Earl of Peterborough (1853).

Warburton, William, Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1698, d. 1779), published Miscellaneous Translations, in Prose and Verse, from Roman Poets, Orators, and Historians (1714); A Critical and Philosophical Inquiry into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles, as related by Historians, &c. (1727); The Alliance between Church and State (1736, q.v.); The Divine Legation of Moses Demonstrated (q.v.); A Vindication of Pope's Essay on Man (1740); A Commentary on the same work (1742); Julian (1750); The Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion, occasionally opened and explained (1753—54); A View of Lord Bolingbroke's Philosophy (1756); The Doctrine of Grace (1762); and some minor publications. His Works were edited by Bishop Hurd in 1788. His Literary Remains appeared in 1841, under the editorship of the Rev. F. Kil ligrew. His Letters to the Hon. Charles Yorke from 1752 to 1770 were privately printed in 1812. Dr. Parr edited in 1789 Tracts by Warburton and a Warburtonian (q.v.) [Bishop Hurd], and in 1808, Letters from a late eminent Prelate [Warburton] to one of his Friends [Bishop Hurd]. The Life of Bishop Warburton was published by the Rev. J. S. Watson in 1863. See also Bibliotheca Par nassia, and The Quarterly Review for June, 1812. See Purdigms and Miracles.

Ward, Artemus. The literary pseudonym of Charles Farrar Browne, an American humorist (1832—1867), whose story is told in the preface to his Lecture at the Egyptian Hall, and in The Genial Showman, by E. P. Hingston. His Book of Goaks and Travels among the Mormons appeared in 1865, and Artemus Ward in London in 1867.

Ward, Edward, poet (b. 1667, d. 1731), wrote a large number of Works, published in a collected form in 1717, of which the following are the most important:—The London Spy (1698—1700); Hudibras Redivivus (q.v.); Julgues Bru tannicus (1710); Nuptial Dialogues and Debates (1710); and The History of the Grand Rebellion digested into Verse (1713). A list of Ward's various writings is given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. For Biography see Baker's Biographia Dramatica and The Retrospective Review, vol. iii.

Ward, Robert Plumer,' novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1765, d. 1846), wrote An Inquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations in Europe (1794); Tremaine : or, the Man of Refinement (1825); De Vere : or, the Man of Independence (1827); Illustrations of Life (1837); Pictures of the World (1838); De Clifford: or, the Constant Man (1841); and Chathworth : or, the Romance of a Week (1844). His Memoirs, with selections from his diaries and letters, appeared in 1850.

Ward, Thomas, Roman Catholic controversialist (b. 1652, d. 1708), wrote Errata of the Protestant Bible, and England's Reformation, a Hudibrastic poem.

"Warder of the brain, Memory, the." —Marbeth, act 1., scene 7.

Wardlaw, Lady. See Halket, Elizabeth.

Wardlaw, Ralph, D.D., Dissenting divine (b. 1779, d. 1853), wrote Sermons (1809); Discourses on the Principal Points of the Socinian Controversy (1814); Unitarianism Incapable of Vindication (1816); Lectures on the Book of Ecclesiastes (1821), Essays on Pardon and Assurance (1831); On Faith and Atonement (1832); On the Sabbath (1832), Christian Ethics (1834); On National Church Establishments (1839); Female Protestantism (1842), On the Atonement (1843); Life of Joseph (1845), Infant Baptism (1846); Congregational Independency (1848); On the Miracles (1853); Systematic Theology, and lectures on various portions of Scripture (1860, 1861, and 1862). His Life was published by Dr. W. L. Alexander in 1856.

Wardle, Mr. A fat gentleman in Dickens's novel of the Pickwick Papers (q.v.), who possesses two daughters, Emily and Isabella, and a maidservant, of uncertain age, called Rachel. For their first appearance, see chapter iv.

Waring. A poem by Robert Browning (b. 1812), of which the opening lines are:—

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"What's becomes of Waring

Since he gave in all the slip,

Chuse land-travel or sea-faring,

Boats and cheat or staff and scrip,

Rather than pace up and down

Any longer, London-town?"

By Waring the poet means Alfred Domett, who,

so long ago as 1837, "was contributing lyrics

to Blackwood, which justly won the favour of the

burly editor. From a young poet who could throw

off a glee like

"'Hence, rude Winter, crabbed old fellow,

"'All who've known each other long,

his friends had a right to expect a brilliant future.

But he was an insatiable wanderer, and 'could not

rest from travel.' His productions dated from

every portion of the globe; finally he disappeared

altogether, and ceased to be heard from, but his

memory was kept green by Browning's nervous

characterisation of him. After three decades the

question was answered, and our vagrant bard re-

turned from Australia with a long South Sea idyl,

Ranolf and Amohia—a poem justly praised by

Browning for varied beauty of power, but charged

with the diffuseness, transcendentalism, defects of

art and action, that were current among Domett's

radical brethren so many years ago. 'The world,'

says Stodman, writing in 1876, 'has gone by him.

The lyrics of his youth, and chiefly a beautiful

Christmas Hymn, are, after all, the best fruits, as

they were the first, of his long and restless life.'

(He published in 1877 a volume of lyrics, old and

new, entitled Flotsam and Jetsam.)

"Warn (To), to comfort, and com-

mand."—Wordsworth, She was a Phantom of

Delight.

Warner, Anna B., an American authoress,

sister of Susan Warner (q.v.), has published, under

the pseudonym of "Amy Lothrop," Dollars and

Cents (1852), My Brother's Keeper (1855), Stories of

Tregar Hill (1871), and various other works,

including several in conjunction with her sister.

Warner, Charles Dudley, American

humorist, has published My Summer in a Garden;

Backlog Studies; Baddeck, and that Sort of Thing;

Saunterings; The Gilded Age (with Mark Twain);

Mummies and Moslems; and other works.

Warner, Susan. See Wetherell, Eliza-

BETH.

Warner, Sybil. A character in Lord Lytt-

ton's Last of the Barons.

Warner, William, poet (b. 1558, d. 1609),

wrote Albion's England (1586—1606), (q.v.); Pan

his Syrinx, or Pipe, compact of Seven Reedes, &c.

(1584); besides translating the Mænæchmi of

Plautus. See Abonfille and Curan; Syrinx.

Warning to Fair Women, The. An old

Elizabethan tragedy, in which a London merchant

is murdered by his wife and her paramour. It

was published in 1599. It includes personifications

of Tragedy, History, and Comedy, each of whom

claims superiority and the possession of the stage.

Warren Hastings, Charges Against.

A pamphlet by John Lrttnn (1748—1788), which

excited considerable attention at the time of its

publication, and led to the prosecution of its pub-

lisher by the House of Commons. See the Essay

on Warren Hasting, by Macaulay.

Warren, John Leicester, poet, has pub-

lished Rêhabâh, a Book of Verse (1870); Phoebo-

tetes, a Metrical Drama (1871); Orestes, a Metrical

Drama (1875); and Searching the Net, a Book of

Verses (1873). "This poet," says Stodman, "is of

the most cultured type. His Rehearsals is a collec-

tion of verses that genorally show the influence of

Swinburne, but include a few psychological studies

in widely different vein. He is less florid and

ornate than his favourite master; all of his work

is highly finished, and much of it very effoctive."

Warren, Samuel, D.C.L., novelist and mis-

cellaneous writer (b. 1807, d. 1877), wrote Passages

from the Diary of a Late Physician (1837); Ten

Thousand a Year (1841); Now and Then (1847);

The Lily and the Bee (1851); Miscellanies, Critical

and Imaginative (1854); The Moral and Intellectual

Development of the Age (1854); and several legal

works. His writings were published in a uniform

edition in 1854–5.

Warres, Warres, Warres, Arma

Virumque Cano. A poem attributed by

Rimbault, in his preface to The Knight's Con-

juring, to Thomas Dekker (about 1570—1641).

It was printed in 1618, and has for motto—

Into the field I bring

Builders and battles I sing,

Boeth in their fames I sing."

Warrington, George. A barrister, and

friend of Arthur Pendennis, in love with Laura

(q.v.), in Thackeray's novel of Pendennis. "One

of the most real, as well as loveable, of the

author's creations."

"Warrior taking his rest, He lay

like a."—Charles Wolfe, The Burial of Sir John

Moore.

"War's a game which, were their

subjects wise, Kings would not play at."—Cowper,

The Task, book v., "Winter Morning Walk."

"War's glorious art."—Young, The Love

of Fame, satire vii., line 55.

"Wars of old, Ring out the thousand."

—Tennyson, In Memoriam, canto 6.

"War's rattle."—Scott, Marmion, canto iii.,

stanza 10.

"Wars (The big) that make ambition

virtue."—Othello, act iii., scene 3.

Warter, John Wood, clergyman and mis-

cellaneous writer (b. 1806), is best known as editor

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of his father-in-law, Southey's, Doctor, Common-place Book, Letters, and The Last of the Old Squires (1854). He has also published Parochial Sermons (1844), The Seaboard and the Down (1860), Wise Saws and Modern Instances (1861), and other works. See OLDACRE.

Warton, Joseph, poet and critic (b. 1722, d. 1800), contributed an English translation of the Eclogues and Georgics to an edition of Virgil undertaken by himself and Pitt (1753); also several papers, chiefly critical, to The Adventurer. He published Odes on Several Subjects (1746), An Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope (1756–82), editions of Pope (1797) and Dryden (1800), and various miscellaneous pieces. His Biography and Letters were published by Wooll in 1806.

Warton, Thomas, poet-laureate and critic (b. 1728, d. 1790), published Five Pastoral Eclogues (1745); The Pleasures of Melancholy (1745); The Triumph of Isis (1749); An Ode for Music (1751); The Union : or, Select Scots and English Poems (1753); Observations on the Fairy Queen of Spenser (1753); The Observer Observed (1756); The Life of Sir Thomas Pope (1760); The Life and Literary Remains of Ralph Bathurst, M.D., Dean of Wells (1761); contributions to the Oxford Collectanea (1761); A Companion to the Guide and a Guide to the Companion (1762); The Oxford Sausage (1764), (q.v.); an edition of Theocritus (1770); A History of Kiddington Parish (1781); An Inquiry into the Poems attributed to Thomas Rowley (1782); an edition of Milton (1785); The Progress of Discontent; and Newmarket, a Sutire; A Panegyric on Ale; A Description of the City, College, and Cathedral of Winchester. The first volume of his famous History of English Poetry appeared in 1774, and the third in 1781; an edition, with notes by Ritson, Ashby, Douce, Park, and others, appeared in 1824; and another was published in 1846, with additional notes by Madden, Thorpe, Kemble, Thoms, and Taylor. The most elaborate edition is that prepared by W. Carew Hazlitt. Warton's Poetical Works, with memoirs of his life and writings, and notes critical and explanatory by Richard Mant, were issued in 1802. For an essay both on Thomas and on Joseph Warton, see Dennis's Studies in English Literature. See ALE. A PANEGYRIC on OX'ROD.

Warwickshire, The Antiquities of, Illustrated. A county history by Sir William Dugdale (1605–1686), published in 1656, after twenty years' indefatigable research. "It must stand," says Gough, "at the head of all our county histories." "There are works," says Whitaker, "which scrupulous accuracy, united with stubborn integrity, has elevated to the rank of legal evidence. Such is Dugdale's Warwickshire."

"Waste its sweetness on the desert air, And." A line in stanza 14 of Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (q.v.).

"Waste of wearisome hours, Life is a."—Moon, Oh think not my Spirit.

"Wasteful and ridiculous excess."—King John, act iv., scene 2.

"Wasting in despair, Shall I." First line of a lyric by George Wither.

Wastell, William. A pseudonym under which John Gibson Lockhart (1794–1854) contributed several papers to Blackwood's Magazine.

Wat Tyler. A poetic drama, written by Robert Southey (1774–1843) "in the course of three mornings" in 1794, and published in the same year. "I wrote Wat Tyler," said the poet, afterwards, "as one who was impatient of all the oppressions that are under the sun. The subject was injudiciously chosen, and it was treated as might be expected by a youth of twenty in such times, who regarded only one side of the question."

"Watcher of the skies, Some."—Keats, Sonnet xi.

Watchman, The. A periodical in prose and verse, projected and written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Its motto was—"That all might know the truth, and that the truth might make us free." It was published weekly, and lasted from March 1 to May 13, 1796.

Water Patient, The Confessions of a. A letter by Edward, Lord Lytton (1805–1873), addressed to Harrison Ainsworth, in 1845, in defence of the hydropathic system, which the author had been induced to try for the benefit of his health.

Water-Poet, The. A name bestowed on John Taylor, the poetaster (1580–1654), who for some time a waterman plying on the river Thames.

Water-Work: "or, the Scullor's Travels from Tybor to Thames, with his boat laden with a Hotch-Potch, or Gallimaufroy of Sonnets, Satires, and Epigrams. With an ink-horn disputation betwixt a Lawyer and a Poet, and a quantum of new-catch'd Epigrams, caught the last fishing-tide, together with an edition of Pastoral Eclogues, or the Complaint of a Shepherd, dedicated to neither Monarch nor Miser, Keaser or Caitiff, Palatine or Plebeian, but to great Mounseer Multitude, alias All, or Every One," by John Taylor (1580–1654).

"Water, water, everywhere,"—Coleridge, The Ancient Mariner, part ii.—

"Nor any drop to drink."

Waterloo, The Field of. A poem by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), published in 1815, with the following advertisement:—"It may be some apology for the imperfections of this poem, that it was composed hastily and during a short tour upon the Continent, whence the author's labours were liable to frequent interruption; but its best apology is, that it was written for the purpose of assisting the Waterloo subscription." The general

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opinion in regard to the poem is well expressed by the contemporary epigrammatist, who wrote—

"Oh Waterio's censured plain

Full many a gallant man was slain,

But none, by bullet or by shot,

Fell half so flat as Walter Scott."

Waterland, Daniel, theological writer (b. 1683, d. 1740), published Queries in Vindication of Christ's Divinity (1719); Sermons in Defence of Christ's Divinity (1720); Case of Arian Subscrip­tion Considered (1721); A Second Vindication(1723); A Further Vindication (1724); A Critical History of the Athanasian Creed (1724); The Nature, Obliga­tion, and Efficacy of the Christian Sacraments Con­sidered (1730); The Importance of the Doctrine of the Trinity Asserted (1734); Review of the Eu­charist (1737); Scripture Vindicated against Tindal; and other Works, republished complete by Bishop Van Mildert in 1823. A Review of his Life and Writings accompanied that edition, which was reprinted in 1856.

Waters, Young. A ballad printed in Percy's Reliques, "from a copy printed not long since at Glasgow. The world was indebted for its publica­tion to the Lady Jean Hume, sister of the Earl of Hume." It is supposed to allude to the fate of the Earl of Murray, who was murdered by the Earl of Huntley in 1592. "There is, at most," says Allingham, "a resemblance in the motive."

Waterton, Charles, naturalist (b. about 1782, d. 1865), published Wanderings in South America, the North-West of the United States, and the Antilles, in 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824 (1825); Essays on Natural Hirtory, chiefly Ornithology, with an Autobiography of the Author (1838); a second meries of essays, with a continuation of the auto­biography (1844); and a third series of essays (1857).

Wats, Gilbert, miscellaneous writer (b. 1600, d. 1657), translated Davila's History of the Civil Wars and Lord Bacon's De Augmentis Scientiarum.

Watson, David (b. 1710, d. 1756), published a translation of Horace and The History of the Heathen Gods and Goddesses.

Watson, James, printer and journalist (b. 1675, d. 1722), started The Edinburgh Gazette in 1699, and The Edinburgh Courant and The Scots Courant in 1705; besides publishing a translation from the French of Joan do la Caille entitled The History of the Art of Printing.

Watson, Richard, Bishop of Llandaff (b. 1737, d. 1816), published Institutiones Metallurgice (1768); An Apology for Christianity; Letter to Archbishop Cornwallis on the Church Revenues; Chemical Essays (1781–87); Theological Tracts (1785); Sermons on Public Occasions and Tracts on Religious Subjects (1788); An Apology for the Bible (1796); Principles of the Revolution Vindicated; and other Works. Anecdotes of the Life of Richard Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, written by Himself, appeared in 1817.

Watson, Richard, Dissenting divine (b. 1781, d. 1833), wrote Theological Institutes (1614); Conversations for the Young (1830); a Life of John Wesley (1831); a Biblical and Theological Dic­tionary (1832); Sermons (1834); Expositions of Scripture (1836); The Universal Redemption of Man­kind the Doctrine of Mankind; and other Works. His Life was written by the Rev. Thomas Jackson, and published in 1834.

Watson, Robert, LL.D. (b. 1730, d. 1780), wrote a History of the Reign of Philip II., King of Spain (1777), of the Reign of Philip III., King of Spain (1783), and of the Duke of York (1779).

Watson, Thomas, D.D., Bishop of Lincoln (d. 1582), published Two Notable Sermons before the Queen's Highness concerning the Reall Preseme (1554), and Holsome and Catholyke Doctrine 'con­cerning the Seven Sacraments (1558).

Watson, Thomas, Nonconformist divine (d. about 1690), was the author of A Body of Divinity and The Art of Divine Contentment.

Watson, Thomas, poet (b. 1560, d. 1592), was the author of Th' 'Eкароμθλα: or, Passionate Centurie of Love, divided into two parts (1582), (q.v.); Amyntas (1585); Meliboeus (1590); An Eclogue upon the Death of the Right Hon. Sir Francis Walsingham (1690); The First Set of Italian Madrigale Englished (1590); Aminta Gaudia (1592); The Tears of Fancie: or, Love Disdained (1593); Compendium Memorix Localis; and a translation of the Antigone of Sophocles. See Arber's English Reprints.

Watt, Robert, M.D. (b. 1774, d. 1819), was the compiler of the Bibliotheca Britannica; or, General Index to British and Foreign Literature (1819–24); and the author of Rules of Life (1814), and other works.

Wattle, Captain. A character in Diddin' ballad of Captain Wattle and Miss Roe:—

"Did you ever hear of Captain Wattle?

He was all for love and a little for the bottle."

Watton, John. A contemporary of Dunbar. See Speculum Christiani.

Watts, Alaric Alexander, poet and journalist (b. 1799, d. 1864), published Poetical Sketches (1822), Scenes of Life and Shades of Character (1831), and Lyrics of the Heart, with other Poems (1851); besides editing The Literary Souvenir (1825–34), The Poetical Album (1828–29), and The Cabinet of Modern Art (1835–38). He also conducted, at different periods, The Leeds Intelligencer, The United Service Gazette, The Standard, and other newspapers.

Watts, Isaac, D.D., devotional writer and religious poet (b. 1674, d. 1748), published Hora Lyricœ (1706); Hymns (1707); Guide to Prayer (1715); Psalms and Hymns (1719); Divine and Moral Songs for Children (1720); Sermons on Various Subjects (1721–23); Logick (1725); The Christian Doctrine of the Trinity (1726); On the Love of God,

and On the Use and Abuse of the Passions (1729);

Catechisme for Children and Youth (1730); Short

View of Scripture History (1730); Humble At-

tempt towards the Revival of Practical Religion

(1731); Philosphical Essays (1734); Religious

Juveniles (1734); Essay on the Strength and Weak-

ness of Human Reason (1737); The World to Come

(1738); The Ruin and Recovery of Mankind (1740);

Improvement of the Mind (1741); Orthodoxy

and Charity United (1745); Glory of Christ an God-

Man Unveiled (1746); Evangelical Discourses (1747);

Nine Sermons preached in 1718–19 (1812); and

Christian Theology and Ethics, with a Life by Mills,

in 1839. The Life by Milnor, including the Cor-

respondence, had appeared in 1834. See Mind,

Improvement of the; Songs, Divine and Moral.

Watty and Meg. A poem by Alexander

Wilson (1766–1813), published anonymously

in 1792, and attributed to Robert Burns.

Chambers says that as the latter poet was one day

sitting at his desk by the side of the window, a

well-known hawkor, Andrew Bishop, went past

crying.—“Watty and Meg, a new ballad, by Robt

Burns.” The poet looked out and said—“That's

a lee, Andrew, but I could make your plack a bawbee

if it were mine.”

Waugh, Edwin, poet and prose writer (b.

1817), is the author of Lancashire Songs, Lanceshire

Sketehes, Tufts of Heather from a Lancaahire Moor,

Besom Ben, Ben an' th' Bantams, Th' Owd Blanket,

and other works. “Waugh,” says Stedman, “is

by far the best of Lancashire's recent dialect-poets.

To say nothing of many other little garlands of

poesy which have their origin in his knowledge of

humble life in that district, the Lancashire Songs

have gained a wide reception by pleasing truthful

studies of their dialect and themes.”

Waverley: or, 'tis Sixty Years Since.” A

novel by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), the

first few chapters of which were written in 1805,

but then laid aside, in deference to the unfavour-

able opinion of certain of the author's friends.

Eight years afterwards Scott came across the

manuscript by chance, and determined to conclude

the story. This he did in the remarkably short

period of three weeks, the whole work being pub-

lished anonymously in 1814. It was immediately

and strikingly successful, and the author of

Waverley became a literary lion, the identity of

whom it was long a passion of the reading world

to discover. The secret was, however, kept suc-

cessfully for many years, though it was known,

Scott tells us, to at least twenty of his private

friends. It was publicly divulged in 1827, first at

the Theatrical Fund Dinner in Edinburgh, and

again in the introduction to The Chronicles of

Canongate, published in that year. Waverley, it is

well known, was only the first of a long series of

similar works, which are now generally referred

to as The Waverley Novels. These include Guy

Mannering, The Antiquary, Rob Roy, Old Mortality,

The Black Dwarf, A Legend of Montrose, The Bride

of Lammermoor, The Heart of Midlothian, Ivanhoe,

The Monastery, The Abbot, Kenilworth, The Pirate,

The Fortunes of Nigel, Peveril of the Peak, Quentin

Durward, St. Roman's Well, Redgauntlet, The Be-

trothed, Chronicles of the Canongate (The Highland

Widow, The Two Drovers, and The Surgeon's

Daughter), The Talisman, Woodstock, The Fair Maid

of Perth, Anne of Geierstein, Count Robert of Paris,

and Castle Dangerous. Of these, the last published

under the pseudonym of “the author of Waverley”

was The Betrothed. References to many of them

will be found under their respective headings. For

criticism on the novels, see Scott, Sir Walter.

Waverley, Edward Bradwardine. The

pseudonym adopted by John Wilson Croker in

his Two Letters, published in reply to Malachi

Malagrowther (q.v.) in 1826.

Wavrin, John de, was the author of a

chronicle of English history from the earliest time

to 1471. “He is also,” says Mor iy, “probably the

anonymous continuator (from 1443) of the chronicle

of Monstrelet, who died in 1453. John de Wavrin

was present at the battle of Agincourt.”

"Wax to receive, and marble to re-

tain.”—Byron, Beppo, stanza 34.

Way of the World, The. A comedy, by

William Congreve (1670–1729), which appeared

in 1700. It is the most elaborate of all his works;

nevertheless, it failed on the stage—a

circumstance which induced Congreve to abandon

dramatic writing.

Way to Bliss, The: “in three books,” by

Elias Ashmole (1617–1692), published in 1658,

and consisting of a treatise on the hermetical philo-

sophy and the Philosopher's Stone. Anthony à

Wood describes it as “pen'd by an unknown author

living in the reign of Qu. Elizabeth.”

Way to Keep Him, The. A comedy, by

Arthur Murphy (1727–1805), which appeared in

Ways and Means. A comedy by George

Colman the younger (1762–1836), produced in

Wayside Inn Tales of a. Poems in various

metres by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (b.

1807). The first series, published in 1863, includes

a Prelude (“The Wayside Inn”), the Landlord's

Tale (“Paul Revere's Ride”), the Student's Tale

(“The Falcon of Ser Federigo”), the Spanish Jew's

Tale (“The Legend of Rabbi Ben Levi”), the

Sicilian's Tale (“King Robert of Sicily”), the

Musician's Tale (“The Saga of King Olaf”), the

Theologian's Tale (“Torquemada”), the Poet's

Tale (“The Birds of Killingworth”), several In-

terludes, and a Finale.

We are Seven. A lyric by William Words-

worth, written in 1798. The first verse was con-

tributed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

WEE

[ 679 ]

WEB

"We know him out of Shakespeare's art."—The New Timon and the Poets, by Alfred Tennyson, writton in 1846. See Timon of Athens.

"We left behind the painted buoy."—The Voyage, by Alfred Tennyson.

"We met—'twas in a crowd." First line of a song by Thomas Haynes Bayly (1797—1839).

"We sleep and wake and sleep, but all things move."—The Golden Year, by Alfred Tennyson.

"We watch'd her breathing thro' the night."—The Death Bed, by Thomas Hood.

"Weakest (The) goes to the wall."—Romeo and Juliet, act i., scene 1.

"Wealth accumulates and men decay. Whore." Line 52 in Goldsmith's poem of The Deserted Village (q.v.).

Wealth of Nations, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the. A work by Adam Smith (1723–1790), published in 1776. "The Wealth of Nations," says McCulloch, "gives Adam Smith an undoubted claim to be regarded as the founder of the modern system of political oconomy, and to be classed among the most eminent benefactors of his species. The excellence of this great work is obvious from the fact of its having exercised a more powerful and beneficial influence over the public opinion and legislation of the civilised world, since its appearance, than has over been exercised by any other publication. It owes this high distinction to a variety of causes, but principally, perhaps, to the general soundness and liberality of its doctrines; to their bearing upon the most important affairs and interests of nations and individuals; and to the admirable manner in which they are expounded. Nor is it the least of the author's merits that he has pointed out and smoothed the route by following which subsequent philosophers have been able to perfect much that he loft incomplete, to rectify the mistakes into which he fell, and to make many new and important discoveries."

"Wealth of Ormuz and of Ind, The." See " Ormuz and or Ind. "

"Weary, flat, stale, and unprofitable, How."—Hamlet, act i., scene 2.

"Weary of myself and sick of asking."—Self-Dependence, a lyric by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822).

"Weave the warp, and weave the woof." See Gray's poem, The Bard, part ii., line 1.

Weaver, John, antiquary (b. 1576, d. 1632), was the author of A Description of the Ancient Momuments of this Realm, and a history of our Lord in verse.

Weaver, Thomas. See Plantagenet's Tragical Story; Songs and Poems of Love and Drollery.

Webbe, George, Bishop of Limerick (b. 1581, d 1641), was the author of The Practice of Quietuns, An Exposition of the Principtes of the Christian Religion. The Protestant's Religion, and a translation of two of Torence's comedies.

Weber, Henry William, literary editor (b. 1783, d. 1818), produced an edition of the works of Beaumont and Fletcher, and a collection of Ancient Minstrel Romances.

Webster, Alexander, Presbyterian minister (b. 1707, d. 1784), wrote some sermons and a few patriotic lyrics. See "(O) how could I venture to Love one like Thee."

Webster, John, dramatist and poet (temp. seventeenth century), wrote (with Dekker) The Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyat (1607); The White Devil (1612), (q.v.); A Monumental Columne Erected to the Loving Memory of Henry, late Prince of Wales (1613); The Devil's Law Case (1623); The Duchess of Malfy (1623), (q.v.); The Monument of Honour (1624); Appius and Virginia (1654), (q.v.); The Thracian Wonder (1661); and (with Rowley) A Cure for a Cuckold (1661). His Poetical and Dramatic Works were first collected, with some account of the Life of the Author and notes, by Dyce, in 1830; and again, by W. Hazlitt, in 1857. "Ho was a man," wrote Henry Mackonzio, "of truly original genius, and seems to have felt strong pleasure in the strange and fantastic horrors that rose up from the dark abyss of his imagination. The vices and crimes which he delights to paint, all partake of an extravagance which nevertheless makes them improsive and terrible; and in the retribution and the punishment there is a character of corresponding wildness. " "Webster," says a writer in The Edinburgh Review, "was an unequal writer, full of gloomy power, but with touches of profound sentiment and the deepest pathos."

Webster, Mrs. Augusta, poetess, has published A Woman Sold, and other Poems (1866); Dramatic Studies (1866); and several other works. "For many qualities," says one of her critics, "this lady's work is nearly equal, in several departments of verse, to that of the best of her sister artists; and I am not sure but her general level is above them all. She has a dramatic faculty unusual with women, a versatile range, and much penetration of thought; is objective in her dramatic scenes and longer idylls, which are thinner than Browning's, but less rugged and obscure; shows great culture, and is remarkably free from the tricks and dangerous mannerism of recent verse."

Webster, Noah, lexicographer and grammarian (b. 1758, d. 1843), published A Grammatical Institute of the English Language (1783 and 1796); A Dissertation on the English Language (1789); A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language

WED

[ 630 ]

WEL

(1806) ; A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language (1807); An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828); and other works of a similar character.

Wedderburn, David, poet (b. about 1570), wrote In Obitu Henrici Walliae Principis Lessus (1613); Jacobi VI. Scutum suum reuidenti Ξυvευφραττἡριον D. Wedderburnii (1617); Abredonia Atrata sub obitum Jacobi VI. Britanniæ, etc., Regis (1625); Προςευκτικὢν pro R. Caroli in Scotia Inauguratione (1633); Meditationum Campestrium, seu Epigrammatum moralium Centuria tertia (1643); and Pereius (1664), the latter being a posthumous work. Some of his poems were republished in the Deliciæ Poetarum Scotorum and in Lauder's Poetarum Scotorum Musea Sacra (1731).

Wedderburn, James, poet (b. about 1500, d. 1564), wrote a tragedy on the execution of John the Baptist, and a comedy on the history of Dionysius the Great, which were acted at Dundee about 1540, and contained much graphic satire on the Romish clergy. He was also the author of the Compendious Booke of Godlie and Spirituall Songs, collectit out of sundrie partes of Scripture, with sundrie of other Ballates changed out of prophane Songes. The Complaynt of Scotland (q.v.) has been attributed to his pen. See Godlie and Spirituall Songs.

Wedding, A Ballad upon a, by Sir John Suckling (1609–1641), was written about 1637. "Sir John's most renowned ofusion," says Leigh Hunt, "was A Ballad on a Wedding; and exquisite of its kind it is. The bridegroom is said to have been Lord Broghill, the well-known soldier and politician (afterwards Earl of Orrery), and the bride, Lady Margarot Howard, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk." The most beautiful and famous passages are those beginning respectivoly—

"Her feet beneath her petticoat, Like little mice, stole in and out. As if they fear'd the light;"

and—

"Her lips were red, and one was thin Compar'd to that, was next her chin Some bee had stung it newly."

Wedding Day, The. A comedy by Henry Fielding (1707–1754), notable for an amusing anecdote connected with one of the rehearsals. Garrick, who performed a leading part, was anxious that Fielding should cut down a certain scene which he was sure would not be tolerated by the audience; but Fielding would do nothing of the kind, and 'on; if the scene is not a good one, let them find it out." As it happened, the scene was received with considerable disapprobation, and Garrick afterwards rushed into the green-room, where Fielding was calmly drinking his champagne. "What's the matter now, Garrick? What are they hissing now?" "Why, the scene I begged you to retrench; I knew it would not do." "Oh,

d—n 'em," rejoined Fielding, carelessly, "they have found it out, have they?"

Wee Man, The. A humorous poem by Thomas Hood.

"Wee, modest, orimson-tippèd flow'r." First line of To a Mountain Daisy, a lyric by Robert Burns.

"Wee, sleekit, cow'rin, tim'rous beastie." First line of a lyric To a Mouse, by Robert Burns.

Weeds and Wild Flowers. Poems and aphorisms by Edward, Lord Lytton, published in 1826.

"Weed's plain heart." See "Secret, The," &c.

Weekly Newes, The. A newspaper started by Nathaniel Butter in 1622. It was brought into being by the interest manifested in the Continental wars of the period.

"Weep no more, nor sigh, nor groan." Song in The Queen of Corinth, by John Fletcher the dramatist.

Wegg, Silas. The wooden-legged "literary man" to Boffin, in Dickens's story of Our Mutual Friend (q.v.).

"Weighty bullion of one sterling line, The." See Translated Verse.

Weir, William, journalist (b. 1802, d. 1858), was successively editor of The Edinburgh Literary Journal and The Glasgow Argus, a leading contributor to The Spectator, and conductor of The Daily News (1854).

Weisnichtwo, i.e., J know not where; in Scotch, Kennaquhair; is, in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (q.v.), the city in whose university Teufelsdröckh (q.v.) is supposed to hold a professoriate.

Welcome, A. Addressed to the Princess Alexandra, on her arrival in England on March 7, 1863, by Alfred Tennyson. "As to the laureato's Thackeray in the "Roundabout Paper" on "Alexandrinos" in the Cornhill Magazine, "I would respectfully liken his highness to a giant showing a beacon torch on 'a windy hoadland.' His flaring torch is a pine tree, to be sure, which nobody can wield but himself. He waves it; and four times in the midnight he shouts mightily 'Alexandra!' and the Pontic pine is whirled into the ocean, and Enceladus goes home." The poem begins:—

"Sea-kings' daughter from over the sea, Alexandra! Saxons and Normans and Danes are we, But all of us Danes in our welcome of thee, Alexandra!"

"Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest." See "Friendship's Laws," &c.

Weldon, Sir Anthony, clerk of the kitchen to King James I., wrote The Court and Character of King James, Written and Taken by Sir A. W., being

WEL

an

Ear

and

Eye

Witness

(1650).

This

work

is

an

amusing

and

valuable,

if

exaggerated,

description

of

the

king

and

his

household.

"Well

of

English

undefyled."

A

doscrip-

tion

applied

to

Chaucer

by

Spenser

in

his

Faërie

Queene,

book

iv.,

canto

ii.,

stanza

32:-

"Dan

Chaucer,

well

of

English

undefyled,

On

Fame's

eternal

bead-roll

worthie

to

be

pyled."

"Dan"

is

a

corruption

of

dominus,

master.

Well

Ordering

and

Carriage

of

a

Man's

Life,

Precepts

and

Directions

for.

Addressed

to

his

son

Robert,

by

William

Cecil,

Lord

Burleigh

(1520—1659),

and

published

in

Thoy

consist

of

"precepts

and

directions"

on

such

subjets

as

the

choice

of

a

wifu,

domestic

œconomy,

the

education

of

childron,

surotyship

an'

l

borrowing,

and

similar

practical

matters.

Of

childron,

he

says:

"Praise

them

openly,

reprochond

them

secroctly;"

of

girls,

"Marry

thy

daughters

in

time,

lest

they

marry

themselves;"

and

of

borrow-

ing,

"Neither

borrow

money

of

a

neighbour

nor

a friend,

but

of

a

stranger,

where,

paying

for

it,

thon

shalt

heare

no

more

of

it."

"Well!

thou

art

happy,

and

I

feel."

First

line

of

a lyric

by

Lord

Byron

(1788—1824),

written

on

November

2,

1808,

and

addressed

to

his

former

love,

Mary

Chaworth,

at

that

time

a

married

woman.

"Well-bred

whisper

close

the

scene,

And

with

a."

Soo

book

ii.

of

Cowper's

poem

of

The

Task

(q.v.).

Weller,

Sam.

Son

of

Tony

Weller(q.v.),

and

originally

"boots"

at

an

inn;

afterwards

servant

to

Mr.

Pickwick,

in

Dickens's

Pickwick

Papers.

Weller,

Tony.

A

stage-coachman,

and

fathor

of

the

above,

in

Dickens's

Pickwick

Papers

(q.v.).

Ile

is

noted

for

his

horror

of

widows,

one

of

whom

he

has

married.

Wellington,

Ode

on

the

Death

of

the

Duke

of,

by

Alfrad

Tennyson,

was

first

pub-

lished

in

1852,

the

day

aftor

the

duke's

funeral.

A

second

edition,

considorably

altered,

appeared

in

1853,

and

the

poem

was

still

further

rotouched

bofore

it

was

includod

in

tho

Maud

volumo

in

It

begins—

"Bury

the

Great

Duke

With

a people's

lamentation,

and

includos

a

large

number

of

familiar

lines.

Wells,

Charles,

poet,

is

the

author

of

Joseph

and

his

Brethren,

a

scriptural

drama,

which

was

reprinted

in

1876,

with

a

critical

essay

by

Algoron

Charles

Swinburne.

"Wells

of

fire."

See

"Laburnums

drop-

ping."

Welsted,

Leonard,

poet

(b.

1689,

d.

1747),

wrote

Epistley,

Odes,

4o.,

with

a

translation

of

Longinus

on

the

Sublime

(1724);

The

Genius

(q.v.);

a

prologuo

and

epilogue

to

Steele's

Conscious

Lovers;

The

Triumvirate

(q.v.);

The

Disembled

Lover;

The

Apple

Pie;

and

many

other

composi-

tions

of

a

similar

character.

His

Works,

in

prose

and

verse,

were

publihed

with

notes

and

Memoir

of

the

author,

by

John

Nichols,

in

"Weltering

in

his

blood,

And."

—Dryden,

Alexander's

Feast.

Wemmiok.

The

lawyer's

clerk

in

Dickens's

story

of

Great

Expectations

(q.

v.);

famous

for

his

"hustle"

at

Wulworth,

and

for

his

peculiar

ideas

of

portable

property.

Wenonah.

The

mother

of

Hiawatha,

in

Longfellow's

poem

of

the

latter

name

(q.v.).

Wentworth,

in

Plumher

Ward's

novel

of

De

Vere;

or,

the

Man

of

Independcnce,

is

intended

as

a represen-

tation

of

George

Canning,

the

statesman,

the

contention

in

whose

mind

between

literary

tastes

and

the

pursuits

of

ambition

is

beautifully

delineated."

Werburgh,

Life

of

St.

by

Henry

Brad-

shaw

(d.

1513);

a

poem,

which,

besides

telling

the

story

of

St.

Werburgh's

life,

includes

a

de-

scription

of

the

kingdom

of

the

Mercians,

the

lives

of

St.

Etheldred

and

St.

Sexburgh,

and

an

account

of

the

foundation

of

the

city

of

Chester.

Were

na

my

Heart

licht

I

wad

dee.

A

favourite

Scottish

song,

from

the

pen

of

Lady

Grisell

Baillie

(1665—1746);

first

printed

in

tho

Orpheus

Caledonius

about

1725,

and

reproducod

by

Allan

Ramsay

in

his

Tea-Table

Miscellany.

See

Lady

Baillie's

Memoirs

by

her

daughter

(1822).

Werner

:

"or,

the

Inheritance."

A

tragody,

in

five

acts,

by

Lord

Byron

(1788—1824),

pub-

lished

in

1822,

and,

in

the

words

of

the

author,

"taken

entirely

from

the

German's

Tale,

Kruitener

published

many

years

ago

in

Lee's

Canterbury

Tales

[q.v.],

written

(I

believe)

by

two

sisters,

of

whom

one

furnished

only

this

story

and

another,

both

of

which

are

considerod

superior

to

the

remaindor

of

the

colllection.

I

have

adopted

the

characters,

plan,

and

even

the

language

of

many

parts

of

this

story.

Some

of

the

characters

are

modifiod

or

altered,

a

few

of

the

names

changed,

and

one

character

(Ida

of

Stralenheim)

added

by

myself;

but

in

the

rest

tho

original

is

chiefly

followed."

Werther,

The

Sorrows

of.

A

humorous

poem

by

William

Makepeace

Thackaray

(1811

—1863)

in

ridicule

of

Goethe's

famous

novel.

It

begins—

"Werther

had

a love

for

Charlotte,

Such

as

words

could

never

utter;

Would

pray

know

how

first

he

met

her!

She

was

cutting

bread

and

butter."

Wesley,

Charles,

hymn-writer

(b.

1708,

d

1788),

published

Hymns

for

the

Public

Thanks-

giving

Day,

Oct.

9

(1746);

Hymns

and

Sacred

Poems

(1749);

Hymns

for

the

Nativity

(1750);

Hymns

for

the

Ascension

Day

(1753);

Gloria

Patri:

or,

Hymns

to

the

Trinity

(1753);

Funeral

Hymns

WEIS

[ 653 ]

WELT

(1753); Hymns for Our Lord's Resurrection (1754); Hymns for the New Year's Day (1755); Hymns for those that Seek and those that have found Redemption (1755); Hymns for the Year (1756); Hymns on God's Everlasting Love (1756); Hymns of Intercession for all Mankind (1758); Hymns on the Expected Invasion (1759); Hymns for the Thanksgiving Day (1759); Short Hymns on Select Passages from Holy Scriptures (1768); Hymns for the Fast Day (1780); Hymns for the Watch-Night; Hymns written in the Time of Tumults (1780); Hymns for the Nation in 1782 (1781); and Sermons, with a Memoir of the Author (1816). See also the Memoirs by Whitehead (1793), and Jackson (1841). See next paragraph.

Wesley, John, founder of Methodism (b. 1703, d. 1791), published A Plain Account of the People called Methodists (1749), A Survey of the Wisdom of God in the Creation (1763), and other works. He was also joint author, with his brother Charles, of a Collection of Psalms and Hymns (1738).

Wesley, Samuel, clergyman (b. 1662, d. 1735), wrote Maggots : or, Poems on Several Subjects (1685); The Life of Jesus Christ, an heroick poem (1693); The Pious Communicant, with Prayers and Hymns (1700); The History of the Old and New Testament attempted in Verse (1704); Dissertationes in Librum Jobi (1736); and other works. See Maggots.

West, Gilbert, LL.D., theological writer and poet (b. 1705, d. 1756), produced The Institution of the Garter (1742), Observations on the History and Evidence of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (1747), an English version of the Odes of Pindar (1749), and several pieces of poetry included in Dodsley's collection, among others some Imitations of Spenser. See Johnson's Lives of the Poets. See Order of the Garter; Travelling, On the Abuse of.

West Indian, The. A comedy by Richard Cumberland (1732—1811), produced in 1771.

West Indies, The. A poem by James Montgomery (1771—1854), published in 1810. It is in four parts, and is written in the heroic couplet. It originally appeared in the volume entitled Poems on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, which was issued in the previous year, and which included contributions from James Montgomery, James Graham, and Elizabeth Ogilvy Benger.

West, Richard. See Amicus, Ad.

West Wind, Ode to the, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, was written in 1819. It begins—

"O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being."

Westcott, Brooke Foss, D.D., Professor of Divinity at Cambridge (b. 1825), has published The Elements of Gospel Harmony (1851), The History of the Canon of the New Testament (1855), Charac-

teristics of the Gospel Miracles (1859), Introduction to the Study of the Gospels (1860), The Bible and the Church (1864), The Gospel of the Resurrection (1866), The History of the English Bible (1869), and other works.

Western, Sophia. The heroine of Fielding's Tom Jones (q.v.); beloved by the hero.

Western, Squire. A country gentloman, father of the preceding, in Fielding's novel of Tom Jones (q.v.); described by Sir Walter Scott as "an inimitable picture of ignorance, prejudice, irascibility, and rusticity, united with natural shrewdness, constitutional good humour, and an instinctive affection for his daughter."

Westminster Drollery: "or, a Choice Collection of Songs and Poems." Originally published in 1671, but subsequently reprinted.

Westminster Magazine, The. A periodical, started in 1772, to which Oliver Goldsmith was an occasional contributor.

Westminster Review, The. A quarterly magazine of Liberal principles, devoted principally to science and religion, and first published in 1824. It was at one time edited by John Stuart Mill, and has received contributions from George Henry Lewes, George Eliot, George Grote, Herbert Spencer, and other leading writers. See Brougham Review, The.

Westward Ho! A novel by the Rev. Charles Kingsley (1819—1875), published in 1855, the scene of which is laid in "the spacious times of Great Elizabeth," when the safety of England was threatened by the Spanish Armada. Several historical personages figure in the story, such as Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Richard Grenville, Admiral Hawkins, and Sir Francis Drake; and the narrative carries the reader from Bideford to London, and from thence to Ireland, to the Spanish Main, and the South American continent, back again to Bideford and Plymouth, whence the hero, Amyas Leigh (q.v.), sails to take part in the famous sea-fight.

"Westward the course of empire takes its way." First line of a poem by Bishop Berkeley On the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America. See America.

Westwood, Thomas, poet (b. 1814), has produced Beads from a Rosary (1843), The Burden of the Bell (1850), Berrie and Blossoms (1856), and The Quest of the Sangreal (1868). "Westwood's lyrics are more pleasing," says Stedman, "marks him for one of Tennyson's pupils. His minor

"Wet damnation."—Critical Tourneur, The Revenger's Tragedy, act iii., scene 1.

"Wet his whistle, To."—Cotton, Virgil Travestie, line 6.

"Wet sheet and a flowing sea, A."

WET

[ 688 ]

WHE

First line of a sea song by Allan Cunningham (1784—1842).

Wetherell, Elizabeth. The nom de plume of Susan Warner (b. 1818), an American writer, authoress of The Wide, Wide World (1852); Queechy (1852); The Old Helmet (1863); Melbourne House (1864); and many other works of fiction. See Warner, Anna B.

Whale, The. A legendary poem included in the Exeter Book (q.v.). The whale is represented as attracting fishes by the sweet odour that proceeded from its mouth; "thon suddenly around the prey the grim gums crash together. So," moralises the poet, "is it to every man who often and negligently in this stormy world lets himself be deceived by sweet odour."

"Whale, Very like a."—Hamlet, act iii., scene 2.

Wharton, Grace and Philip. The nom de plume of Mrs. Katherine Thompson, and her son, J. C. Thompson, authors of the Wits and Beaux of Society (1860), The Queens of Society (1860), and The Literature of Society (1862).

Wharton, Lord. See Lilliburlero.

"What a piece of work is man!"—Hamlet, act ii., scene 2.

"What a tangled web we weave,"—Scott, Marmion, canto vi., stanza 17—

"When first we practice to deceive."

"What ails this heart o' mine?" A lyric by Susanna Blamire (1747—1794), which, her biographer says, "seems to have been a favourite with the authoress, for I have met with it in various forms among her papers; and the labour bestowed upon it has been well repaid by the popularity it has long enjoyed."

"What bird so sings, yet so does wail?" A song, by John Lyly.

"What care I how fair she be?"—George Wither, The Shepherd's Resolution:—

"If she be not so to me."

The same sentiment is echoed by Sheridan in his verses beginning

"I ne'er could any lustre see

In eyes that would not look on me."

See also Raleigh's Shall I like a Hermit Dwell?

"What does little birdie say?" A nursery song, which occurs in Sea Dreams, by Alfred Tennyson.

What d'ye call it? A tragi-comic-pastoral farce by John Gay (q.v.); acted in 1714, and characterised by Hazlitt as "not one of his happiest things."

"What hope is there in modern rhyme?"—Sect. lxxvi. of In Memoriam, by Alfred Tennyson.

"What is mine is yours, and what is

yours is mine."—Measure for Measure, act v., scene 1.

"What is our life? The play of passion." A lyric by Sir Walter Raleigh (1552 — 1618).

"What is the existence of man's life?" From a lyric, entitled The Dirge, by Henry King, Bishop of Chichester (1591—1669).

"What made my heart at Newstead fullest swell ..."—A Picture at Newstead, sonnet by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822).

"What shall I do to be for ever known?" A line in Cowley's poem of The Motto.

"What time the mighty moon was gathering light."—Love and Death, a poem by Alfred Tennyson.

"What we, when face to face we see."—Through a Glass Darkly, a lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819—1861).

What will He Do with It? A novel by Edward, Lord Lytton, which appeared originally in Blackwood's Magazine in 1857, and was republished, complete, in 1858. See Waifs.

"What will Mrs. Grundy say?" See Grundy, Mrs.

What you Will. A comedy by John Marston, produced in 1607.

Whately, Richard, Archbishop of Dublin (b. 1787, d. 1863), wrote, among other works (a list of which is given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual), Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon (1819); The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in Matters of Religion (1822); On Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion (1825); On Some Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul and on other parts of the New Testament (1828); The Elements of Logic (1828); Elements of Rhetoric (1828); A View of the Scriptural Revelations Concerning a Future State (1829); Introductory Lectures on Political Economy (1831); Thoughts on the Sabbath (1832); Thoughts on Secondary Punishment (1832); Essays on Some of the Dangers to the Christian Faith (1839); The History of Religious Worship (1847); and A Collection of English Synonyms (1852). His Life and Correspondence was published by his daughter. See Country Pastor, A; Newlight, Aristarchus; Skarbek, John.

"Whatever is, is right."—Pope, Essay on Man, epistle i., line 294.

"What's Heouba to him." See "He-Cuba."

"What's in a name? that which we call a rose." The first line of a familiar quotation, occurring in Romeo and Juliet, act ii., scene 2.

Wheatley, Charles, vicar of Brent (b. 1686, d. 1742), published A Rational Illustration of the

WHEI '[ 664 ] WHEI

Book of Common Prayer (1710), a book on The Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, and a volume of sermons.

Wheels, Thoughts on, by James Montgomery (1771 - 1864); published in 1817, and animadverting upon the impropriety of State lotteries.

"Wheer'asta beän saw long and meï liggin' 'ere aloan"—The Northern Farmer (old style), by Alfred Tennyson.

"When Adam delv'd and Eve span." See "Adam delv'd."

"When all is said and done." First line of a lyric, On a Contented Mind, by Thomas, Lord Vaux.

"When daisies pied, and violets blue." A song in Love's Labour's Lost, act v., scene 2.

"When I consider how my life is spent." The first line of a sonnet, On his Blindness, by John Milton.

"When I go musing all alone." See Melancholy, The Author's Abstact of.

"When icicles hang by the wall." A song in Love's Labour's Lost, act v., scene 2.

"When Icarus left his charnel-cave."—Boct. xxxi. of In Memoriam, by Alfred Tennyson.

"When Love, with unconfined wings." The first line of a poem called To Althea, written in 1649, by Richard Lovelace (1618-1658) whilst in the Gate-House Prison. This contains the stanza, beginning—

"Stone walls do not a prison make."

"When lovely woman stoops to folly." First line of two stanzas by Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774) in The Vicar of Wakefield (q.v.).

"When maidens such as Hester die." First line of Hester (q.v.), a poem by Charles Lamb (1775–1834).

"When o'er the hill the Eastern star." First line of My ain kind dearie O, a song by Robert Burns (1759–1796).

"When shall we three meet again?"—Macbeth, act i., scene 1.

When the Kye comes Hame. A song by James Hogg (1772–1835), the title of which is derived from the last line of each verse :—

"What is the greatest hill? That the tongue o' man can name? Tis to woo a bonnie lassie When the kye comes hame."

"When the lamp is shattered." Stanzas by Percy B. Shelley, written in 1822.

"When to the sessions of sweet silent thought." First line of Shakespeare's Sonnet No. xxx.

"When we two parted." First line of a lyric by Lord Byron (1788–1824), written in 1808, and ending—

"If I should meet thee After long years, How should I greet thee?— With silence and tears."

"When you, poor excommunicate."—To My Inconstant Mistress, by Thomas Carew (1589–1639).

"Whence are ye, vague desires?" A lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–1861). disclose." A sonnet on Isabella Markham by John Harrington (1534–1582).

"Whence comes my love? O heart I

"Where Claribel low lieth."—Claribel, by Alfred Tennyson.

"Where lies the land to which the ship would go?" A Song in Absence (q.v.), by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–1861).

"Where the remote Bermudas ride." First line of The Emigrants in the Bermudas, a poem, by Andrew Marvell (1620–1678).

"Wherever God ereots a house of prayer." See "God never had a church."

Whetstone, George, dramatist and miscellaneous writer (temp. Elizabeth), produced The Rocke of Regard (1576), (q.v.); The right excellent and famous Historye of Promos and Cassandra (1578); An Heptameron of Civill Discourses (1582); A Mirrur for Mageetrates of Cytiea (1584); An Addition: or, Touchstone of the Time (1584); The Honourable Reputation of a Souldier (1586); The Enemie to Unthrifty-nesse (1586); Amclia (1593); and Remembrances of the lives of several worthies, including Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Nicholas Bacon, and George Gascoigne. For Biography and Criticism, see Warton's English Poetry, Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica, Boloe's Anecdotes of Literature, Brydges' Censura Literaria, and Collier's Poetical Decameron.

Whewell, William, 'D.D., philosophical writer (b. 1794, d. 1866), wrote Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1819), Analytical Statics (1833), Astronomy and General Physics considered with reference to Natural Theology (1833), A History of the Inductive Sciences (1837), The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1840), The Mechanics of Engineering (1841), Elements of Morality (1845), The History of Moral Philosophy in England (1852), and many other works, a list of which is given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. An Account of his Writings, with Selections from his Correspondence, by I. Todhunter, was published in 1876.

"Which is the properest day to drink? Saturday, Sunday, or Monday?" is the first line of a catch printed in The Words of the Favourite Catches and Glees, sung at Ranelagh in 1767.

WHI

[ 635 ]

WHI

There are only four lines altogether, in the form

of question and answer :-

" A. Each is the properest day, I think. Why should we name

but one day ? but yours ; I'll mention my day. Let us but fix

upon some day.

" A. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday,

Monday."

A parallel to this is found in the well-known triflo

by Dean Aldrich :-

" If all be true, as I do think,

There are five reasons we should drink :

Good wine, a friend, or being dry,

Or lest we should be -and-by,

Or any other reason why."

Whiohoote, Benjamin, D.D., divine (b.

1610, d. 1683), wrote various Works, of which

collected editions were published in 1701–3, and

again in 1751. His Sermons appeared in 1702–7,

his Moral and Religious Aphorisms in 1703. See

Principal Tulloch's Rational Theology in England.

Whiffers, Mr. A footman, who figures in

the famous "swarry" in chapter xxxvii. of

Dickens's Pickwick Papers (q.v.).

Whiffle, Captain, in Smollett's novel of

Roderick Random (q.v.), is "a loathsome fop," says

Hannay, "radiant in silk lace and diamond buckles,

who, when Random comes to bleed him, exclaims,

'Hast thou ever blooded anybody but brutes?'

The reader is surprised to find in Smollett's dandy,

glittering with gems, drenched with essences, and

talking like the latest fashion of fool of quality,

alongside the tarry vot'ries in chock shirts,

odorous only of pitch, tobacco, and rum."

Whigs, The Battle of the. See Battle

of the Whig, The.

" While about the shore of Mona those

Neronian legionaries." — Boadicea, by Alfred

Tennyson.

" While that the sun, with his beams

hot." First line of The Unfaithful Shepherdess,

" lyric, of which Palgrave says, that "by its

style this beautiful example of old simplicity and

feeling may be referred to the early years of

Elizabeth." The refrain is :-

" Adieu love, adieu love, untrue love ;

Untrue love, untrue love, adieu love ;

Your mind is light, soon lost for new love."

" While there is life, there's hope ! he

cried." A line in Gay's poem of The Sick Man

and the Angel.

" Whining schoolboy, The."—As You

Like It, act ii., scene 7 :-

" With his satchel

And shining morning face, creeping like snail

Unwillingly to school."

Whipple, Edwin Percy, American essayist

(b. 1819), has published The Genius and Writings

of Macaulay (1843), Essays and Reviews (1848),

Lectures on Subjects connected with Literature and

Life (1849), Success and its Conditions (1864),

Character and Characteristic Men (1866), The

Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth (1869), and

A Biographical Sketch of Macaulay (1870). A col-

lection of his Essays appeared in 1871.

" Whips and scorns of time, The."—

Hamlet, act iii., scene 1.

" Whirligig of time brings in his re-

venges, Thus the'—Twelfth Night, act v., scene 1.

Whiskerandos, Don Ferolo. The lover

of Tilburina (q.v.), in Puff's tragedy of The Spanish

Armada (q.v.), that occurs in Sheridan's farce of

The Critic (q. v.) See Puff.

" Whispering humbleness." See "Bated

Breath."

" Whispering, 'I will ne'er consent,'

consented."—Byron, Don Juan, canto i., stanza

" Whispering tongues can poison

truth, But." A line in Coleridge's poem of

Christabel (q.v.).

Whistlecraft, William and Robert.

The nom de plume under which John Hookham

Frere (1769–1846) wrote and published his

humorous poem called The Monks and Giants

(q.v.).

" Whistled (And) as he went, for want

of thought."—Dryden, Cymon and Iphigenia, line

Whiston, William, divine (b. 1667, d. 1752)

was the author of A New Theory of the Earth, from

the Original to the Consummation of all Things

(1696); An Historical Preface to Primitive Chris-

tianity Revived (1710); and many other works,

besides an edition of Josephus. His Life was

written by himself (1749).

Whitaker, John, divine and antiquary (b.

1735, d. 1808), wrote The Genuine History of the

Britons (1772), A History of Manchester (1774),

Mary Queen of Scots Vindicated (1788), The Origin

of Arianism Disclosed (1791), and other works em-

morated in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual.

Whitby, Daniel, D.D., divine (b. 1638, d.

1727), produced The Protestant Reconciler (1683),

A Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testa-

ment (1703), Disquisitions Modestæ (1718), Last

Thoughts (1727), Five Points of Calvinism, and other

works.

White, Babington. The author of a novel

called Curse, which was described by many critics

as being chiefly derived from the Dalilah of Octave

Feuillet. He was freely identified with Miss

Braddon (q.v.), who, however, denied the author-

ship of the book in question.

White, Century. See Century White.

White Devil, The : "or, Vittoria Corom-

bona, a Lady of Venice." A tragedy by John

Webster (temp. 17th century), first printed in 1612.

" This White Devil of Italy," says Charles Lamb,

" sets off a bad cause so speciously, and pleads

with such an innocent boldness, that we seem to

see that matchless beauty of her face which inspires such gay confidence into her, and are ready

to expect, when she has done her pleadings, that

her very judges, her accusers, the grave ambassadors

who sit as spectators, and all the court, will rise

and make profftor to defend her, in spite of the

utmost conviction of her guilt."

White Doe of Rylstone, The: "or, the

Fato of the Nortons." A poem by William

Wordsworth (1770–1850), founded on a tradi-

tion connected with Bolton Priory, Yorkshire,

which the author visited, for the first time, in 1807.

(See also the ballad, The Rising of the North.) The

tradition is, that "about this time," not long after

the Dissolution, "a white doe long continued to

make a weekly pilgrimage from Rylstone over the

Abbey churchyard during divine service, after

the close of which she returned home as regularly

as the rest of the congregation."

White, Gilbert, clergyman and naturalist

(b. 1720, d. 1793), published The Natural Hutory

and Antiquities of Selborne (1789), The Naturalist's

Calendar (1795), und some Miscellancous Observations

and a Calendar, which are included in certain

editions of the foregoing. See the Biographical

Memoir by Jesse, prefixed to an edition of the

Natural History, published in 1850. See Sel-

borne, &c.

White, Henry Kirke, poet (b. 1785, d.

1806), was the author of Clifton Grove and other

poems, published in 1803. His Remains were edited,

with a Life, by Southey. See also the Biography

by Sir Harris Nicolas.

White, James, vicar of Bonchurch (b. 1804,

d. 1862), wrote a poem entitled The Village Poor-

house : by a Country Curate (1832) ; some plays,

including The Earl of Gowrie, Feudal Times, and

The King of the Commons; several contributions

to Blackwood's Magazine ; a series of Historical

Landmarks ; histories of France and England;

and an historical summary called The Eighteen

Christian Centuries.

White, Joseph Blanco, miscellaneous writer

(b. 1775, d. 1841), published Letters from Spain

(1822) ; Practical and Internal Evidence against

Catholicism (1825); The Poor Man's Preservative

against Popery (1825); Letters to Mr. Butler on

his Notice of the latter (1826); Second Travels of

an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (1833),

[see Moore, Thomas]; and Observations on Heresy

and Orthodoxy (1839). He also edited The London

Review, and translated into Spanish the Evidences

of Porteous and Paley, the Book of Common Prayer,

and some of the Homilies. His Life, "written by

himself," appeared, with a portion of his Corre-

spondence, edited by J. Hamilton Thom, in 1845.

See Leucadio Donlado, Don ; Night, On.

White Lady of Avenel, The, figures in

Scott's novel of The Monastery (q.v.) as a mys-

terious spirit that watches over the fortunes of the

Avenel family. She describes herself, in the

work, as

"Something betwixt heaven and hell,

Neither substance quite or shadow.

Haunting lonely moor and meadow,

Dancing by the haunted spring,

Riding on the whirlwind's wing,

Aping in fantastic fashion

Every change of human passion."

"White radiance of eternity, The."

An expression used by Shelley in his Adonais,

iii. :-

"Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass,

Stains the white radiance of eternity."

White, Richard Grant, American essayist

and Shakospearian critic (b. 1822), has published

Shakspere's Scholar (1854); an edition of the plays

of Shakespeare, with essays and notes (1857–64);

The Life and Genius of Shakspere (1865) ; Words

and their Uses (1870) ; and several other works.

See Yankee, A.

White Rose and Red. A poem by Robert

Buchanan (q.v.), published anonymously in 1873.

It is American in scenery and incident.

Whitefield, George, Methodist preacher

(b. 1714, d. 1770), published a great number of

sermons and journals. His Works, with an account

of his life, appeared in 1771–2.

Whitefoord, Caleb, wit and satirist (b. 1734,

d. 1809), lives in English literature in the post-

script to Goldsmith's Retaliation (1774), where he

is described as

"rare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun."

and as the

"Best-humour'd men with the worst humour'd muse."

His writings were chiefly confined to epigrams and

other verses, contributed to The Public Advertiner.

Whitehead, Paul, poet (b. 1710, d. 1774),

wrote State Dunces, Manners, Honour, Satires, and

The Gymnasiad (q.v.). His Poems and Miscellancous

Compositions were edited, with a Life, by Edward

Thompson, in 1777.

Whitehead, William, poet-laureate and

dramatist (b. 1715, d. 1785), wrote The Danger

of Writing Verse (q.v.), Atya and Adrastus (1743),

An Essay on Ridicule (1743), The Roman Father

(1750), Creusa (q.v.), The School for Lovers (q.v.),

A Charge to the Poets (1762), The Trip to Scotland

(1770), and various other works. He himself pub-

lished, in 1774, a collection of his Plays and Poems,

to which was added, in 1788, some further pieces

and a Life by W. Mason. See also Fatal Con-

stancy ; Sweppera, The.

Whitelocke, Bulstrode, lawyer and poli-

tician (b. 1605, d. 1676), wrote Memoirs of the

English Affairs from the beginning of the Reign of

Charles I. to the Happy Restoration of Charles II. ;

An Account of the Swedish Embassy in 1653–4; and

Memorials of the English Affairs from the supposed

WEI

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WHO

expedition of Brute to the end of James I.'s Reign; all of them published after his death, and all of them of great value to the historical student.

Whitgift, John, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1530, d. 1604), wrote various sermons and other Works, which were collected and edited by the Rev. John Ayre in 1851–4. His Life and Acts were written by John Strype (q.v.).

"Whither, O whither, love, shall we go?"—The Islet, by Alfred Tennyson.

Whitlaw, Life and Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Lope (1778—1863), published in 1836, and containing many satirical pictures of American manners.

Whitman, Walt, American poet (b. 1819), has published numerous volumes of "poems," a selection from which was made and published in 1868 by William Michael Rossetti. They include Leaves of GrassDrum Taps, and other productions. "Let it at once and unhesitatingly be admitted," says Robert Buchanan, "that Whitman's want of art, his grossness, his tall talk, his metaphorical word-piling are faults—prodigious ones ; and thon let us turn reverently to contemplate these signs which denote his ministry, his command of rude forces, his nationality, his many earnestness, and, last and greatest, his wondrous sympathy with men as men. He emerges from the mass of unwolded materials—in shape much like the earth-spirit in Faust. He is loud and coarse, like most prophets, 'sounding,' as he himself phrases it, 'his barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world.' He is the voice of which America stood most in need—a voice at which ladies scream and whipper-snappers titter with delight, but which clearly pertains to a man who means to be heard. He is the clear forerunner of the great American poets, long yearned for, now prophesied, but not perhaps to be beheld till the vast American democracy has subsided a little from its last and grandost struggle."

Whittier, John Greenleaf, American poet and prose writer (b. 1808), has published, among other works, Legends of New England (1831); Lays of My Home (1843); The Stranger in Lowell (1845); Voices of Freedom (1849); Old Portraits and Modern Sketches (1850); Songs of Labour (1850); Literary Recreations (1854); Home Ballads and Poems (1860); National Lyrics (1865); Maud Müller (1865); Among the Hills (1868); Ballads of New England (1870); Child-Life (1871); and The Pennsylvania Pilgrim, and other Poems (1872). A collection of his Poems appeared in 1869.

Whittingham, William, published in 1557 a translation of the New Testament from the Greek text as published by Erasmus. Calvin, his brother-in-law, prefixed to it An Epistle declaring that Christ is the End of the Law.

Whittington, Diok. The hero of a popular nursery legend, the history of which is fully discussed by Halliwell-Phillipps and Keightley in their respective works on legendary lore.

"Who fears to speak of Ninety-eight?" First line of a famous Irish song by Rev. John Kells Ingram. It first appeared in The Nation newspaper.

"Who 'that sat the name? When cowards mock the patriot's fate, Who hangs his head for shame ? Who slights his country thus; But a true man, like you, man, Will fill his glass with us."

"Who is Silvia? What is she?" A song in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, act iv., sc'ne 2.

"Who would be a mermaid fair?"—The Mermaid, by Alfred Tennyson.

"Who would be a merman bold?"—The Merman, by Alfred Tennyson.

"Whoe'er has travelled life's dull round." First line of a quatrain, written by Shenstone on the window-pane of an inn at Henley :—

"Whoe'er has travelled life's dull round, What'er his station may have been, May sigh to think he still has found His warmest welcome at an inn."

"Whoe'er she be, That not impossible she." Opening lines of Crashaw's Wishes to his (Supposed) Mistress.

Whole Duty of Man, The: "laid down in a Plain and Familiar Way." A once popular work, published in 1659 ; translated into Welsh in 1672, and into Latin in 1693; and attributed various times to three archbishops, two bishops, several clergymen, and a lady. Its authorship still remains a secret. Morley points out that in Hobbes's Behemoth, published in 1679, one of the two interlocutors expresses a wish for "a system of the present morals writton by some divine of good reputation and learning, and of the late king's party ;" whereupon the other says, "I think I can recommend unto you the best that is extant, and such a one as (except a few passages that I mislike) is very well worth your reading." He accordingly goes on to mention The Whole Duty of Man, The Complete.

"Whole of life to live, 'Tis not the."—Montgomery, The Issues of Life and Death :—

"Nor all of death to die."

"Whom the gods love die young,' was said of yore."—Byron, Don Juan, canto iv., stanza 12. The expression is to be found in Plautus : "Quem Di diligunt adolescens moritur." In a fragment of Menander also we read :—"Ον θeoι φιλoυσιν απoθνησκει νεos."

Whore of Babylon, The. "An elegant comedy," said to have been written by Edward VI. It was probably of a religious and controversial character.

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"Why art thou silent? Is thy love a plant?" A sonnet by William Wordsworth.

Why come ye not to Courte?" A rhyming satire by John Skelton (q.v.), directed against Cardinal Wolsey.

"Why does azure deck the sky?" A song by Thomas Moore.

"Why don't the men propose?" First line of a song by Thomas Haynes Bayly (1797— 1839).

"Why dost thou say I am forsworn?" A song by Richard Lovelace (1618–1658):—

"Have I not loved thee much and long,

A tedious twelve-hours' space?"

"Why so pale and wan, fond lover?" A song by Sir John Suckling (1609–1641), occuring in his play of Aglaura (q.v.). "How do you like that?" says some one in Longfollow's Hyperion. "To you I say, Quit, quit for shame!" replied Flomming. "Why quote the songs of that witty and licentious age?"

Whyttington, William. See Apostolic Creed; Athanasian Creed; Commandments, The Ten.

Wicked Bible, The. An edition published in 1631; so called because the word "not" is omitted in the seventh commandment. See Dr. Heylin's Life of Laud. "The printers," says Lowndes, "were called before the High Commission, fined deeply, and the whole impression destroyed."

Wicket-Gate, The. The entrance to the road leading to the Celestial City in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.

Wicklif, Wiclif, or Wycliffe, John. See Wycliffe, John.

"Wide as a church door, As."—Romeo and Juliet, act iii., scene 1.

Widkirk Mysteries. See Wakefield Plays, The.

Widow, The. A comedy by Ben Jonson, and Thomas Middleton, acted in Charles I.'s reign, but not printed until 1652.

Widow's Tears, The. A comedy by George Chapman (q.v.), produced in 1612, in which Cynthia, the heroine, falls in love with the sentinel who is put on guard over the corpse of her husband.

Wieland. The Oberon of this German poet was translated into English by William Sotheby, and published in 1798.

Wieland: "or, the Transformation." A novel by Charles Brockden Brown (1771–1810), published in 1798.

Wife, A, now a Widowe. A poem written by Sir Thomas Overbury (1518–1613) in 1614, to persuade the Earl of Somerset from marrying the divorced Countess of Essex. "The compassion of the public," says Campbell, "for a man of worth, 'whose spirit still walketh unrevenged among them,' together with the contrast of his ideal Wife with the Countess of Essex, who was his murderess, attached an interest and popularity to his work, and made it pass rapidly through sixteen editions before the year 1653. . . . As a poet Overbury has few imposing attractions; his beauties are those of solid reflection, predominating over, but not extinguishing, sensibility."

Wife of Bath, The. A comedy by John Gay, first produced in 1713, and again, with alterations, in 1730, but each time unsuccessfully. See also Bath, The Wife of.

Wife, The: "a Tale of Mantua." A tragedy by James Sheridan Knowles (1784— 1862). When it was originally produced, the hero and heroine were played by Knowles and Miss Ellen Tree (after- wards Mrs. Charles Kean) respectively.

Wilberforce, Samuel, D.D., Bishop of Winchester (1805, d. 1873), published Agathos (q.v.), and other Stories; Hebrew Heroes; Sermons and Charges; and other works. His Quarterly Essays appeared in 1874.

Wilberforce, William, anti-slavery advocate (b. 1759, d. 1833), published in 1797 A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes of this Country, contrasted with Real Christianity. See the Life by his sons.

Wild Flowers. Poems by Robert Bloomfield (1766–1823), written in 1806.

"Wild in woods the noble savage ran. Whom." A line occuring in Dryden's play of The Conquest of Granada, part i., act i., scene 1.

Wild Irish Girl, The. A novel by Lady Morgan (1783–1859), published in 1801. This "national tale" ran through seven editions in two years.

Wild Oats: "or, the Strolling Gentleman." A comedy by John O'Keeffe (1747–1833); printed in 1798.

"Wild with all regret."—Tennyson, The Princess, canto iv.

Wild, The History of Jonathan. A novel by Henry Fielding (1707–1754), published in 1743, and founded on the history of a notorious highwayman who was executed in 1725. "In that strange apologue," says William Makepeace Thackeray, "the author takes for a hero the greatest rascal, coward, traitor, tyrant, hypocrite, that his experience in this matter could enable him to devise or depict; he accompanies this villain through all the actions of his life, with a grinning deference and a wonderful mock respect, and does not leave him till he is dangling at the gallows, when the satirist makes him a low bow, and wishes the scoundrel good day." "A satire like this,"

says W. C. Roscoe, "strips off the spurious orna-

ments of hypocrisy, shows the beauty of the moral

character, and will always be worthy the attention

of the reader who desires to rise wiser or better

from the book he peruses."

Wild-Goose Chase, The. A play by

oha Fletcher (1576—1625).

Wildair, Sir Harry. A comedy by George

Farquhar (1678—1707), produced in 1701; also

the name of the hero of The Constant Couple (1700).

Wilde, Lady. See Speranza.

"Wilderness of sweets, A."—Paradise

Lost, book v., line 294.

Wildfell Hall, The Tenant of. A novel

by Anne Brontë (1822—1849).

Wildfire, Madge. The sobriquet attached

to Margaret Murdochson in Sir Walter Scott's

novel of The Heart of Midlothian (q.v.).

Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship.

Translated from the German of Goethe by Thomas

Carlyle (b. 1795), and published in 1824. It was

severely criticised by De Quincey in The London

Magazine, and by Lord Jeffrey in The Edinburgh

Review.

Wilkes, John, journalist (b. 1727, d. 1797),

wrote An Essay on Woman (1763), Speeches

(1777—9 and 1786), and Letters (1767, 1768, 1769,

and 1805). His Life was written by Baskerville

in 1769, by Cradock in 1772, by Almon in 1805,

and by W. F. Rae in 1873. "Wilkes, says Mac-

aulay, in his essay on the Earl of Chatham, "was

a man of taste, reading, and engaging manners.

His sprightly conversation was the delight of

green-rooms and taverns, and pleased even grave

hearers when he was sufficiently under restraint to

abstain from detailing the particulars of his amours,

and from breaking jests on the New Testament.

In Parliament he did not succeed. His speaking,

though just, was feeble. As a writer he made a

better figure." See Byron's description of Wilkes

in The Vision of Judgment. See also the Percy

Anecdotes and The Edinburgh Review for 1839.

See North Briton, The.

Willkie, William, D.D., minister and poet

(b. 1721, d. 1772), wrote The Epigoniad (1757 and

1759), (q.v.); A Dream, in the Manner of Spenser

(1759); Fables (1768); and some miscellaneous

pieces. His Works are included in Anderson's

edition of The British Poets. See Scottish Homer,

The.

Wilkins, John, D.D., Bishop of Chester

(b. 1614, d. 1672), wrote A Discovery of a New

World: or, a Discourse tending to prove that 'tis

probable there may be another habitable world in

Moon, with a discourse concerning the possibility of a

passage thither (1638); A Discourse concerning a New

Planet, tending to prove that it is probable our Earth

is one of the Planets (1640); An Essay towards a

real Character and a Philosophical Language (1668);

Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion

(1675); and other works.

Wilkins, Peter, The Life and Adven-

tures of: "relating particularly his Shipwreck

near the South Pole; his wonderful passage through

a subterraneous cavern into a kind of New

World; his there meeting with a Gawrey, or

Flying Woman, whose life he preserved, and after-

wards married her; his extraordinary Conveyance

to the Country of Glumms and Gawreys, or Men

and Women that fly; likewise a description of this

strange Country, with the Laws, Customs, and

Manners of its Inhabitants, and the Author's

remarkable Transactions among them; taken from

his own Mouth on his Passage to England from off

Cape Horn in America in the ship Hector; with

an Introduction giving an Account of the sur-

prising Manner of his coming on Board that

Vessel, and his Death on his landing at Plymouth,

in the year 1739; by R. S., a Passenger in the

Hector." This work was first pub..shed in 1750,

with a dedication to Elizabeth, Countess of Northum-

berland, and is presumed, from an agreement

with Dodaley, the publisher, which was discovered

in 1835, to be from the pen of Robert Paltock

(q.v.), "of Clement's Inn, Gentleman," of whom

we have absolutely no more information than is

contained in the above description, or in the fact

that Paltock had been indebted to the Countess

for "a late instance of benignity," and that it was

after her that he drew the portrait of Youwarikee,

his charming heroine. The "R. S., a passenger in

the Hector," is obviously a fictitious personage, for

the dedication and the introduction are both signed

with the initials of this Robert Paltock; and if he

stands for any individual at all, it has been sug-

gested that he is intended for the Richard Sympson

who stood sponsor for Lemuel Gulliver in Swift's

famous fiction. The idea of the work, together

with the name of the hero, was probably suggested

by Bishop Wilkins' Discovery of a New World, which

published anonymously in 1638, which was

described as "a discourse tending to prove that 'tis

probable there may be another habitable World

in the Moon," and in which there occur specula-

tions as to the possibility of men being able to fly

by means of wings attached to their bodies. Other-

wise, the book seems founded to a great extent on

the plan of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Peter Wilkins

being, like that immortal personage, a shipwrecked

voyager, cast upon a solitary shore, of which he is

for a considerable time the sole inhabitant. The

name of the "strange Country" inhabited by

Glumms and Gawreys is Nosmbdagrannt, an un-

pronounceable word; and in the description of it

given by Peter Wilkins, there is an evident imita-

tion of the style of Swift. Southey confesses to

having derived from it his conception of the Glen-

doveers who figure in his Curse of Kehama, and

Weber has reprinted the whole story in his Collec-

tion of Popular Romances. See The Retrospective

Review, vii., 120—133, and Leigh Hunt's Seer.

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Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner, Egyptologist (b. 1797, d. 1876), wrote Materia Hieroglyphica (1828); The Topography of Thebes, and General View of Egypt (1833); The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (1837–41); Dalmatia and Montenegro (1848); The Architecture of Ancient Thebes (1850); On Colour and on the Necessity for the General Diffusion of Taste among all Classes (1858); and other works.

Will Waterproof's Lyrical Monologue. A poem by Alfred Tennyson, written in 1842; one of the poet's few attempts at the composition of vera de societd.

Willet, Joe, in Dickens's novel of Barnaby Rudge (q.v.), eventually marries Dolly Varden (q.v.).

William, Archbishop of Orange, figures in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered.

William and Margaret. A ballad by David Mallet (1700–1765), published in 1727. See Fair Margaret and Sweet William.

William and the Werwolf. An old English romance, edited by Sir Frederick Madden, and published by him in 1828 and 1832. The author is unknown. It was probably written about 1350.

William de Brampton. See Brampton, William de.

William of Malmesbury, historian (temp. eleventh century), wrote several works, enumerated by Wright in his Biographia Literaria, among which the most important are the Gesta Regum Anglorum, the Historia Novella, and the Gesta Pontificum. The first includes a resume of English history from the arrival of the English in 449 till 1120; the second opens with a retrospect of Henry I.'s reign, and terminates abruptly with the year 1143. All three were first printed in the Scriptores post Bedam, edited by Sir Henry Saville. Of the first two, there is an edition by Sir Duffus Hardy, published in 1840 for the Historical Society. An English translation by the Rev. John Sharpe, issued in 1815, formed the basis of that made by Dr. Giles, which is included in Bohn's Antiquarian Library (1847).

William of Newbury (or Newburgh), historian (b. 1136, d. 1208), wrote the Historia Rerum Anglicarum, the narrative of which extends from the Norman Conquest to the year 1198, and which was first printed at Antwerp in 1597. It was edited for the Historical Society, in 1856. For the original Latin, see Rerum Britannicarum Scriptores (1587).

William of Occam. See Invincible Doctor, The; Occam, William of.

William the Trouvère. See Theophilus.

Williams, Anna, poet (b. 1706, d. 1783), published, in 1766, a volume of Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, to which Dr. Johnson contributed a preface and, it is said, some of the pieces themselves. She had published, in 1746, a translation of La Bletterie's Life of the Emperor Julian.

Williams, Caleb. A novel by William Godwin (1756–1836), published in 1794. "There is little knowledge of the world," says Hazlitt, "little variety, neither an eye for the picturesque, nor a talent for the humorous, in Caleb Williams; but you cannot doubt the originality of the work and the force of the conception. This novel is utterly unlike anything else that ever was written, and is one of the most original as well as powerful productions in the English language." The hero, Caleb, is a man of "insatiable, incessant curiosity." See Falkland.

Williams, Daniel, D.D., Nonconformist divine (b. about 1643, d. 1716), wrote Practical Discourses, and other Works, published in 1738–50. His Memoirs appeared in 1718, and Papers relating to his Life in 1816. See Nelson's Life of Bishop Bull.

Williams, David, miscellaneous writer (b. 1738, d. 1816), was the author of A Letter to David Garrick (1770); The Philosopher; Essays on Public Worship, Patriotism, and Projects of Reformation; A Liturgy on the Universal Principles of Religion and Morality; Lectures on Political Principles; Lectures on Political Liberty; Lessons to a Young Prince; a History of Monmouthshire; a Treatise on Education; and Preparatory Studies for Political Reformers. He was the founder of the "Royal Literary Fund."

Williams, Helen Maria, miscellaneous writer (b. about 1762, d. 1828), published Miscellaneous Poems (1786); Julia: a novel (1790); A Sketch of the Politics of France in 1793–4 (1795); Letters from France: containing many New Anecdotes relative to the French Revolution (1792–96); A Tour in Switzerland (1798); Sketches of the State of Manners and Opinions in the French Republic towards the close of the Eighteenth Century (1801); Poems on Various Occasions (1823); and other works.

Williams, John, Archbishop of York (b. 1582, d. 1650), was the author of The Holy Table, Name and Thing, sermons, and other works. See The Life by Bishop Hacket (1693), and by Ambrose Philips (1700).

Williams, Monier, Sanscrit scholar (b. 1819), has published A Practical Grammar of the Sanscrit Language (1846), an English and Sanscrit Dictionary (1851), Indian Epic Poetry (1863), a Sanscrit English Dictionary (1872), and numerous translations from the Sanscrit.

Williams, Rowland, D.D., Welsh scholar and divine (b. 1817, d. 1870), was the author of Rational Godliness after the Mind of Christ and the Christian Voices of His Church (1856); Hinduism and Christianity compared (1856); The Prophets of Israel and Judah during the Assyrian Empire (1866); Glendower: a Dramatic Biography (1870); The Hebrew Prophets, Translated Afresh from the Original

(1872) ? and other works, including an article on

Bunsen's Biblical Researches, contributed to Essays

and Reviews (1860). His Life and Letters was

published in 1874.

Williams, Sarah, poet, was the author of

Twilight Hours, a volume of verse published in

1872, with a Memoir by E. H. Plumptre.

Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, diplomatist and poet (b. 1709, d. 1759), wrote Poems

(1703) and Odes (1775), which were republished in

his Works, printed "from the originals," with

notes by Horace Walpole, in 1822.

Williams, Sir Roger, military officer (temp.

Queen Elizabeth), was the author of Actions of the

Low Countries, A Brief Discourse of War, Advice

from France, and other works. See Sir Walter

Scott's edition of Somers's Tracts.

Willie and May. Margaret. A ballad,

printed by Jamieson in his collection. Willie is

represented as crossing the Clyde, against his

mother's wish, to visit May Margarot, and as

being drowned on his way home. Buchan entitles

his version The Drowned Lover.

Willie's Lady. A ballad, printed by Scott

in his Border Minstrelsy, and published by Jamieson

under the title of Sweet Willy. Matthew Gregory

Lewis has included a version in his Tales of Wonder;

and Professor Aytoun gives it as it is given by

Jamieson, with some slight re-touches. The ballad

turns upon the spell under which Willie's Lady is

laid by her wicked mother-in-law.

"Willing to wound, and yet afraid to

strike."—Pope, Prologue to the Satires, line 203.

"Willingly let die, Not." A phrase used

by Milton in his essay on Church Government.

"I might, perhaps, leave something so written to

after times as they should not willingly let die."

Willis, Nathaniel Parker, American miscellaneous writer (b. 1806, d. 1867), was the author

of Pencillings by the Way (q.v.), Hurrygraphs,

People I have Met, Dashes at Life, and many other

volumes of a light and gossiping character, descriptive of the men and manners of his time. He

was a large contributor to periodical literature.

Willison, John, Presbyterian divine (b. 1680,

d. 1750), wrote The Mother's Catechism, The

Afflicted Man's Companion, and other works, published at Aberdeen in 1769. His Practical Works

were edited, with an introductory essay, by Dr.

Eadie.

Willoughby, Brave Lord. See Brave

Lord Willoughby.

Willoughby, Sir Clement. A character

in Madame D'Arblay's Evelina (q.v.); "insolent

and polished." "His passion for Evelina is alter-

nately bold and perfidious, and always imper-

tinent."

Willow Tree, The. A pastoral dialogue

between "Willy" and "Cuddy," in The Golden

Garland of Princesly Delights (q.v.).

Willow, Willow, Willow. An old ballad,

in two parts, from which Shakespeare took his

song in Othello, act iv., scene 3:—

"My moth'r had a maid call'd Barbara.

She was in love; and he she loved prov'd mad.—

I did think thus, but it eujoin'd her fortune,

And she did shutting it."

Wills, William Gorman, dramatist and

novelist (b. 1828), has written the following plays:

—The Man o' Airlie (1866), Hinko (1871), Charles I.

(1872), Eugene Aram (1873), Mary Queen o' Scots

(1874), and Jane Shore (1875); also The Wife's

Brudencc, David Chantrey, The Pace that Kills,

Notice to Quit, and other stories.

Wills, William Henry, journalist (b. 1810),

was for a long time sub-editor of Household Words

and All the Year Round, under Charles Dickens.

He has published Old Leaves Gathered from House-

hold Words.

Wilmot, in Lillo's tragedy of The Fatal

Curiosity (q.v.), an old man who, with his wife,

murders a rich stranger who takes shelter in their

house, and discovers afterwards that he has killed

his son.

Wilmot, Arabella, in Goldsmith's Vicar

of Wakefield (q.v.), is beloved by George Prim-

rose.

Wilmot, John. See Rochester, Earl of.

Wilson, Alexander, ornithologist and poet

(b. 1766, d. 1813), published The Laurel Disputed

(1791); Watty and Meg (1792), (q.v.); American

Ornithology (1808 – 1814); and The Foresters

(1825), (q.v.). A sketch of his Life is prefixed to

the ninth volume of the Ornithology; and a Memoir,

by George Ord, was published in 1828.

Wilson, Arthur, historian and dramatist (b.

1596, d. 1652), wrote a History of Great Britain:

being the Life and Reign of K. James I., 1603-25

(1653), and three comedies, of which one, The In-

constant Lady, was printed at Oxford in 1614. See

his Autobiography.

Wilson, Daniel, LL.D., miscellaneous writer

(b. 1816), has published Memorials of Edinburgh

in the Olden Time (1847); Oliver Cromwell and the

Protectorate (1848); The Archæology and Prehi-

storic Annals of Scotland (1851); Prehistoric Man:

Researches into the Origin of Civilisation in the Old

and New Worlds (1863); and Chatterton: a Bio-

graphical Study (1869).

Wilson, Florenee, Scottish scholar (b. early

in the sixteenth century, d. 1564), wrote a Latin

dialogue, De Animi Tranquillitate (q.v.), and a

theological tract published in 1539.

Wilson, George, chemist, technologist, and

miscellaneous writer (b. 1818, d. 1859), wrote The

Five Gate-Ways of Knowledge; Paper, Pen, and

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Ink ; various scientific treatises ; an unfinished Life of Professor Edward Forbes ; a volume of lectures ; and numerous contributions to magazines and reviews. See the Memoir by his sister (1866).

Wilson, Henry Bristow, divine (b. 1803), contributed a paper on " Christian Comprehension " to Oxford Essays in 1857, and an article on " The National Church " to Essays and Reviews in 1860.

Wilson, Horace Hayman, Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford (b. 1786, d. 1860), published a translation of Kalidasa's Mṛga Datta (1813), an edition of Colebrooke's Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1819), A History of Cashmere (1825), Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindoo (1826–7), Documents Illustrative of the Burmese War (1827), a translation of the Vishṇu Purāṇa (1840), Ariana Antiqua (1841), an edition of Mill's History of British India (1844–8), a translation of the Ṛig-Veda (1850–7), and other works. For Biography, see the Report of the Royal Asiatic Society (1860).

Wilson, James, zoologist (b. 1795, d .1856), was the author of Illustrations of Zoology, Rod and Gun, contributions to the seventh edition of The Encyclopædia Britannica, and numerous articles in the reviews and magazines.

Wilson, James. Chancellor of the Indian Exchequer (b. 1805, d. 1860), founded The Economist in 1843.

Wilson, John, poet (b. 1720, d. 1776), published The Clyde (1764), (q.v.); and Earl Douglas, a tragedy, in the same year. The former was republished by Leyden, with a biographical sketch in the first volume of Scottish Descriptive Poems.

Wilson, John (" Christopher North "), poet, novelist, and essayist (b. 1785, d. 1854), wrote The Isle of Palms (1812), (q.v.); The City of the Plague (1816); Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life (1822); The Trials of Margaret Lindsay (1823); The Foresters (1825), (q.v.); Essay on the Life and Genius of Robert Burns (1841); and Recreations of Christopher North (1842). His Poems and Dramatic Works appeared collectively in 1825. His complete Works, edited by Professor Ferrier, and including the Noctes Ambrosianæ (q.v), appeared in 1856–8. His Life was written by his daughter, Mrs. Gordon. " If ever," says Professor Masson, " there was a man of genius, and of really great genius, it was the late Professor Wilson. From the moment when his magnificent physique and the vehement, passionate, ennui-dispelling nature that it so fitly enshrined, first burst upon literary society at Oxford, at the Lakes, and at Edinburgh, there was but one verdict respecting him. It was that which Scott and other competent judges expressed, when they declared, as they did repeatedly, that Wilson had powers that might make him in literature the very first man of his genefation. More-over, what he actually did, in the course of his five-and-thirty years of literary life, remains to attest the amount and vigour of his faculties. In quantity it is large ; in kind most various. In the general literature of Britain a place of real importance is accorded to Christopher North, while his own compatriots—with that power of enthusiastic, and, as it were, national regard for their eminent men, either while yet living, or after they are just dead, which distinguishes them from their neighbours the English—have added him to the list of those illustrious Scots whom they so delight to count over in chronological series, and whom they remember with affection. And yet not only in disinterested England, but even among admiring Scotchmen themselves, there have been critical comments and drawbacks of opinion with respect to Wilson's literary career, and the evidences of his genius that remain. . . . . So far as I have seen, all the criticisms and drawbacks really resolve themselves into an assertion that Wilson, though a man of extraordinary natural powers, did not do justice to them by discipline—that he was intellectually, as woll as physically, one of those Goths who went to waste for want of stringent self-regulation, and who, as respects the total efficiency of their lives, were often equalled or beaten by men of more moderate build, but that build Roman." See Mullion, Mordecai; North, Christopher.

Wilson, Matthias. See Knortx, Edward.

Wilson, Robert. See Cobler's Prophecy, The.

Wilson, Sir Thomas, divine, statesman, and critic (d. 1581), wrote The Rule of Reason, conteyning the Arte of Logique (1551); The Arte of Rhetorique (1553); A Discourse upon Usurye, by way of Dialogue and Oraciouns ; and a translation of three of Demosthenes' Orations. See Rhetorique, The Art of.

Wilson, Thomas, D.D., Bishop of Sodor and Man (b. 1663, d. 1755), wrote The Principles and Duties of Christianity (1707); Instructions for Better Understanding the Lord's Supper (1736); Parochialia : or, Instruction for the Clergy (1791); Maxims of Piety and Christianity (1791); Sacra Privata : Private Meditations and Prayers (1800), (q.v); Sermones (1822); and other Works, republished, with a Life by Cruttwell, in 1781. See also the biographies by Stowell (1810) and Keble (1852).

Wilson, William, Scottish poet (b. 1801, J. 1860), contributed numerous pieces to The Edinburgh Literary Journal, Blackwood's Magazine, Chambers' Journal, The Book of Scottish Song, The Modern Scottish Minstrel, and similar publications; an edition of his Poems being published post-humously, with a Memoir, by B. Lossing. A second edition, with additional poems, appeared in 1875. See Grant Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland.

" Wilt thou forget the happy hours ?" —The Past, by Parcy Bysshe Shelley, written in 1818.

"Wilt thou leave me thus? And." First line of a lyric by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 -1542), of which Palgrave says that "it was long before English poetry returned to the charming simplicity of this and a few other poems" by the same writer.

Wilton, Ralph de. A character in Scott's poem of Marmion (q.v.).

Wiltshire Labourers, The Hymn of the. Contributed by Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) to The Daily News of February 14, 1846, and elicited by a speech at one of the night meetings of the wives of agricultural labourers in Wiltshire, held to petition for free trade. It begins: -

"Ob God, who by Thy Prophet's Hand Didst smite the rocky brake, Whence water came at Thy command, Thy people's thirst to slake; Strike, now, upon this granite wall, Stem, obdurate, and high; And let some drops of pity fall For us who starve and die!"

"There is the true ring in these lines. They have the note which Dickens consistently sounded through life of right against might; the note which found expression in the Anti-Corn Law agitation, in tho protest against workhouse enormities, in the raid against those eccentricities in legislation which are anomalies to the rich and bitter hardships to the poor."

Wily Beguilde. A "pleasant comedie," printed in 1606, and reprinted by Carew Hazlitt in his edition of Dodaley's Old Plays. Hawkins describes it as "a regular and very pleasing comedy," and said that "if it were judiciously adapted to the manners of the times, it would make no contemptible appearance on the modern stage." "The chiefe Actors," says the title-page, "be these: A poore scholler, a rich foole, and a knave at a shifte." The play is not divided into acts.

Wimble, Will. A member of the fictitious Spectator Club (q.v.); said to be intonded as a portrait of a Mr. Thomas Morecroft (d. 1741).

Winchelsea, Countess of, Anne Finch, poetess (d. 1720), published Miscellany Poems, and a tragedye called Aristomenes, in 1713. Wordsworth speaks of the former volume as containing "some delightful pictures from external nature."

"Wind and his nobility. Betwixt the."-Shakespeare, King Henry IV., part i., act i., scene 3.

"Wind that profits nobody, Ill blows the."-King Henry VI., part iii., act ii., scene 6.

"Windows (Rich), that exclude the light." See Gray's poem, A Long Story :-

"And passages that lead to nothing."

Windsor Forest. A descriptive poem, by Alexander Pope, written in 1704 ; completed and published in 1713.

"Windward of the law, Just to the." -Churchill, The Ghost, book iii., line 56.

Wingate, David. Scottish poet (b. 1828), has published Poems (1862), and Annie Weir, and other Poems (1862), besides many fugitive verses in the magazines. "The earnestness " says The Athenæum, " with which he has cherished his sense of beauty through a life of severe and perilous toil demands from us sympathy and respect." See Grant Wilson's Poets and Poetry of Scotland.

Winifreda. A "beautiful address to conjugal love; a subject," says Bishop Percy, "too much neglected by the libertine Muses." It was, he believes, first printed in a volume of Miscellaneous Poems by several hands, in 1726; where it is said, though apparently on no authority, to be a translation "from the ancient British language."

Winifred's. A poem by John Gilpin Cooper (1723–1769).

Winkle, Mr. Nathaniel. The Cockney sportsman, in Dickens's novel of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (q.v.); inserted, the author tells us, in order to afford scope for the pencil of Seymour, the artist.

Winkle, Rip Van. See Rip Van Winkle.

Winning of Cales, The. A ballad which describes the capture of Cadiz, on June 21, 1596, by Lord Howard and the Earl of Essex.

Winslow, Forbes Benignus, M.D., physician and writer on psychological subjects (b. 1810, d. 1874), has written On Choleva (1831), Physic and Physicians (1839), The Anatomy of Suicide (1840), Lectures on Insanity (1854), Obscure Diseases of the Brain (1860), and other works.

Winstanley, William, biographer (temp. Charles I. and II.), published The Muses Cabinet, stored with a variety of Poems (1655); England's Worthies: Select Lives of the most Eminent Persons of the English Nation, from Constantine the Great down to these Times (1600) ; The Loyall Martyrology : or, Brief Catalogues of the most Eminent Persons who suffered for their Conscience during the late Rebellion (1663) ; The Honour of the Merchant Taylors (1668); Historical Rarities and Curious Ob servations, domestic and foreign (1684); Lives of the most famous English Poets (1687); and other Works.

Winter. A poem, forming one of the series on The Seasons, by James Thomson (1700–1748), published in 1726. It had been suggested to the writer by a poetical composition on the same subject by his friend Riccaltoun, and when completed was sold to a bookseller for the sum of three guineas. To this Sir Spencer Compton, to whom the poem was dedicated, added twenty guineas By-and-by, the work became better known in the literary world, and was "accompanied in many editions," says Dr. Johnson, "not only with a preface and dedication, but with poetical praises by

WIN

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WIS

Mr. Hill, Mr. Mallet (then Malloch), and Mira, the fictitious name of a lady once too well known.

"Winter comes, to rule the varied year."—Thomson, Winter, line i.

"Winter of her days The."—Sir Charles Sedley, Songs.

"Winter of our discontent, Now is the."—King Richard III., act i., scene 1.

"Winter! ruler of the inverted year."—Cowper, The Task, book iv. (" Winter Even-ing ").

Winter-Night's Vision. A metrical history of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, by Richard Nicools (q.v.), which appeared in 1610.

Winter's Tale, The. A play by William Shakespeare (q.v.), of which there is no earlier edition than that of the folio of 1623. It had, however, been acted as early as 1611, and the evidence procurable tends to prove that it was written about that year. The main idea of the plot was derived by Shakespeare from Robert Greene's novel, Pandosto: the Triumph of Time (q.v.); otherwhiso, the play is entirely his. " Robert Greene," writes Collier, " was a man who possessed all the advantages of education; he was a graduate of both universities—he was skilled in ancient learning and in modern languages; he had, besides, a prolific imagination, a lively and elegant fancy, and a grace of expression rarely exceeded; yet, let any person well acquainted with The Winter's Tale read the novel of Pandosto, upon which it was founded, and he will be struck at once with the vast pre-eminence of Shakespeare, and with the admirable manner in which he has converted materials supplied by another to his own use. The bare outline of the story (with the exception of Shakespeare's miraculous conclusion) is nearly the same in both; but this is all they have in common, and Shakespeare may be said to have scarcely adopted a single hint for his dialogue; while in point of passion and sentiment Greene is cold, formal, and artificial—the very opposite of everything in Shakespeare. " This idea of this delightful drama," says Coleridge, " is a genuine jealousy of disposition, and it should be immediately followed by a perusal of Othello, which is the direct contrast of it in every particular. For jealousy is a vice of the mind, a culpable tendency of the temper, having certain well-known and well-defined effects and concomitants, all of which are visible in Iago, and not one of which marks its presence in Othello; such as first, an excitability by the most inadequate causes, and an eagerness to snatch at proofs; secondly, a grossness of conception, and a disposition to degrade the object of the passion by several fancies and images; thirdly, a sense of shame of his own feelings exhibited in a solitary moodiness of humour, and yet, from the violence of the passion, force to utter itself, and therefore catching occasions to ease the mind by ambiguities, equivouqes, by talking to those who cannot, or who are known not to be able to understand what is said to them, in short, by soliloquy in the form of dialogue, and hence a confused, broken, and fragmentary manner; fourthly, a dread of vulgar ridicule, as distinct from a high sense of honour, or a mistaken sense of duty; and, lastly, and immediately consequent upon this, a spirit of self vindictiveness. " The Winter's Tale," says Schlogol, " is as appropriately namod as the Mid-summer Night's Dream. It is one of those tales which are peculiarly calculated to beguile the dreary leisure of a long winter's evening, and are oven attractive and intelligible to childhood; while animated by forvent truth in the delineation of character and passion, and invested with the embellishments of poetry, lowering itself, as it were, to the simplicity of the subject, they transport oven manhood back to the golden age of the imagination. Nothing can be more fresh and youthful, nothing at once so ideally pastoral and princely as the love of Florizel and Perdita; of the prince, whom love converts into a voluntary shepherd; and the princess, who betrays her exalted origin, and in whose hands nosegays became crowns." See Autolycus; Florizel; Hermione; Leontes; Perdita.

Winthrop, Dolly. A character in George Eliot's tale of Silas Marner.

"Wire-drawing his words in a contrary sense." See Florio's translation of Montaigne's Essays, book ii.

Wireker, Nigel, precontor of Canterbury (circa 1190). See Speculum Stultorum.

"Wisdom married to immortal verse."—Wordsworth, The Excursion, book vi.

Wisdom of Solomon, The. " Phrased " by Thomas Middleton (1570–1627), and printed in 1597.

Wisdom, The Age of. A lyric by William Makepeace Thackray (1811–1863):—

" All your wish is woman to win—

This is the way that boys begin;

Wait till you come to Forty Year."

Wisdom, The House of. " A fantastical book," published by Francis Bampfyld (d. 1684) in 1681, in which the author " would have the Hebrew tongue and language to be the most universal character over all the inhabited earth. to be taught in all schools, and the children to be taught it as their mother-tongue. He proposes," says Anthony à Wood, " a way for the erection of Academies to have it taught, and all Philosophy to proceed from Scripture, to have all books translated into that language, and I know not what."

" Wisdom, which alone is truly fair."

-Paradise Lost, book iv., line 491.

" Wise and masterly inactivity." See Inactivity, Masterly.

WIS

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WIT

Wise, Henry Augustus. See GUNBO.

"Wise saw, and modern instances."

—As you Like It, act ii., scene 7.

"Wisely, but too well, Not."—Othello, act v., scene 2. These words form the title of a novel by Rhoda Broughton (q.v.).

"'Wisely' worldly (Be), but not worldly-wise."—Quarles, Emblems.

Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster (b. 1802, d. 1865), published Hora Syruxca (1828); The Connexion between Science and Revealed Religion (1836); Essays on Various Subjects (1853); Recollections of the Last Four Popes, and of Rome in their Times (1858); Points of Contact between Science and Art (1863); William Shakespeare (1865); Fabiola or, the Church of the Catacombs (1868); and other works. Memoirs of the cardinal appeared in 1865 and 1867.

"Wisest, brightest, meanest man-kind !" A description applied to Lord Bacon in Pope's Essay on Man, epistle iv., line 281.

"Wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best."—Milton, Paradise Lost, book viii., line 548.

"Wish that of the living whole, The."—Soct. liv. of Tennyson's In Memoriam.

Wish, The. Two lyrics by Abraham Cowley (1618—1667), one of which is contained in The Mistress (q.v.), and includes the following verse:—

"Ah yet, e'er I descend to the grave,

May I a small house and large garden have !

And a few friends, and many books, both true

Both wise and both delightful too !

And since Love ne'er will from me fire,

A mistress moderately fair,

And good as guardian angels are.

Only beaov'd and loving me !"

Wishart, George, Bishop of Edinburgh (b. 1609, d. 1671), wrote De Rebus Auspiciis Serenissimi Potentissimi Carol D.G. Brit. Regis, sub imperio Illustrissimi Montrosarum Marchionis, sub anno 1644, et duobus sequentibus, published at Paris in 1647; translated into English in 1756, and republished in 1819.

"Wishes (Our) lengthen as our sun declines."—Young, Night Thoughts, night v., line 662.

Wishes to his (supposed) Mistress. A lyric by Richard Crashaw (1616—1650), contained in his Delights of the Muses (q.v.). It begins—

"Who'er she be,

That not impossible she

That shall command my heart and me :"

and is to be found, somewhat condensed, in Pal-grave's Golden Treasury of English Songs and Lyrics.

"Wishes (Whose), soon as granted, fly."—Scott, The Lay of the Last Minstrel, canto v., stanza 13.

"Wishes will not do."—Isaac Bickerstaff, Thomas and Sally:—

"One cannot eat one's cake, and have it too."

Wishfort, Lady. A witty but vain person in Congreve's comedy of The Way of the World (q.v.).

Wishing Gate, The, and The Wishing Gate Destroyed. Two lyrics by William Wodsworth, written in 1828.

'Wit, A Satire upon, by Sir Richard Blackmore (1650—1729), appeared in 1700; a performance which, if not witty itself, was the cause of wit in others.

Wit and Mirth : "or, Tills to Purge Melancholy." 'Th title under which a collection of sonnets by 'T homan D'Urfey (1650—1723), was republished in 1719. 20. See Laugh and be Fat.

Wit at several Weapons. A comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher, produced about 1614.

Wit, Ode on. A poem by Abraham Cowley (1618—1667), which Dr. Johnson characterises as "almost without a rival. It was about the time of Cowley that wit, which had been till then used for intellertion in contradistinction to will, took the meaning, whatever it be, which it now bears."

Wit Restored, "in several select poems, not formerly published," appeared in 1658. It was reprinted in 1817.

"Wit (True) is Nature to advantage dressed." See "Nature to Advantage Dressed."

Witoh of Atlas, The. A poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822), written in 1820.

"This poem is peculiarly characteristic of his tastes

—wildly fanciful, full of brilliant imagery, and discarding human interest and passion to rovel in the fantastic ideas that his imagination suggested."

A sympathetic critic calls it "from first to last, consummate in imagination and workmanship."

Witoh of Edmonton, The. A play, the joint production of John Ford, Thomas Rowley, and Thomas Dekker, which, though acted with "singular applause," remained in manuscript until 1658. It is a dramatisation of the story of Mother Sawyer, a poor woman who had been condemned and executed for witchcraft. Weber, the editor of Ford, assigns to him in particular the scenes between Frank, Susan, and Winnifred.

Witoh of Wokey, The. A ballad, first published in 1756, in Enthemia : or, the Power of Harmony, writton by Dr. Harrington, of Bath. The version in Percy's Reliques contains some variations "from the elegant pen of the late Mr. Shenstone." Wokey Hole is a cavern in Somersetshire.

Witoh, The. A play by Thomas Middleton (1570—1627); discovered in MS. by Isaac Reed, supposed to have suggested the choruses and incantations in Macbeth (q.v.), but the great Shakespearean tragedy seems to have been written prior to Middleton's play, and the witches in the latter compared with those that assemble on "the blasted

heath," are commonplace and even grotesque personages. The plot of the Duke and Duchess of Ravenna, incorporated in this drama, is adapted from a novel by Biondello, upon which Sir William Davenant founded a tragedy.

"Witching time of night, 'Tis now the very."—Hamlet, act iii., scene 2.

"With a half-glance upon the sky."—A Character, by Alfred Tennyson.

"With blackest moss the flower-pots."—Mariana, by Alfred Tennyson.

"With fingers weary and worn."—The Song of a Shirt, by Thomas Hood.

"With how sad steps, O moon, thou climbst the sky." A sonnet by Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586). Knox White commences a sonnet with a similar line.

"With me, mary syra, thus sholde it be." A song by John Skelton; sung by Liberty in his moral play of Magnificence (q.v.).

Wither, George, poet (b. 1588, d. 1667), wrote Prince Henry's Obsequies: or, Mournfull Elegies upon his Death (1612); Abuses Stript and Whipt: or, Satirical Essays (1613), (q.v.); Epithalamia (1613); A Satyre written to the Kings most excellent Majestye (1614); The Shepheard's Pipe (1614, written with Browne); The Shepherds Hunting (1615), (q.v.); Fidelia (1617); Wither's Motto (1618); A Preparation to the Psalter (1619); Exercises upon the first Psalmes, both in Verse and Prose (1620); The Songs of the Old Testament, translated into English Measures (1621); Juvenilia (1622); The Mistresse of Philarete (poems) (1622); The Hymnes and Songs of the Church (1623); The Schollers' Purgatory, discovered in the Stationer's Commonwealth, and described in a Diu-course Apologetical (1625–6); Britain's Remembrancer, containing a Narrative of the Plague lately past (1628); The Psalmes of David translated into Lyrick verse (1632); Collection of Emblemes (1635); Nature of Man (1636); Read and Wonder (1641); A Prophesie (1641); Haleluiah (1641); Campo Mvsae (1643); Le Defendendo (1643); Mercurius Rusticus (1643); The Speech without Doors (1644); Letters of Advice touching the Choice of Knights and Burgesses for the Parliament (1644); and nearly seventy other works, a list of which will be found in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. See, also, Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, Brydges' Censura Literaria, British Bibliographer, and Retrospecta, and an essay on Wither's works by Charles Lamb. See Emblems, Ancient and Modern; Scourge, The.

"Withering on the virgin thorn."—A Midsummer Night's Dream, act i., scene 1.

"Withers are unwrung, Our."—Hamlet, act iii., scene 2.

Witherspoon, John, D.D., Scotch Presbyterian minister (b. 1722, d. 1794), wrote Ecclesiastical Characteristics; The Connection of Justification by Faith with Holiness of Life, An Inquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Stage, and The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men.

Witherington, Roger. A squire whose prowess is celebrated in the ballad of Chevy Chase (q.v.).

Witilkind, an historian of the tenth century, produced Annales de Gestis Othonum, first published at Basle in 1632.

Witterly, Mr. and Mrs., are characters in Dicken's novel of Nicholas Nickleby (q.v.).

Witness, The. A newspaper, published bi-weekly, of which Hugh Miller (q.v.) became the first editor in 1840, and to which he was a regular contributor. The best of his work in it is included in his collected writings.

Wit's Cabal. A comedy, in two parts, by Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (1624–1673).

Wit's Commonwealth. See Politeupha.

Wits Trenchmore: "in a conference betwixt a scholler and an angler." A work by Nicholas Breton (1558–1624), which is supposed to have suggested The Compleat Angler of Izaak Walton. It was published in 1597.

Wit's Interpreter. A collection of songs, epigrams, epitaphs, drolleries, and the like, published in 1671.

Wit's Miserie and the World's Madness: "discovering the devils incarnate of this age." A pamphlet by Thomas Lodge, published in 1596. It is probably alluded to by Shakespeare in A Midsummer Night's Dream:—"One sees more devils than vast hell can hold."

Wit's Private Wealth: "stored with choice Commodities to content the MInde." A series of maxims, in the manner of Larochefoucauld, by Nicholas Breton (1558–1624), published in 1603.

Wit's Recreations. "Selected from the finest fancies of modern muses," and published in 1640. This collection was reprinted in 1897.

Wit's Treasury, by Francis Meres (d. 1646), appeared in 1598.

"Witty as Horatius Flaccus." First line of An Impromptu on Lord Jeffrey, by Sydney Smith, which continues:—

"As great a Jacobin as Gracchus, Short, though not so fat as Bacchus, Riding on a little jackass"

"Witty (So) and so wise."—Rochester, Epistle to Edward Howard.

Witwould, Sir Wilful. A character in Congreve's comedy of The Way of the World (q.v.).

WIV

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WOM

Wives of Windsor, The Merry. A comedy by William Shakespeare (1564–1616), first published in 1602, and said to have been written by desire of Queen Elizabeth, who wished to see Falstaff (q.v.) represented as in love. It was afterwards revised and much improved by the author. The plot is founded upon more than one Italian story. The comedy itself is described by Warton as “the most complete specimen of its author's comic power.” So the criticisms by Johnson, Hazlitt, Schlegel, and Hallam. See, also, Bardolph; Caius; Evans, Sir Hugh; Ford; Nym; Page; Pistol; Shallow; and Slender.

Wizand of the North, The. A title bestowed upon Sir Walter Scott in allusion to the magical influence of his works, which on their first appearance fascinated their readers even more perhaps than they do now.

Wodhull, Michael, poet (b. 1740, d. 1816), published a translation of Euripides into blank verse (1782), besides various miscellaneous poems, a collection of which appeared in 1804.

“Woe succeeds a woe, as wave a wave.”—Herrick's Hesperides (“Aphorisms”). Young in his Night Thoughts has a very similar idea:—

“Woes cluster; rare are solitary woes: They love a train, they tread each other's heels.”

Wolcot, John, M.D., poet (b. 1738, d. 1819), wrote a large number of Works, the most important of which were published in five volumes (1794–1801). A Life of him is included in the Annual Biography and Obituary for 1820. See Louriád, The; Pindar, Peter.

Wolf of Badenoch, The. See Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick.

Wolfstan, Bishop. See Lupus Episcopus.

Wolfe, Charles, clergyman and poet (b. 1791, d. 1823), wrote various poems, of which the best known is The Burial of Sir John Moore (q.v.). His Remains were published by Archdeacon Russell in 1826.

Wollaston, William, divine and scholar (b. 1659, d. 1724), wrote The Religion of Nature Delineated (1722), (q.v.), and The Design of Part of the Book of Ecclesiastes represented in an English Poem (1691). A sketch of his Life, Character, and Writings was prefixed to the seventh edition of the former in 1750.

Wollstonecraft, Mary (Mrs. Godwin), miscellaneous writer (b. 1759, d. 1797), wrote Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787); Female Reader; or, Miscellaneous Pieces (1789); Moral and Historical Relation of the French Revolution (1790); Original Stories from Real Life (1791); A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792); Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, and its Effects on Europe (1795); and Letters written during a short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796). Her Posthumous Works were published, with a Memoir, by her husband, William Godwin, in 1798. A Defence of their Character and Conduct appeared in 1803.

Wolsey, Cardinal, The Life and Death of Thomas. A poem by Thomas Storer (d. 1604), “divided into three parts: his Aspiration, Triumph, and Death,” and published in 1599. It is said to have suggested some passages in Shakespeare's Henry VIII. See the second volume of The Retrospective Review.

Wolsey, The Negotiations of Thomas. See Woolsey.

Wolstan. A monk of Winchester (circa 990). See the Biography of this writer, by William of Malmesbury; also, Wright's Biographia Britannica.

Wolves and the Lamb, The. An acted comedy, by William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863), of which he afterwards made use as the foundation of his novel of Lovel the Widower (q.v.).

Woman, An Apology for. Written, in 1609, by William Heale, of Exeter College, of whom Anthony à Wood quaintly says that he “was always esteemed an ingonious man, but weak, as being too much devoted to the female sex.” His book was composed primarily as a counter-blast to a certain Dr. Gager, who had maintained that it was lawful for husbands to beat their wives.”

Woman in the Moon, The. A play by John Lyly (1553–1601), which appeared in 1597. The woman is Pandora, who creates much mischief among the Utopian shepherds.

Woman is a Weathercock, A. See Woman's a Weathercock, A.

Woman-Hater, The. A tragedy by Beau-mont and Fletcher (q.v.), first printed in 1607. A Woman-Hater is the title of a novel by Charles Read (q.v.).

Woman Kilde with Kindnesse, A. A play by Thomas Heywood (1570–1640), the first edition of which (1607) is of extraordinary rarity. The drama is characterised by Campbell as the author's “best performance.” “In this play,” he says, “the repentance of Mrs. Frankford, who dies of a broken heart for her infidelity to a generous husband, would present a situation consummately

moving if we were left to conceive her death to

be produced simply by grief. But the poet most

unskilfully prepares us for her death, by her

declaring her intentions to starve herself, and

mars, by the weaknos, sin, and horror of suicide,

an example of penitence that would otherwise be

sublimoly and tenderly edifying."

Woman Never Vext, A. See Wonder,

A New.

"Woman scorned, A fury like a." See

"Love to hatred turned."

"Woman that deliberates is lost,

The." A line in Addison's play of Cato, act iv.,

sceno 1.

Woman, The Triumph of. A poem, in

heroic verse, by Robert Southey (1774—1843),

foundod on tho third and fourth chapters of tho

first book of Esdras.

"Woman ('Tis) that seduoces all man-

kind."—Gay, The Beggar's Opera, act i., sceno 1:-

"By her we first were taught the whordting arts."

Woman's a Weathercook, A. A play

by Nathaniel Field (d. 1641), written before

1640, and published in 1612, with a preface

addressed to "any wuman that hath boon no

wsthercock." A second part, entitled Amends for

Ladies (q.v.), was acted before 1611. Both plays

have been roprinted by J. P. Collier, who saya they

"are the productions of no ordinary poct. In

comic scenes Field excels Massinger, who was not

remarkable for his success in this dopartmont of

the drama; and in those of a serious charactor

he may frequently be placed on a footing of

equality." See Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's

Old Plays.

"Woman's at best a contradiction

still."—Lope, Moral Essays, epistle ii., line 270.

Woman's Inconstancy. A lyric by Sir

Robert Ayton (1570—1638).

Woman's Last Word, A. A lyric by

Robert Browning (b. 1812).

Woman's Tongue, The Anatomie of a.

See Anatomie of A Woman's Tongue, The.

Women: "or, Pour et Contre". A novel by

Charles Robert Maturin (1782—1824), pub-

lished in 1818, in which the hero, who is called

De Courcy, is in love with two ladies—Eva Went-

worth and Zaira, the latter of whom turns out

to be mother of the former. De Courcy in false to

both, and while Eva Wentworth dies calmly of

despair, he expires in the agony of his remorse.

Women, A Praise of. A poem by Geoffrey

Chaucer (1328—1400), in which he says:-

Withonte women were al our yore lore.

Wherfore we ought allo womengo to obey e

In al goodnese; I can no more say of

"Women (As for the), though we

scorn and flout 'em,"—Dekker, The W'il, act v.,

sceno 4—

"We may live with, but cannot live without, 'em."

Women as They Are: "or, the Manners of

the Day." A novel by Mrs. Gore (1799—1861),

published in 1830.

Women, beware of Women. A drama

by Thomas Middleton (q.v.), the plot of which

was dorived from an Italian story.

"Women's weapons, water, drops."—

King Lear, act ii., sceno 4.

Wonder, A: "or, an Honest Yorkshire-

Man." A ballad-opura, written by Henry Carey

in 1736.

Wonder, A New: "or, a Woman never

Vext." A "pleasant, concoited comedy" by

William Rowley, first printed in 1632. It is

to be found in Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's

Old Plays.

"Wonder of an hour, The."—Byrøn,

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.

"Wonder of our stage, The."—Ben Jon-

son, To the Memory of Shakespeare.

Wonder of Women, The: "or, the

Tragedie of Sophonisba," by John Marston (1576

—after 1632), produced as "the Blacko Friars"

in 1606. Gifford says: "It is not very probable

that Mr. M. G. Lewis ever looked into Marston, yet

some of the most loathsome parts of the 'Monk'

are to be found in this detostable play."

Wonder, The: "or, a Woman keeps a

Secrot." A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre (1667

—1723), acted in 1713; "one of the best of our

acting plays," says Hazlitt. "The ambiguity of

the heroino's situation, which is like a continued

practical equivoque, gives rise to a quick succes-

sion of causoless alarms, subtle excuses, and hair-

breadth 'scapns. The hero is called Don Felix

(q.v.), the heroine Violanto (q.v.). Among the

characters are Colonel Breton (q.v.), Flippanta

(q.v.), and Lissardo.

Wonderful Quiz, A. The name assumed

by James Russell Lowell (b. 1819) in publishing

his Fable for Critics (1848).

Wonderful Year, The: "wherein is showed

London being sick of 'the Plague." A trust in

which Thomas Dekker (circa 1570—1641) cele-

brates the death and funeral of Queen Elizabett

in 1603.

Wondrous Tale of Alroy, The. A

fantastic fiction by Benjamin Disraeli (q.v.), pub-

lished in 1833.

"Woo'd and Married and A'. A Scotch

song by Alexander Ross (q.v.) :-

"Woo'd and married and a'!

Married and woo'd and a' !

And was she very weel off

That was woo'd and married and a'!"

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Wood, Anthony à, antiquarian and historiographer (b. 1632, d. 1695), published Historia et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis (1674); Athenæ Oxonienses (1691–2); Fasti : or, Annale of the said University; and à Vindication of the Historiographer of the University of Oxford and his Works from the reproaches of the Bishop of Salisbury [Burnet]. The last-nam'd work appeared in 1693. A Life of Wood appeared in 1711, and was followed by another in 1772. See also Athenæ Oxonienses by Rawlinson (1811). See Athenæ Oxoni-ENIER.

Wood, John George, clergyman (b. 1827), has written Sketches and Anecdotes of Animal Life, My Feathered Friends, Common Objects of the Sea Shore, Common Objects of the Country, Our Garden Friends and Foes, Homes without Hands, Bible Animals, Insects at Home, Man and Beast Here and Hereafter, Insects Abroad, A Natural History, Nature's Teachings, and many other works.

Wood, Mrs. Henry (née Miss Ellon Price), novelist (b. about 1820), has written Danesbury House (1860); East Lynne (1861); The Channings (1862); Mrs. Halliburton's Troubles (1862); The Shadow of Ashlydyat (1863); Verner's Pride (1863); Lord Oakburn's Daughters (1864); Oswald Cray (1864); Trevlyn Hold (1864); Mildred Arkell (1865); Elster's Folly (1866); St. Martin's Eve (1866); A Life's Secret (1867); Anne Hereford (1868); Roland Yorke (1869); George Canterbury's Will (1870); Bessy Rane (1870); Dene Hollow (1871); Within the Maze (1872); The Master of Greylands (1873); Told in the Twilight (1875); Edina (1876); Adam Grainger (1876); and other works.

Woodes, Nathaniel. See Conflict of Conscience, The.

Woodfall, William, journalist (b. about 1745, d. 1803), started The Morning Chronicle in 1769 and The Diary in 1789. He was famous as a reporter, at a time when reporting, as now understood, was entirely unknown. He took no notes, trusting wholly to his memory; whence his nickname, "Memory" Woodfall.

"Woodman, spare that tree!" First line of a song by George P. Morris (1802—1864), which continues—

"Touch not a single bough! A youth it sheltered me, And I'll protect it now."

"Wood-notes wild." See "Native wood-notes wild."

"Woods decay (The), the woods decay and fall."—Tithonus, by Alfred Tennyson.

"Woods (Fresh) and pastures new." See "Fresh Woods," &c.

Woodstock. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1826.

Woodwill, John. A tragedy by Charles Lamb (1775—1834), published in 1801.

Woodville, Anthony. See Rivers, Earl.

Woolner, Thomas, sculptor and poet (b. 1825), has written My Beautiful Lady (1863), (q.v.).

Woolsey, The Negotiations of Thomas. A life of "the great Cardinal of England," by George Cavendish (b. 1500); published after the writer's death. in 1641, and reprinted in the fifth volume of the Harleian Miscellany, in Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography in 1810; also, with notes and other illustrations, by S. W. Singer in 1825. It includes a parallel between Wolsey and Laud. See The Retrospective Review, vol. v.

Woolston, Thomas, sceptical theologian (b. 1669, d. 1733), was the author of The Old Apology for the Truth of the Christian Religion against the Jews and Gentiles Revived (1705); Free Gifts to the Clergy (1723—4); Six Discourses on the Miracles of Christ (1727–30); and many other works of a similar character, all of which are now deservedly forgotten.

Worboise, Emma Jane, novelist and writer for the young (b. 1825), has published Hester Bury, Lights and Shades of Christian life, Seed Time and Harvest, Thornycroft Hall, Sir Julian's Wife, Violet Vaughan, Grey and Gold, The House of Bondage, and many other works.

Word to the Public, A. See Lucertia.

"Words are wise men's counters."—Hobbes, Leviathan, part i., canto 4.

"Words are women, deeds are men."—Herbert, Jacula Prudentum.

"Words came first, or, after, blows."—Lloyd, Speech of Courtney.

"Words of learned length and thundering sound."—Goldsmith, The Deserted Village, line 213.

"Words that wise Bacon or brave Raleigh spoke."—Pope, Imitations of Horace, book ii., epistlo ii., line 163.

"Words (The) of Mercury are harsh after the songs of Apollo."—Love's Labour's Lost, act v., scene 2.

"Words, words, words."—Hamlet, act ii., scene 2.

Wordsworth, Charles, D.D., Bishop of St. Andrews (b. 1806), has written Shakespeare's Knowledge and Use of the Bible (1854); The Outlines of the Christian Ministry Delineated and Brought to the Test of Reason, Holy Scripture, History, and Experience (1872); Catechesis : or, Christian Instruction; A Greek Primer; and numerous sermons, pamphlets, and charges.

Wordsworth, Christopher, D.D., Bishop of Lincoln (b. 1807), has published, among other works, Memoirs of William Wordsworth; Theophilus Anglicus; an edition of the Greek Testament, with notes; an edition of the Old Testament

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in the Authorised Version, with notes and intro-duction; The Holy Year; Original Hymns; Greece: Historical, Pictorial, and Descriptive; Sermons on the Church of Ireland; and the Correspondence of Richard Bentley.

Wordsworth, Christopher, D.D., divine (b. 1774, d. 1846), was the author of Ecclesiastical Biography; or, the Lives of Eminent Men connected with the History of Religion in England from the Reformation to the Revolution (1809); Sermons on Various Occasions (1815); and various other writings.

Wordsworth, Dorothy, sister of William Wordsworth (d. 1855), was the author of Recollections of a Tour made in Scotland in 1803 (1874).

Wordsworth, To William. Lines written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Wordsworth, William, poet-laureate (b. 1770, d. 1850), published An Evening Walk (printed 1793); Descriptive Sketches (1793); Lyrical Ballads (with Coleridge) (1798); The Excursion (1814); The White Doe of Rylstone (1815); The Waggoner (1819); Peter Bell (1819); Yarrow Revisited, and other Poems (1835); The Borderers (1842); and other works, including Ecclesiastical Sketches, and Sonnets on the River Duddon. For Biography see the Lives by Dr. Wordsworth, G. S. Phillips, and Paxton Hood; also the article by Lockhart in The Quarterly Review (vol. xcii.), Crabb Robinson's Diary; and Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland. For Criticism, see Shairp's Studies in Poetry and Philosophy; Hutton's Essays; Brimley's Essays; Jeffrey's Essays; Hazlitt's English Poets and Spirit of the Age; Masson's Essays; F. W. Robertson's Lectures and Addresses; De Quincey's Miscellaneous Works; Gilfillan's Gallery of Portraits; and other authorities. A complete edition of Wordsworth's Prose Works, edited by the Rev. A. B. Grosart, appeared in 1876. "In the opening of The Prelude," says John Campbell Shairp, "Wordsworth tells us that when he first thought seriously of being a poet, he looked into himself to see how he was fitted for the work, and seemed to find there 'that first great gift, the vital soul.' In this self-estimate he did not err. The vital soul, it is a great gift, which, if ever it dwelt in man, dwelt in Words-worth. Not the intellect merely, nor the heart, nor the imagination, nor the conscience, nor any of these alone, but all of them condensed into one, and moving all together. In virtue of this vital soul, whatsoever he did see he saw to the very core. He did not fumble with the outside or the accidents of the thing, but his eye went at once to the essential life of it. He saw what was there, but had escaped all other eyes. He did not import into the outward world transient feelings or fancies of his own, 'the pathetic fallacy,' as it has been named; but he saw it as it exists in itself, or perhaps rather as it exists in its permanent moral relation to the human spirit. Again, this soul within him did not work with effort; no painful groping or grasping. It was as

vital in its receptivity as its active energy. It could be long in a 'wise passiveness,' drawing the things of earth and sky and of human life into itself, as the calm clear lake does the imagery of the surrounding hills and overhanging sky. This is the cardinal work of the imagination, to possess itself of the life of whatever thing it deals with. In the extent to which he did this, and the truth-fulness with which he did it, lies Wordsworth's supreme power. This power manifests itself in two directions—as it is turned on nature and as it is turned on man. Between Wordsworth's imagination, however, as it works in the one direction and in the other, there is this differ-ence. In dealing with nature it has no limit—it is as wide as the world; as much at home when gazing on the little celandine as when moving with the vast elemental forces of heaven and earth. In human life and character his range is narrower, whether these limitations came from within or were self-imposed. His sympathies embrace by no means all human things, but within the range which they do embrace his eye is no less pene-trating and true." "Wordsworth," the critic goes on to say, "pushed the domain of poetry into a whole field of subjects hitherto unapproached by the poets. In him, perhaps more than any other contemporary writer either of prose or verse, we see the highest spirit of this century, in its contrast with that of the preceding, summed up and condensed. Whereas the poetry of the former age had dealt mainly with the outside of things, or if it sometimes went further, did so with such a stereotyped manner and diction as to make it look like external work, Wordsworth everywhere went straight to the inside of things. Seeing in many subjects for poetry, a deeper truth and beauty than in those which had hitherto been most handled by the poets, he reclaimed from the wil-derness vast tracts that had been lying waste, and brought them within the poetic domain. In this way he has done a wider service to poetry than any other poet of his time, but since him no one has arisen of spirit strong and large enough to make full proof of the liberty he bequeathed. The same freedom, and by dint of the same powers, he won for future poets with regard to the language of poetry. He was the first who, both in theory and practice, entirely shook off the trammels of the so-called poetic diction, which had tyrannised over English poetry for more than a century. This diction of course exactly represented the half-courtly, half-classical mode of thinking and feeling. As Wordsworth rebelled against this conventionality of spirit, so against the outward expression of it. The whole of the stock phrases and used-up metaphors he discarded, and returned to living language of natural feeling, as it is used by men, instead of the dead form of it which had got stereotyped in books. And just as in his subjects he had taken in from the waste much virgin soil, so in his diction he appropriated for poetic use

a large amount of words, idioms, metaphors, till

them by the poets hallowed. In doing so, he

may here and there have made a mistake, the

homely touching on the ludicrous, as in the lines

about the washing-tub and some wheres, long

current in the ribaldry of critics. But, bating a

few almost necessary failures, he did more than

any other by his usage and example to reanimate

the effete language of poetry, and restore to it

hoalthfulness, strength, and feeling. His shorter

poems, both the earlier and the later, are, for the

most part, very models of natural, powerful, and

yet sonative English; the language being, like a

garment, woven out of, and transparent with, the

thought. In the world of nature, to be a revealer

of things hidden, the sanctifier of things common,

the interpreter of new and unsuspected relations,

the opener of another sense in men; in the moral

world, to be the teacher of truths hitherto ne-

glected or unobserved, the awakener of men's hearts

to the solemnities that encompass them, deepening

our reverence for the essential soul, apart from

accident and circumstance, making us feel more

truly, more tenderly, more profoundly, lifting the

thoughts upward through the shows of time to

that which is permanent and eternal, and bringing

down on the transitory things of eye and ear some

shadow of the eternal, till we

" I feel through all this fleehly dress,

Bright shoots of everlastingness" -

this is the office which he will not cease to fulfil

as long as the English language lasts." Separato

notices of most of the poems named will be found

under their respective headings. See also Ar-

menian Lady's Love, The; Artegal and Eli-

dure; Brougham Castle; Burns, At the Grave

of; Cumberland Poet, The; Fountain, The;

Hart-leap Well; Intimations of Immortality;

Prelude, The; Rob Roy's Grave; White Doe

of Rylstone, The.

" Work like madness on the brain."

See " Wroth with one we love."

" Work (The) goes bravely on." An

oxpression occurring in Cibber's version of Shake-

speare's Richard III., act iii., scene 1.

Work without Hope. A lyric, composed

on February 21, 1827, by Samuel Taylor Co-

ridge. " What more," asks Swinburne, "could be

left to hope for when the man could already do

such wor?

Workes of a Young Wyt: " trust up with

a Fardell of prettie Fancies;" " wherunto is

joined an odde Kinde of Woonging with a Banquet

of Confettes," by Nicholas Branton (1558—1624) ;

published in 1577, and containing curious and

picturesque descriptions of contemporary life and

manners.

" Working-day world, This."—As You

Like It, act 1, scene 3.

World, A History of the, by Sir Walter

Raleigh, was published in 1614. See Raleigh.

World and the Child, The. A " proper

new interlude, otherwise called Mundus et Infans,

it showeth of the estate of childhood and man-

hood ;" printed in July, 1522. " As a specimen,"

says Collier, " of our ancient moralition, it is of an

earlier date and in several respects more curious

than almost any other piece " in Dodoley's collec-

tion (see Carow Hazlitt's odition).

World at Westminster, The : " a

periodical publication, by Thomas Brown the

Younger, i.e. Thomas Moore, the poet, published

during the year 1816.

World before the Flood, The. A poem,

in the heroic couplet, by James Montgomerx

(1771—1854), published in 1813, and consisting of

ten short cantos, in which the writer describes

" the antediluvian patriarchs in their Happy

Valley, the invasion of Eden by the descendants of

Cain, the loves of Javan and Zillah, the translation

of Enoch, and the final deliverance of the little

band of patriarchs from the hands of the giants."

World in the Sun and Moon, A

History of the, by Cyrano de Bergerac

(Histoire Comique des Etats et Empires de la Lune),

by Thomas St. Serf in 1659; by

A. Lovell in 1687; and by S. Derrick in 1753.

This fantastic romance suggested many passages in

Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Fontenelle's Plurality of

Worlds, and Voltaire's Micromegas. See Dunlop's

History of Fiction.

" World is all a fleeting show, This."

A sacred song by Thomas Moore.

" World knows nothing of its greatest

men, The." A line in Sir Henry Taylor's

dramatic poem, Philip Van Artevelde (q.v.).

" World must be peopled, The."—Much

Ado About Nothing, act ii., scene 3.

World, The. A lyric by Francis, Lord Bacon,

printed in Reliquiae Wottonianae (q.v.). See

Spedding's edition of Bacon's Works and Hannah's

Courtly Poets. See " World's a bubble," &c.

World, The. A series of prose essays and

skotches, edited by Edward Moore (1712—1752),

who included among his assistant contributors

Lord Chesterfield. A weekly journal with this

title was started in 1874.

" World (The) had wanted many an

idle song."—Pope, Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, line 28.

" World (The) is too much with us;

late and soon." A sonnet by William Words-

worth :-

" Getting and spending, we lay waste our power."

" World (The) is very odd, we see."

From a lyric in Dipsychus (q.v.), by Arthur Hugh

Clough (1819—1861).

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"World (The) was all before them where to choose their place of rest."—Paradise Lost, book xii., line 646.

Worlde and the Chylde, The. A moral play, which came from the press of Wynkyn de Worde in 1522, but, from internal evidence, would appear to have been written before the close of the reign of Henry VII. Man is here represented in five stages of life,—infancy, when he is called Infans; boyhood, when he is called Wanton; youth, when he is called Liking; maturity, when he is called Manhood; and infirmity, when he is called Age; in each of which conditions he is supposed to pass a number of years, and experience many adventures, until at last Age is converted to Grace, and is then styled Repentance.

"Worldly-wise." See "Wisely worldly."

Worldly-Wiseman, Mr., in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, is one who endeavours to dissuade Christian from continuing his journey to the Celestial City.

"World's a bubble (The) and the life of man Less than a span." Opening lines of a lyric on The World (q.v.), written by Lord Bacon (1561 —1636); "a fine example," says Palgrave, "of a peculiar class of poetry,—that written by thoughtful men who practised this art but little."

"World's a stage, All the." See "All the world's a stage."

World's Hydrographical Description, The. A work by John Davis, the Elizabethan navigator (d. 1605), "wherein," as the title-page informs us, "is proved not only by authoritie of writers, but also by lato experience of travellers, and reasons of substantiall probabilitie, that the worlde in all his zones, clymats, and places, is habitable and inhabited, and the seas likewise universally navigable, without any naturall annoyance to hinder the same; whereby appeares that from England there is a short and speedy passage into the South Seas to China, Malucca, and the Philippina, and India, by northerly navigation, to the renowno, honour, and benefit of her majestie's State and Commonalty."

"World's mine oyster, The." — The Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii., scene 2.

World's Olio, The. A work by Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (1624–1673), which appeared in 1655.

"Worm i' the bud, Like a."—Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 4.

"Worm (The), the canker, and the grief." See Byron's verses On His Thirty-Sixth Birthday.

"Worm will turn, The smallest."—King Henry VI., part 3, act ii., scene 2.

Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, wrote on art (b. 1812), has published A Sketch of the History of Painting (1847 and 1859), The Analysis of Ornament (1856 and 1860), A Biographical Catalogue of the Principal Italian Painters (1855), Epochs of Painting (1864), A Life of Holbein (1867), and other works.

"Worse for wear, The."—Cowper, John Gilpin.

"Worship (The) of the world, but no repose."—Shelley, Hellas.

Woraley, Philip Stanhope, is the author of a translation of the Iliad of Homer (1866), and of Poems and Translations (1863).

Woraley, Sir Richard, historian (b. 1751, d. 1805), wrote The History of the Isle of Wight (1781), and Museum Woralianum (1794–1803). See Savage's Librarian.

"Worst-humour'd muse, The." See Whitepoord, Caleb.

Worthies of England, The History of the. See Fuller, Thomas.

Wotton, Edward, M.D., naturalist (b. 1492, d. 1555), was the author of De Differentiis Animalium (1552).

Wotton, Sir Henry, diplomatist, poet, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1568, d. 1639), wrote The Elements of Architecture (1624); Ad Regem e Scotia redeuntem Henrici Wottonii Plausus et Vota (1633); A Parallel between Robert late Earl of Essex and George late Duke of Buckingham (1641); A Short View of the Life and Death of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham (1642); The State of Christendom (1657); and Panegyrick of King Charles, being Observations upon the Inclinations, Life and Government of our Sovereign Lord the King. The Reliquiae Wottonianae (q.v.), containing Lives, Letters, Poems, with Characters of Sundry Personsages, and other incomparable Pieces of Language and Art by Sir Henry Wotton, Kt., appeared in 1651. The Poems were edited by Dyco for the Percy Society, and by Dr. Hannah in 1845. See The Life by Izaak Walton, Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, and Brydges' British Bibliographer. See Bohemia, &c.

Wotton, Sir Henry, Elegy on, by Abraham Cowley (1618–1667); characterised by Johnson as "vigorous and happy; the series of thoughts is easy and natural, and the conclusion is elegant and forcible."

Wotton, William, D.D., miscellaneous writer (b. 1666, d. 1726), published Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1694); a History of Rome (1701); Miscellaneous Discourses relating to the Traditions and Usages of the Scribes and Pharisees, in our Saviour Jesus Christ's Time (1718); a Discourse on the Confusion of Languages at Babel (1730); A Short View of Hicks' Thesaurus, translated into English (1735); and other works.

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"Would you know what's soft? I dare." First line of a song by THOMAS CAREW (1589—1639).

"Wounded snake, drage; its slow length along; That, like a." A description applied to the "needless Alexandrine," in line 158 of POPE's Essay on Oriticism.

Wounds of Civill War. The: "lively set forth by the true Tragedies of Marius and Sulla," by THOMAS LODGE (1555—1625) ; printed in 1594, and written in blank verse. It has been reprinted in DODALEY's Old Plays.

Wozonham, Miss. The lodging-house keeper in DICKENS's Christmas stories of Mrs. TIVI'PER's Lodgings (q.v.) and Mrs. Lirriper's Legacy.

Wraburn, EUGENE. A character in DICKENS's Our Mutual Friend (q.v.).

Wrangham, FRAHOIS, Archdeacon of Chester (b. 1769, d. 1843), was the author of Poems (1795) ; The British Plutarch (1812) ; Humble Contributions to a British Plutarch (1816) ; Scraps (1816) ; Tracts (1816) ; Sertum Cantabrigiense (1824) ; The Pleiud (1828), (q.v.) ; A Few Eipigrams; an edition of PLUTARCH ; and other works.

Wrexall, SIR NATHANIEL, miscellaneous writer (b. 1751, d. 1831), was the author of Memoirs of the Kings of France of the House of Valois (1777) ; A History of France from the Accession of Henry III. (1796) ; Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna (1797) ; and Historical Memoirs of his Own Time (1815), a supplementary volume of which appeared in 1836.

Wray, ENOCH. The hero of CRABBE's poem of The Village Patriarch.

"Wreathed smiles." See "NODS AND WECKS."

Wren, JENNY. A maker of dolls' dresses, in DICKENS's story of Our Mutual Friend (q.v.). See FLEDGEBY, FASCINATION.

"Wretohed are the wise, The only." A line in PRIOR's verses To Charles Montague.

"Wretches hang, that jurymen may dine, And."—Line 22, canto iii., of POPE's Rape of the Lock (q.v.).

Wrexhill, The Vicar of. See VICAR OF WREXHILL, THE.

Wright, THOMAS, literary antiquary and editor (b. 1810, d. 1877), published Queen Elizabeth and her Times (1838) ; England under the House of Hanover (1848) ; The Celt, The Roman, and the Saxon (1852) ; Domestic Manners in England during the Middle Ages (1861) ; Essays on Archaeological Subjects (1861) ; A History of Caricature and the Grotesque in Literature and Art (1865) ; Woman-kind in Western Europe (1869) ; and other works;

besides editions of The Canterbury Tales, The Vision of Piers Plowmen, and other classics, and numerous contributions to magazines and reviews.

"Wrinkled care."—MILTON, L'Allegro.

"Write about it, goddessa, and about it."—POPE, The Iliad, book iv., line 232.

"Write me down an ass, O that he were here to."—MUCH ADO about Nothing, act ii., scene 4.

Writing School-master The, by PETER BALES (1547—about 1610); "conteining three Bookes in one—the first, teaching swift Writing; the second, true Writing; the third, faire Writing;" published in 1590. This work is also called Brachyography.

"Written on the day that Mr. Leigh Hunt left prison." A sonnet by JOHN KEATS.

Wronghead, SIR FRANCIS. A character in the comedy of The Provoked Husband (q.v.).

"Wroth with one we love, And to be." A line in COLERIDGE's poem of Christabel (q.v.). The couplet runs:—

"And to be wroth with one we love Doth work like madness on the brain."

WULFSTAN, Bishop of Worcester (d. 1013). See the Biography of this writer by William of Malmesbury. See, also, WRIGHT's Biographia Britannica.

Wuthering Heights. A novel by EMILY BRONTË (1818—1848), published in 1847.

Wyatt, SIR THOMAS, diplomatist, poet, and prose writer (b. 1503, d. 1542), wrote various songs and lyrics, which first appeared in TOTTEL's Miscellany (q.v.) in 1557. His Poems were published, with a Memoir, in 1831, and are included in Chalmers's Collection of the Poets. See also HANNAH's Courtly Poets. "The genius of Sir Thomas WYATT," says CAMPBELL, "was refined and elevated, but his poetry is sententious and sombrous, and in his lyrical effusions he studied terseness rather than suavity." He is referred to in TENNYSON's Queen Mary, where his son is represented as saying to him:—

"Courtier of many courts, he loved the more His own gray to wers, plain life and letter'd peace, To read and rhyme in solittiry fields ;

Till lark above, the nightingale below, And answer them in song."

Wyoherley, WILLIAM, dramatist and poet (b. 1640, d. 1716), wrote Love in a Wood (1672) ; The Gentleman Dancing Master (1673) ; The Country Wife (1675), (q.v.) ; and The Plain Dealer (1677), (q.v.). His Works in Prose and Verse were revised and published by THEOBALD in 1728 ; and his plays were published with those of CONGREVE, VANBRUGH, and FARQUHAR, in 1842. His Miscellany Poems appeared in 1704.

Wycliffe, JOHN, religious reformer (b. 1324, d. 1384), wrote WYCLIFFE's WYCKET (q.v.), (1646) ; The True Copye of a Prolog wrytten about two C Yeare

[ 704 ]

past by John Wycliffe, the original whereof is

founde in an old English Bible, betwixt the Olde

Tustament and the Newe (1550); Two Short Treatises

against the Orderes of the Begging Friars, edited

with a Glossary, by Dr. James (1608); The Lgt

Age of the Church, now frat printed from a Manu-

script in the Universty Library, Dublim, edited,

with notes, by Dr. Todd (1840); An Apology for

Lollard Doctrines, attributed to Wycliffe, now first

printed from a MS., with an introduction and notes,

by Dr. Todd (1842); Tracts and Treatises of John

de Wycliffe, D.D., with selections and translations

from his Manuscripts and Latin Works, with an

introductory memoir by Robert Vaughan, D.D.

(1845); and various other pieces which have not

come down to us. See, also, the publications of

the Wycliffe Society; Fasciouli Zizaniorum Magistri

Johannis Wycliff, edited by W. W. Shirley (1858);

the Life by P. F. Tytler (1826); the Life by Le

Bas (1823); and the Life in Foxe's Acts and Monu-

ments, which is also given in vol. i. of Word-

worth's Ecclesiastical Biography. Wycliffe's Select

English Works were edited by T. Arnold in 1871.

See Bible, The; Evangelic Doctor, The; Morn-

ing Star of the Reformation, The; Trialogus.

Wycliffe, Wilfrid, in Sir Walter Scott's

Rob Roy (q.v.), is in love with Matilda, heir of

Rokeby's Knight.

Wyclyffe's Wycket: "whyche he made in

Kynge Ryecards Days the Second in the Yore of

our Lorde God M.CCC.XIV; "I learned and

godly treatise of the Sacrament," first printed in

Wye, The Banks of. A poem by Robert

Bloomfield, written about 1822.

Wyl Bucke his Testament. Attributed to

John Lacy (d. 1681), and consisting of ten stanzas.

The remainder of tho tract is occupied with recipes

for dressing various joints, and for making savoury

dishes out of a buck or doe. It is reprinted in

Halliwell-Phillipps' Contributions to the Literature

of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

Wyll of the Devyll, The: "with his ten

detestable Commandments; whereunto is adjoyned

a Dyet for dyvers of the Devylles Dearlinges,

commonly called Dayly dronkardes," by George

Gascoigne; reprinted in 1816. See Delicate

Dame, &c.

Wynter, Andrew, M.D., miscellaneous

writer (b. 1819, d. 1876), was the author of Sketches

of Town and Country Life (1855), afterwards re-

published as Our Social Bees (1861), Curiosities of

Civilization, Subtile Brains and Lissom Fingers, and

various other volumes, besides contributions to

periodical literature.

Wyntershylle, William (d. about 1424),

was a monk of St. Albans, and wrote a Chronicle.

Wyntoun, Andrew, chronicler (circa 1395

-1420), wrote, in metre, The Orygynale Cronykil of

Scotland which was editgd, with notes and glossary,

by David Macpherson, in 1795.

Wyoming, Gertrude of. See Gertrude

of Wyoming.

Xanadu. The name of a city referred to in

Coleridge's poem of Kubla Khan (q.v.). It is an

altered form of Xandu, the name givon to the

residence of the Khan Kublai in Purchas's Pil-

grimage.

Xenophon. English translations of tho

works of this Greek historian have been published

by Bradley, Cowpor, Denham, Fielding, Graves,

Morris, Moyle, Smith, Spolman, Watson, Well-

wood, and others. The best edition is that by

Stephens. See also the Ancient Classics for English

Readers.

Xury. A Moresco boy and servant to Robinson

Crusoe, in Defoe's work of the latter name (q.v.).

Yahoos, The, in Swift's Gulliver's Travels

(q.v.), are a race of beings with the form of men

and the nature of brutes, who are subject to the

Houyhnhnms, a race of horses who are endowed

with reason.

Yair, J. The editor of a collection of Scottish

songs entitled The Charmer (1749–51).

Yalden, Thomas, poet (b. 1671, d. 1736),

was the author of Hymns to Light and To Dark-

ness, and other pieces. See Namur, Ode on the

Capture of.

Yankee, A. The nom de plume under which

Richard Grant White (b.1822), the Shakespearean

commentator, contributed a series of letters on

American affairs to The Spectator.

Yarico. See Inkle, Mr. Thomas.

Yarrington, Robert. See Children in

the Wood, The; Two Tragedies in One.

Yarrow, The Braes of. See Braes of

Yarrow, The.

Yarrow Unvisited. A lyric by William

Wordsworth (1770–1850), written in 1803.

Yarrow Visited was composed eleven years after, in

September, 1814; Yarrow Revisited, in 1831.

Yates, Edmund Hodgson, novelist and

journalist (b. 1831), has written, among many

novels, Broken to Harness (1864), Running the

Gauntlet (1865), Kissing the Rod (1866), Black

Sheep (1867), and Wrecked in Port (1869). He

has been an extensive contributor to periodical

literature.

YE

"Ye banks and braes and streams around" The first line of Highland Mary, sung by Robert Burns (1759–1796).

"Ye banks and braes o' bonnie Doon." First line of The Banks o' Doon, a song by Robert Burns (1759–1796), which first appeared in Johnson's Museum. A simpler, and undoubtedly a tamer version, is that beginning—

"Ye flowery banks o' bonnie Doon,"

which was composed in 1787, while the author sat sad and solitary, by the side of a fire in a little country inn, drying his wet clothes.

"Ye Gentlemen of England." An old English ballad (authorship unknown), of which Rossetti says, that it would be difficult to find anything which in stately, noble, and thoroughly popular structure and melody, comes closer to the ideal of a patriotic song.

"Ye Mariners of England." The first line of a song written at Altona, in 1800, by Thomas Campbell (1777–1844), and entitled Alteration of the Old Ballad 'Ye Gentlemen of England, composed on the prospect of a Russian War." The first four lines are:—

"Ye mariners of England, That guard our native seas; Whose flag has braved, a thousand years, The battle and the breeze."

Yeast: "a Problem." A novel by the Rev. Charles Kingsley (1819–1876), published in 1848, and reprinted in 1856. "The title indicates the epoch and the character of the work—one in which, on a limited canvas, are painted side by side the spiritual perplexities of a certain higher class of minds, and the, in many respects, menacing aspects of the rural population as it then was."

"Yellow autumn, wreathed with nodding corn."—Burns, The Brigs o' Ayr.

"Yellow leaf, My days are in the." First line of a verse in Burn's lines On his Thirty-Sixth Year:—

"The flowers and fruits of love are gone, The worm, the canker, and the grief Are mine alone."

See "Sear, the yellow leaf, The."

"Yellow primrose (A) was to him." See "Primrose by the River's brim, A."

"Yellow to the jaundiced eye, All looks."—Pope, Essay on Criticism, part ii., line 359.

Yellow-haired Laddie, The. A song by Allan Ramsay.

Yellowley, Triptolemus, in Sir Walter Scott's Pirate, is "an agricultural enthusiast, of mixed Scotch and Yorkshire blood." Mistress Barbara and old Jasper Yellowley are also characters in the same novel, and are the sister and father respectively of the above-named individual.

YELLOWPLUSH. The Memoirs of Mr. O. J. A series of humorous sketches, written in Paris," "Mr. Yellowplush's A Jew," "Skimmings from the 'Diary of George IV,' " and "Epistles to the Literati"—the latter a fierce criticism upon Lord Lytton's play of The Sea Captain (q.v.).

Yendys, Sydney. The nom de plume of Sydney Dobell (1824–1874), in the publication of some of his earlier poetry, e.g., The Roman, a Dramatic Tale (1850). "Yendys" is, of course, Sydney written backwards.

Yeo, Salvation, in Charles Kingsley's novel of Westward Ho! is a stern warrior, admirable seaman and gunner, true comrade, Spaniard-hating and God-fearing Englishman, intended as an embodiment of English Puritanism in the days of Elizabeth.

Yeoman's Tale, The, in The Canterbury Tales, is that of a canon who, having borrowed one mark of a priest for three days, and repaid him punctually, proceeded to beguile him by jugglery into the belief that he knew how to make silver; whereupon the priest gave forty pounds for the secret, which turned out valueless; and he never saw the canon any more. See Morley's English Writers.

Yes and No: "a Tale of the Day," by the first Marquess of Normanby (1797–1863).

"Yes! in the sea of life enisled."—"To Marguerite," in Switzerland (q.v.); a lyric by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822).

Yes, The Lady's. Verses by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1809–1861):—

"And her Yes, once said to you, Shall be yes for evermore."

Yesterday, To-day, and For Ever. A poem in twelve books by Edward Henry Bickersteth (b. 1825), published in 1866.

"Yielding marble of her snowy breast, The."—Waller, Lines on a Lady, line 12.

Yniol. The father of Enid (q.v.) in Tennyson's Idylls of the King.

Yonge, Charles Duke, Professor of English Literature and History (b. 1812), has published A History of England to the Peace of Paris, 1856; A Life of the Duke of Wellington; A History of the British Navy; A History of France under the Bourbons; Three Centuries of Modern History; A History of the English Revolution of 1688; and other works.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1823), has published, among many works of fiction, The Heir of Redclyffe (1853); Heartsease (1854); The Daisy Chain (1856); Dynevor Terrace (1867); The Trial: More Links of

YOR

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YOU

the Daisy Chain (1864); The Young Stepmother (1864); The Clever Woman of the Family (1865); The

Dove in the Eagle's Nest (1866); The Chalet of Pearls (1868); Lady Heestor (1873); and The Three

Brides (1876); Woman-Kind (1876); besides a History of Christian Names, a Life of Bishop Patten-

son, Landmarks of History, Stories of English History, and many other volumes.

Yorick, in Hamlet (q.v.), was jester to the King of Denmark. "Alas, poor Yorick! I knew

him. Horatio: a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy" (act v., scene 1). See next para-

graph.

Yorick, in Sterne's novel of Tristram Shandy (q.v.), is an Englishman, who is represented as of

Danish origin, and as being descended from the Yorick (q.v.) of Shakespeare. "Yorick," says Sir

Walter Scott, "the lively, witty, sententious, and heedless parson, is the well-known personification

of Sterne himself, and undoubtedly, like every portrait of himself drawn by a master of the art,

bore a strong resemblance to the original. Still, there are shades of simplicity thrown into the

character of Yorick, which did not exist in that of Sterne."

Yorke, Oliver. The pseudonym, at one time, of the editor of Fraser's Magazine (first assumed by

Francis Mahony), in which appeared Carlyle's Sartor Resartus. Frequent references occur in that work to the said Oliver Yorke; as

also in the entertaining Reliques of Father Prout.

Yorkshire Tragedy, A. A play performed at the Globe Theatre, in 1604, and four years

afterwards printed with Shakespeare's name as author. It is probable that the poet revised it for

the stage. Both Dyce and Collier are of opinion that it contains passages which can only have

proceeded from his pen.

"You ask me why, tho' ill at ease."

A lyric by Alfred Tennyson, containing his famous eulogium upon Britain as

"The land that freemen till,

That sober-suited Freedom chose,

The land where, girt by friends or foes,

A man may speak the thing he will."

"You meaner beauties of the night."

First line of a lyric by Sir Henry Wotton On His Mistress, the Queen of Bohemia (q.v.).

"You might have won the poet's name."

A lyric by Alfred Tennyson addressed to his elder brother Charles (see Turner, Charles

Tennyson), and a fine outburst against "the scandal and the cry" which so often greet a great man at

his death—

"Proclaim the faults he would not show,

Break lock and seal; betray the trust :

Keep nothing sacred; 'tis but just

The many-headed beast should know."

"You must wake and call me early,

call me early, mother dear."—The May Queen, by

Alfred Tennyson.

Young Adminall, The. "A poem," or tragi-comedy, by James Shirley (1594—1666),

published in 1637. It is referred to by Evelyn in his Diary.

Young Beiohan. See Beiohan, Young.

"Young Ben he was a nice young

man."—Faithless Sally Brown, by Thomas Hood.

Young Duke, The. A novel, by Benjamin

Disraeli (q.v.), published in 1831.

Young, Edward, poet, dramatist, and prose writer (b. 1684, d. 1765), wrote The Last Day (1713),

An Epistle to the Eight Honourable Lord Lands-

down (1713); The Force of Religion: or, Vanquished

Love (1713); On the late Queen's Death, and his

Majesty's Accession to the Throne (1714); a Paraphrase on the Book of Job (1719); Busiris, King

of Egypt, a tragedy (1719); The Revenge, a

tragedy (q.v.), (1721); The Universal Passion (q.v.);

Ocean, an Ode (q.v.), (1728); A Fine Estimate of Human Life

(1728); An Apology for Princes: or, the Reverence due to Government (1729); Imperium Pelagi, a

Naval Lyrick (1730); Two Epistles to Mr. Pope

concerning the Authors of the Age (1730); The

Foreign Address (1734); The Complaint: or, Night

Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality (1742);

The Consolation, to which is annexed some Thoughts

occasioned by the present Juncture (1745); The

Centaur not Fabulous (1755); An Essay on the

Writings and Genius of Pope (1756); Conjectures on

Original Composition, in a Letter to the Author of Sir

Charles Grandison (1759); and Resignation, in Two

Parts (1762). His Works were published in 1767,

and, with a Life of the author, in 1802; his Poetical

Works, with a Memoir by the Rev. J. Mitford, in

1834, and again in 1841; his Works, Poetical and

Prose, with a Life by Doran, in 1851; and his

Poetical Works, edited, with a Life, by Thomas, in

1852. "Of Young's poems it is difficult to give

any general character, for he has no uniformity of

manner: one of his pieces has no great resemblance

to another. He began to write early and continued

long, and at different times had different modes of

poetical excellence in view. His numbers are

sometimes smooth and sometimes rugged; his

style is sometimes concatenated and sometimes

abrupt; sometimes diffusive and sometimes concise.

His plans seem to have started in his mind at the

present moment; and his thoughts appear the

effect of chance, sometimes adverse, and sometimes

lucky, with very little operation of judgment."

"Young," says the first Lord Lytton, "is not done

justice to, popular as he is with a certain class of

readers. He has never yet had a critic to display

and make current his most peculiar and emphatic

beauties. He is of all poets the one to be studied

by a man who is about to break the golden chains

that bind him to the world—his gloom does not

thenappal or deject; the dark river of his solemn

genius sweeps the thoughts onwards to eternity."

See Complaint, The; Imperium Pelagi; Religion,

The Force of.

YOU

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ZAB

"Young ideas how to shoot, To teach." See "Read (To) the tender thouart."

Young, Matthew, Bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduach (b. 1750, d. 1800), wrote An Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy, An Essay on the Phenomena of Sounds, and other works. See The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. lxx.

Young, Patrick, Scottish scholar (b. 1584, d. 1652), published an edition of the two epistles of Clemens Romanus, and assisted Leod in the Latin translation of the works of James VI. He also contributed to Walton's Polyglot Bible annotations on the Old Testament down to Numbers xv.

Young, Sir William (b. 1750, d. 1816), colonial governor and miscellaneous writer, was the author of The Spirit of Athens (1779), afterwards expanded into The History of Athens, politically and philosophically considered (1788).

Young, Wfters. A Scottish ballad, in which covert allusion is apparently made to the indiscreet partiality which Queen Anne of Denmark is said to have shown for the "bonny Earl of Murray."

"Your 'if' is your only peacemaker; much virtue in 'if'."—As You Like It, act v., scene 4.

Youth and Age. A poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834). "This," says Leigh Hunt, "is one of the most perfect poems, for style, feeling, and everything, that ever was written."

"Youth at the prow, and Pleasure at the helm."—Gray, The Bard.

Youth, My Lost. A poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 1807), containing the familiar refrain :—

"A boy's will is the wind's will, And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts."

Youth of Nature, The. A lyric by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822) ; companion piece to The Youth of Man, by the same author.

Youth, The Interlude of. A moral play of the Reformation, printed by John Waloy, of London, between 1547 and 1558. Collier describes it as decidedly a Roman Catholic production, and has little doubt that it made its appearance during the reign of Mary. It details the temptations that Youth suffers from the importunities of Pride and Lechery, who are finally defeated by the more effective counsel of Charity and Humility. The piece is one of the most humorous of its kind. It is included in Carew Hazlitt's edition of Dodsley's Old Plays.

Youth's Glory and Death's Banquet. A tragedy, in two parts, by Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (1624—1673).

Youwarkee. The heroine of The Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins (q.v.), by Robert Paltock (q.v.). She is one of a nation of flying men and women, "ghummas" and "gawreys," who inhabit Nosmnbdsgrutt, and who propel themselves through the air by means of an apparatus called a "grundule." When first discovered by the hero, "she had a sort of brown chaplut, like lace, round her bridal, under and about which her hair was tucked up and twined; and she seemed to be clothed in a thin hair-coloured silk garment, . . . She felt to the touch in the oddest manner imaginable; for while in one respect it was as though she had been raised in whalebone, it was at the same time as soft and warm as if she had been naked."

Ypodigma Neustriæ. See Walsingham, Thomas.

Ypotis, The Lamentations of the Child, figures in the inventory of books belonging to John Paston in the reign of Edward IV. See Paston Letters, The.

"Yt fell abought the Lammasetyde." First line of the ballad of The Battle of Otterbourne (q.v.).

Ywain and Gawain. A romance, supposed by Warton to have been written in the reign of Henry VI. A Welsh version is in the Mabinogion (q.v.). Warton gives copious extracts.

Zadkiel. The pseudonym under which Lieutenant Richard Thomas Morrison published his famous Almanacs.

Zadoc, in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), is intended for William Sancroft (q.v.), Archbishop of Canterbury.

Zanga. The hero of Young's tragedy of The Revenge (q.v.).

Zanoni. The title and the name of the hero of a novel by Edward, Lord Lytton (1805—1873) published in 1842, and characterised by him as the "well-loved work of his mature manhood."

Zapolya. "A Christmas Tale, in two parts," by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834), published in 1818; in which, says Swinburne, there is "little enough indeed of high dramatic quality but a native grace which gives it something of the charm of life. The song of Glycine is one of the brightest bits of music ever done into words."

Zara. A "captive Queen" in Congreve's tragedy of The Mourning Bride (q.v.).

Zara. A tragedy by Aaron Hill (1685—1750), founded on a work by Voltaire.

Zarah, The Secret History of Queen. A work by Mrs. De la Rivière Manley (1672 —1724) in which the story of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, is told with remarkable freedom;

ZAE

[ 708 ]

ZUL

the mother of the duchess, whose maiden name was Jonninga, figuring as Jomisa.

Zarca. Father of Fedalma, in George Eliot's dramatic poem of The Spanish Gypsy (q.v.).

Zastrozzi. A novel written by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) before his seventeenth year. "It is a wild story," says Rossetti, "of a virtuous Viressi, persecuted and ruinod by the effervescunt passion of a 'guilty siren,' Matilda, Countess de Laurentini, in league with a mysterious and dark-browed Zastrozzi, who has, in chapter the last, a family grudge to clear off. Some deep-buried numance named Zafloya : or, the Moor, is recorded to have been the model of Zastrozzi."

"Zealand, Some traveller from New." See "New Zealand, Some traveller from."

Zelica. The heroine of Moore's poem, The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, in Lalla Rookh (q.v.).

Zeluco: "Various Views of Human Nature, taken from Life and Manners, foreign and domestic." A novel by Dr. John Moore (1730—1802), published in 1789. The scene of the story is chiefly laid in Italy, and the hero is a sort of Count Fathom (q.v.), who has been endowed with sufficient graces to be fascinating.

Zenophon. See Xenophon.

Zephon, in Milton's Paradise Lost (q.v.), is "a strong and subtle spirit," "soverc in youthful beauty." See Ithuriel.

Zerbino. Friend of Orlando, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso.

"Zig-zag manuscript." - Cowper, The Task, book ii., "The Timepiece."

Zimri, in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), is intonded for George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who had satirised Dryden in The Rehearsal (q.v.) as Bayes (q.v.).

Zincali. A prose work by George Borrow (b. 1803), giving "an account of the gipsies of Spain," with a collection of their songs and poetry, and a copious dictionary of their peculiar language. It was published in 1841.

Zion, Mount. See Mount Zion.

Zodiac of Life, The. A metrical translation by Barnaby Googe (q.v.) of The Zodiacus Vitæ of Palingenius (Pier Angelo Manzoll) ; described by Warton as "a favourite performance." Three books of it appeared in 1560, six in 1561, and the whole twelve in 1565. To the first two editions the translator added separate poetical introductions. See Carow Hazlitt's Handbook to Early English Literature.

Zohrab the Hostage. An historical novel by James Morier (1780—1849), published in 1832. The scene is laid in the time of Agha Mohammed Shah, whose story has been told by Sir John Malcolm, and who is really the hero of the book, though that post is nominally assigned to Zohrab, an indopondent Mazandarini chief, who falls in love with Alga Mohammod's niece.

Zoillus, The Life of. A satire on Dennis the critic and Theobald the commentator, written by Thomas Parnell (1679—1718) at the request of the members of the Scriblerus Club (q.v.), with whom Dennis and Theobald were at variance. "Your Zoilus," wrote Pope, who was one of the club, "really transcends the expectation I had conceived of it." It appeared in 1717.

Zoist, The. A periodical started by Dr. John Elliotson in support of his physiological opinions. It was dedicated to Dr. Elliotson that Theokoray dedicated his Pendennis (q.v.).

Zoonomia: "or, the Laws of Organic Life," by Erasmus Darwin (1731—1802) ; published in 1794—6.

Zophiel, in Milton's Paradise Lost (q.v.), is "of cherubim the swiftest wing."

Zophiel: "or, the Bride of Seven." A poem, in six cantos, by Maria Brooks (1795—1845), which was prepared for the press by Robert Southey, the poet, who called the author "the most impassioned and most imaginative of all poetesses." It appeared in 1825.

Zoroas, On the Death of. A poem in blank verse, by Nicholas Grimald (1519—1562), doscribed as "a nervous and animated oxordium."

Zouch, Richard, LL.D., lawyer and judge (b. about 1590, d. 1660), was the author of a large number of legal works, and of a poem called The Dove (1613).

Zouch, Thomas, divine (b. 1737, d. 1815), was the author of The Crucifixion, a poem (1765); Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Sir Philip Sidney, sermons, and other works. He also edited, with a memoir of the author, Walton's Lives (1796).

Zuleika. The heroine of Byron's poem of The Bride of Abydos (q.v.), in love with Selim :—

"Fair, as the first that fell of womankind ....

Soft, as the memory of buried love;

Pure, as the prayer which childhood wafts above ....

Such was Zuleika—such around her shone

The nameless charms unmark'd by her alone—

The light of love, the purity of grace,

The mind, the music breathing from her face,

The heart whose softness harmonised the whole;

And oh ! the eye was in itself a Soul."

CASSELL, PETTER & GALPIN, BELLE SAUVAGE WORKS, LONDON, E.C.

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"Supplies a want which is much felt—a detailed and a thoughtful and able account of the country as it is in its moral, material, and economical aspects " Athenæum.

Russia.

By D MacKenzie Wallace, M A , Member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. An Account of the Political, Social, and Domestic Life of the Russian People, with special reference to the Emancipation of the Serfs, and the relation of Russia to the Eastern Question. Two Vols., with Map, 24s

"Undoubtedly the best book written on Modern Russia by a foreigner, and one of the best books ever written on that country by either foreigner or native Times.

Turkey in Europe.

By T. lent.-col. Jami's Baker. Demy 8vo, with Maps, £1 7s. 6d.

"Of James Baker has given us the best and most instructive book w 1 ve yet seen on Turkey in Europe"—Edinburgh Quarterly Review.

A Ride to Khiva.

By Captain Burnaby (Cheap Edition. With large Maps showing Districts Traversed, &c. Extra crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

"The book charms like a novel, and yet bears the unpreas of truth on every page."—Field

Lives of the Lords Strangford.

With their Ancestors and Contemporaries through Ten Generations. By Edward Barrington Demy 8vo, cloth, 15s.

The Leopold Shakspere.

The Poet's Works in Chronological Order. From the Text of Professor Delius, with "Edward the Third," and "The Two Noble Kinsmen," and an Introduction by F. J Furnivall. With about 400 Illustrations. 1,184 pages Small 4to, 10s. 6d Dedicated by permission to H.R.H. Prince Leopold.

"The handsomest one-volume edition of the poet's works yet published a portable-sized quarto, of nearly 1,200 pages, comprising both the plays and the poems, illustrated with many hundreds of original engravings interspersed with the text, and enriched with many other ornamental features."—Daily News.

Cassell Petter & Galpin, Ludgate Hill, London; Paris; and New York.

Selections from Cassell Petter & Galpin's Volumes (continued).

A New Bible Commentary.

New Testament Commentary for English Readers Edited by C J Ellicott, D D , Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol

VOLUME I, CONTAINING THE FOUR GOSPELS.

The Gospel according to St Matthew, by St Mark, Vicar of Bickley Professor of I xegesis of the New Testament, King's College I ondon

The Gospel according to St John, by the Rev H W Watkins, M A, Prof ss r of I ucic and Mental Philosopy, King's College I ondon

The remaining Books —

The Rev W Sanday, M A, Principal of Hatfield Hall, Durham

The Rev Alfred Barry D D , Principal of King's College, London, and Canon of W orcc tr Cathedral

The Rev A J Mason, M A, I chlow of Trinity College, Cambridge

The Rev H D M Spence M A, Hon (anon of Gloucester Cathedral, and Vicar of St Paul's

The Rev W F Milligan, D D Principal of the Welscyan College, The I eys, ( umbridge

The Rev I Ingramuth Shorak, M A, Incumbent of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair

The Rev W Boyd ( arkintri M A, Vicar if St James' Holloway

The Life of Christ.

By the Rev F W I arkarr, D D, J RS, Canon of Westminster and ( haplain in Ordinary to the Queen (omplete in Two Volumes, cloth pricc 24s., morocco, £2 3 With each Volume is a Frontispiece by Mí Holman Hunt

The Bible Educator.

Edited by the Rev E H Plumptre, D D, assisted by some of our most I minent Scholars and Divines With about 200 Illustrations and Maps (omplete in Jour Volumes, extra crown 4to cloth, 6s each, or in I wo I ouble Volumes, cloth 21s , half-calf, m ullc d edges, 31s 6d

The Half-Guinea Illustrated Bible.

( ontaining nearly 1,000 Original Illustrations spe( ially e x cut d for this Edition from Original Photogiaphs and other unth ntia sources I'rinted in clear, readable type, with Rcfcrences 1,238 pages, crown 4to sizc Strongly bound in cloth, 10s 6d Also in Leather Bindings in great variety

Some Difficulties of Belief.

By the Rev T Teignmouth Shore, M A, Incumbent of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair I'ost 8vo, cloth, 6s

England, Cassell's History of.

From the Earliest Period to the Present With about 2,000 Illustrations New Paper Edition ( omplete in Nine Vols., cloth, 9s Library Edition, bound in brown cloth, gilt tops, £4 10s

United States, Cassell's History of the.

With 600 Illustrations and Maps 1,900 pages, extra crown 4to. Complete in Three Vols , cloth £1 7s 6d

India, Cassell's History of.

With about 400 Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. 1,150 pages, extra crown 4to ( omplete in Two Vols, cloth, 18s.

The War between France and Germ

Cassell's History of With 500 Engr. and Plans of the Battle-fields ( omplete in Volumes 1 xtra crown 4to, cloth, 18s , or bound in half calf 30s

British Battles on Land and Sea.

By Jamis ( rani, Author of the " Romance of War, &c With about 600 Illustrations ( omplete in Three Vols , extra crown 4to, cloth £1 7s 6d

Old and New London.

I Narr tive of its History, its People, Places In Volume each containing 20 ( omtrations Vols 1 to V now icady, price 9s ( Pobe comp'cdin S ix I olumes ) ' Demy

The History of Protestantism.

By the Rev. J A Wylie, LL.D. With upwards of 600 Original Illustrations 1,900 pages, extra crown 4to ( omplete in Three cloth £1 7s 6d

The Practical Dictionary of Mechá

Containing 15,000 Drawings of Machinery, Instruments, and Tools in use by every Profession and Trade, with Comprehensive and Technical Di sc ription of each Subject Complete in Three Volumes, 2,880 pages, super royal 8vo cloth £3 3s

Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery.

With Numerous Engravings Coloured Plates Containing a 1,280 pages, royal 8vo, cloth,15s.

Cassell Petter & Galpin, ' Ludgate Hill, London, Paris, and New York.

Selections from Cassell Petter & Galpin's Volumes (continued).

book of the Horse.

by Samull Sidney With Twenty-five fac-

simile Coloured Plates from Original Paintings

and 100 Wood Engravings. Demy 4to, 600 pages,

cloth bevelled, gilt edges, 31s. 6d , half-morocco,

£2 2s.

The Book of Poultry.

By L Wright With Fifty Jxquisite ( oloured

Portruits of l'ive Birds painted from Lite and

numcrous Wood Engravings Demy 4to, 600

pages, cloth, gilt edge's, 31s. 6d , 1.alf-morocco,

£2 2s

The Book of Pigeons

By Robert Fulton, assisted by the most Em i-

nent L ancier's Edited and arr inged by Lewis

Jriglit With Fifty life like Coloured Plates

nd numerous Fngraviugs on Wood Demy 4to

loth bevelled, gilt edges, £1 11s 6d., he

morocco, £2 2s

The Book of Birds.

Translatedfrom the Text of Dr Brfhm by

Prof T Rimer Jones F R S With 400 Wood

Engravings, and Forty ( oloured Plats, from

Original Designs by L W Kryl. Four Vol,

8vo, cloth, 7s 6d ; gilt edge's, 10s 6d each.

Two Vol's , cloth, gilt edges, £1 10s , half-calf,

£2 2s

TorId of the Sea.

anslated from the Fiench of Mo in Tandon

the Kev H Martyn Hart, M A Illus-

ited ( loth 10s 6d

sformations of Insects.

By P Martia Duncan, M D), F R S With

420 hughly-finished Lngravings Demy 8vo,

loth, 7s 6d

Figuior's Popular Scientific Works.

New and Cheaper Fiditions (ontaining all the

Onginil Illustrations, the Text Revised and

Corkectid, price 7s. 6d each :-

The Human Face. Revised by Robert Wilson.

Mammalia Revised by Prufesson E. Pfrceval Weight,M.D

The World Before the Deluge. Revised by w H.

Bristow, F.R.S

The Ocean World. Revised by Professor E. Percival

Wright, M D

los and Blrds. Revised by ( aptain Parker Gillmore

d Revised by Professor Duncan, M D,

able Worgs. Revised by an Eminent Botanist.

The National Portrait Gallery.

Each Volume contaıning Twenty Portraits, pinted

in the best style of Chiomo Lithography, with

ac ompanving Memoirs from authentic Sources

Jemy 4to, 2s 6d each.

Vol I contains -

MR Gladstone

MR Distaeli

MR Bright

L wd (1) Thoms

Al iHllop (11 CAnIb

I (hIs J icr Cı , I

I I ınn

VII HAMnett WII HINisıry

I AnI KU PII

Vol II contains -

MAKQuis of SALISBuRy

Nik Michafi ( osta

Hor Atine Maknııf

L ikd (iEor(ini) Hardy

• Iinshol of PI irkborougil

Mık K ( ros

SIR John a Macdonald

L ı I I All ııon

MAKQuis ol HArtingt in

Mık Kobırk I owk

Vol III -

I III Archhishop of York

MR SAmopi Pıims ılı

I hoppınok Hı ıtby

MR Wııııam I I HAmhırıs

DUkE of Blai FOrt

TROOPINNO T I indal

MI VAnııy

HARon Kothsi hild

I ordi E lho

DUk IPP SingH

Vol IV

I ark Inal Manning.

I ordi Haitinkrı

SIR JOsnph Whitwok in

SIR W Guli

I ordi Abprdak

DR Vaighan

I orid Napier

DR Jaı Martınrai

PROP Bııakıır

MR I roude

Illustrated Travels.

A Record of Discovery, Geography, and Adven-

ture Edited by II W Barks, Assistant Secre-

tary of the Royal Geographical Society Profusely

Illustrated. ( omplete in Sir Vols . royal 4to,

• each contaıning about 200 Illustrations, cloth,

15s . cloth gilt, gilt edges, 18s . each. (Each

Volume is complete in itself)

Shorter English Poems.

By Professor Henry Morley Being Vol I of

( ass ıll's I ibrary of Engi isii I iterati re

( ontaning the Leading Characteristic Shorter

P' iems of English I iteratute, from the Earliest

'eriod to the Present Time, with upwards of 200

Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, 512 pages, cloth,

12s. 6d

Illustrations of English Religion,

By Professor Henry Morley. Being Vol II.

of (assell's Library of English Litilra-

ture Illustrated throughout with Engravings

from Original MSS., &c Extra crown 4to, cloth,

11s. 6d.

Cassell Petter & Galpin, Ludgate Hill, Loñon; Pàris, and New York.

Selections from Cassell Petter & Galpin's Volumes (continued).

Art Studies of Home Life.

With Twenty-four full-page copies, printed by the

Woodbury process, of Famous Pictures. With

descriptive Letterpress. Demy 4to, cloth gilt, 15s.

Sketching from Nature in Water-Colours.

By Aaron Penley. With Illustrations in

Chromo-lithography, after Original Water-Colour

Drawings. Super-royal 4to, cloth, 15s.

Principles of Ornamental Art.

By F. E. Hulme, F.L.S., F.S.A., Art Master in

Marlborough College. With over 400 Designs.

Royal 4to, cloth, 25s.

The Doré Gallery.

Containing 250 of the finest Drawings of Gustave

Doré. With descriptive Letterpress and Memoir

by Edmund Ollier. Small folio, One Vol.,

complete, cloth gilt, £5 5s.; complete in Two

Vols., £5 10s.; full morocco elegant, £10.

The Doré Scripture Gallery of Illustration.

250 Drawings of Scripture Subjects, by Gustavi

Doré. With an Essay, Critical and Historical,

on Sacred Art, by Edmund Ollier. Complete

in Two Vols., cloth extra, £5 10s.; or Four Vols.,

cloth extra, £6 6s.

The Doré Bible.

With 238 Illustrations by Gustave Doré. Small

folio, cloth, £8; morocco, gilt edges, £12; best

morocco, gilt edges, £15.

Royal 4to Edition. Complete in Two Vols., bound

in plain morocco, £4 4s.; best morocco, £6 6s.

Milton's Paradise Lost.

Illustrated with full-page Drawings by Gustave

Doré. Cloth extra, £2 10s.; full morocco, gilt,

£6 6s.

Dante's Inferno.

Illustrated by Gustave Doré. Crown folio,

cloth, £2 10s.; full morocco, £6 6s.

Dante's Purgatory and Paradise.

Illustrated by Gustave Doré. Uniform with

the Inferno, and same price.

Don Quixote.

With about 400 Illustrations by Gustave Doré.

Royal 4to, cloth, £1 10s.; full morocco, £3 10s.

La Fontaine's Fables.

Illustrated by Gustave Doré. Royal 4to, 840

pages, cloth, £1 10s.; morocco, £3 10s.

The Races of Mankind.

A Description of the Characteristics, Manners

and Customs of the Principal Varieties of the

Human Family. By Robert Brown, M.A.

Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. Complete in Four

Vols., containing upwards of 500 Illustrations

Extra crown 4to, cloth gilt, 6s. per Vol.; or Two

Double Vols., £1 1s.

The Countries of the World.

Containing Graphic Sketches of the various Con-

tinents, Islands, Rivers, Seas, and Peoples of the

Globe, according to the Latest Discoveries. By

Robert Brown, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.

Vol. I., with 130 Illustrations and Maps. Extra

crown 4to, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Cassell's New Natural History.

Edited by P. Martin Duncan, M.D., F.R....

Professor of Geology, King's College, London

Vol. I., Illustrated throughout. Extra crown 4tc

384 pages, cloth; 9s.

A First Sketch of English Literature.

By Professor Henry Morley. Crown 8vo, 9c

pages, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Dictionary of English Literature.

Being a Comprehensive Guide to English Authors

and their Works. By W. Davenport Adams.

720 pages, extra fcap. 4to, cloth, 15s.

Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.

Giving the Derivation, Source, or Origin o: Com-

mon Phrases, Allusions, and Words that are a

Tale to 'Tell. By the Rev. Dr. Brewer. Demy

8vo, 1,000 pages, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Studies in Design.

For Builders, Architects, Designers, House Deco-

rators, and Manufacturers. By Christopher

Dresser, Ph.D., F.L.S., &c. Consisting of

Sixty Original Designs by the Author, accom-

panied by descriptive Letterpress. Demy folio,

cloth, £3 3s.

Royal Quarto Shakespeare.

Edited by Charles and Mary Cowden Clarke

and containing about 600 Illustrations by H. C.

Skelous. Printed in new large type on royal 4t°

paper. Complete in Three Vols., cloth gilt, gilt

edges, £3 3s.; morocco, £6 6s.

CASSELL PETTER & GALPIN'S COMPLETE CATALOGUE

containing a List of Several Hundred Volumes, including Bibles and Religious Works, Fine Art V

Children's Books, Dictionaries, Educational Works, Hand-Books and Guides, History, Natural

Household and Domestic Treatises, Science, Serials, &c. &c., sent post free on application.

Cassell Petter & Galpin, Ludgate Hill, London; Paris; and New York.