1. in_ernet_dli_2015_53086_2015_53086_Solution-Of-The-Exe-Ecericises-In-The-New-Manual-Of-English-Grammar

SOLUTIONS

OF

THE EXERCISES

IN THE

NEW MANUAL

OF

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

BY

B. RAM SWARUP B.A.

3rd Master Collegiate School Agra

Price 6 Annas

PUBLISHED BY

Messrs GAYA PRASAD & BROTHERS,

Publishers and Book-sellers,

AGRA.

Dumolar Printing Works Agra--Cantt.

SOLUTION OF EXERCISES

in the

New

MANUAL OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

EXERCISE I (PAGE 3).

The corrections are all printed in italics

The words with wrong initial letters are given below

in order in the corrected form —

(1) Socrates, building, house, Athens, design;

why, I; myself, accommodated, if, I, habitation.

(2) nation, strife, side

(3) Great Britain, Ireland, throne, died, August,

Her, reign, victories, Duke, Marlborough, Europe, and, between, England, Scotland

(4) These, glorious, works, Parent, good,

Almighty

(5) Remember, life, idle, dream, solcum, reality,

task, stand, night, man, work.

(6) I, I, survey, My, dispute, From, centre,

I, lord, fowl, brute

(7) O; Solitude; where, That, sages; Better,

dwell; Than, reign, horrible; place

(8) Solomon, wise; King, Fear; God; and;

commandments, for; duty; man

(9) The St. George, arrived, Kingstown, from;

Liverpool. Tuesday, eight, sail, o'clock, Thursday

(2)

EXERCISE II (Page 5)

The Consonants are given in ordinary type, Vowels

in italics, Silent letters in small brackets, Proper di-

phthongs in square brackets, Improper diphthongs within

double inverted commas, Triphthongs, within single

inverted commas

h[ow] l"u"gh "ea"sy C"a"sar

why h"e"n'id b'eu'tiful pr"a"se

two (h)or"u"'r l"ea"g (ue) h[ow]l'

y[ew] p'i'e'ce bel"e"ve m"a"l

wind"ow" cl"e"'n v'ew' typh"oo"n

yell"ow" twi(t)ch th[ou]sand r"ue"

s'wee'tly aw'uy' n[oi]se s[ew]

c[ow] m"ou"'n b[oy] m[ew]

eye r"ow" f[eu]d l"e"'sure

ewe yesterd"ay" str"aw" hei[oi]c

b[ea]r "aw"tul mrice coward

h"au"l whether herb w"e"ther

myrtle twin q[ui]t on[i]n

b'uoy' hyssop (k)nufe moli(g)n

'W' is a vowel in—bow, cow, clow, hew low, mew

'I' is a consonant in—toward, ward, work, wave

world.

'Y' is a vowel in—my, clay, say, day, sky, try

'Y' is a consonant in—You, yes, yet, yellow, year,

yell

Proper diphthong—boy, loud sound, tril, car, air

Improper diphthong—clean, people, foe, main, road

grief

EXERCISE III (Page 6)

The following words are divided into syllables, the

accented syllable in each being marked.—

( 3 )

re-flec'-tion

neigh'-bour

mu-si'-cian

ad-di'-tion

tur'-moil

no'-tion

flex'-i-ble

stran'-gle

em-bar'-rass

sen'-su-al

ex-ten'-sion

stu'-por

dun'-geon

jus'-tice

con-di'-tion

tis'-sue

build'-el

tune'-ful

in-com-pre-hen'-si-ble

bee'-hive

re-juice'

symp'-tom

con-de-scend'

mar'-tyr

an-noj'

unan'-i-mous

riv'-er

pur-loin'

leop'-aid

an-tiq'-ui-ty

les'-son

po-ten'-tial

mai'-riage

fo'-li-age

con'-ti-nent

gen'-u-ine

hon'-est

sal-va'-tion

prom'-is-es

a-void'

coun'-cil

cos'-tume

cred'-i-ble

crea'-ture

de-cis'-ive

ex-haust'

glut'-ton

ex'-er-cise

in-cline'

con-spic'-uous

glob'-u-lar

in'-come

em-brace'

e-quiv'-o-cal

ful-fil'

hap'-less

mon ar'-chy

mon'-u-ment

fac'-to-ry

in'-ci-dent

sea'man-ship

e-lec'-tric

e-mer'gence

er'-u-dite

the'-a-tre

det'-o-nate

ef'-face'

spher'-ic-al

con'-ceit (n.)

e-ter'-nal

in-duct'-ive

the'-o-rize

de'-vi-ous

mor-tal'-i-ty

sep'-ar-ate

u'-ni-corn

im'-pli-cate

pim'-ple

pro-trude'

par'-a-ble

jus'-ti-fy

sen'-ti-nel

quad'-ru-ped

sur'-feit.

EXERCISE IV. (Page 10)

The following words are nouns, with the class to

which each belongs.

1 Noun

Class Noun

Class Noun

Class

China

proper country.

common Asia

proper

Earth

proper lays

com. sun

com

Govind

prop truth

abstract Gold

material

metal

com police

collective crowd

collective

London

prop. city

com. world

com.

teas

com market

com Sunday

prop

day

com. week

com Health

abstract

wealth

abs people

n of multopinions

com

Righteousness

abs nation

com. fleet

com

teacher

com. man

com. learning

abs.

( 4 )

judge com jury collectiveOfficer com.

regiment col 2 Righteousness abs on nature com sin com com

reproach com people com power abs speech abs man , com creation abs

thought abs abs speed abs accuracy abs supremacy abs dominion com mind abs

matter material speech abs mind abs eagle com wings com lamb com.

feet , com pride abs destruction abs. spirit com fall com

3 scene com lot com toils com wants ' coïm.

4- life , com sleep com forgetting com soul com. life's com star com. setting com

EXERCISE V. PAGE 14

Nouns with their Gender -

Word Gender Word Gender witness com non beauty neuter heart neuter flock neuter ship feminine owner common sovereign common companion common doctor common cook , common

N B. For the rest, refer to the Text

EXERCISE VI PAGE 19

(1) Plurals

men masses lynxes boxes caps , copies beauties echoes tables monarachs peaches joys taxes studies woes asses

leaves

hoaxes

heroes

stones

princesses

queens

feet

lashes

wolves

arches

hobbies

nuisances

cargoes

folios

fathers-in-law

bases

appendixes

mouthfuls

banditti

maid-servants

governors-general

apparatus, ap-paratuses

rays

sexes

loves

coaches

shirts

brunches

watches

halves

pennies, pence

negroes

buffaloes

children

skies

couches

formulae

crises

courts-martial

errata

cherubim

M A’s

phenomena

parentheses

knives

robes

allies

thieves

volcanoes

genii, geniuses

heresies

attorneys

staffs, staves

distichs

stomachs

valleys

journeys

wives

miss Frasers,

seraphim

genera

knights-tem-plars

bureaus, bu-reaux

sheriffs

tetrarchs

essays

bows

oxen

sheriffs

tetrarchs

essays

bows

oxen

beaux

misses Fraser

men-servants

messieurs

nebulae

arcana

onses

alumni

lords-justices

foci

(2) singulars:-

shelf

city

attorney

mouse

sheep

(no singular)

church

potato

analysis

effluvium

die

index

loaf

bunch

mango

son-in-law

(no singular)

brother

datum

staff

chimney

tooth

grief

toe

deer

child

news

genius

phenomenon

dormouse

genius

soliloquy

(bellows)

pony

good

cow

beef

pea

oasis

genus

species

stratum

radius

stamen

monsier

thesis

beau

index

basis

seraph

criterion

bureau

formula

cloth

elf

series

alumnus

dictum

medium

agendum

(3) Refer to the text

(4) Corrections, in italics

Your writing is bad, you must take more pains with it

My brother has 100 head of cattle

Ten yohs of oxen were ploughing.

I have lost a ten-rupee note

My scissors are not strong enough

Mechanics is his favourite study

He has three sons in-law

Step fathers are not always kind (correct)

It is well for us when the crisis of life finds us prepared

Large households have generally both man servants and women serlants

A five-shilling piece is called a crown

The race was for four-year olds only.

EXERCISE VII. (Page 21.)

The following words are the Possessives Singular and Plural —

(1) Singular Plural Singular Plural

Boy's boys' lady's ladies'

monkey's monkeys' wife's wives'

thief's thieves' negro's negroes'

chief's chiefs' man's men's

hero's heroes' mouse's mice's

wolf's wolves' goose's geese's

month's months' man-servant's men-servant's

woman's women's child's children's

mistress's mistresses'

Possessives changed into Objectives with of

not(2) The arm of a man The sum of this boy is correct.

The shoes of ladies The letters of Cowper.

The r

( 7 )

cries of the woman The stings of the flies The horse

of the gentleman is dead. The Poetical Works of Milton

The heads of four oxen The camp of the soldiers The

affairs of Charles The toys of children The wings of

insects The Tears of a nation. The promises of some

men

Proper Possessive form

(3) The king's servants The flowers of autumn

The girls' songs The boys' dresses The soldiers'

quarrels The horse's mane The colour of the ox The

commanders of the armies. Six men's work Krishna's

lesson is difficult The tigers' dens John took William's

slate The wool of the sheep

EXERCISE VIII (Page 23)

The Parsing of the following italicized Nouns is —

(1) Ships—Com Pl Fem. subj of 'cross'

Sea—Com sing, neut. obj governed by 'cross'

King—com. Sing, mas. subj of 'sat'

Throne—Com. sing, neut. obj governed by 'on'

London—Prop. sing, neut subj of 'is'

Capital—com sing, neut. nom case after the

v. 'is' or complement to the v. 'is'

England—Prop sing, neut. obj govd by 'of.'

Ostrich—com. sing, Fem. subj. of 'lays.'

Egg—com. sing, neut obj guvd by 'lays'

Sand—mat sing, neut. obj govd. by 'on'

Pen—com. sing, neut obj govd. by 'give'

Rama—Prop. sing, mas. subj of 'built'

house—com. sing., neut. obj: govd by 'built,'

garden—com sing. neut. obj. govd by 'in.'

Carpenter—com. n., sing. com. Vocative. c,

( 8 )

table—com sing, neut obj. govd by 'make'

Gourd's—Prop sing., mas. possessive c showing possession on 'sisters'

sister—com sing., Fem., nom. to the verb 'was'

Krishna's—Prop sing., mas., pos. c showing possession on 'wife.'

wife—com sing., Fem, Num, after tho v. 'was.'

boy's—com sing., mas, pos. c. showing possession on 'task'

Peter—Prop sing, mas, nom to the v 'fell'

John's—Prop. sing, mas, pos. c showing possession on 'house.'

horse—com sing, mas, govd by 'from.'

Rama—Prop sing, mas voc case.

master's—com sing., mas., pos

Kindness—Abs sing, neut, Nom to the v. 'won.'

scholar's—com sing, com, pos 'c.

Love—abs sing, neut, obj of 'won'

Man's—com sing, 'mas' pos c

Father—com sing, mas, nom to the v 'makes.'

Shoes—com pl, neut, obj of 'makes'

Crowd—col sing, neut, nom. to 'followed.'

King—com sing, mas, obj of 'followed'

Master—com sing. mas, noun subj of 'gave'

Book—com sing, neut, obj of 'gave'

Scholar—com sing, com. obj of 'to'

Honesty—abs sing, neut, noun to 'is'

Policy—abs sing, neut, nom after the V 'is.'

Men—com pl, mas., nom. subj of 'have died.'

( 9 )

conscience—abs. n, sing,, neut, Possessive case showing possession on 'sake'

sake—com n., sing, neut, obj govd by 'for'

people—n of mult., pl., com nom c subject of 'were divided'

'Opinions'—com. n, pl, neut., obj govd by the prep 'in'

' John—Prop n. sing., mas, obj govd, by the T V. 'tell.'

Boys'—com n, pl mas, poss. case governing 'lessons'

lessons—com n, pl, neut, obj c govd. by the T. V. 'to hear'

postman—com n, sing, mas, nom, c subject of 'did come.'

father's—com n, sing, mas Poss'c showing possession on 'letters'

letters—com. n., pl, neut, obj c govd by the prep. 'with.'

Iron—mat n, sing, nout., nom to the V, 'is.'

metal—com. n, sing, neut, nom. after the V. 'is.'

dog—com n, sing, mas, obj ć govd. by the T V 'give'

name—com n, sing, neut, objective C. governed by the T. V. 'give'

sugar—mat n., sing, neut, obj. c. govd. by the T V. 'buy'

grocer's—com n, sing, com. g, Poss c showing possession on 'shop' understood.

paper—mat. n, sing, neut, obj ć. govd by 'b◌y'

stationer's—com n, sing., com. g, poss c. showing possession on 'shop' understood

police—col. n., sing., neut, nom. to the V. 'found'

( 10 ).

watches—com. n, Pl, neut, obj c govd by the T V ' found '

thieves—com n, pl, com, G, nom, to 'had stolen'

hedge—com n sing, neut, obj. c govd by 'under'

farmer—com n, sing, mas, G, nom c. to the V. 'bought,'

hay—mat. n, sing, neut, obj govd by 'bought'

Oxen's—com n., Pl, mas., Poss c showing posssession on 'food'

food—mat n', sing, neut, obj govd by 'for.'

(2)' soul—com n, sing, neut, 'voc. case.

sun—com sing, mas, obj of 'with'

round—com sing, neut., cognate obj.after 'run'

duties—com pl, neut, obj of 'of'

sloth—abs, sing, neut, obj of 'shake'

morning—com here used as an adjective

sacrifice—com, sing, neut, obj of 'pay' --

(3) pride—abs sing, neut, nom to the v. 'was.'

failing—com sing., neut, subj of 'leaned.'

virtue—abs sing, fem, pass c

side—com. sing, neut., obj. of 'to.'

duty—com sing, neut, obj of 'in.'

call—com sing, neut, obj of 'at.'

bird—com. sing., neut, subj of 'tries'

endearment—com. sing, neut, obj of 'tries'

offspring—com sing., neut, obj. of 'to tempt ?

skies—com pl, neut, obj of 'to'

air—com sing., neut, obj of 'tried.'

delay—com sing., neut., obj of 'reproved.'

worlds—com pl, neut, object of 'to'

way—com, sing, neut, object-of 'led.'

( 11 )

EXERCISE IX. (Page 26.)

Correct forms -

(1) most excellent sorriest

most buoyant

grayest

most solemn

more startling

more timid

saddest

sillier

most heartfelt

more foolish

happiest

(2) comp.

sup.

comp

'

sup

'

ampler

amplest

coyer

coyest

more excellent

most excellent

purer

purest

gentler

gentlest

wearier

weariest

blacker

blackest

sleeker

sleekest

firmer

firmest

more delicate

most delicate

tenderer

tenderest

more humane

most humane

more numerous

most numerous

larger

largest

gloomier

gloomiest

more meagre

most meagre

more indef.

most indef.

prettier

prettiest

sterner

sternest

punier

puniest

calmer

calmest

richer

richest

slicer

slicest

more naked

most naked

soberer

soberest

more rigorous

most rigorous

fatter

fattest

barer

barest

merrier

merriest

longer

longest

thinner

thinnest

more timid

most timid

more cheerful

most cheerful

shorter

shortest

droller

drollest

gayer

gayest

drier

driest

deeper

deepest

truer

truest

less, lesser

least

Positive forms -

(3) gentle

clean

dull

funny

wealthy

fat

gay

fole

slender

white

mad

much, many

dim

serene

noble

old

young

sad

bulky

late

heavy

easy

subtle

good

bad, ill

late.

many, much

( 12 )

EXERCISE X. (PAGE 29)

Adjective with degrees of comparison —

(1) largest (sup), wealthiest (sup); old (Pos), sharp (Pos.), inner (comp), some (not compared), beautiful (Pos). blind (Pos), white (Pos), first (sup), little (Pos), heavier (comp), worst (sup), worst (sup), poor (Pos), wooden (not compared), large (Pos), black (Pos.), curly (Pos) most interesting (sup), brave (Pos), wild (Pos), stormy (Pos), larger (com), three (Not compared) finest (sup) This (not compared), white (Pos)

Correction in italics —

(2) He expects to see happier days. You have got the less share This book is cheaper than that. Govind is the sharpest of the four boys Autumn is the most interesting season of the year Tuesday was colder than monday This summer is hotter than the last Robert is taller than William. Solomon was the wisest man, Methuselah was the oldest Jane is livelier than Mary This is the most beautiful flower I ever saw My hat is smaller than yours, but his is the smallest of the three Rama is the most negligent boy in the class This is the larger of the two, but that is the more beautiful It is better to be silent than to speak in anger The latter of the two reasons that you gave is more convincing. The weather has lately been warmer than wet It has been a little warm for a long while but yesterday was the warmest day we have had

EXERCISE XI (PAGE 31)

The italics are the corrections —

(1) I have great need of assistance I can give you no money for I have little He has little use for such a book All men are mortal Every man is mortal Buy a little bread Many an ill deed is done without

( 13 )

forethought Either house will suit us -There are

fewer houses in that field than usual The wall is

• 17 feet high. Let the carpenter cut a six inch plank

into two foot lengths We ordered three dozen knives.

What do you think of this news? Each of the two

boys got a prize Do not bring any of the three.

Neither of my two sisters is at home The four boys

were helping one another.

(2) Parsing of Nouns and adjectives -

No-Indef Num Adj qualifying the noun 'friends'

Friends-Com N, Pl, com G, Obj of 'have'

No-Ind Num Adj qualifying 'hope'

hope-Com N; sing, Neut, Obj of 'have'

some-Indef num adj., qualifg 'books,'

books-Com N, Pl, Neut, Object of 'got'

some-Adj of quantity qualifg 'time'

time-Abst. N, Sing Neut Adverbial object.

twice-Adverb to 'asked'

them-Pers Pron, Pl, neut, Obj of 'return.'

little-Adj. of Quantity, qualifg. 'boys'

boys-Com. N, Pl, Mas, Nom to 'take'

great-Adj of quantity qualifg 'pauns.'

pauns-Com N Pl. Neut, obj of 'take'

lessons-Com N Pl. Neut, Obj of 'with'

little-Adj af Quant, qualifg. 'chance'

chance-com n, sing, neut, subject of 'is'

any-Indef. num, adj qualifg 'man'

man-com. n, sing, mas, obj govd by 'of'

Pole-com n, sing, neut, obj govd by 'reaching'

great-adj of Quant, qualifg. 'cold'

cold-abst. n, sing, neut, obj govd by 'because of'

neither-Distributive adj qualifying 'house' understood.

houses-com n, pl, neut, obj of 'of'

sale-abst n, sing.. neut, object of 'for.'

one another s-Reciprocal pronoun, com. Gend, Poss.

case or the two words may be parsed separately thus.-

( 14 )

one—Inef num adj qualifring man understood1 or

Poss case in apposition with 'ye' and another's

—Dist adj used as pron Poss case

burdens—com n, pl, neut, obj of 'bear'

form—com n, sing, neut obj of 'meet'

more—adv of quant comp degree modifying the adj,

'fair'

fair—Adj of qual, qualifg 'form'

face—Com N, Sing, Neut, Object of 'meet.'

more—as obove, modifg. 'sweet'

sweet—Adj of Qual qualifg 'face'

lot—com N, Sing neut, subj after 'hath been

tree—com N, sing, neut, Nom to 'is found'

deepest—adj of Qual, sup Deg, qualifg 'root'

root—com N, sing, neut, Obj of 'of'

Least—adverb of Quant, sup degree, modifg the adj

'willing.'

ground—com N sing, neut, Obj of 'quit.'

ancient—adj of 'Qual, qualifg 'sages'

Sages—com n, pl, com, obj of 'by' Lore—abs n

sing, neut, subj of increased' Late—com, qualifg

'stages.' Stages—com n, pl, neut, obj of 'in' Pains—

com n, pl, nent, subj of 'grow' Sickness—abs n 'sing,

neut, subj of 'rages' Greatest—adj of qual, superl,

of 'rages' Greatest—adj of qual, superl, qualifg 'love'

Lore—subj of 'appears' Life—obj of 'of'

EXERCISE XII. (Page 34)

Full parsing of adjectives and nouns

(1) Ripest—Adj of Qual, Sup Deg, qualifg 'fruit'

Fruit—Com N, sing, neut, nom to 'falls'

Two—Card num adj qualifg 'evils' Evils—Com n,

pl, neut obj of 'of.' Less—Adj of Quant, Comp Deg,

qualifg, 'evil' understood. Yonder—Dem adj qualifg

( 15 )

'tree.' Tree—Com n, sing, neut, nom to 'is' High—

Adj of Qual, qualitg 'tree' predicatively. This—Dem

adj. qualifg 'flower' Flower—Com. n, sing, neut, nom

to 'is' Loveliest—Adj of Qual, sup deg., qualifg.

'flower' understood All—Ind. num adj. qualifying

'flowers' understood That—Dem adj qualifg 'dress'

Green—Adj of qual., qualifg 'dress' Younger—Adj of

qual., comp., qualifg 'sister'. Sister—Com n, sing., fem.

obj. of 'far' Dress—Com n sing. neut nom. to 'is'.

These—Dem. adj., pl, qualifg 'mangoes'. Mangoes—

com N, Pl, Neut, subj. of 'are' Ripe—adj. of Qual,

qualifg 'mangoes' through 'are' Young—adj of Qual, Pos'

qualifg 'boy.' Boy—com N, sing, mas., subj of 'was'

Braver—adj of Qual, comp, qualifg 'boy' thro 'was' Elder—

adj of Qual., comp, qualifg 'brother' Brother—Com.

N, sing, mas., nom. to 'was' understood Several—Dist.

adj qualifg. 'books' Books—Com n, pl, neut., obj of

'bought' Some—Ind num adj qualifg 'books' Old—

adj. of qual, pass, qualifg 'books' Some and New as some

and old above Old adj. of qual, pos, qualifg 'father'

Father—Com n, sing, mas, nom to 'was' Happier—

Adj. of qual, comp., qualifg 'father.' Father—Com. n,

sing, mas, nom. to 'was' Happier—Adj of qual, comp.

qualifg 'father' predly Foolish—Adj of qual, qualifg.

'son' Son—Com n, sing, mas., nom to (was) Both—

Dist. num adj, qualifg. 'boy' Boys—Com n. pl, mas

nom to 'clammed. Prize—Com n, sing. neut., obj to

'claimed' Either—Dist. adj, qualifg (boy) Money—

Com n, sing, neut, obj to 'have.' Enough—adj. of

quant., qualifg. 'money' Such—dem. adj qualifg. 'journey'

Short—adj of qual. qualifg. 'journey.' Journey—com. n,

sing., neut., obj of 'for' Famous—adj. of qual. qualifg.

'was' Ancient—adj of qual, qualifg 'times' Times—

com. n., pl, neut, obj. govd by 'of.' Russian—proper

adj qualifg 'traveller. Traveller—com n., sing, com.

nom to 'crossed', Highest—adj of qual., sup., qualifg.

'mountain.' Mountain—com. n, sing, neut., obj of

'crossed' Range—coll. n. used as com. n., sing neut., obj.

(16)

govd by 'of' Open—adj of qual (not compd) qualifg 'rebuke' Rebuke—abs n, sing, neut, nom to 'is' Secret—

adj of qual, qualifg 'love.'—Love—abs n, sing, neut.,

nom after 'is' That—dem adj pointing out the n

'general' General—com. n, sing, com gend, nom. to

'was' Greatest—adj of qual, sup, qualifg. 'soldier'

Soldier—com n, sing, com g nom after 'was' Age—

com. n, sing, neut, obj of 'of' Storm—com. n, sing,

neut; nom to 'have made.' Ram—mat n nom. to 'have

made' Havoc—abs n, sing, neut, obj of 'have made'

Crops—com n, pl, neut, obj of 'of' 'Ill—adj

qualifg 'wind' Nobody—c n sing, com., obj 'of 'blows.'

Good—c n, sing neut obj of 'blows' Wicked—adj of

qual qualifying (people) Righteous—adj of qual. qualifg

'thou' predicatively People—col n, pl, com, nom. to

'abhor' Swarming—verbal noun, sing, neut, nom to 'is'

Healthy—adj of qual qualifg 'exercise' Exercise—

com. n, sing, neut, nom after 'is' Only—adj. qualifg.

'person' Person—com' n, sing, com, nom complement

of 'was' Everything—com n, sing, neut., obj 'of 'saw'

(2) Sentences showing the difference of meaning between

the given words —

Each of the two boys got a prize

Each of the fifty men was brave and strong Give me

either this book or that, I like either (both).

'All persons spoke in his favour, as every one of them

thought him to be right

'This book is mine, while that is yours. Mohan is

older than Sohan, but he is not the oldest of all his class-

fellows

He has no elder brother He is the eldest of all in

his family

EXERCISE XIII. (Page 38)

Number, gender and case of the pronouns given.—

(1) They—pl, com., nom - Hers—sing, fem, - poss

Mine—sing, com, poss. Yours—pl, com, poss She—

-sing, com, poss

Us-pl, com., obj

He-sing., mas.,

nom. Me-sing,com, obj

Thou-sing., com., nom

Thee-sing, com., obj

Then-pl, com, poss.

Its-sing

neut, poss

Theirs-plu com, poss:

You-pl., com,

nom or obj

Her-sing, fem, poss or obj

Ours-pl,

com., poss

His-sing, mas, poss

It-sing., neut., nom

or obj.

Pers, gendr, number and case of pronouns with their nouns

(2). My-1st com, sing., poss standing for the

speaker. He-3rd, mas, sing, nom., for 'brother.' It-

3rd, neut., sing, obj, for 'house.' Then-3rd, mas (here),

pl, poss for 'Ram' and 'Hari' They-3rd, mas, pl.,

nom, for 'Ram' and 'Hari' Them-3rd neut., pl,

obj, for 'lessons' I-1st, com., sing, nom, for speaker.

We-1st, com., pl, nom, for 'Govind' and 'I.' Them-

3rd, mas, pl, obj for 'boys' I-1st, com, sing, nom,

for speaker Him-3rd, mas, sing, obj, for 'food.' Them,

3rd, mas., pl, obj, for 'boys' She-3rd, fem, sing, nom-

for 'Mary.' Her-3rd, fem, sing, poss for 'Mary' Him,

self-3rd, mas, sing, obj for 'James' He-3rd, mas, sing'

nom for 'James' You-2nd, com, pl, nom, for 'crowd

I-1st not (here) sing., nom., for speaker (he) My-1st,

mas (here) sing, poss, for speaker He-3rd, mas, sing,

nom, to speaker absent They-3rd, com, pl, nom, for

'crowd' Him-3rd, mas, sing obj, for 'he' My-1st,

mas (here), sing., poss, for speaker (companion) His-

3rd, mas, sing, poss, for some absent man You-2nd,

com or mas pl, or sing, nom., used for some unknown

person or persons addressed or referring to his' Me-

1st, mas, sing, obj for 'companion' i. e speaker. Yours

for you, poss case. You, as 'you' above, nom

(3) The pronouns are parsed below -

This-dem. pron, sing. 3rd, neut, nom to 'is' Your-

pers, pron, pl, com, poss, showing possession on 'book

Yours-pers pron, pl, com, poss, (=your baok). My-

pers, pron, 1st, sing., com, poss, showing possession on

'dog' It-pers, pron, sing, 3rd, neut, nom to 'will

( 18 )

bite.' You—pers. pron, pl, 2nd, com, obj of 'bite' I—

pers, pron , sing , 1st, nom to saw' Myself—rel pron,

sing , 1st, nom, emphatic Him—pers pron , sing ,

3rd, obj, govd by 'saw' Ours—pers., pron , pl , 1st

pers, com, poss case (=our field) Yourselves—refl.

pron , pl, 2nd pers, com, obj of 'wash' You—pers.

pron , pl , 2nd pers , com , nom to 'leave' I pers pron,

sing , 1st pers., com, nom to 'am' Yours—pers pron.,

pl , 2nd pers , com , poss (=your servant) Them—pers.

pron., pl , 3rd pers , com , obj of 'let' Themselves—refl

pron., pl , 3rd, pers , com , obj emphatic They—pers

pron , pl., 3rd pers , com , nom to 'wish.' Their—pers

pron , pl , 3rd pers , com., poss, governing 'money' Theirs

pers pron, pl., 3rd pers , com , poss (=their land)

It—pers pron sing , 3rd pers , neut , nom to 'is' Your—

pers. pron , pl , 2nd pers , com , poss , governing 'property'

(4). The pronouns supplied in italics —

She brought me my copy. After the servants had done

their work, the masters sent them away. You should not

take Rama's mango it is his, not yours. Take this letter

and post it Govind is wanting, tell him to come in

A tree is known by its fruit The count and countess at

first took their servants with them, but on the 2nd day of

their journey the count sent his men back, and on the

third day the countess sent her maids Shortly after, one

of their horses fell lame, and they stopped to have it

attended to. As they had no servant the count himself

went to seek the farrier On the way he met a man who

asked him where he was going He replied that his horse

had fallen lame and he was going to seek the farrier

"Don't go to that man," said he, "it is no use Let me see

the horse, and I will attend to it myself"

(5). Corrections, in italics —

They divided the books between him and me You and

we will go Did you mean him to do it himself? He will

not find fault with you and me

( 19 )

EXERCISE XIV.' (Page 40)

(1). Adjectives and pronouns parsed —

None—dem pron. pl, 3rd pers, com, subj of 'deserve'

of qual, pos, qualifg (men) Fur—adj of qual, pos,

Brave—adj qualifg (women) One—dem. pro, sing, 3d,

com, subj of 'can believe' Has—pers. pro, sing, 3rd, mas,

poss, for 'statement.' This—dem pro, sing., 3rd, com,

subj. of 'is' Yours—pers. pro, pl, 2nd pers., com, poss

(=your book etc). That—just like 'thus' above. Mine—

pers pron, 1st, sing. com, poss. (=my book etc)' None

—dem pron, sing, 3rd, com, nom to 'is' That—rel.

pron, (antecedent, 'none'), sing, 3rd, com, nom to

'doeth' One—dem. pron. case in 'apposition to 'none'

That—dem pron, sing, 3rd, neut subj of 'to be tou-

ched' He—pers. pron., sing, 3rd, mas, nom to 'took'

One—dem pron, obj of 'took' I—pers pron., nom

of 'took' Other—dem pron, obj of 'took.' Some—Indef

num. adj qualifg 'men' Better—adj qualifg 'men'

predicatively Others—dem. pron, pl. subj of (are).

Such—adj qualifg. (persons). As—rel pron, pl, 3rd,

com, nom to 'go' This—dem adj qualifg 'box' Larger—

adj. of qual, comp, qualifg 'box' tho 'is.' That—dem

adj qualifg (box). Ye—pers pron, 2nd pers pl. com,

nom. to 'beal' Oneanother's reciprocal prons., sing.,

3rd pers., com, poss. case showing possession on 'bur-

dens' It—pers pion nom. to 'was' Such—dem. adj.

qualifg 'night' This—dem. adj qualifg (night), An-

other—dem pron obj of 'let' Thee—pers. pron., obj of

praise' Thine—pers pron, poss governing 'mouth'

Own—adj emphasizing 'thine' This—dem. adj sing,

qualifg 'book' That—dem adj, sing., qualifg 'boy'

Both—dem pron, pl., nom to 'were.' Young—adj. of

qual., qualifg. 'both' thro 'were' One—dem pron,

sing, nom., to 'was' Beautiful—adj. of qual qualifg.

Fine—adj of qual qualifg. 'house'

(2) 3 Sentences with the pronoun 'one' —

One should not be careless of one's duties. There were

( 20 )

two cows, one black and the other white. That is a bad

box, but this is a nice one

(S) Sentences with the words given —

None of us was present on the scene. They gave one

book to him and the other to me This slate will not do,

bring another Men as such must be brave

EXERCISE XV (Page 42)

(1) Rel pron Antecedent Rel Pron Antecedent

whom man what (=that which) (that)

which book which faults

whom he who boy

what (that which) (that) which places

that man as water

but stream as monster

as same (pron) that dog.

as scholar as such (pron)

(2) Omitted pronouns supplied in italics —

He has forgotten what he said yesterday. That man

is not a friend whom I can trust There were none present

but pitied him. Avoid such as think lightly of the truth.

This is the boy who gained the prize He gets what he-

asks Is that the man whose name is so honoured? These

are the books which I bought. He undertook what he

could not perform There is no one but knows my busi-

ness Consider well what your answer should be

(3) The men who neglect their duty are not honoured

Return the chairs which I lent you

(4) All that glitters is not gold Great noise was

made by the boys and dogs that were in the room This

book is the best that I ever saw

(5) I can' give you what you want Do not do to

others what you do not wish they should do to you

EXERCISE XVI (Page 45)

(1). Parsing of pronouns in italics —

Yours — second personal pron , pl, com , poss (=your

book) My — 1st personal pron , sing, com, poss govern-

ing 'uncle' It — 3rd persl. pron, sing, neut, obj of 'gave.'

( 21 )

Me—1st persl, pron,, sing, com, obj of 'gave' Whom—Interrogative pron, 3rd pers, sing, com,, obj. of 'ask.'

We—1st persl pron, pl, com, nom subj of 'shall ask.'

Us—1st persl. pron, pl, com. obj of 'help' They—3rd persl. pron , pl, com, nom to 'shared.' Each other's—Reciprocal pron , sing. 3rd pers, com, poss. showing possession on 'sorrows' Whose—Interrogative pron., 3rd

pers, sing, com, poss, governing 'image.' Ours—1st persl pron, pl, com., poss govg 'praise' Theirs—3rd persl pron, pl, com, poss govg 'shame' Who—Rel. pron , 3rd pers, sing, nom to was.' antecedent 'Govind'

His—3rd persl. pron, sing. mas, poss., governg 'father'

This—dem pron, 3rd pers, sing. neut, nom. to 'is.' What=that which. That—dem pron, 3rd pers., sing., neut, nom after 'is' Which—rel pron. (antecedent that),

3rd. pers, sing, neut, obj of 'wanted' What—interrogative pron , 3rd pers, sing, neut, obj. of 'did wish'

These—dem pron, 3rd pers, pl, neut, nom to 'are.' Which—rel pron, (anti, 'exercises'), 3rd pers, pl, neut, nom to 'were written' Its—3rd persl -pron , sing, neut.,

poss, goveing 'sorrows' Each other—reciprocal pron, 3rd pers, sing, obj govd by the prep 'with' Our—1st noun 'house' You—2nd persl, pron, pl., com, nom to

'must prepare' Yourself—2nd persl, refl, pron , pl, com., obj of 'prepare ?' You—2nd persl pron., pl., com., poss, governg. 'examination' Theirs—3rd persl pron.,

pl, com, poss (=their dog) I—1st persl pron , sing, com., nom to 'cannot tell' What—rel pron (= that which) That—dem. pron., 3rd pers , sing, neut obj of 'tell' Which—rel pron. (ant 'that') 3rd pers' sing , neut nom. to 'has become' It—3rd persl. pron , sing , neut,

obj of 'of'

(2) Pronouns inserted in italics —

You who learn The books which we read Whose pen as is this? What do you like? Who discovered

America? What is it good for? Who is that man? Whether do you wish this or that? Do not say what you

(' 22 ')

know to be untrue. The two brothers should seek each

other's good Is it the man whom I sent for? To whom

did you give the bird which I bought? Whose mangoes

are these? I know whoever were present and whatever

was said.

(3) (a) 'Who' a relative pronoun —

1 Those who are idle are always poor 2 Re-

turn the book to the boy who gave it to you. 3 The women

who were present shouted loud

(b) 'Who'—an interrogative pron.—

1 Who told you this? 2 Who can draw

a map like this? 3 I do not know who broke the glass.

(c) 'What'—as a Relative pron —

1 Tell me what you have heard 2 What

is done is done 3 One always remembers what one

learns in childhood

(d) 'What'—as an Interrogative pron —

1 What is your name? 2 What are you?

3 What was the object of his coming here

(e) Demonstrative pronouns —

1 None but the brave deserve the fair.

2 You should not prefer this to that 3 He has a white

cow,but I have a black one 4 A judge, as such, should

be impartial

(f) Indefinite pron —

1 They say the Amir's visit will last for 7

days 2 Is it the man of whom you spoke? 3 One

should help one's fellow creatures. 4 Do not wish an-

other's evil.

EXERCISE XVII (Page 47)

(1) Runs—intransitive Shot—trans. Spoke—intrans

Reads—trans Laughed—intrans Bring—trans Re-

quired—trans To complete—trans. Rode—intrans

commenced—intrans. Broke—trans Grows—intrans

Blows—intrans Looks—incomplete. Broke—trans Is—

( 23 )

-incomp Learn—trans 'Became—incomp Made—trans Asked—trans Was fired—trans. Took—trans. Cannot make—trans Rode—intrans Learn—trans Trust—intrans Do—trans. Saw—trans. Hung—intrans Was—incomp Tried—trans To get.—trans Could—incomp Could reach—trans. Turned—intrans Are—incomp Could eat—trans. Had—trans.

(2) Sentences having transitive verbs —

Do not beat him too severely Get me a pencil The general commanded the army He began to attend school yesterday Who has been sent for? Let him carry the bundle

Sentences with intransitive verbs:—

He fell from the roof. The horse runs swiftly My brother arrived this morning. Do you wish to go there? The lamp was burning dimly The college reopened on 6th July.

Sentences having incomplete verbs —

Solomon was the wisest man of his age. This table appears to be very nice. She looks pretty.

EXERCISE XVIII (Page 49).

(a) Verbs in the active voice changed to the passive —

He was called by me Abel was killed by Cain A mango was stolen by him Her father is loved by her An owl was seen by me The bell was rung by him The man was bitten by a snake A chair was brought by Hari.

A letter was written by John. We are made slaves by our habits. His lessons were shown him by him, or He was shown his lessons by him We were given some mangoes by her, or some mangoes were given us by her. He was promised five rupees by us, or five rupees were promised him by us. The sun was hidden by a cloud. The sick man was seen by the soldier to stumble and fall. The Russians were often defeated by Napoleon, but at last he was defeated by the Russians

( 24 )

(2). Passive verbs changed to the active form —

Govind beat Ramn The Normans conqueread the English.

Gambling has runneed many Beginners make such mistakes. Vultures devoured the remainder Krishna broke the slate Prussia declaied war against France A tiger killed Rama's bullock His father brought a present for him Their howls made night hideous The government engineers will complete the tank. The servant should have pounded your rice

EXERCISE XIX. (Page 51)

(a) Verbs with their voice and mood pointed out —

Do.—active, Imperative. To err—active, Infinitive Is—active, indicative To forgive—act, inf. Found—act, indic One—act, indic Go—act, subjunctive Will let—act, indic Know—act, infin. Let—act, imper Despond—act, infin For bear—act, imper To trouble—act, infin Would help—act, indic Could—act, subj Had been—act, subj Should have seen—act, indic. Hear—act, indic Broke—act, indic Re-fused—act, indic To cumply—act, infin Hate—act, indic. Can send—act, indic Happened—act, subj. Was—act, indic Is—aot, indic Can do—act, indic Likes—act, indic Came—act, indic. To see—act inf Saw—act, indic. Were—act, subj Should ash—act, indic. Was taught—passive, indic Should hate—act, indic Saw—act, indic Decuded—act, indic To have—act, infin Lean—act, imp To act—act, inf. Say—act., indic Was known—pass indic Comes—act, indic. Will arrive—act, indic Like—act, indic Reached—act, indic Was setting—act., indic. Step—act, imper Speak—act, imperative.

(b) Examples of Gerund —

Walking is useful I like readying Going to bed and rising in the morning should be early Practice can teach riding as other things.

( 25 )

Examples of participles -

He came to me running. Overpowered by the foe,

his strength failed him. I have the chair repaired Ex-

tending his arms he ran to embrace his friend.

EXERCISE XX. (Page 53)

(a) Verbs, with their moods and tenses pointed out -

Shall send—indicative mood, future indef tense.

Asked—indic, past indet. Was doing—indic, past

imperf Hud filled—indic, past perf. Burst—indic,

past indef. Shall have—indic, future indef. Met—

indic, past indef. Was walking—indic, past continuous.

Shall have completed—indic, future perf. Have writ-

ten—indic, present perf. Are coming—indic, pres.

imperf Should see—subjunctive, future indef. Tell—

imperative, pres indef. Want—indic, pres indef To

speak—infinitive Shall come—indic, fut indef Will

give—indic, fut. indef. Be—subjunctive, pres indef.

Donot wake—imper, pres indef. Came—indic, past

indef. To ash—infinitive mood. Have been doing—

indic, pres perf cont Would have mattered—indic,

past perf Had spoken—subj, past perf Need—indic,

pres. indef Urge—infinitive Intend—indic, pres indef

To do—infinitive. Had known—subj, past perf. To

manage—infinitive. Could have happened—indic, past

perf Do not act—imper., pres indef.

(2) Corrections in italics. -

Last month I bought a house Is this 'correct? There

was a storm yesterday. I went to see him in the evening.

I had spent all my money before I received your letter

The mail has not yet arrived. He had studied for six

months before he left. I arrived this morning. I saw

him do it. The king was crowned this year The fleet

should have assembled a week ago. The swallows had

left before the winter began

EXERCISE XXI (Page 60.)

(a) Conjugation may be given according to the

following rule.-

(26)

For indicative mood, present tense put the pronouns

singular and plural, before the verbs as given, adding 'st.'

in the case of 'thou' and 's' in the case of 'w'. For the

past tense put the pronouns before the past tense of the

given verbs, adding 'st' in the case of 'thou'

The given verb 'itself may be given for both

singular and plural of the Imperative mood, with 'thou'

and 'you' understood.

The infinitive mood is made by putting 'to' before the

given verb The present participle and gerund are

formed by affixing 'ing' to the given verb. The student

is referred to the book for past tenses and past participles

The conjugation of 'serve' is given below for example

Indicative mood. Indicative mood past.

Singular Present Plural

I serve We serve I served We served

Thou servest You serve Thou servedst You served

He serves They serve He served They served

Imperative

Serve (thou) serve (ye, you)

Gerund Imperf participle

Serving serving

(2) Verb Mood. Tense. Person Number.

Walked. indic. past. indef. 2nd plural

Move do. pres indef 3rd plural

Go. do do 1st sing.

Wishes do do 3rd sing.

Cry do. do 1st plural.

Laugthest do. do. 2nd sing

Run imperative do 2nd plural.

Praised indic past. indef. 1st do

Ordered do. do 2nd do.'

Tell. imper. pres. indef 2nd do

To come infin

Called. indic. past indef. 1st sing.

Turnest. do. pres indef. 2nd do

Stop. imper. do. 2nd 'sing or pl,

( 27 )

Came. indic past indef. 3rd sing.

To shoot infin

Like indic pres indef 3rd plural.

Run do.

Fell do past indef 3rd sing.

Went. do. 3rd plural.

To beg infin

Saw. indic. past indef. 1st sing

Told do. 3rd do.

Make. do. pres indef. 2nd plural.

EXERCISE XXII. (Page 63)

The person and number of a verb are the same as those of its subject. the mood, and tenses are given below -

Will do--indic, future indef. Shall send--indic, fut. indef Shall kill--indic, fut. indef. Will bear--indic, fut, indef Should have done--indic. future perfect Will catch --indic, fut indef Shall go--indic, fut indef Will go indic, fut indef Will suffer--indic, fut indef Should hurt--indic, fut. indef Would take--indic, past. indef Be --imperative, pres. indef Were--indic, past. indef Had done--indic past. perfect To tire -infin mood. Have been--indic, past perf. Were--subj., past indef Would listen--indic. future indef. Should have thought--indic, past perf

(2) Auxiliaries. Principal verb auxiliaries. Principal verb

shall. say has. lost should. do ... have were. staying will come. is shall. send will tell should go.

EXERCISE XXIII (Page 67)

(1) The moods and tenses of the verbs are given below, the number and person being the same as those of the subjects -

Have been walking--indic, pres. perf. cont Commanded--indic past indef. Shall leave--indic., fut indef

( 28 )

Am going—indic, pres. imp Has departed—indic, pres perf. Write—subj, pres ind Shall have sent— indic, fut perf Love—imper, pres ind Had returned— indic, past perf Have, examined—subj pres perf Having defeated—Perf participle. Had been sleeping— indic, past perf cont Ought—indic, pres and To love— inf Look—imper, pres ind. Leap—indic, pres, ind

Am making—indic, pres imperf Has been speaking— indic, pres perf cont Will have arrived—indic, fut perf. Shall go—indic, fut ind May do—indic, pres Can remarn—indic, pres. See—indic, pres ind. Likes—indic, pres ind Is—indic, pres ind Come— subj pres ind Will go—indic, fut indef. Let—imper pres Stole—indic, past indef Steal—infin Should come—subj fut Will let—indic, fut indef Know— infin. Had invited—subj, past perf Should have gone— indic, past perf To have seen—infin perf. Would have been —indic, past perf. To be wasting infin imperf Is—indic, pres and To do—infin Is—(as above) Buy—imper, pres indef Sell—as ‘buy’

(2) The following notes will make the conjugation of any verb easy for the student if he studies with them the detailed conjugation given in the text

INDICATIVE MOOD

1.—Present Indef.—Put the pronoun before the verb (present), as given, the 3rd person singular generally requires ‘s’ or ‘es’ and the 2nd person singular ‘st’ or ‘est’

2. Pres Imperf—Present participle in ‘ing’ of the verb should be put after the present indef. of the verb ‘to be.’

3 Present Pref.—Past participle of the given verb should be put after the pres indef form of the verb “have”

4. Pres Perf cont—Pres participle of the given verb should be placed after the pres. perf form of the verb ‘be’

( 29 )

5 Past indef —Put the past tense after the pronouns adding 'st' to it in the 2nd pers singular.

6 Past imperf —Prest participle should be placed after the past indef form of the verb 'to be'

7 Past Perf —Past participle of the given verb should be placed after the past indef form of the verb 'have.'

8 Past perf cont —Present participle of the given verb should be placed after the past perf form of the verb 'be'

9. Future indef —The given verb preceded by 'shall' or 'will' should be placed after the pronouns. 'Thou' requires 'wilt' or shalt.'

10 Fut imperf.—Prest participle of the given verb should be placed after the fut indef form of the verb 'be'

11 Fut Perf —Past part participle of the verb to be placed after the fut indef form of the verb 'have'

12 Fut perf cont —Put the prest participle of the given verb after the fut perf. form of the verb 'be'

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

All clauses should begin with the conjunction 'if' The inflections peculiar to the Indicative mood should not be used, as, 'be' should always be used instead of 'am,' 'are,' 'is' etc, and 'were' is used for both singular and plural subjects, in the past tense In the future tense 'should' and 'would' are used for 'shall and 'will'

In the case of Imperative and Infinitive Moods and other parts see rules given under Exercise XXI

EXERCISE XXIV. (Page 70.)

(1) The whole conjugation may be given according to the rules laid down under Exercise XXIII, only the passive forms (as given below) of the given verbs should be regarded as given verbs and used instead of the active forms

Passive forms — Be slain, be forgiven, be shaken, be rewarded

(2) The' voice of the verbs is pointed out —

Art praised—passive Canst love—active Was beaten—

pas Will love—act Having hated—act Should love—act

Shalt love—act Were loved—pas Remember—act Must

learn—act Had been forgotten—pas. Shalt be rewarded—

pas. Recalled—pas Will come—act Should be punished—

pas Was informed—pas Might have loved—act Pre-

serves—act Is—act Has reached—act Had occurred—

act Would have written—active

(3) Past and future forms of the verbs are given

below, the remaining sentence standing as it is —

1 Sank, will sink. 2 Was, will be 3 Thundered, will

thunder 4 Lightened, will lighten. 5. Had taken, will

have taken. 6. Was going, shall be going 7 Was, will

be. 8. Were dashing, will be dashing 9. Was ap-

proved, will be approved 10 Had, shall have

(4) Second and Third persons singular given respec-

tively —

Catchest, catches Grindest, grinds Hopest, hopes —

Destroyest, destroys Injurest, injures Cravest, craves

Passest, passes Errst, errs Huntest, hunts Tuggest,

tugs Sobbest, sobs attendest, attends Differst, differs.

Appliest, applies Copiest, copies. Betrayest, betrays

(5) I have been attending the school for the last two

months. He has been learning his lessons

(6) They will be going to morrow. I shall be sitt-

ing quiet when you come next.

(7) Men were being slain in the fight. He was be-

ing rewarded for his feats of arms

(8) If I were being treated in this way I would not

bear it. If thou wert being taught that, thou couldst not

but learn

EXERCISE XXV (Page 74)

The student is expected to solve this exercise easily

as many of the same kind have been fully dealt with

before.

( 31 )

EXERCISE XXVI (Page 74)

(1) The emphatic form —

I do like him He did tell them. Do ask him I do detest tobacco Do bid them go away. The two boys did fight. Do come with me The sun does shine Their horse did bolt. The cock does crow early.

(2) The interrogative form —

Shall I go? Is he there? Have we some mangoes? Did your father pay him? Do you like music? Has she finished the book? Has he received my letter? Did they not understand the question? Is there a tiger in the jungle? Will he that sows iniquity reap iniquity? Doth a merry heart make a cheerful countenance?

(3) Tho negative form —

He will not go You are not fortunate My brother did not go away. I am not well Is he not afraid? I have not finished my exercise We did not find them at home He was not shot by the enemy A wise man does not keep silent. Donot tell me all. The tide does not come in slowly.

(4) Corrections —

Why do you come? What are they doing? When was the battle of Plassey fought? To whom will you give this book? Were you absent yesterday? Why did you tell my father? Why do you tell lies? How does the carpenter do his work? Has the teacher come? Why did you come? How then do you come here?

EXERCISE XXVII (Page 76)

Will fell—weak, trans, act, indic, fut indef., 3rd person, sing, agreeing with its subject ‘ gardener’.

Does thunder—weak, intr., act., indic, pres. indef., 3rd person, sing, agreeing with its subject ‘it’.

Tell—strong, trans, act, imper., pres., 2nd pers., pl, agreeing with (you).

To run—strong, trans, act., infin. simple obj. of ‘tell’.

( 32 )

Sighed—weak, intr, act, indic, past, 3rd pers., sing., subject 'he'

Prayed—parsing the same as that of 'sighed'

Thought—str, trans, act, indic., past, 1st pers, sing, subj 'I.'

Rained—wk, intr, act, indic., past, 3rd pers, sing, subj 'it'

Died—wk, intr, act. indic'past, 3rd pers, sing. subject. 'he'

Fly—str, trans, act, indic, pres, 3d pers, pl., subject 'children'

Are fighting—str, trans, act, indic, pres cont, 2nd pers, pl, agreeing with its subj 'you'

Dare—str., intr, act, indic., pres, 1st pers., sing, subj, 'I'

Cone—str, intr, act, infin., complement of 'dare'

Is sitting—str, intr, act, indic, pres. cont, 3rd pers, sing, subj. 'parliament.'

Would-withered—wk, intr., indic, past, perf, 3rd pers, pl., subj 'flowers'

Had watered—wk, trans, act, subjunctive, past perf, 1st pers, sing, subject 'I'

Might passed—wk, intr, act, indic, past, perf, 3rd pers, sing, subj 'he'

Had studied—wk, intr, act, subjun., past perf, 3rd pers sing subj 'he'

May take—str, trans, act, indic, pres, 2nd pers, pl, subject 'you'

May have—same'as above

Tell—str, trans, act, imper., pres, 2nd pers, pl, subject (you)

To come—str, intr, act, infin single obj of 'tell'

Should have gone—str, intr, act, indic, past perf, 3rd pers, sing, agreeing with its subject 'he'

Ordered—wk, act, indic', past ind, 2rd pers., pl, subject 'you'

Built—str, trans, act, indic, past, 3rd pers, sing, subject 'father'

Go—str., intr, subj, pres., subj. (you.)

( '33 )

Shall follow—Wk, trans, act, indic, fut, 1st pers, sing, subject 'I.' To err—Wh, intran, act, infin simple subject 'of 'is' Is—str, intr, indic, pres, 3rd pers, sing subject 'to err.' To forgive—same as 'to err' subject of (is).

(2) In the following examples, the student himself can easily tell whether a verb is regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, active or passive. The person and number of a verb are as those of its subject so we give below only the mood (where it is not indicative), tense and the subject, with which it agrees.

Defer—Imper present, subj (you.) To be—Infin object of 'defer' May rise—pres. indef, subject 'sin'—Is—pres. ind, subj 'it' To pause—infin simple, imposition to 'it.' To make—same as 'to pause but trans To rust—same as 'to pause' To breathe—infin simple, subject of 'were' Were—subjunctive, past indef, subj. 'to breathe.' Is crowing—pres imperf, subj 'cock.' Is flowing—subj. 'stream' Twitten—pres. indef., subj 'birds.' Doth glitter—pres indef, emphatic, subj 'lake' Sleep—pres. indef. subject 'fields' Easeth—pres. indef. (old form) subj. 'it' Cured—past indef subj 'it.' To think—infin, simple, in apposition to 'it.' Have endured—pres perf. subj 'others' Be—imper pres., subj (you) Lies—pres. indef, subj 'that.' Will rise—fut indef, subj 'nobleness' To meet—gerundial infin. coming after 'will rise.' Will see—fut indef subj 'thou' Gleam—infin, simple, complement of 'will see'. Will be shed—fut. indef., passive, subj 'life' Will be—fut. indef, subj —' thon'

(1) EXERCISE XXVIII. (Page 80)

COMP. SUP. COMP. SUP.

sooner soonest more excellently most excellently

more most more seldom most seldom

nearer nearest, hext worse worst.

louder, loudest.

( 34 )

(2) Adverb forms.—

Joyfully, hastily, laughingly, doubly, only, likely, upwards, daily, simply, wearily.

(3) All watches are machine made That wealthy man is purse proud The leaves, of some plants are tongue shaped. He is a time serving man The colour of your turban is sky blue His was a world wide repuation

(4) Adverbs parsed —

Never—adv of time, modifying the verb’ put’ Off—adv. of place, modifg ‘put’ Today—time, modifg ‘should be done’ Twice—time, modifg ‘think’ Once—time, modifg ‘speak.’ Where—place, modifg ‘is’ There—in troductory, modifg ‘is’ There—same as ‘There’ Pretty—adj used as adv modifg the adj ‘good’ Not —negative, modifg ‘is’ Thoroughly—quality, modifg ‘good.’ Much —quantity, positive modifg ‘is’ Too—quantity, modifg ‘slow’—Yet—time, modifg. ‘are’ Enough—quantity, modifg young Very—quantity, modifg, ‘easily.’ Easily -quality, modifg ‘learn’ There—place, modifg ‘lived’ Long -time, modifg the adv. ‘ago’ Ago—time, modifg ‘-c lived’ Once—time, modifg ‘more’ More—quantity comparative, modifg ‘nobly’ More—quantity comp, modifg ‘nobly’ Nobly—quality, modifg ‘could have acted’ Yet—conjunc-tive adverb modifg ‘disappointed’ Sadly—quality, modifg ‘was disappointed.’ In general—adv phrase, modifg ‘are’ Always—time, modifg ‘tīy’. Distinctly—quality, modifg ‘read’ At last—phrase of , time, modifg ‘have’ Most—modifg ‘bitterly’ Bitterly—quality, modifg ‘lament’ None—pron used as adv. modifg the adj. ‘worse’ Hard—adj used as adv modifg ‘working.’ Generally—quality modifg ‘are’ Most—modifg ‘whole —some , Home—n. used as adv modifg. the participle ‘made.’ Necessarily—quality, modifg ‘are’ Too—degree, modifing the adj ‘thief-proof’ In fire-proof and thief-proof (proof against-fire and thief), proof,’ which is a

( 35 )

noun has been used as an adj. and there fore fire and thief (the nouns) may be regarded as adje bs modifg. proof (the adj. here).

EXERCISE XXIX (Page 81.)

The prepositions are given in italics, while the words they govern in the objective case, after them in ordinary type—

From, case. Down, side. Of, hill. For—flowers. On, bank From, virtue To, vice Of, silver. In, Calcutta. By, sea. On, tree. Beside, river Between, lions, and tigers Round, world Above, me In, class. Across, fields. To, tank For, whom Amid, crowd Of, ocean At, intervals Of, ‘day’ and ‘night.’ In, tropics. For, days About, business.

EXERCISE XXX (Page 83)

(a) The prepositions are in italics and the words they govern in ordinary type

Instead of, him about, (which). according to, accounts Except, Rama. Out of, house and home Not worth-standing, entreaties On account of, weather; (or on, account, and. Of, weather). With, reference To, proposal On, account Of, difficulty Of, (which) the construction being of which to complain In, manner With, regard To, matter about, (which) In, doubt. For, restoration. Of, peace To, action Of, avail With, help Of, artillery By, tune notwithstanding, interruptions

(2) Down, prep—He went down the hill

„ adv—sit down near the corner.

Behind, prep—There were hundreds of spectators behind the procession.

„ adv—The general was in the front and the army followed behind

Below, prep—To do this mean act is below your dignity.

(36)

adv.—Look for this a little below in your

book

Within, prep.—He came within an hour.

adv.—There was no one within.

EXERCISE XXXI (Page 86)

(1) Conjunction and their class—

While, subordinative Except, subord. Till, subord.

'If, subord. As well as, co-ordinative phrase That, subord.

So-as, correlative. Neither-nor, correl although, subord

Either-or, correl 'That, subord As well as, correl phrase

Lest, subord

(2) Conjunctions and prepositions pointed out separately.—

And, conj On and with, prep. Either-or, conj But, conj

Neither-nor, conj Than and although, conjunctions.

From and to, prep Within, prep At, prep Though and yet, conj As well as, conj. To, prep. Instead of

prep. Lest, conj. To, prep.

Syntax

EXERCISE XXXII (Page 92)

(1) Parsing of the subject and its verb—

One subject and its verb are parsed fully below as models, in other sentences only the subject and its verb have been pointed out. The student is expected to supply the remaining details himself The same method will be followed in all the following examples, to avoid unnecessary enlargement of the book.

Lion—Com, n, 3rd pers, sing, masculine, nom subject to the verb 'roars' Roars—Week, intr verb, act, indic, pres indef, 3rd person, sing, agreeing with its subject 'lion' Bombay—subj. to 'is noted' Romans—subj to 'destroyed Krishna—subj to 'learns', lesson-obj Years—subj to 'have passed' Motion—subj to 'is'. To deceive—subj to 'is' Heroes—subj. to 'have been rewarded'

School—subj: to 'teachers' lessons—obj subj to 'may be classed' To rejoice—subj to 'is'. Regularity—

(2) Corrections in italics:-

The state of his affairs is very prosperous

The evils of life are numerous enough.

Here came the men

'The pleasures of sin are short

The eyes of the fly are very curious.

You were there too.

The pyramids of Egypt have stood more than three thousand years.

How does your new coat please you?

A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye'

Were you at school to-day ?

The leaves of the tree are falling

No ! say I (1st pers).

It is one of the best books that (pl.) have been written

He that is diligent will improve

She and I are of the same age

Who broke this state?

I (broke)

They that seek wisdom will be wise

To practise the virtues is the sure way to love them

To honour our superiors is our duty.

To do to others as we wish that they should do to us, constitutes the principle of virtue.

Some say that there have been a great many changes made on the staff lately.

EXERCISE XXXIII (Page 94)

(1) Parsing of collective nouns -

Youth (pl) subj. to 'are'

Parliament (sing) subj. to 'is composed'

Multitude-(pl) subj to 'pursue'

Crowd -(sing) subj of 'was dispersed'

Fleet-(sing ) subj of 'was sent.'

Army-(sing ) subj of 'was addressed'

Assembly-(sing ) subj of 'was.'

Senate-(sing ) subj of 'were taken'

(2) Corrections in italics -

The meeting does not recommend the plan

The number of failures increases

When the tiger appeared, the flock was scattered

The party was broken up.

He said the sheep were so numerous that he could not count them

This class of persons is an example

The army was routed

Their riches make them idle

The scissors are sharp.

The tongs were heavy.

Where are the compasses?

He used to wear silk trousers

Dickens's 'Household words' is in the library.

His collection of birds is the best I have seen.

The company was broken up by the arrival of a stranger.

(38)

EXERCISE XXXIV (Page 95)

(1). Verbs and nominatives pointed out —

Are—agreeing with its subj ‘Ceylon and Java’ are—subj, ‘Fiance and England’ Are—subj, ‘energy and perseverance’ Rise—subj, ‘honour and shame’ Have arrived—subj, ‘King,’ ‘queen’ and ‘prince’ Crossed—subj, ‘Hannibal’ Napoleon—subject of ‘crossed’ understood. Are—subj, ‘faith, hope and charity’ Was saved—subj, ‘man,’ ‘woman’ and ‘child’ separately—Is leaving—subj, ‘merchant’ God’s—obj of ‘with’ Must get—subject, ‘you and I’ Is—subj ‘guide.’ The construction of this sentence is ‘The guide is to be blamed, and you are not to be blamed’

(2) Corrections in italics —

The picture, the slate and the book belong to me

False hope and false terror are equally to be avoided

Both he and she are still there

You and I have been disappointed

Are you brother and sister at home?

Copper and tin are soft metals

Sorrow and silence are strong

Happiness and misery are from within.

Hannibal, with his army, was able to cross the Alps

Each man and woman gets food daily

Govind, as well as Kishna, was late

A knife and fork is ready for you

Heaven and earth seem to meet at the horizon

The cape of Good Hope, as well as the China Seas, is famed for hurricanes

They and I have lost our pens

Where is his bread and butter? (one idea)

Rama, and not you, deserves the prize

EXERCISE XXXV (Page 97)

(1) Important parsing —

Youth—abstract n, sing, 3rd person, neut, subject to ‘is.’ Beauty—same as ‘youth’ (neither youth is a security nor beauty, is a security) To court and to forsake subject to ‘is.’ Precept and discipline—subj to ‘is’ Box—subj to (is burnt) Books—subj to ‘were burnt’ Leader—subj to (was aware) Men—subj to ‘were aware’ Moon—subj to (was seen) Stars—subj to ‘were seen’

(39)

Town—nominative absolute Enemy—subj to 'raised'

That—Dem. pron.; nominative absolute. Son—Nom.

absolute. Thou (leading)—Nom. absolute. (The par-

ticiples following these nominatives are all absolute

participles.)

(2) Corrections in italics —

Either he or his brother was in Mudias To scorn or

to hate is equally sinful Your approbation or disappro-

bation affects him more than you imagine Neither life

nor property was respected Man's happiness or misery

depends chiefly upon himself Neither the captain nor

the sailors were saved Neither health nor riches are to

be depended on Either I or they are in fault.

EXERCISE XXXVI (Page 98)

(1) Discontent—subject to 'injures' Who—subject

to 'foster.' Virtue—subj to 'is' Vice—subj to (is).

Reward—nominative after the verb 'is' and so is punish-

ment Greatness—subj to 'consists' You—subj to

'can repeat.' I—subj of 'shall send' Follow—V agree-

ing with its subj (you) Stop—just as follow They—

subj of 'becomes' Are—agreeing with its subj 'wounds'

Kisses—subj of 'are' Man—subj of 'was tormented'

I—subj. of 'have been (tormented)' Says—agrees with

its subj 'author' Come—subj (you) Says—subj 'he'

Let—subj (you) Dine—V Infin mood simple. I—

subj. of 'wish' Cried—subj 'father.' You—subj

to 'would send' Had considered—subj.'I.' I—subj

of 'might have given'

(2) Corrections in italics —

What are they copying? Why do you bring it? Why

did you bring it? How, then, did you come here? Why

does he go so often? How is this sum to be done? For

what does he do this? How does the carpenter do his

work? Why are you going? Where do these men come

from? What did the teacher say last night? In what

book did you read it? How much money do you have?

( 40 )

Is your father sick? Did you come yesterday? Why did you come? How can we spend our time foolishly when we know that hereafter we must give an account of our thoughts, words and actions? Were he ever so great and opulent, this conduct would debase him (conditional) Were his pen good, he would write more distinctly (sub junctive without 'if'). Long be yours his help (wish)! At what time does the lesson begin? What are you saying? I do not understand you after forsaking him in his difficulty, how shall I ever look him in the face again? How I shall rejoice to see my country once more!

EXERCISE XXXVII. (Page 100)

(1) Nouns in apposition pointed out -

Author-case in apposition to sub. 'Valmike' Paradiase Lost-N, case in app. to 'work' Discoverer-case in app to 'chambers.' City-in app to 'London' Thames-Proper N. in app. to 'River.' Soldier and historian-in app. to Xenophan. Philosopher-in app. to 'Socrates' Myself-in app to 'I' (emphatic) Thing-in app. to 'They were oringes' Tribe-in app to 'saxons,' Own-adj emphasising 'his'

(2) Correct form -

Call at smith's, the hatter and draper The plan was Pitt's, the great-politician and premier The head was John's, the Baptist. The expression is Johnson's, one of the giants of literature I have a letter of Cowper, the poets' Those colours are the Victory's, the flagship of Nelson. I have been reading an essvy of Bacon's, the lawyer, scholar, and philosopher. The poor of London are not so badly housed and fed as those of Berlin or New york. The works that stirred the multitude most were his, who had till now been tongue tied.

EXERCISE XXXVIII (Page 102)

1. Nouns and there cases pointed out -

Friend'-vocative case House-obj of 'to'. Terror-subj of 'is' Cassius-vocative case. Threats-obj of 'in'.

( 41 )

Creation—vocative Science—subj. of ‘guides’. Sun —vocative Source—case in apposition with ‘sun’. Light—obj of ‘of’ Stranger—vocative case. Grove— obj. of ‘of’. Hills—vocative case in apposition to ‘yo’. Country—obj. of ‘of’. Cromwell—vocative case. Tear— obj. of ‘shed’.

2. The possessive form of the given sentences :- Reynold’s, West’s and Lawrence’s paintings are greatly admired Thomas’s John’s and Henry’s books are come Burke, Fox and Pitt’s oratory has been greatly landed. Have you obtained your father and mother’s consent ? The emperor, king and prince’s presence added dignity to the ceremony He lost not only the king’s confidence, but at the same time also the chancellor’s I was guided not only by the surgeon and apothecary’s advice but also by the physician’s.

3 Corrections in italics —

From another’s experience do thou learn wisdom. The poet’s genius would have immortalized the monarch’s deeds The scholar’s improvement is the master’s object. He rises as on eagle’s wings We should not interfere with others’ affairs The teacher’s learning commands the boys’ respect. They should have been attending to their friend’s (or friends’) affairs The width of the street is insufficient The envelope of the letter is torn. Thacker Spink and Company’s bookselling establishment is very extensive. The house you so admire is John, Alexander and William’s.

I called at Longman’s, the well-known publisher and bookseller These are the proverbs of Solomon, the celebrated sage, and king of the Jewish people I live at Raeburn’s, the celebrated portrait painter. His father’s worth, to say nothing of his uncle’s, has greatly assisted him The Andromeda’s crew not the Invincible’s nor the Victory’s, has been paid off

It was the house of his father’s sister’s son Have you read the General’s account of the great battle? Of some books of each class of literature; a catalogue will be

( r 42 )

given. The ship is commanded by the nephew of Lord

Raglan's cousin The death of the son of the emperor's

uncle was universally lamented It happened that the

rod of Moses swallowed up the rest He was appointed

in Felix's room (correct) —Achilles was Pelens's son

(correct). This picture of the Queen's is a very striking

likeness of her (correct). Were you present at the sale

of the pictures of the Queen or Queen's pictures (both

correct)

Another trick of the lawyer's has been detected. That

adventure of the heroe's has excited great astonishment.

(correct) The Task is a poem of Cowper's The law of

gravitation is a discovery of sir Isaac Newton's (cor.)

This arose from the count's associating with bad people,

and was the cause of his losing office The dislike origi-

nated in the queen's intercepting certain letters It oc-

curred in consequence of the letter remaining unanswered

(correct) The door of the house is open. an Amritsar

shawl merchant called to-day.

I wish to buy some furniture. They wear English

coat and trousers. Pottery is made in Staffordshire.

He gives a deal of trouble He came on some of his

business. My circumstances are very miserable Go

to the market for some vegetable (correct). Some say

that to increase the liberty of women would tend to harm.

He instilled proper notrions into my mind There was

a great fall of rain. You should give charity to deserv-

ing beggars Do you like potatoe (correct)? Milk is

nourishing food Water is best. This book contains

beautiful poetry Rama gave me much abuse

EXERCISE XXXIX. (Page 105)

1. Adjectives with the nouns they qualify attribu-

tively or predicatively, use being expressly stated —

Twelfth, therteenth—‘centuries’ Only commercial—

'people'. Hard, brittle—‘body’ Yellow—‘colour'.

Little—‘smell'. Weak—‘taste’ Long—‘way’ (pred )

Cold—‘wind’ (pred) Infirm, old—‘minstrel’ (pred).

Profligate—‘life’ Miserable—‘death’. Few, few—

( 43 )

'men' (understood) Many—'men' (understood). Many—'way' Two, such—'lessons' Nobler, manlier—'one' (pron). Worse—'inn' Worse—'room'. Softer—'Gold' (pred) Harder—'Gold' (pred.) Melted—'Gold'—(pred). Mean, despicable—'To tell' (noun infinitive qualified predicatively) Thus—'edition'. Better—'edition' (under-stood) Better—'To confess' (pred)

2 Corrections in italics —

Of all the planets Jupiter is the largest Newton and Kepler were both great men, but Newton was the pro-founder of the two. Australia is much larger than Great Britain, but the latter is far more powerful Throw away the worse part. He once saw happier days. His horse was the swiftest of all in the field. My father is older than yours The welfare of the soul is surely preferable to that of the body The tongue is like a race-horse, which runs the faster the less weight it carries. Whose fame is as universal as Alexander's? Your com-position is perfect as compared with mine John's speci-men is the complete of all.

3. Transformation of sentences into the comparative form —

Napoleon was greater than all other modern European generals. Britain is richer than all other nations. London is larger than all other Capitals in Europe. Mary is prettier than her sisters. Mount Blanc is higher than all other mountains in Europe. The Missouri-Mississippi is longer than all other rivers Socrates was more patient than most men have ever been Thackery was more popular novelist than all others except Scott Asia is by far greater than all other continents

EXERCISE XL (Page 107)

Corrections in italics —

Let each boy look after his books Neither of them eats. Either of the plans is good. He was surrounded on every side. He goes to England every too years.

{ 44 }

Give me any of the five. I did not hear a speech of any interest from 'any of the able members present in the house Did it injure either of his eyes? None of the three coolies have' done much. I shall gladly accept either of the' two bouks you please

I have not seen him these six mouths Those kinds of remarks are very hurtful These sorts of people are not to be trusted He despises dancing and all those sorts of things It was deeds of this kind in which he lighted

The boy and the girl have been equally to blame, the first contrived the fault' and the second committed it. Virtue and vice are as opposite to each, other as light and darkness, that enables the mind and thus debases it. Britain has great advantages for commerce and manu-factures, that is facilatated by the extent of her coast and the excellence of her' harbours, & these (manufactures) by her inexhaustible supplies of iron and coal It is better to fall among crows than among flatterers, those devour the dead body only, these the living

A temperate spirit and moderate expectations are excel-lent safeguards of the mind,in this uncertain and changing state' 'Peter the Great of Russia wrought in the dock-yards as a ship-carpenter He is a scholal, good and respectful to his teacher This room is twenty feet long and sixteen feet wide. He kept'aloaf

EXERCISE XLI (Page 111)

The parsing of articles is very easy. The articles, whether definite or indefinite, pointed out the noun or nouns put after them, such as,

The--definite article pointing' out the n 'gardener'

2 Corrections in italics -

A good boy is the delight of his parents. A virtuous woman is the ciown of her husband. The evening star does not twinkle The Ganges is an Indan river. He used to wear a beard The English language is a good one ' You are a fool to say that. After a long time he

{ 45 }

came. An ox was found in a (or the) jungle. He went to Ceylon. Water is necessary to man He understands Grammar. The cocoa-nut palm flourishes in Cochln I have studied Grammar, Arithmetic and Geography. How timid a creature is the deer! Gold is a heavier than lead.

Give him a hundred rupees A great many ships sail to-day A thousand men made a sally. In Africa there are a great many lions.

The sun gives light to our earth The French were defeated at Waterloo. This was the greatest of all the Mogul Emperors. The king of England rules over a large part of the Earth He struck him on the mouth. Can you look him in the face? He gave me the best advice The mango is a good fruit. Do not neglect the study of English. Can you tell me the longest river in Europe?

What noise he makes in school! Lizards eat flies. Do you think me foolish? No, I consider you to be very wise. Cats kill rats The sun gives light and heat to the earth The viceroy went to Delhi for the Durbar Socrates was the wisest of the Greeks He suffers from a disease of the heart A crow alighted on a fruit tree in a garden. and the owner of the garden saw the crow he ran for a gun. Rama is a wise and good man. He received from the King the title of Duke. The whale is a mammal. The industrious alone deserve success.

EXERCISE XLII (Page 113)

The corrections are given in italics : insert in the dotted spaces the omitted parts which are correct.

A brave man and accomplished officer published his account of the siege. A small and a large bear were shot. A green and yellow bird was canght. I bought ..pounds. (correct). A red and a white cow ..field

The pious and learned Newton was there The General. the Admiral the ambassador, and the Consul, met for consultation. He has a slate, an hour-glass, a book

and a pen

The young and the old, the learned and the ignorant, the prince and the peasant, are liable to misfortune.

The captain lost a leg and an arm

Bring a pen, a book and an subholder

Demosthenes speaker than soldier

Vitellins epicure than Emperor.

I. than fool

He ..qualities (correct)

He qualities (cor )

Few men is He needs a little correction.

I have a small claim against you.

You have small claim on my regard

Many a man . same

Never seen so large an elephant before

He is a much better writer than reader.

Many a man .perseverance.

Do not entertain too high an opinion of yourself.

I . how great a mistake committed.

Such a trifle.. thanks

That would be too dangerous an attempt

He all the books he stole.

I .many a favour

It .large a book . through

EXERCISE XLIII. (Page 116).

1. Syntax of pronouns —

Its—poss c possessing 'reward'

He—subj. of 'interested'

His—poss. c to 'friends'

Themselves—obj of 'interested'

He—subj. of 'must go'

It—subj of 'is surrounded'.

They (riches)—subj. of 'would corrupt'

Her—poss. c to 'son'.

She (duchess)—subj of 'saw'.

It—Impersonal pron subj. of 'was'

She, subj of 'fled'

Him (son) obj of 'with'

He and She—subj of went.

They (he and she)—subj of 'had visited'

Their (they) poss. c. possessing 'father'.

2 The italics are the pronouns supplied the dots standing for correct omitted portions of the book, which the student should insert —

The ships to their destination

I trusting you will prove diligent

Is path? and does it lead wood ?

When completed his years of service he was discharged

The book . though it has about.

The crowd . through it

When interrupt him.

If the have them as soon as possible.

The long but its remaining Charles II.

( 47 )

3. Corrections in italics —

You are the ..book. Those mangoes are his. Your obedient son My father has sold his house These fine you Your pen...bring it? Rama is.. call him? My sister knows it, shall I ask her? Having said so, he (she, or I, we or you) went away.

It is he who would have betrayed me. They should know that it is their . consulting. It is the King who said it Neither I nor you have done our duty Either he or I must resign our office Neither my brother nor cousin has been unmindful of his affairs.

The fleet .but it did not ..long. The committee occupy it long. The house of commons was summoned ...before it. The meeting . after it assembled. You and I will remain. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well. My father and I are going to England. You, Govind and I will come. The teacher invited him and me Which of these ..it? Who did it? It was I. Which...bring? (cor). These things. Whom...Esplanade? (cor). Him and her.

EXERCISE XLIV. (Page 119).

1. Parsing of Relative Pronouns:—

Who—(antecedent—‘those’) pl subj. of ‘tell’. Who (antec. ‘teacher’—subj. of ‘adopts’. What (=that which) That—demonstr. pron obj of ‘choose’, and which—rel. pron (antec. ‘that’) subj of ‘is’. Which—(antec ‘Cæsar... country’)—subj of ‘was’ Who (antec ‘Socrates’)—subj of ‘cried’ That (antec. ‘days’) subj. of ‘are past’. That (antec. ‘those’) subj of ‘are’. That (antec. ‘person’)—obj. of ‘of’.

2 Pronouns supplied in italics.—

The boat which sails. Thou who knewest it. I who speak to you. They . would, who take..it. Let the... him who deserves it. This Example ..those that are not to be imitated Who do you think was there?

The infant which was sick has recovered. This is the officer who commanded the party. I shall...model

( 48 )

that I can find. Who that can ..treatment? Newton... philosopher that the country has produced He is the same as" published the poem ' He horse that you ever' saw The men and the measures that you. of.

He soldier, which' has . grief He is misfortune; which, you mind The court, which should vice The family with which I Australia. He on whom we . us Whom (or what) did the coach run over? He laid not whom Whom shall we etc ? Men him whom 'they fear

3 Omitted, relatives or antecedents supplied in italics —

He knows the man whom I spoke of The poems' which Cicero wrote are lost It, seem that I ever wit- nessed. Lord Mahury history which you etc. Have . Cook which I recommended? Did you man whom I- etc? One who lives poor. One (or he) who seizes . hastily One (or he) who lives rich Him, whom he, would, he slew and him, whom he would,' he kept alive

4 The following is the correct arrangement —

I sold the horse, which I bought last year, for a small price He who has done this, has'certainly shown him self'inot to be a friend The lesson, which was so ill-pre- pared, has brought down severe punishment on him He that is void of compassion, is like'a beast of prey Bring it to me' Whom do you call ?

EXERCISE XLV (Page 122)

1. Parsing of the various kinds of objects with the verbs which they follow, the verbs to be parsed in the' ordinary way —

Sent—T. verb governing the objects 'him' and 'me' Assist—govg 'you' Whom, obj of 'met' Think— T. V. governs 'whom I met ' Home—adverbial obj Him and them govd' by 'know' Thou, complement of the's Int. V...'art' Ridicule—T. V. governing 'the wise' and '(the) good,' Are—Int V. followed by subj complt., 'companions' Bring—governs 'virtue' and 'itself' in

( 49 )

apposition to each other Young—complt. of 'he was' 'What was the first thing—retained, obj. of 'being asked' Thing complt. of 'was,' which obj. of 'learned' answered—governs 'To speak etc' To maintain (simple infin.) governs 'spirit (of mind).' (Noble) spirit—obj of 'marks.' Nothing—obj of 'have' Relief—obj of 'afford' What (=that which)—that obj. of 'imparting' and which obj. of 'feel' To see—obj of 'is (cheering,' and governing 'persons.' Resist—infin. after 'see,' governing 'allurements.' Pursue—infin. after see gorg. virtue & 'knowledge' as obj. Hare governs 'none' to which 'silver' and 'gold' are in apposition Man—subj complt of 'is' Esteem—obj. 'whom' Miles—adverbial obj. Rupees—obj of 'cost' Feet—adv obj Years—adv. obj. Mile—adv. obj Him—Indir obj., and Rupees—dir obj of 'paid' Me—Indir obj and astronomy, dir. obj. of 'taught' Me—indir., and favour—dir obj Me—indir, picture—dir. obj appointment—retained obj of 'was promised' Privilege—ret obj

2. The active voice changed into the passive.—

He and I were sent by my father to assist you who do you think, was met by me yesterday when I was going home? He and they are known by us, but who art thou? They by whom the wise and good are ridiculed are dangerous companions, virtue itself is brought into contempt by them "To speak the truth" was answered by Cyrus, when young, being asked what was the first thing when was learnt by him A great and noble spirit is marked by maintaining a steady and unbroken spirit oft afforded to others by them who have nothing to give, by imparting what is felt by them 'To see all the allurements of vice being resisted and virtue and knowledge being steadily pursued by young persons who are courted by wealth and pleasure, is cheering and delightful to every good mind. He is a man who is greatly esteemed by me. He was paid sixteen rupees by me or sixteen rupees were paid him by me. I was taught astronomy

or astronomy was taught me by him. I was refused favour or favour was refused me, by him. Let the truth be told me or let me be told the truth, by you I was showed the picture or the picture was showed me by you

3 Corrections in italics -

Thee, 'my forget.' You should punish him who not me who am innocent. Those who have respect Me, who have .. insulted. Her and them I know, but who are you? They acted ..defending themselves: Her that does not guard her reputation, all prudent persons will avoid Come, let covenant, me and thee Lay the book on the table. He never was known to swerve from the right path Set it up against the wall His defalcations,were connived at

4 'Two sentences of each verb are given below'1-

He broke the glass (trans) The glass broke (intr)

He burnt the infected clothes (trans) The fire burns (intr) Never drink wine (trans) To drink much is a bad habit (intr.) He ate the fruit (trans). Have you eaten ? (intr ) Donot more the table. (trans) Move down a little. (intr.) He rides the horse very skilfully (trans). Do you know how to ride? (intr ). Turn your attention to the book (trans ) The wheels turns (intr )

He walked a distance of 5 miles (distance cognate obj). He walks slowly (intr )

EXERCISE XLVI. (Page 124)

1 Complement pointed out -

Country—subj after 'is' Metal—subj after 'is.' He—subj after 'were' He—subj after 'could not be' loss—subj after 'to be' For man—complt of 'was made' Feeling— subj after 'is.' In 'wst it he, Or brother is a subj after 'was.' He—subj after 'was' (the 'whole, 'it was he,' being obj of 'think ) Man—subj after 'seems' Judge—subj after 'was appointed' In bad taste—complt. of 'was' Without fear—complt of 'is' In excellent health—complt of seems. Hard—complt. of 'is,' Whom--(here used as a double Relative)

( 51 )

him whom—him—obj after 'to be', and whom (antecēdent him) obj of 'will (take)', or' while analysing the clause 'whom he 'will,' may be put as obj. complt of 'to be' 2. Corrections —

It is she You believed it to be him I suppose it to have been him who told you? Believe me it' was not we Art thou proved? Ay, that I am not thou I know not whether it were they who committed the crime, but I am certain it was not he It appeared to be she that opened the letter. She is the person whom I understand it to have been. Whom do you think me to be? Let him he whom he may, we donot care I understood it be him who was suspected. It was they whom we saw.

EXERCISE XLVII. (Page 126)

1 Parsing of the verbs in the infinitive mood — To pardon—simple infin in apposition to 'it' To punish—simple infin. app to 'it' understood. To give and (to) receive—simple infin in app to 'it' and '(it)' respectively To do—Gerundial infin often 'man' To be reconciled—ger infin govd by the n. 'anxiety.' To grant—ger infin ,govd by the v 'was reduced.' To call—simple infin govd. by 'asked' To obey—ger. infin, govd by 'willingness.' To be—simple infin after 'declared.' (a copula) Doing—gerund obj. of 'from.' To come—ger infin. after 'write'

2 Corrections —

They forced him to do the work. I think of going home etc. The sight made him tremble He is very fond of reading novels I requested him to do it; but he bade another do it I durst not do anything which might displease him. (correct). You need not ask any more Bid the peon procure it. Would they have reject etc? The multitude wondered when they saw the lame walk and the blind see. Did you feel the table shake etc? The comets have been observed to move orbits Queen Elizabeth was known to possess...mind. No nation has been found to excellence etc The prisoner was immediately let go. We saw the lightning flash,

( 52 )

3 Sentences with an infin. Mood as subj. —

To err is human To give is more blessed than to

recieve. To respect one's elders is good. To learn your

lesson is your duty To lead a virtuous life must be

your aim

4 Sentence, with an infin as object —

He learned to read fast I told him to do this He

wished to go I intended to take part in the ceremony

Do you know to write legibly.

5 Sentences with the Infin Passive without 'to' —

He was let go. They were let sleep undisturbed You

will be let come here every day The boys were let play

The thief was let run away.

EXERCISE XLVIII (Page 129)

1 The tenses of the verbs and the gerunds are given

below —

Hate—Pres Indef, subj, 'I' Is—Pres Indef, subj —

'reward' Lying—V noun, obj of 'hate' Keeping—gerund

obj of 'In' Reached—past indef, agrees with 'we.'

Taking—'gerund'obj of 'by.' Succeed—past indef, agrees

with 'He' Begging—gerund, obj of 'by.' Turns—pres

Indef, agrees with 'Poverty.' Supplying—V. n, obj. of

'upon' Enjoying—gerund, obj. of 'upon.' Awakened

—Past Indef agrees with 'tales' Wandering and seek-

ing—Gerunds, obj, of 'for' Spent—Past indef agreeing

with 'I.' Visiting—Gerund obj. of 'in' Thinking—

Gerund, obj of 'By' Will ascertain—Future indef.

agrees with 'you.' Meaning—c 'n. obj of 'ascertain'

Is—Pres indef agrees with 'He' Loving—Pres Parti-

ciple, qualifg 'child' Hearing—Pres Part qualifg 'I'

Began—Past indef agrees with 'I' Overcome—Past

Part, qualifg 'he' Burst—Past indef agreeing with

'he' Marching—Pres Part qualifg soldiers predic-

tively Hear —Pres indef agrees with 'I' Flying—

qualifg bullets and neighing, 'horses' predicatively.

Impaired—Part adj qualifg. 'strength' Rendered—

Past indef agrees with 'strength' Looking—Pres part.

qualifg. 'I.' Donot take—Pres. indef. agreeing with 'I.'

( 53 )

2 Correct forms :-

By the roaring...alarm. Preparing the statement etc.

The middle .for gaining wisdom. Acquiring any thing...

perseverance. In tracing his history .imitation. By

observing truth esteem

He has broken his leg. He would have gone with us,

etc. I would have written to him The bullock was

stolen. The English language is spoken in...world. He

showed me the prize The grass was trodden down The

work well executed He drank the water eagerly. He

has chosen to give, etc. His friends have forsaken him.

3 Gerund as subject -

Reading books extends knowledge Lying is a sin.

Walking is useful. Gambling is hurtful.

Gerund as object.-

He likes playing. By doing the work you will acquire

a practice He is fond of talking. You will under-

stand the sentence by thinking on it.

4. Participle governing a noun -

I saw him doing the work. He came reading a newspaper.

Thus ordering the man, he went forward. The policeman

detected the thief stealing the cow

Participle qualifying a noun and modified by an ad-

reb -

I found him walking slowly. He came running

swiftly. Advancing hastily he quenched the burning fire.

The soldiers, marching quickly. reached the destination.

EXERCISE XLIX (Page 129 )

1 The parsing is all easy, except the following -

At two o'clock—Two, adj used as a noun, obj of 'at'

O'clock = of clock I shall required-In this sentence,

before is a conjunction, joining the two sentences, preced-

ing and following The road ago —Ought—V past t

to have been finished—V. simple infin, complement of

'ought.' year—adverbial obj, ago—adv modifying 'finished'

2. Corrections in italics -

The ship arrived last week. I have been speaking a

long time. Yesterday I was to the Museum. I came to

see you on Monday. This book was printed in 1893.

I saw him an hour ago. I have been suffering days

I finished the work this morning. He has been ill of

Monday. The teacher gave me leave. I studied gram-

mar last year. He has forsaken all companions. I

began to do it. He has worn out service. The an-

cients asserted that virtue is its own reward. The doctor

always produces thirst. Cicero - whatever is useful

is good, I had written me. He has gone to Bombay,

Since you left I have been wholly engaged in business.

I am not persons see them exemplified. He has been

Governor of the Province for the last three years. I do not

he arrived this morning etc. There were several great

wars in Europe during the last century.

EXERCISE L (Page 132)

1. For forces of shall and will used with different

persons the student is referred to the text. One or two

examples, are given below -

I shall. Calcutta - 'shall' denotes simple futurity.

We will etc - wish of the speaker. His grief will not etc -

simple futurity.

2. Corrections with reasons in brackets -

I shall not be you (evidently the action does not

depend on the will of the speaker). Shall I write to him?

The speaker wants to know (the wish of another). I shall

be obliged etc. (The same, as in the 1st sentence). We

should be right etc. (The same, as in the 1st sentence;

for the refusal is a matter of right and propriety). Until

I shall die, I will never etc. (Dying is beyond one's

power, while the latter clause is a promise). I hope I

shall succeed. (Success is beyond the speaker's power).

Shall I be allowed to go? Just as 2nd sentence). Should

we hear a good etc? (Just as in the preceding sentence).

I trust what I should do. (The speaker having no

control).

3. Sentances as required -

(1) I will not allow you to go. (11) I will do my

best for him. (111) We will not run any risk. (1v) Shall

( 55 )

I go home? :(V) Shall we inform him of it? (vi) Shall

I have to learn this by heart?

EXERCISE LI (Page 133.)

1. The moods of all the verbs are given below.—

Were—subj. Would tell—subj. Should try—subj.

Would—subj. Offend—subj. Pluck—Imper. Pay—

subj. Will be put—Indic. Am asked—subj Is and

say—indic Meet—subj Bid—imper. Make—infin.

Had been—subj Could excuse—indic. Have—imper.

Come—subj Steal—imper—Be—subj Preserve—subj

Shall be devoted—indic Rain—subj Shall not go—

indic Were—subj. Should be—subj Slay—subj. Will

trust—indic Offend—subj. Rebuke—imper. Repent

—subj Forgive—imper.

2. The student should make the sentences himself

just like those given in the text for parsing.

EXERCISE LII (Page 135.)

1. There is nothing particular in the parsing of these

sentences as far as rule XXXIV is concerned.

2. Corrections in italics —

I had finished my letter . arrived. It is :.we met.

He said that he would not grant etc. I hoped he would

pass I, am.. I may succeed. I request that you

will, kindly etc. I write. I may have an answer.

I warned ..so he would incur blame. I told...it-was

vain etc. He was . I would-not know him if etc. If you

..., you will find the island.

Govind said that oil is lighter etc. If I. water are

two ' .Seneca said.. wickedness is a blessing.' Tacitus said

• .which are unseemly are unsafe. I wished to submit

my etc The girl said, if her master would but let her

have money, she might be well long ago It is while men

sleep that the arch enemy always sows his tares.

EXERCISE LIII. (Page 137).

1. The Indirect form —.

I told him that the weather was stormy. I told him

that the journey would be long. The master told the

( 56 )

boys that a prize would be given to the most diligent.

Pilate said that what he had written, he had written.

My brother said that he had been very ill. His sister

exclaimed that her book had been lost You said that

you were going You told me that he and I were going.

You told him that he was going You say that you are going.

You tell me that I am going The chairman said that his

authority had been publicly questioned He replied that

he could not admit that He told me that he had found

my book. You say that you will come We say that

he will come. I told him that I had helped him several

times. 'We said yesterday that we would come I told

him that I had much pleasure in granting his request.

I told her that all her faults would be pardoned if she

confessed them. The Bible says that the way of trans-

gressors is hard

2. The Direct form—

Govind said, "I read (or have read) this book."

The master said, to you, "you may go." He said, "What

can I do to help you?" The merchant said to you, "you

ordered (or have ordered) all these articles " John said

to James, "let me know what passed (or has passed) "

The magistrate said, "I am sorry to be obliged to take

such measures. He said, "what did I (or he) do yester-

day?", He said to the peon, "I have been robbed by

my servant !

EXERCISE LIV. (Page 140)

The Indirect form —

He asked him where he was going He asked me

which was the book I like best. He asked her if she

know all the subjects for the examinations. I asked him

at one who had told him that I asked him

but himself in danger The king ordered his attendants

to bring to him all the traitors they had captured, and to

put them to death before they had time to escape. He

exclaimed how unlucky they all appeared to be. He pro-

posed that they should each try to help the man a little.

The beggar entreated the lady to pity the sorrows of a

( 57 )

poor old man whose trembling limbs had borne him to

her door The beggar took the money from her praying

to God to reward her I proposed to them that they

should do nothing till they had heard the king's reply

I thanked him and told him that I should not need any

more help The governor, in reply, thanked them for all

the information they had given him, and said that he

had quite expected they would address him on that sub-

ject, and that he would bear the matter in mind.

EXERCISE LV (Page 141)

1. The Indirect form.—

He asked me why I was troubling him then He told

me to go home and said that he would see me that even-

ing. He told us that he was sorry that he had failed to

see us the previous day, but that he would undoubtedly

be at leisure the next day. He advised them to do it in

that way, and to try again if they failed the first time;

and said that they would certainly succeed at last. He

thanked me for all my help and said that he would not

have finished the work till the next day unless I had been

there In reply they ordered him to go to the master

then; and said that they would certainly tell him nothing

until he had seen him (The words in italics could as

well be me, me, I or you, you, you respectively). My

father addressed me as his boy and asked if I had

finished my lesson yet. I replied in the negative and

said that, that lesson was very difficult; that I had been trying

to do it the previous day, but had not succeeded. If My

father advised me not to mind it and said that I should

be all the better for trying even if I did not succeed.

2 Corrections in italics —

The teacher told you to sit down. The master said;

"I will let the boys go home" I told him to ask his

master if I could see him I told him to go with me.

He told me to 'go. He said, "I will come." I heard him

ask her, "Why do you not runaway?". I told her not to

open the door. I said, "Why were you not diligent?"

Govind said, "We are to stay here"

( 58 )

3 The Direct form.—

He said to me, “My mother is just now absent from

house, but you should not on that account defer your

visit as she will without doubt return in a few days”

The young officer said, “I am as old as the prime

minister of England, and think myself as capable of com-

manding a ship as that (or this) minister is of governing

the State ”

He said to me, “When do you intend to leave Cal-

cutta?” I replied, “As this is the day of Examination,

I can not leave now, but hope to do so tomorrow ”

EXERCISE LVI (Page 142)

1. Had I not seen it etc In this the verb is in the

subjunctive mood. The rest of the parsing is easy enough.

2 Corrections.—

Why do you not write to me? Did you not tell him?

No, I did not Did he not meet you yesterday? Yes,

he did meet me. Why do you not go away? Why will

they not come? Can the boy not read? No, he cannot

3 The negative forms —

I am not hopeful They are not going home He

did not send the horse yesterday The king is not jealous

of his prime minister This is not well written I had

not intended to go He was not killed in the battle.

My brother did not write that Do you not understand

the question? Have you not money?

EXERCISE LVII (Page 144)

1. The parsing of adverbs is easy

2. Corrections —

The garden is ill laid out but the situation is re-

markably good If the letter is not badly written, send

it He speaks very beautifully Newton lived in a man-

ner agreeable to the dictates of piety. No man could have

acted more nobly. I am wonderfully delighted with it

Suitable to his condition. was the behaviour he always

exhibited The river flows rapidly The youth has been

carefully brought up He acts very sensibly on most oc-

casions, but he behaved most meritoriously on the last.

( 59 )

EXERCISE LVIII (Page 145.)

1 'Corrections'—

The master taught the boy very well. He 'renounced

his country for ever. They intended to carry their ope-

rations farther. Melville proposed to invite the king

back. Nelson attacked the enemy's fleet most courage-

ously.

Only I am left. Only England has possessions in

South Africa. Italy has every gift of God, not only free-

dom. He is seldom in his place, or never. It is my

intention not to compel, but to advise you. He regards

not only his health, but also his reputation. I will not

go be he ever so pressing.

2. Different meanings of the given sentences —

( i )=not other person promised a book. ( ii )=he

did not give a book but only promised it. ( iii )=He

promised no other thing but only a book For the mean-

ings of the last three sentences the student is referred

to the text, art. 348

EXERCISE LIX (Page 148)

1. Parsing ordinary

2 Corrections in italics —

Her I am .with him. Except thee I have etc He

laid not whom of the party They gladly made up the

ransom themselves. Between you and me there is much

mischief in it

Is it I (whom) you mean to compare him with ? The

Turks were the next people whom the Russians made

war against You surely know not whom you etc. He

is wholly unacquainted with the principles of the art, and

consequently incapable of explaining them One of the

conspiratores wrote to the Emperor and informed him

of the daring scheme

Give me a little salt I failed last December. My father

regretted my leaving I will go tomorrow Listen to

what I tell you. It is no use talking. He refused to

( 60 )

alteil his deoision My brother went to Bombay I saw him this week. Send me some money. He should me favour This horse etc. (correct).

He went (cor) He was kicked by his horse They months in Bengal ' He lives in London. I have him for a long time. Come in a week I cut it with a knife Is Ceylon to the south India? I have been a candidate for four months It rained in the morning

On Frid'y evening he etc I send letter through Govind The whole ..overrun by the invaders It is... school,(cor )

The speech afforded no information It is no uncommon thing. He affirmed that he would on no account grant the request; I have not done anything that should bring blame upon me. I cannot remember anything about it! Nothing ever affects me like that

We must study always agreeable. The field having been of ten tilled, will crop Sometimes men's view's are strangely altered by skilful hints

Rama walks very slowly. The following sentence cannot but be understood I hope not to true those much whom I shall happen not to please. They proposed to share the fruit equally These opinions have been generally held in évery age

EXERCISE LX (Page 156.)

Corrections in italics, where possible -

I am tired of his advice Give an instance of a proper noun ' 'I have a desire for that with which he complied He'had been applying for this post I acquainted with his loss ' The proposal was agreed to by the others

Never be guilty of rudeness' Such behaviour were unwor thy of you ' She is afraid of a dog We are now accustomed to these inconveniences. He is resolved upon going etc. She hid f allen into the well. He has profited by loss. I wholly dissent from his reconciled to it

What we conformable to our instructions He has resemblance to his father abhorrence of deceit. He

( 61 )

is so eager in the pursint . difficulty in making him attend

to anything else As a ..attend upon his lady, who was

glad of his services.

This is quite adapted to common use. He has. angry

with him as with me He should angry at trifles He

ordered me to be taken to Mysore Ram has...resem-

blance to his father We have far too many examinations

to be conducive to success If I was to listen to what

you say I should go home at once. I cannot refrain from

saying that I believe in his innocence in the crime with

which he is charged You must apolog se to him for your

remark I don't know what was the matter with you

that you should act in such astragew I stayedatalarge

hotel wh-n I was in cilcutta He increased in height so

quickly that he grew out of all his clothes To finish a

dispute by heiping aluse upon your antagonist is likely

to do more lurm to yourself t n to him As you made

an exception to the rule in my brother's favour I hope

you will also make one in mine

EXERCISE LXI (Page 156).

All the preposition to be inserted are given below in order.-

To, upon Against, of, in To, over, of, to, of Into,

by, of, to With. On with Upon, to Upon, in, of

To. Upon With, of, from, on. On, to, of, for. To, of

Of, for To, to To, upon. To, for

EXERCISE LXII. (Page 157)

Of, of. In, from, in With. From, with Upon, of,

in With, of To To, at, on. At, of, from, to. At,

from, to For, to, of, with After, of Of, in,

from, to Of, on, of From Of, with, of. In, of, in, of,

from, fiom.

EXERCISE LXIII. (Page 157).

With, of, for To, upon, of, in On, with, on To, of,

for For, on From, by. Of, to, from. In In, of, for, in

upon. Of, in, of, for Upon with, of. To. With, for

(62)

of, against in, for With To By To. Of For From,

to, of From Of To, with With, about, in From

From, of In, of, from, by.

EXERCISE LXIV. (Page 159)

1 For parsing the student is referred to exercises

under Etymology, pages 7-90 of the text.

2 Corrections in italics —

He railed... and me. Did I and beg you etc ?

They would .. nor suffer others etc The day . and

hestening upon us, on which etc. Thon and scotland did

each in other live Whether he buys, sells or exchangs,

he etc. If he and attends to etc

I am . than she. I would . . scholar than a wealthy

sonh. He attended . pursuit than that flowers. I

am .....was none.other . , than whom none etc.

It 'will neither improve the mind nor delight the

imagination He is in the habit of writing both sermons

and plays He is as good, if not better, as he Neither

the good nor the bad are free from reverses It is goes

or stay's I must be so plain as to tell you that etc.

His sight weak that he can indistinctly.

EXERCISE LXV [Page 161]

Correct forms —

These kinds at pleasures etc He speaks as if he were

in a passion. The suspicions that they attention He

made one, he only excepted. I am , and who recom-

mends it to others. Whomsoever you send etc Do you

know whom I mean ? The rain has been universal this

moonsoon. She who relies understanding. He is .

energetic than his brother, but not as he The work

than him. He would neither do it himself nor let etc

The advancement of both was remarkable. Yesterday it

rained heavily, but to day it is clear and hot. Both he

and I should comply with your regnest Unless he

applies himself more he will never be learned If he were

( 63 )

to come, it would etc Either.. riches are sought. She and he are etc.

This adjective admit.

But changing it to worse will etc

EXERCISE LXVI (Page 161.)

What the.. imagination dictates flows readily You will third page

marks a base mind The woman . excelled her in needlework They army , a few days ..enemy. He was not cut off with the sword ..died of thirst.

The fair sex mingle with the affairs . life, has its own part assigned to it. This carriage is preferable to the other and cheaper than it. He has eaten no food nor drink any water these two days. I was afraid I should lose my money Bashfulness . avoided, that rendering . pity, this of aversion. The motions of a vortex and a whirlwind are perfectly similar

EXERCISE LXVII (Page 161)

In proportion to the predominance of either of those qualities, the language etc. Be honest, and do not take any shape or semblance of disguise Unless he has more of Government to himself, he will always be discontented.

We have applied to the collector, and have the judge's interest To compile a dictionary seems least practicable of all in a state of blindness Of all the essays, mine has the fewest faults It would have afforded me no pleasure if I could have performed it. I intend to live suitably to my situation. The king ...by the laws... power this is called tyranny, that freedom,* There is no incensed desperate person but can provide a knife or pistol, if he be inclined to use it or (then) I shall be glad to arrive at my journey's end I received a parcel containing all of T'akeray's and Dickens's work.

• (N.B - The rule about the use of 'one' and 'other -§251, p 106 of the text-differs from that given by Mr Nesfield who seems to be correct on the point 'One' is generally used for of two objects referred to obore)

( 64 )

EXERCISE LXVIII. (Page 162).

He is a Nero, which is another name for cruelty. He had a great taste for these studies, and therefore much improved in them. Richelieu profited by every circumstance The objects of a divine and a human legislator are very different You seem to have a prejudice against me Bad qualities are sometimes remarkably over ruled to effect a good end. There are many more shining qualities in the mind than discretion, but none so useful tended for etc From those, with whom you associate, your etc The child whom we saw yesterday etc. In tracing his history we discover etc By domineering over all etc This was occasioned by swerving from the path of duty. He went a captain, but but returned a general The bellows are good for nothing, there is a hole in their side He speaks in his sleep. Upon this subject he thought differently from him. Power after prevails over right

EXERCISE LXIX. (Page 162).

It is an error to say that the aloe blooms but once every nundred years He has shot, fifteen brace in one day Bread-and-butter is wholesome , He greatly valued the favour the queen had granted him Pice is high-priced just now, and so is fish You and he can succeed only if you persevere The friends and pursuits that please him most are not of service to his reputation. By such a temptation as that, many a youth has fallen He spoke in so ffectionate a manner that I could not but listen to him Not a few churches were burnt down in the fire of London, and more houses The enemy does not regard such a force as we can bring into the field.

Decrt is meaner than any other vice, and, can be cherished only a depraved mind The lion the tiger and such other cannvorous animals are fiercer than the gramnivious Such a friend, as has acted the part he did, should be gracfully cherished The dishonesty of the Thessalians was proverbial. Few are wise enough to prefer useful reproof to treacherour praise

( 65 )

EXERCISE LXX. (Page 162).

Whom did you expect to see here? I was considering neither James nor John when I did it. I have neither gold nor silver. I wish to lie down. A remarkably fine horse. As neither Rama nor Govind are going, let you and me go. I saw the secretary and the treasurer, and they examined my accounts. Of all nations, the English are the greatest. He told you and me that he would come. Who do you suppose was ready to go for it? There was no one but her in the room (Cor.) Neither of these boys has learned to read fast. Each member of our families has been introduced to the other (or all members of our families have been introduced to one another). The people in the room were divided into groups. I write a letter that I may have an answer. Neither you nor I am invited. Whom was thus meant for? (Cor.) They all perished with thirst. With how much did his father send him to the town? He rode on horseback several times driving a herd of oxen before him. I have no occasion for your services. He divided his property among his four sons. He plunged into the river and swam across it. That remark is unworthy of notice. A fleet of twenty gunboats was seen. The public is (or 'are') respectfully informed. My love and esteem for him remain unaltered.

EXERCISE LXXI (Page 164).

All the subjects are given below, the omitted parts being predicates —

Cæsar. Sin. The rainy season. The earth. Painting. He. William the conqueror. The valley of the Ganges. The righteous. The pure in heart. Day and night at the equator. Glass. He. The boy. You. To return good for evil. Professing regard and acting differently.

EXERCISE LXXII (Page 165)

The subjects are given in ordinary type and the adjuncts in italics, the numeral denoting the serial No of

( 66 )

one of the 8 kinds of adjuncts (given in the text) to which

each belongs —

Wisdom's ways (3) Evil communications (1).

Denial of a fault (4) Every (1) day in the life (4). A

little (1) wrong done to another (6) The sense of duty (4).

One (1) hour to-day (of to-day) (4). The effort to succeed

(7). All (1) men. We The lightening Hope The

captain's (1) child, six years of age (5). To be happy

without friends (4) Universal (1) pity for the suffering (4)

No (1) man with a proper sense of duty (4) Knowledge

acquired without effort (6). Attempting to please every body

(6) be To jump out of bed at the first moment of waking

(7). Having been censured for idleness (6)

EXERCISE LXXIII (Page 166).

In the following the parts within brackets are predi-

cates and those in italics are attributive adjuncts or verbal

complements —

'The stars (twinkle) Lord Lansdowne (became

viceroy). He (is in good health) It (is I). The man

(was of great size) The way (was long). To try (is

the way to succeed). A thing of beauty (is a joy for

ever) He (is poor) (was) he (happy)? The wily

thief (caught at last) The rain (ceased) The moon (is

shining brightly) Rama (appears to be diligent). The

timber (is yonder) The poor widow (came weeping)

Rain (seldom falls at Aden) The public library in Man-

chester (seems to be the largest etc.) The river flouring. ..

side (looks like thread) (Through ....study) he (be-

came one ..day).

EXERCISE LXXIV. (Page 168)

The objects with adjuncts are given below, the objects

being in italics.—

Him (Direct), much joy (Factitive). Him (Indir.);

swimming (Dir.) The crow (Indir), much attention

(Dir). To be sun A soldier's death (cognate) The

boys. Their time to fall To help poor. Four ripe

mangoes. No money to pay for her food. Him. Me

(67)

(Indir), to speak English (Dir). Him Me (Indir.);

an ounce of ciret (Din) A wall six feet high Putting

temptation .. others His sou's going to sea. All things.

To send me .. volume You, good morning (Fuctitive).

A very foolish choice

EXERCISE LXXV. (Page 169).

All the adverbial adjuncts are given in order, the

figure denoting the number of the grammatical class (as

given in the text) to which each belongs:-

To Agra (3). A year ago (2) By the sea (3). In

time (3). Along the coast (3) For laughing (;) Twice

(1) Then (1) Forward (1) With all his might (3)

On a ground (3). From not, clothes (3) How clever-

ly (2) In a . land (3). Day and night (4) Having...

remarks (3). For over a year (3) At that moment (3).

Often (1) By false appearances (3) Today (1). From

the . . virtue (3). Twice over (2) Without the . . rain-

tion (3). Ever (1). In the . peasant (3) After . prac-

tice (3) With greater ease (3). When (1) When sum-

mer comes (adverbial clause to "the days are longer").

If you . me (adverbial cl to "I shall etc"). Where I ..

lesson (adv cl. to "I shall etc."); and when (1). As the

. cloud (adv cl to "so honour etc") Through a dark

cloud (3). Through the meanest dress (3).

( 68 )

EXERCISE LXXVI

Analysis of simple sentences (Page 173).

SENTENCE

The battle of Greece

A wise father

Ambition often

The good (persons)

An hour

A desire to excel

Idiſſe give

Tall oaks ... grow.

SUBJECT.

Noun-Adjuncts

or equi-valent.

Much like of Māri-attle

A wise

Ambition

the good (persons)

An hour

A desire to excel

I

Tall oaks

Finite verb

maketh

puts

are

may dis-play

will sti-mulate

did give

grow

Complements

upon offices

happy

to exel-tion

from little acorus

Extension.

of Greece

father

often

alone

well

Predicate

Adjmots to object.

of the lumber-typer of Greece

a good

men

the em-pineſs of hum-grandeur

1 the fellow

2 a trulie

(69)

temple 1 the splendid 2 of Jerusalem

easily

By a...Proficiency of the gift of speech but very little

of the by the standers

the saracen (injur) did

Then (1) by thunder riven (2) by my little daugter

at any time

is to renter enjoyment

is not defined

did excited

shook

to rest the descent

dange- rusting

is

Solomon the son of David

Pride that never fools

To create creatures wants

Animals the infer-ior

The com-of the old plants man

The blow

the hills

The dog was named Jack

we wearied with fast the higher peaks

To climb

Solomon, the son Jerusalem

Pride, that easily defined.

To create creatures enjoyment

By a wise speech.

The complains by standers

The blow did the saracen injur

injur

y.

Then shook riven

The dog daugter

des- with.

Wearied to the higher

To climb ..thing

( 70 )

EXERCISE LXXVI

SENTENCE

To have to work... man.

All but he gone I asked quietly.

During the eaily. horizon.

London, tho capital England.

A refined mind.... Hope, the balm.. misfortune.

All silently ....sky

SUBJECT.

Noun or its equi-valent

To have to work bread -i-but he all I

clouds

London

mind

moon

Finite verb

is had gone asked rose is situ-ated loves soothes drops

Complements

to disgrace to any man on the Thames England

Extension

quietly During the day (1) above the horizon (2) under every mis-fortune down (1) behind the sky (2) all silently (3)

Object

him(1882 business to con-template of Nature us

Adjuncts to Objects

PREDICATE.

(Page 173)—(Contd)

( 71 )

him

her, lender

accept no

Full many a (1) of pur-est. (2) serene

gem

headlong (1) flaming (2) sky with hid-ing (3) our com-bustion (4) Down to perdition

from her (1) throne (2) in mis less mercy (3) now (4) forth o'er a (5) world

often (1) to seek thee (2)through .green (B)

burled

sable god-desses stretches

did rove

beur the dark unfath-omed (1) of ocean (2)

the Al-mighty Power

Night

I

caves

Him the Almighty Po wer...perdition

Night, sable goddess, a...world.

To seek thee...green.

Full many bear, by a gem...

( 72 )

EXERCISE LXXVI (Page 178)—(Contd)

SENTENCE.

Full many a ...

From the all house feet

Silently, one by one ...angels.

SUBJECT.

Subj. Enlargement

flower

Full many a

the loud singing- and convivial applause feet

PREDICATE

Finite verb.

is born

came

started

the love-ly (1) the forget-me-nots angels (2)

Complement.

blossom-ed

Extension

all to blush

From the ale house street

silently one by one (1) one (2) in the in-finite heaven(3)

Object

Enlargements of object.

( 73 )

ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES

Kind of Clause

Clause

Principal clause

Adject clause to head in A

Principal clause

Adverbial clause to head in A Noun-clause object to verb in B

The Cause.

(1) A. Usury has the head

B. That wears a crown

(2) A. The secrecy of this remark I borrow patently

B. Because selflrem

C. That it was just

Subject proper

The head that

I

I

it

Subject (to Juncts (to Attributive Ad- Verb

ml

ml

ml

it

it

Tri- pite Verb

lies

wears

bore

knew

was

Predicate

Object with (unifying words

Com- plem- enting Adjuncts

Un- eary

ml

patently

it

it

ml

a crown

the seventy of this re- mark

clause c

it

Some of the sentences are analysed in the tabular form while the remaining ones are broken up into their clauses which are simple sentences in themselves and the student is expected to analyse them (Page 179).

(74)

EXERCISE LXXVII

ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES

(Continued)

(Page 170)

Kind of clause.

Principal clause

Adject-clause to pred in A

Noun-clause to object to showed in B

Principal clause

Adject clause in A to house

Adverb clause in A to went

The Clause.

(3) A Sir Isaac Newton was the first B who showed C The every ray of light from the sun consists of differentcolours

(4) A Having visited the house we went round the town B Where my grandfatherwas born C Whilst my father called upon his lawyer

Connective

who

that

where

whilst

Subject

Subject proper

Sir Isaac Newton

who

ray

we

my grandfather

my father

Attributive Adjuncts (to subject)

(a) every

(b) of light

(c) from the sun

my

my

Finite Verb

was

showed

consists

having visited

went

was born

called upon

Predicate

Complement

the first

Object with qualifying words

clause C

the house

the town

his lawyer

Adverbial Adjuncts

round the town

when

it

how

whither

it

it

(1) out (2) with that resolution

at the door

formerly

it

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

by the captain of the ship

nil

to my companion

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

some little acquaintance

nil

was born

was brought up

lived

went

was lost

are not told

was going

was met

had

agreed

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

nil

he

who

he

he

he

we

I

I

I

he

when

who

and

and

after

nil

nil

Noun clause

object of old In R

Co ordinate to A

Co ordinate to A and B

Co ordinate to A and B

Adverb clause in D

clause to

Principal clause

Adverb clause to

clause met in B

Principal clause

Adject clause to captain in B

Co ordinate to B

(5) A When he was born

B Whom he brought him up

C, How he lived

D, And whither he went

E, After he was lost sight of,

F We are not told.

(6) A As he was going out with that resolution

B I was met at the door by a ship captain

C With whom I formerly had some little acquaintance.

D And he agreed to be my companion

( 76 )

7. (a) 'It was valley'—Principal cl

(b) 'that we garments'—adv to 'so' in (a)

(c) 'which we then'—adj to 'garments' in (b)

(d) 'when we mists'—adv. to 'found' in (c).

8 (a) 'considering etc he has progress'—Principal. cl.

(b) 'that the subject is quite new'—N cl., obj of 'considering' in (a)

(c) 'upon which engaged'—adj to 'subject' in (b)

9 (a) 'It is notice'—Principal cl.

(b) 'how some obstacles'—N cl obj. of 'to notice' in (a) · springing obstacles' being enlargement of the subject "minds"

10. (a) 'The part of the mill was . storey'—Principal. cl.

(b) '(which) she best'---adj to 'part' in (a)

(c) 'where were grain'---adj to 'storey' in (a)

(d) 'which on'---adj to 'heaps' in (c)

(e) 'and (which she could) slide down continually' adj cl, coord. to (d)

11. (a) The meanest herb (and) the loveliest flower renews its odours and its hues to second life at spring's sweet call'—Principal cl

(b) 'that scents the gale'---adj cl adjunct to 'herb' in (a)

(c) 'that blossoms in the vale'---adj to 'flower' in (a)

(d) 'even when it dies'---adv to 'renews' in (a) 'To second life' in (a) is a complement.

12. (a) 'I condemn us flocks to slaughter'--Principal cl. 'To slaughte'---complt

(b) 'that range free'---adj. to 'flocks' in (a)

(c) 'for taught by that power I learn to pity them'— adv. to 'condemn' in (a)

(d) 'that pities me'---adj. to 'power' in (c) The part (d) is rather an independent cl coordinate to (a), and the whole would therefore form a compound sentence

13. (a) 'and what delights ... those'---Principal cl.

'what' adjunct, 'can equal' F verb.

(b) 'that stir deeps'---adj. to 'those' in (a)

(c) 'when one reaps a truth from one'---adv. cl. to

'stir' in (b)

(d) 'that loves'---adj. to 'one' in (c)

(e) 'and (that) knows not'---adj. cl, coord to (d)

(f) 'that loves'---adj to the 2nd 'one' in (c)

(g) 'and (that) knows'---adj. coord to (f)

14. (a) 'see some friend'---Principal. cl

'(You)'-subj, 'see'---F. V 'some strange comfort and pride friend'---obj 'attend every state'---

complt

(b) 'see sum fit. supply --- Independent cl., coor-

dinate to (a). 'Supply every age'---complt.

(c) 'Hope travels through'---Indep. cl, coordinate

to (b)

(d) 'nor (=and not) quits us'---Indep. cl., coordinate

to (c) (Hope)---subj

(e) 'when we die'---adv. to 'quits' in (e)

The sentence is a compound one

15 (a) 'Let all the ends be thy country's...Truth s' ---

Principal (You--- subj. 'Let'---F verb, 'all

the ends'---obj 'be Truth's' complt

(b) 'at (which) thou aims't'---adj cl. to 'ends' in (a)

16. (a) 'Ill fares the ..prey'---Principal. cl.

'Ill'---complt. 'To hastening . prey'---adj. to

subj.

(b) 'where wealth accumulates'---adj to 'land' in (a)

(c) 'and (where) mendecay'---adj cl. coord. to (b).

EXERCISE LXXVIII. (Page 183).

Analysis of compound sentences :-

1. (a) 'Neither a borrower be'---Principal. (You) subj.

(b) 'nor a lender be'---Indep cl, coord to (a)

(c) 'For loan ..friend'---adv to 'be' in (a) & (b).

( 78 )

2. (a) 'He will...matter'—Principal

(b) 'or I disappointed'—Indep cl., coord to (a)

3. (a) 'can honour's dust'—Principal

(b) 'or flattery death'—Indep cl., coord to (a)

4. (a) 'The dying confessor'—Principal

'To be confessor' obj of 'begged'

(b) 'but she .comfort'—Indep cl, coord. to (a)

5 (a) 'The vine wall'—Principal.

(b) 'But at fall'—Indep cl, coord to (a)

6. (a) 'The faculty activity'—Principal

(b) 'and (it is) the principal improvement'—Indep. cl., coord to (a)

7 (a) 'our deeds afar'—Principal

(b) 'and what are'—Indep. cl, coord to (a)

'what been'—subj 'makes'—F V 'us'—obj indir.

'what we are'—Fact. obj

(c) 'what we have been'—N cl, subj. to 'makes' in (b)

(d) 'what we are'—N cl, obj to 'makes' in (b)

8. (a) 'The curfew day'—Principal

(b) 'The lowing lea'—Indep. cl, coord to (a)

(c) 'The ploughman way'— do do to (b)

(d) 'and (the ploughman) leave . me'—do to (c)

9 (a) 'After a sharp Labourdonnais sailed back .

agreement'—Principal

'after question', 'back', 'with 'Mauritius',

'leaving ..Madras' and 'under an agreement'—

extension of Predicate 'Labourdonnais'—subj

'sailed'—F V

(b) 'whose fleet storm'—adj cl to 'Labourdonnais' in (a)

(c) 'that it should . mouths'—N cl. in apposition to 'agreement' in (a)

(d) 'if the ransom were paid'—adv to 'restored' in (c)

The whole is a complex sentence and not a compound

e.

( 79 )

10 (a) 'The chief out come native prince'- -Principal.

'Out come'---subj 'The chief', 'of this sea-coast's.

---adjuncts to subj 'Was'---F V. 'A notable prince'---

complement

(b) 'Whose cause adopt'---adj to 'prince' in [a]

The whole is a complex sentence.

11 (a) Thou (oh blindness to the future!) art kindly

given'---'Thou art' is understood ---Principal

(b) 'That each heaven'---adv cl to 'given' in [a]

(c) 'Who sees world'---adj cl to 'heaven' in [b]

'Who'---subj. 'sees'---F V 'with equal eye' and 'as

God of all'---extension of Predicate 'A here', 'or a

sparrow', 'atoms and systemy', 'and a bubble and a

world'---objects 'Perish', 'fall'---Infinitive complts.

'Hauled into ruin' and 'burst now'---P. Participle, complts.

The above is a complex sentence, having only one

independent [tho principal] clause

12 [a] 'The soul shell'---Principal

[b] 'Till [she is] waked spell'---adverb to 'slumbers' in [a]

[c] 'Is waked and kindled'---F V

[d] 'And feeling hearts pour a thousand before'---

Indep cl., coord to [a]

[d] 'Touch them .. rightly'---adv. to 'pour' in (c)

denoting condition.

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