1. Kena Upanisad Stephanie Simoes

Kena Upaniṣad

Word-for-Word Translation with Transliteration and Grammatical Notes

Stephanie Simoes

July 25, 2015

Questions and revision suggestions are welcome!

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Introduction

Sanskrit is a vague language—not only are there various possible renderings for individual words, but the word order is quite loose. Because of this, many translations are usually possible for a given passage. This translation of the Kena Upaniṣad allows readers with little knowledge of Sanskrit to explore the different possible meanings of the text with the help of the Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, which can be accessed online. It is important to note that Sanskrit texts often omit derivatives of “to be”, so the reader must usually add these at their discretion. For example, Verse III.1, which I have translated as “Ours, indeed, is this victory” is, if translated exactly, “Ours indeed this victory”.

The format of this translation closely follows that of Winthrop Sargeant’s translation of the Bhagavad-Gītā. At the top of the left-hand column is the transliterated text, and beneath this is a suggested translation. In the right-hand column, each Sanskrit word is listed without Sandhi, and is followed by bracketed grammatical notes and a few possible renderings.

The grammatical notes are structured as follows: After nouns, I have listed the gender, case, and number, followed by the word’s prefix(es) and stem (or, for pronouns, the base). It is generally the noun stem—with or without prefixes—that must be entered into the online Monier-Williams Dictionary in order to obtain results. In some cases, I have listed the verbal root from which the stem is derived. After verbs, I have listed the person, number, and mood, followed by the prefixes and root and can be searched either individually or together. Often, more than one case, gender, etc. is possible for a word. To list all of these possibilities in every case would have been cumbersome, but I did make note of different possibilities at times.

I chose to transliterate using the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration) because I find this to be the most readable of the Romanized Sanskrit alphabets; however, this alphabet cannot be typed into the search box of the online Monier-Williams Dictionary. Text must be inputted using ITRANS (Indian Languages Transliteration), HK (Harvard-Kyoto), or SLP1 (Sanskrit Library Phonetic Basic). IAST can be easily converted into HK as follows: all letters without diacritical marks are the same, and those with diacritical marks are converted according to the chart below. Letters must be typed in lower-case except when otherwise indicated.

IAST | HK

ā | A

ḍ | D

ḍh | Dh

ḥ | H

ī | I

ḷ | IR

ḹ | IRR

ṃ | M

ṇ | N

ñ | J

ṅ | G

ṛ | R

ś | S

ṣ | z

ṭ | T

ṭh | Th

ū | U

Abbreviations

abl. ablative case ("from", sometimes "than")

acc. accusative case (identifies the object)

adj. adjective

adv. adverb

aor. aorist (indicates an act that has recently been completed)

cl. class

comp. compound

dat. dative case ("for", "to")

f. feminine

fut. future (indicates future time: "It will arise")

fut.p.p. future passive participle (also called "gerundive", this implies "ought": "The to-be-arisen")

gen. genitive case (usually "of")

ger. gerund (also called "indeclinable participle"; "Having arisen")

impf. imperfect tense (indicates past time: "It arose")

impv. imperative

ind. indeclinable

inf. infinitive mood

instr. instrumental case ("with", "by")

lit. literally

loc. locative case ("in", "on", "at")

m. masculine gender

n. neuter gender

nom. nominative case (identifies the subject)

opt. optative

p.p.p. past passive participle ("The arisen")

pass. passive voice

pf. perfect tense (functions as the imperfect: "It arose")

pl. plural

pres. present tense (indicates pres. time: "It arises")

prob. probably

pron. pronoun

sing. singular

voc. vocative case (identifies the addressee)

Invocation

āpyāyantu mamāṅgāni vāk prāṇaś cakṣuh śrotram atho balam indriyāṇi ca sarvāṇi

āpyāyantu (3rd pl. ipv. √āpyai): let swell, increase, grow, thrive.

mama (m. gen. sing. mad): my, of me.

aṅgāni (n. nom. pl. aṅga): limbs.

vāk (f. sing. vāc): speech, word.

prāṇaḥ (m. nom. sing. prāṇa): life-breath, breath, vitality; air inhaled.

cakṣuḥ (n. acc. sing. cakṣus): eye, seeing.

śrotram (n. acc. sing. śrotra): ear, hearing.

atho (ind.): now, likewise, next, therefore.

balam (n. nom. sing. bala): power, strength, vigour.

indriyāṇi (n. nom. pl. indriya): powers; senses.

ca (ind.): and.

sarvāṇi (n. nom. pl. sarva): whole, entire, all, every.

sarvam brahmopanisadam māham brahma nirākuryām mā brahma nirākarodanirākarānamastvanirākaranam me'stu

sarvam (n. nom. sing. sarva): whole, entire, all, every. brahma (n. nom. sing. brahman): Brahman. upanisadam (f. acc. sing. upanisad): the Upanisads. mā (ind.): not; do not; no. aham (mn. nom. sing. mad): I. brahma (n. acc. sing. brahman): Brahman. nirākuryām (1st sing. opt. nis ā √kr): should/may/can separate, divide off, drive away, remove, reject; lit. “make away from”. mā (ind.): not; do not; no. brahma (n. acc. sing. brahman): Brahman. nirākarot (3rd sing. impf. nis ā √kr), separated, divided off, drove away, removed, rejected, forgot.1 anirākaranam (n. nom. sing. anirākarana, from a nis ā √kr-ana): the non-separating, the not dividing off, the non-removing, the non-forgetting. astu (3rd sing. ipv. √as): be! let it be! anirākaranam (n. nom. sing. anirākarana, from a nis ā √kr-ana): the non-separating, the not dividing off, the non-removing, the non-forgetting. me (m. dat./gen. sing. mad) for me; my, of me. astu (3rd sing. ipv. √as): be! let it be!

1 Without the a-prefix, past tense verbs can express wishes or hopes.

Invocation continued

tadātmani nirate ya upaniṣatsu dharmāste

mayi santu te mayi santu

tat (n. nom. sing. tad): it, that.

ātmani (m. loc. sing. ātman): in the Self.

nirate (m. loc. sing. nirata): delighting in.

yah (m. nom. sing. yad): who.

upaniṣatsu: (f. loc. pl. upaniṣad): in the Upaniṣads.

dharma (m. nom. sing. dharman): moral or religious law, virtue; Dharma, the god of law and justice.

āste (3ʳᵈ sing. pres. √ās), rests, dwells, is present.

mayi: (m. loc. sing. mad): in me.

santu: (3ʳᵈ pl. ipv. √as): be!

te (m. nom. pl.): they, those.

mayi: (m. loc. sing. mad): in me.

santu (3ʳᵈ pl. ipv. √as): be!

om: Om; the sacred syllable, an auspicious salutation.

śāntiḥ (mf. nom. sing. śanti): peace.

om śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ

Delighting in that Self,

Let Dharma, who dwells in the Upaniṣads, be in me!

Let those (virtues) be in me!

Om! Peace! Peace! Peace!

keneṣitam patati preṣitam manah, kena prāṇaḥ prathamaḥ praiti yuktam

kena (mn. inst. sing. kim): by whom? with whom? by what? with what? iṣitam (n. nom. sing. iṣita; p.p.p. √iṣ): moved, driven, sent out. patati (3rd sing. pres. √pat): flies, soars, rushes on; falls. preṣitam (n. nom. sing. pra iṣita; p.p.p. √iṣ): set in motion, impelled. manaḥ (n. nom. sing. manas): mind. kena (mn. inst. sing. kim): by whom? with whom? by what? with what? prāṇaḥ (m. nom. sing. prāṇa): life-breath, vitality; air inhaled. prathamaḥ (m. nom. sing. prathama): foremost, first (in time or rank); earliest, original; preceding. praiti (3rd sing. pres. pra √i): goes forth. yuktam (m. nom. sing. yukta; p.p.p. √yuj): yoked

keneṣitām vācamimām vadanti cakṣuḥ śrotram ka u devo yunakti

kena (mn. inst. sing. kim): by whom? with what? with what? iṣitām (f. acc. sing. iṣitā; p.p.p. √iṣ): moved, driven, sent out. vācam (f. sing. acc. vāc): speech, word. imām: (f. acc. sing. idam): this. vadanti (3rd pl. pres. √vad): (they) speak, say, tell, utter, proclaim. cakṣuḥ (n. acc. sing. cakṣus): eye, seeing. śrotram (n. acc. sing. śrotra): ear, hearing. kaḥ (m. nom. sing. kim): who? which? u (ind.): an expression of emphasis; an expletive. devaḥ (n. nom. sing. deva): god, deity. yunakti (3rd sing. pres. √yuj): yokes

śrotrasya śrotram manaso mano yad vācovācam sa u prāṇasya prāṇaḥ

cakṣuśaścakṣuratinucya dhīrāḥ pretyāsmāllokādāmṛtāḥ bhavanti

na tatra cakṣur gacchati na vāgacchati no mano na vidmo na vijānīmo yathaitadanuśiṣyāt

anyadeva tad viditādatho aviditādadhi

iti śuśruma pūrveṣāṃ ye nastad vyācacakṣire

yatvācānabhyuditam yena vāgabhyudyate

tadeva brahma tvam viddhi nedam yadidamupāsate

yanmanasā na manute yenāhur mano matam

tadeva brahma tvam viddhi nedam yadidamupāsate

yaccakṣuṣā na paśyati yena cakṣūṃṣi paśyati

tadeva brahma tvam̐ viddhi nedam̐ yadidamupāsate

yacchrotreṇa na śṛṇoti yena śrotramidaṁ śrutam

tadeva brahma tvam viddhi nedam yadidamupāsate

yat prāṇena na prāṇiti yena prāṇaḥ pranīyate

That which one breathes not by the life-breath,

By which life-breath is led—

yat (n. nom. sing. yad): who, which, what, that.

prāṇena (m. inst. sing. prāṇa): by breath, life-breath, vitality.

na (ind.): not.

prāṇiti (3rd sing. pres. pra √an): (one) breathes in.

yena (n. inst. sing. yad): by whom, by which.

prāṇaḥ (m. nom. sing. prāṇa): life-breath, breath, vitality; air inhaled.

pranīyate (3rd sing. pass.. pra √nī): is led.

tadeva brahma tvam viddhi nedam yadidamupāsate

That, indeed, perceive to be Brahman,

Not this that they worship.

tat (n. nom. sing. tad): it, that.

eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only.

brahma (n. nom. sing. brahman): Brahman.

tvam (m. nom. sing. yuṣmad): you.

viddhi (2nd sing. ipv. √vid): know! see! perceive!

na (ind.): not.

idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this.

yat (mn. nom. sing. yad): who, which, what, that.

idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this.

upāsate (3rd pl. pres. upa √ās): (they) worship; lit. (they) sit near, lie near.

yadi manyase suvedeti dabhramevāpi nūnam tvaṃ vettha brahmaṇo rūpam yadasya tvaṃ yadasya deveṣvatha nu mīmāṃsyaṃ te, manye viditam

nāham manye suvedeti no na vedeti veda ca

yo nastad veda tad veda no na vedeti veda ca

yasyāmatam tasya matam matam yasya na veda saḥ

avijñātaṃ vijānatăm vijñātam avijānatăm

II.4

pratibodhaviditam matamamṛtatvam hi vindate

pratibodha-viditam (comp.): the awakening-perceived; the perceived-by-awakening. pratibodha (m. prati bodha; from √budh): waking, awakening. viditam (n. nom. sing. vidita; p.p. √vid): the known, found, perceived. matam (n. nom. sing. mata; p.p.p √man): thought, believed, conceived. amṛtatvam (n. nom. sing. a mṛta tva; p.p. √mr): not-dead-ness; immortality. hi (ind.): for, because; indeed. vindate (3rd sing. pres. indic. √vid): (one) perceives, knows, finds.

ātmana vindate vīryaṁ vidyayā vindate'mṛtam

ātmana (m. inst. sing. ātman): by/with the Self. vindate (3rd sing. pres. √vid): (one) perceives, knows, finds. vīryam (n. acc. sing. vīrya): manliness, valour, strength, power; virility, vigour. vidyayā (f. inst. sing. vidyā): by/with wisdom, knowledge, learning, philosophy. vindate (3rd sing. pres. indic. √vid): (one) perceives, knows, finds. amṛtam (n. acc. sing. a mṛta; the p.p.p. √mr): non-dead; immortal.

iha cedavedīdatha satyamasti na cedihāvedīnmahatī vinaṣṭiḥ

bhūteṣu bhūteṣu vicitya dhīrāḥ pretyāsmāllokādamarṭāṃ bhavanti

III.1

brahma ha devebhyo vijigye, tasya ha brahmaṇo vijaye devā amahīyanti

For the gods, Brahman went to victory.

brahma (n. nom. sing. brahman): Brahman. ha (ind.): emphasizes previous word. devebhyah (mn. dat./abl. pl. deva): from the gods. vijigye (3rd sing. perf. vi √ji): conquered, went to victory.

ta aikṣantāsmākamevāyaṃ vijayo’smākamevāyaṃ mahimeti

They observed, “Ours, indeed, is this victory! Ours, indeed, is this greatness!”

te (m. nom. pl. tad): they, those. aikṣanta (3rd pl. impf. √ikṣ): (they) saw, looked at, beheld; thought, observed. asmākam (m. gen. pl. asmad): our, of us, ours. eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only. ayam (m. nom. sing. idam): this. vijayah (m. nom. sing. vi jaya; noun from √ji): victory, conquest, triumph. asmākam (m. gen. pl. asmad): our, of us, ours. eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only. ayam (m. nom. sing. idam): this. mahimā (m. nom. sing. mahiman): greatness, might, power. iti (ind.): thus, an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

taddhaiṣām vijajñau, tebhyo ha prādurbabhūva, tann vyajānata kimidaṃ yakṣamiti

tat (n. nom. sing. tad): it, that. ha (ind.): used to emphasize the preceding word. eṣām (mn. gen. pl. pronoun idam): of them; their; to them. vijajñau (3ʳᵈ sing. pf. vi √jñā): (he/she/it) distinguished, discerned. tebhyah (mn. dat/abl. pl. tad): for them, from them. ha (ind.): used to emphasize the preceding word. prādur (ind.): to be visible; to appear. babhūva (3ʳᵈ sing. pf. √bhū): (he/she/it) was, became, arose. tat (n. nom. sing. tad): it, that. vyajānata (3ʳᵈ pl. impf. vi √jñā): they discerned, they distinguished. kim (n. nom. sing. kim): what? idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this. yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 3

te'gnimabruvan, jātaveda, etad vijānīhi kimetad yakṣamiti; tayeti

te (m. nom./voc. pl.): they, those.

agnim (m. acc. sing. agni): (to) Agni.

abruvan (3rd pl. impf. √brū): said, spoke.

jātavedah (n. voc. sing. jāta vedas): O Jatavedah; O Knower of the Born.

etad (n. acc. sing. etad): this.

vijānīhi (2nd sing. ipv. vi √jñā): distinguish! discern!

kim (n. nom. sing. kim): what?

etad (n. nom. sing. etad): this.

yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

taya (2nd sing. ipv. √tay): go towards!

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 4

tadabhyādravat, tamabhyavadat ko'sīti, agnirvā ahamasmītyabravījjātavedā vā ahamasmīti

He hastened towards It,

It saluted him.

"Who are you?" It said.

"The Knower of the Born am I."

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): it, that. abhyādravat (3rd sing. impf. abhi √dru): ran up to, hastened towards. tam (m. acc. sing. tad): him. abhyavadat (3rd sing. impf. abhi\vad): saluted, addressed with reverence. kah (m. nom. sing. kim): who? which? asī (2nd sing. pres. √as): (you) are. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. abravīt (3rd sing. impf. √brū): spoke, said. jātavedah (n. nom. sing. jāta vedas): Jatavedas, Knower of the Born. vā (ind.): or; sometimes used as an expletive. aham (m. nom. sing. pronoun asmad): I. asmi (1st sing. pres. √as): (I) am iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 5

tasmimstvayi kim vīryamityādam sarvam daheyam yadidam prthivyāmiti

tasmin (mn. loc. sing. tad): in that.

tvayi (m. loc. sing. yuṣmad): in you.

kim (n. nom/acc. sing. kim): what?

vīryam (n. nom/acc. sing. vīrya): manliness, valour, strength, vigour, virility.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

api (ind.): and, also, moreover, even, assuredly.

idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this.

sarvam (n. nom. sing. sarva): whole, entire, all, every, everything.

daheyam (1st sing. opt. √dah): I can burn, I should burn,

yat (n. nom. sing. yad): which, what, that.

idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this, here.

prthivyām (f. loc. sing. prthivī): in the world.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 6

tasmai tṛṇam nidadhāvetad daheti, tadupapreyāya sarvajavena, tanna śaśaka dagdhum, sa tata eva nivavṛte, naitadasakam vijñātum yadetad yakṣamiti

tasmai (m. dat. sing. tad): for him. tṛṇam (n. acc. sing. tṛṇa): grass, herb, straw. nidadhāvetad (3rd sing. pf. ni √dhā): put down. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this, it. daha (2nd sing. ipv. √dah): burn! scorch! iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): that, it. upapreyāya (1st/3rd sing. pf. upa pra √i): went near, approached, rushed upon. sarva-javena (comp.): with all-switness. sarva: all. javena (mn. inst. sing. java; noun from √jū): by swiftness, with swiftness.

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): that, it. na (ind.): not. śaśaka (1st sing. pf. √zak): was capable, was able. dagdhum (inf. of √dah): to burn, scorch. saḥ (m. nom. sing. tad): he. tataḥ (n. abl. sing. tat): from that, from it. eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only. nivavṛte (3rd sing. pf. ni √vṛt): turned back, stopped. na (ind.): not. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this. aśakam (n. nom. sing. a zaka; noun from √zak): unable, incapable.

vijñātum (inf. vi √jñā): to distinguish, discern. yat (n. nom. sing. yad): which, what, that. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this. yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

atha vāyumabruvan, vāyavetad vijānīhi kimetad yakṣamiti; tatheti

atha (ind.): now, then; moreover.

vāyum (m. acc. sing. vāyu): to Vayu.

abruvan (3rd pl. impf. √brū): said, spoke.

vāyo (m. voc. sing. vāyu): O Vayu.

etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this, it.

vijānīhi (2nd sing. ipv. vi √jñā): discern!

kim (n. nom. sing. kim): what?

etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this, it.

yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tathā (ind.): in that manner, so, thus; yes, so be it.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 8

tadabhyādravat, tamabhyavadat ko'sīti,

vāyurvā ahamasmi tyabravīn mātariśvā vā

ahamasmi ti

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): it, that.

abhyādravat (3rd sing. impf. abhi √dru): ran up to, hastened towards.

tam (m. acc. sing. tad): him.

abhyavadat (3rd sing. impf. abhi √vad): saluted, addressed with reverence.

kaḥ (m. nom. sing. kim): who? which?

asi (2nd sing. pres. √as): (you) are.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

vāyuḥ (m. nom. sing. √vāyu): Vayu.

vāi (1st sing. pres. √vā): blow.

aham (m. nom. sing. asmad): I.

asmi (1st sing. pres. √as): am.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

abravīt (3rd sing. impf. √brū): spoke, said.

mātariśvā (comp.): air, wind; the fire-stick of Agni (lit. prob. "growing in the mother").

mātari (m. loc. sing. mātr): in the mother, in the measurer.

svā (m. nom. sing. śvan, prob. noun from √śvi): swelling, growing, increasing.

vāi (1st sing. pres. indicative √vā): blow.

aham (m. nom. sing. asmad): I.

asmi (1st sing. pres. √as): am.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 9

tasmimstvayi kim vīryamityādam sarvamādadīya yadidam prthivyāmiti

tasmin (m. loc. sing. tad): in that, in him. tvayi (m. loc. sing. yuşmad): in you. kim (n. nom. sing. kim): what? vīryam (n. nom. sing. vīrya): manliness, valour, strength, vigour, virility. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. api (ind.): and, also, moreover, even, assuredly. idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this. sarvam (n. nom. sing. sarva): whole, entire, all, every. ādadīya (1st sing. opt. ā √dā): I can accept, take; I can seize, carry off. yat (n. nom. sing. yad): which, what, that. idam (n. nom. sing. idam): this, here. prthivyām (f. loc. sing. prthivī): in the world. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tasmai trṇam nidadhāvetadādatsveti, tadupapreyāya sarvajavena, tanna śaśākadātum, sa tata eva nivavṛte naitadasakam vijñātum yadetad yakṣamiti

tasmai (m. dat. sing. tad): for him. trṇam (n. acc. sing. trṇa): grass, herb, straw. nidadhau (3rd sing. pf. ni √dhā): put down. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this, it. ādatsva (2nd sing. ipv. ā √dā): take! carry off! iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): that, it. upapreyāya (1st/3rd sing. pf. upa pra √i): went near, approached, rushed upon. sarva-javena (comp.): with all-swiftness. sarva: all. javena (mn. inst. sing. java; noun from √jū): by swiftness, with swiftness.

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): that, it. na (ind.): not. śaśaka (1st sing. pf. √zak): was capable, was able. ādātum (inf. ā √dā): to take; to carry off. saḥ (m. nom. sing. tad): he. tatah (n. abl. sing. tat): from that, from it. eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only. nivavṛte (3rd sing. pf. ni √vṛt): turned back, stopped. na (ind.): not. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this. aśakam (n. nom. sing. a zaka; noun from √zak): unable, incapable. vijñātum (inf. vi √jñā): to distinguish, discern. yat (n. nom. sing. yad): which, what, that. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this. yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

III. 11

athendramabruvan, maghavannetad vijānīhi kimetad yakṣamiti; tatheti; tadabhyadravat; tasmāt tirodadhe

atha (ind.): now, then, moreover.

indram (m. sing. acc. indra): to Indra.

abruvan (3rd pl. impf. √brū): said, spoke.

maghavan (m. voc. sing. maghavat):

Possessor of Wealth.

etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this, it.

vijānīhi (2nd sing. ipv. vi √jñā): distinguish! discern!

kim (n. sing. kim): what?

etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this, it.

yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tathā (ind.): in that manner, so, thus; yes, so be it.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tat (n. acc. sing. tad): it, that.

abhyadravat (3rd sing. impf. abhi √dru): ran up to, hastened towards.

tasmāt (m. abl. sing. tad): from him.

tirodadhe (3rd sing. pf. tiro √dhā): set aside, removed, disappeared, hid itself from.

Now, to Indra they said,

“O Possessor of Wealth, discern this! What is this spirit?”

“So be it.”

He hastened towards It;

It hid itself from him.

sa tasminnevākāśe striyamājagāma bahuśobhamānāmumām haimavatīm; tām hovāca, kimetad yakṣamiti

saḥ (m. nom. sing. tad): he. tasmin (mn. loc. sing. tad): in that; him. eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only. ākāśe (mn. loc. sing. ā kāza, noun from √kaz): in open space, the vacuity, the sky, the ether. striyam (f. sing. loc. strī): at a woman. ājagāma (3rd sing. pf. ā √gam): came, arrived at. bahuśobhamānām (comp.): of abundantly brilliant lights. bahu: much, very, abundantly, greatly. śobha: bright, brilliant. mānām (f. pl. gen. mā): of lights umām (f. acc. sing. umā): (to) Uma. haimavatīm (f. acc. sing. haimavatī): of the Himalayas (Uma’s father is Himavat, the god of the Himalayas). tām (f. sing. acc. tad): her, that. ha (ind.): emphasizes previous word. uvāca (3rd sing. pf. √vac): said. kim (n. nom. sing. kim): what? etat (n. nom. sing. etad): this, it. yakṣam (n. nom. sing. yakṣa): spirit, ghost. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

sā brahmeti hovāca brahmaṇo vā etad vijaye mahīyadhvam iti tato haiva vidāñcakāra brahmeti

sā (f. nom. sing. pronoun tad): she. brahma (n. nom. sing. brahman): Brahman. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. ha (ind.): emphasizes previous word. uvāca (3rd sing. pf. √vac): said. brahmanah (n. abl./gen. sing. brahman): from Brahman; Brahman's, of Brahman. vai (ind.): indeed, truly, verily. etat (n. nom/acc. sing. etad): this. vijaye (m. sing. loc. vi jaya): in victory, conquest, triumph. mahīyadhvam (2nd pl. impv.): be joyous! iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. tataḥ (mn. abl. sing. tat): from that, from it. ha (ind.): emphasizes previous word. eva (ind.): so, indeed, truly, only. vidāñcakāra (comp.): "he made knowledge"; he knew. vidān (m. acc. pl. vida): knowledge. cakāra (3rd sing. pf. √kr): he made. brahma (n. nom. sing. brahman): Brahman. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

tasmād vā ete devā atitarāmivānyān devān yadagnirvāyurindrāste hyenannediṣṭhaṃ pasparśuste hyenat prathamo vidāñcakāra brahmeti

IV. 3

tasmād vā indro 'titarāmivānyān devān sa hyenannediṣṭham pasparśa sa hyenat prathamo vidāñcakāra brahmeti

tasmāt (mn. abl. sing. tad): from that; vai (ind.): indeed, truly, certainly, verily. indrah (m. nom. sing. indra): Indra. atitarām (ind.): above in rank; better, higher. iva (ind.): like, in this sense; as if. anyān (m. acc. pl. anya): other. devān (m. acc. pl. deva): gods, divine ones. saḥ (m. nom. sing. tad): he. hi (ind.): for, because; indeed. enat (n. acc. sing. idam): this, here. nediṣṭham (n. nom. sing. nediṣṭha): nearest. pasparśa (3rd sing. pf. √sprś): (he) touched. prathamaḥ (m. nom. sing. prathama): foremost, first (in time or rank); earliest, original; preceding. vidāñcakāra (comp.): 'he made knowledge'; he knew. vidān (m. acc. pl. vida): knowledge. cakāra (3rd sing. pf. √kr): he made. brahma (n. nom. sing. brahman): Brahman. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

IV.4

tasyaisa ādeśo yadetad vidyuto vyadyutadā3 itiīnyamīmiṣadā3 ityadhidaivatam

Of That, there is this declaration: “This is that which flashed forth like lightning—” Indeed! “—as if it winked.” It is the supreme deity.

tasya (n. gen. sing. tad): of that. eṣaḥ (m. nom. sing. etad): this. ādeśaḥ (m. nom. sing. ā deśa): advice, instruction; declaration, account; rule, command. yat (mn. nom. s. yad): who, which, what, that. etat (n. nom. sing. etad): this. vidyu­taḥ (f. nom. pl. vyadyut): lightning; flashing, shining, glittering ones. vyadyutat (3rd sing. aor. vi √dyut): flashed forth, shone forth; illuminated. ā (ind.): as, like. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. id (ind.): even, just, only; indeed, assuredly. nyamīmiṣat (3rd sing. aor. ni √miṣ): shut the eyelids, winked. ā (ind.): as, like. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. adhidaivatam (n. nom. sing. adhi daivata): the over-god, the supreme deity.

athādhyātmam yadetad gacchatīva ca mano 'nena caitadupasmaratyabhīkṣṇam saṅkalpaḥ

atha (ind.): now, then, moreover. adhyātmam (n. nom./acc. sing. adhi ātma): Over-Self. yat (n. nom. sing. yad): who, which, what, that. etat (n. nom./acc. sing. etad): this. gacchati (3rd sing. pres. √gam): goes. iva (ind.): like, in this sense; as if; as it were. ca (ind.): and. manaḥ (n. nom./acc. sing. manas): the mind. anena (n. inst. sing. idam): with this, by this. ca (ind.): and. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this. upasmarati (3rd sing. pres. indicative upa √smr): (one) remembers. abhīkṣṇam (m. nom. sing. abhikṣṇa): constant, perpetual. saṅkalpaḥ (m. nom. sing. saṃ kalpa): will, volition, conception, conviction.

taddha tadvanam nāma tadvanamityupāsitavyam sa etadevam vedābhihainam sarvāṇi bhūtāni saṃvāñchanti

tat (n. nom. sing. tad): that. ha (ind.): emphasizes previous word. tadvanam (comp.): That-Abundance. tat: that. vanam (mn. nom. sing. vana): forest, thicket; plenty, abundance. nāma (n. acc. sing. nāman): named, called. tadvanam (comp.): That-Abundance. tat: that. vanam (mn. nom. sing. vana): forest, thicket; plenty, abundance. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. upāsitavyam (n. nom. sing. upāsitavya): revered, honoured. saḥ (m. nom. sing. tad): he. yaḥ (m. nom. sing. yad): who. etat (n. acc. sing. etad): this. evam (ind.): thus, in this way, in such a manner. veda (3rd sing. pres. √vid): (he/she/it) knows. abhi (ind.): to, towards, into, over, upon. ha (ind.): emphasizes previous word. enam (m. acc. sing. idam): him, this. sarvāṇi (n. nom. pl. sarva): whole, entire, all, every. bhūtāni (n. nom. pl. bhūta): beings. saṃvāñchanti (3rd pl. pres. sam √vāñch): (they) long for, wish.

IV.7

upaniṣadam bho brūhītyuktā ta upaniṣad brāhmīṁ vāva ta upaniṣadamabrūmeti

upaniṣadam (f. acc. sing. upaniṣad): the Upaniṣads.

bhoḥ (ind.): a particle to address another person.

brūhi (2nd sing. ipv. √brū): speak! say! tell!

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

uktā (f. nom. sing. uktā, past pass. participle √vac): uttered, said, spoken.

te (m. dat./gen. sing. short pron. yuṣmad): of you; for you.

upaniṣat (f. nom. sing. upaniṣad): the Upaniṣads.

brāhmīṁ (f. acc. sing. brāhmī): holy, sacred, divine.

vāva (ind.): emphazises previous word; just, indeed, even.

te (m. dat./gen. sing. short pron. yuṣmad): of you; for you.

upaniṣadam (f. acc. sing. upaniṣad): the Upaniṣads.

abrūma (1st pl. impf. √brū): we spoke, said, told.

iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought.

IV. 8

tasyai tapo damaḥ karmeti pratiṣṭhā vedāḥ sarvāṅgāni satyamāyatanam

For those, austerity, self-restraint, and action are thus the stability, The Vedas are all the limbs, The real is the abode.

tasyai (f. dat. sing. tad): for that, to that. tapaḥ (n. nom. sing. tapas): heat, austerity. damaḥ (m. nom. sing. dama): self-restraint, self-control. karmā (m. nom. sing. karman): action. iti (ind.): thus; an indication that the previous words were said or thought. pratiṣṭhā (f. nom. sing. pratiṣṭhā): standing still, resting, remaining, steadfastness, stability. vedāḥ (mf. nom. pl. veda): the Vedas. sarvāṅgāni (comp.): all the limbs. sarva: all aṅgāni (n. nom. pl. aṅga): limbs. satyam (n. nom. sing. satya): true, real; lit. coming from being. āyatanam (n. nom. sing. āyatana): resting-place, support, seat, home, abode.

IV. 9

yo vā etāmevam vedāpahatya pāpmānamanante svarge loke jyeye pratitiṣṭhati pratitiṣṭhati

yah (m. nom. sing. yad): who. vai (ind.): indeed, truly, certainly, verily. etām (f. acc. sing. etad): this. evam (ind.): thus, in this way, in such a manner, such. veda (3rd sing. pres. √vid): I know, one knows; I have known; one has known. apahatya (ger. apa √han): having beaten off, repelled, destroyed. pāpmānam (m. acc. sing. pāpman): evil, unhappiness, misfortune. anante (m. loc. sing. an anta): in the endless, boundless. svarge (mn. loc. sing. svarga): in the heavenly, celestial. loke (mn. loc. sing. loka): region. jyeye (mn. loc. sing. jyaeya): most excellent, best. pratitiṣṭhati (3rd sing. pres. prati √sthā): standing firmly, steadfast. pratitiṣṭhati (3rd sing. pres. prati √sthā): standing firmly, steadfast.