28. Sins and Penances

Gautama

अवद्यवदनंशिष्टस्याक्रिया प्रतिषिद्धसेवनम् इति । ॥2 तत्र प्रायश्चित्तं कुर्यात् न कुर्याद् इति मीमांसन्ते । ॥3 न कुर्याद् इत्य् आहुः । ॥4 न हि कर्म क्षीयत इति । ॥5 कुर्याद् इत्य् अपरम् । ॥6 पुनःस्तोमेनेष्ट्वा पुनः सवनम् आयान्तीति विज्ञायते । ॥7 व्रात्यस्तोमैश् चेष्ट्वा । ॥8 तरति सर्वं पाप्मानं तरति ब्रह्महत्यांयो,अश्वमेधेन यजते । ॥9 अग्निष्टुताभिशस्यमानं याजयेद् इति च । ॥10

2 Now, a man here is tainted by foul actions, as, for example, by officiating at sacrifices of people for whom it is forbidden to officiate, by eating what is forbidden to eat, by saying what is forbidden to say, by failing to do what is enjoined, and by indulging in what is forbidden. 3 There is a debate as to whether such a man is required to perform a penance or not. 4 Some say that he is not required to do so, 5 arguing that an act can never be wiped out, 6 The other, and correct, view is that he is required to do so, 7 as it is stated, "After offering the Punahstoma sacrifice, he gets to participate again in the Soma sacrifice", 8 or after offering the Vrātyastoma. Likewise, "A man who offers a horse sacrifice overcomes all sins, he overcomes even the murder of a Brahmin"; 10 and, "A heinous sinner should be made to offer the Agnistut sacrifice." [G 19.2–10]

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Baudhāyana

अथ खल्व् अयं पुरुषो याप्येन कर्मणा मिथ्या वा चरत्ययाज्यं वा याजयत्य् अप्रतिग्राह्यस्य वा प्रतिगृह्णात्य् अनाश्यअन्नस्यवाअन्नम् अश्नात्य् अचरणीयेन वा चरति ॥2 तत्र प्रायश्चित्तं कुर्यान् न कुर्याद् इति मीमांसन्ते ॥3 नहि कर्म क्षीयत इति ॥4 कुर्याद् इत्य् एव ॥5 पुनस्तोमेनैष्ट्वा पुनः सवनमायान्तिइति विज्ञायते ॥6 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति सर्वं पाप्मानं तरति तरतिब्रह्महत्यां योअश्वमेधेन यजत इति ॥7 अग्निष्टुता वाअभिशंस्यमानो यजेतैति च ॥8

2 Now, when a man here commits foul actions or acts wrongly, officiates at sacrifices of people for whom it is forbidden to officiate, accepts gifts from people from whom it is forbidden to receive gifts, eats food given by people whose food it is forbidden to eat, or indulges in forbidden activities-3 there is a debate as to whether such a man is required to perform a penance or not. 4 Some argue that an act can never be wiped out. 5 But he is indeed required to do so, 6 as it is stated, "After offering the Punahstoma sacrifice, he gets to participate again in the Soma sacrifice." 7 Now, they also quote: "A man who offers a horse sacrifice overcomes all sins, he overcomes even the murder of a Brahmin"; 8 and, "A heinous sinner should offer the Agnistut sacrifice". [B 3.10.2–8]

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Vasiṣṭha

अथ खलुअयम्पुरुषस्मिथ्या व्याकरोतिअयाज्यम्वा याजयतिअप्रतिग्राह्यम्वा प्रतिगृह्णातिअनन्नम्वाअश्नातिअनाचरणीयम् एवआचरति ॥1 तत्र प्रायश्चित्तम्कुर्यात्न कुर्यातिति मीमांसन्ते ॥2 न कुर्यातितिआहुर् ॥3 न हि कर्म क्षीयतेइति ॥4 कुर्यातितिएव तस्मात्श्रुतिनिदर्शनात् ॥5 तरति सर्वम्पाप्मानम्तरति ब्रह्महत्त्याम्यसश्वमेधेन यजतेइति ॥6 इति चअभिशस्तस्गोसवेनअग्निष्टुता यजेत ॥7

1 Now, with regard to a man here who makes false statements, officiates at sacrifices of people for whom it is forbidden to officiate, accepts gifts from people from whom it is forbidden to receive gifts, eats forbidden food, or does things that one ought not to do-2 there is a debate as to whether such a person is required to perform a penance or not. 3 Some say that he is not required to do so, arguing that an act can never be wiped out. 5 But he is indeed required to do so, because it is so prescribed in vedic texts: 6 "A man who offers a horse sacrifice overcomes all sins, he overcomes even the murder of a Brahmin"; 7 and, "A heinous sinner should offer the Gosava or the Agnistut sacrifice." [Va 22.1–7]

अनभिसंधिकृते प्रायश्चित्तम् अपराधे ॥1 अभिसंधिकृतेअपिएके ॥2

गुरुसात्मवताम्शास्ता शास्ता राजा दुरात्मनाम् ॥3 अथ प्रच्छनपापानाम्शास्ता वैवस्वतस्यमः इति ॥3

1 A penance should be performed for any offense not deliberately committed 2 and, according to some, even deliberately committed. 3 The elder disciplines those who are self-controlled and the king disciplines those who are wicked, whereas Yama, son of Vivasvat, disciplines those who commit sins secretly. [Va 20.1–3]

Āpastamba

अथ पतनीयानि ॥7 स्तेयम् आभिशस्त्यं पुरुषवधो ब्रह्मौज्झं गर्भशातनम् मातुः पितुर् इति योनिसंबन्धे सहअपत्ये स्त्रीगमनं सुरापानम् असंयोगसंयोगः ॥8 गुर्वीसखिं गुरुसखिं च गत्वाअन्यांश् च परतल्पान् ॥9 नअगुरुतल्पे पततिइत्य् एके ॥10 अधर्माणां तु सततम् आचारः ॥11 दोषं बुद्ध्वा न पूर्वः परेभ्यः पतितस्य समाख्याने स्याद् वर्जयेत् त्व् एनं धर्मेषु ॥20

7 These are the actions causing loss of caste: 8 theft; acts causing infamy; homicide; neglect of the Vedas; abortion; sex with the siblings of one's mother or father or with their children; drinking liquor; sex with those with whom sex is forbidden; sex with a friend of one's female or male elders or with the wife of another man-10 some maintain that there is no loss of caste when one has sex with a woman other than the wife of an elder -; 11 and the persistent commission of unrighteous acts. 20 When he comes to know about a sin that would make a man an outcaste, let him not be the first to tell others about it. He should, however, avoid such a person while he is performing religious activities. [A 1.21.7–11, 20]

अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति स्तेयं कृत्वा सुरां पीत्वा गुरुदारं च गत्वा ब्रह्महत्याम् अकृत्वा चतुर्थकाला मितभोजनाः स्युर् अपो ऽअभ्यवेयुः सवनअनुकल्पम् स्थानआसनाभ्यां विहरन्त एते त्रिभिर् वर्षैर् अप पापं नुन्दते ॥9–10

9 Now, they also quote: 10 "People who have committed a theft, drunk liquor, had sex with the wife of an elder-so long as they have not killed a Brahmin-should eat a little at every fourth mealtime, dip into water at dawn, noon, and dusk, and remain standing during the day and seated at night. Such people get rid of their sin in three years." [A 1.25.9–10]

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Gautama

गन्धरसकृतान्नतिलशानक्षौमाजिनानि । ॥9 पतिताः । ॥1 पातकसंयोजकाश् च । ॥2 तैश् चाब्दं समाचरन् । ॥3

1 People who murder a Brahmin; drink liquor; have sex with the wife of an elder or with a woman who is related through his mother or father, or through marriage; steal gold; become infidels; habitually commit forbidden acts; refuse to disown someone fallen from his caste; or disown someone who has not fallen from his caste-these have fallen from their caste, 2 as also those who instigate sins causing loss of caste, 3 and those who associate with outcastes for a year. 7 According to Manu, no expiation is possible for the first three sins. 8 Some maintain that a man does not fall from his caste by having sex with women other than the wives of his elders. 9 A woman falls from her caste by carrying out an abortion and by having sex with a low-caste man. [G 21.1–3,7–9]

यस्य तु प्राणान्तिकं प्रायश्चित्तं स मृतःशुध्येत् । ॥15 सर्वाण्य् एव तस्मिन्न् उदकादीनि प्रेतकर्माणि कुर्युः । ॥16 एतद् एव शान्त्युदकं सर्वेषूपपातकेषुसर्वेषूपपातकेषु । ॥17

15 A man whose penance lasts until death, on the other hand, becomes pure only after he dies. 16 They should perform for him all the funerary rites beginning with the offering of water. 17 The same rite of bathing with water consecrated by the "appeasement" formulas given above is to be performed for all secondary sins causing loss of caste. [G 20.15–17]

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Baudhāyana

अथ पतनीयानि ॥1 समुद्रसंयानम् ॥2 ब्रह्मस्वन्यासअपहरणम् ॥3 भूम्यनृतम् ॥4 सर्वपण्यैर् व्यवहरणम् ॥5 शूद्रसेवनम् ॥6 शूद्राअभिजननम् ॥7 तदपत्यत्वं च ॥8 एतेषाम् अन्यतमं कृत्वा ॥9 चतुर्थकाला मितभोजिनः स्युर् अपोअभ्यवेयुः सवनअनुकल्पम् ॥10 स्थानआसनाभ्यां विहरन्त एते त्रिभिर् वर्षैः तदपघ्नन्ति पापम् ॥10 यद् एकरात्रेण करोति पापं कृष्णं वर्णं ब्राह्मणःसेवमानः ॥11 चतुर्थकाल उदकअभ्यवायी त्रिभिर् वर्षैः तद् अपहन्तिपापम् इति ॥11

1 Next, the sins causing loss of caste: 2 undertaking a sea voyage; 3 stealing a Brahmin's property or a deposit; 4 bearing false witness with regard to land; in all sorts 5 trading merchandise; 6 serving Sūdras; 7 fathering children by a Śūdra woman; 8 and becoming a child of a Śūdra. 9 When people have done any one of these, 10 they should eat a little at every fourth meal-time; bathe at dawn, noon, and dusk; and remain standing during the day and seated at night. In three years they wipe off their sin. 11 It takes three years of bathing at every fourth mealtime to remove the sin a Brahmin commits by serving the black class for one day. [B 2.2.1–11]

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Vasiṣṭha

पञ्च महापातकानिआचक्षते ॥19 गुरुतल्पम्सुरापानम्भ्रूणहत्या ब्राह्मणसुवर्णअपहरणम्पतितसंयोगस्च ॥20 ब्राह्मेण वा यौनेन वा ॥21 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥22 संवत्सरेण पतति पतितेन सहआचरन् ॥22 याजनअध्यापनात्यौनात्न तु यानआसनात्दानात् इति ॥22

19 They teach that there are five grievous sins causing loss of caste: 20 having sex with the wife of an elder, drinking liquor, murdering a Brahmin, stealing gold from a Brahmin, and associating with outcastes 21 either through vedic instruction of through or marriage. 22 Now, they also quote: "When someone associates with an outcaste-not, however, by officiating at his sacrifices, by teaching him, or by contracting a marriage with him-but by travelling in the same vehicle or sitting on the same seat as he, or by eating together with him, he himself becomes an outcaste within a year." [Va 1.19–22]

Āpastamba

अथअशुचिकराणि ॥12 शूद्रगमनम् आर्यस्त्रीणाम् ॥13 प्रतिषिद्धानां मांसभक्षणम् ॥14 शुनो मनुष्यस्य च कुक्कुटसूकराणां ग्राम्याणां क्रव्यादसाम् ॥15 मनुष्याणां मूत्रपुरीषप्राशनम् ॥16 शूद्रौच्छिष्टम् अपपात्रआगमनं चआर्याणाम् ॥17 एतान्य् अपि पतनीयानिइत्य् एके ॥18 अतो ऽअन्यानि दोषवन्त्य् अशुचिकराणि भवन्ति ॥19

12 And these are the actions that make people sordid: 13 sex with Śūdras on the part of Arya women; 14 eating the meat of forbidden animals, 15 to wit, dogs, humans, village cocks, village pigs, and carnivorous animals; 16 consuming human urine and excrement; 17 eating a Śūdra's leftovers; and sex with a degraded woman on the part of Aryas. 18 According to some, even these cause loss of caste. 19 Sinful actions other than these also make people sordid. [A 1.21.12–19]

अभीचाराअनुव्याहाराव् अशुचिकराव् अपतनीयौ ॥15 पतनीयाव् इति हारीतः ॥16 पतनीयवृत्तिः त्व् अशुचिकराणां द्वादश मासान् द्वादशअर्धमासान् द्वादश द्वादशअहान् द्वादश सप्तअहान् द्वादश त्र्यहान् द्वादशअहं सप्तअहं त्र्यहम् एकअहम् ॥17 इत्य् अशुचिकरनिर्वेषो यथा कर्मअभ्यासः ॥18

15 Sorcery and cursing make a man sordid but do not cause loss of caste. 16 "They do cause loss of caste," says Harīta. 17 People guilty of sins that make them sordid should follow the life prescribed for sins causing loss of caste for twelve months, for twelve fortnights, for twelve times twelve days, for twelve times seven days, for twelve times three days, for twelve days, for seven days, for three days, or for one day. 18 In this manner sins that make a man sordid should be expiated in accordance with the way the deed was committed. [A 1.29.15–18]

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Gautama

कौटसाक्ष्यं राजगामि पैशुनम् गुरोरनृताभिशंसनं महापातकसमानि । ॥10 । ॥11

10 Giving false evidence, slanderous statements that will reach the king's ear, and false accusations against an elder are equal to sins causing loss of caste. 11 People who defile those alongside whom they eat and are listed before a bald man; people who kill cows, forget the Veda, or recite sacred formulas for such people; students who break their vow of chastity; and those who let the time for their initiation lapse—these are guilty of secondary sins causing loss of caste. [G 21.10–11]

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Baudhāyana

अथौपपातकानि ॥12 अगम्यागमनं गुर्वीसखीं गुरुसखीम् अपपात्रां पतितांच गत्वा भेषजकरणं ग्रामयाजनं रङ्गौपजीवनंनाट्यआचार्यता गोमहिषीरक्षणं यच् चअन्यद् अप्य् एवंयुक्तंकन्यादूषणम् इति ॥13 तेषां तु निर्वेशः पतितवृत्तिर् द्वौ संवत्सरौ ॥14 अथअशुचिकराणि ॥15 द्यूतम् अभिचारोअनाहिताग्नेर् उञ्छवृत्तिता समावृत्तस्यभैक्षचर्या तस्य चएव गुरुकुले वास ऊर्ध्वं चतुर्भ्यो मासेभ्यस्तस्य चअध्यापनं नक्षत्रनिर्देशश् चैति ॥16 तेषां तु निर्वेशो द्वादश मासान् द्वादश अर्धमासान्द्वादश द्वादशअहान् द्वादश षडहान् द्वादश त्र्यहान् द्वादशाहंषडहं त्र्यहम् अहोरात्रम् एकअहम् इति यथा कर्मअभ्यासः ॥17

12 Next, the secondary sins causing loss of caste: 13 sexual intercourse with a woman with whom sex is forbidden; sexual intercourse with a woman friend of a female or male elder, with a degraded woman, or with an outcaste woman; practicing medicine; officiating at a sacrifice offered by several individuals; obtaining one's livelihood by staging theatrical performances; teaching dance; looking after cattle and buffaloes; and other similar professions, as well as violating virgins. 14 The expiation for these is to live as an outcaste for two years. 15 Next, sins that make people sordid: 16 gambling; sorcery; living by gleaning on the part of a man who has not established the sacred fires; begging almsfood by a man who has returned home from his teacher's, as well as his residing at his teacher's house for more than four months; teaching a man who has returned home from his teacher's; and practising astrology, 17 The expiation for these lasts twelve months, twelve fortnights, twelve times twelve days, twelve times six days, twelve times three days, twelve days, six days, three days, a day and a night, and one day, in accordance with the way the deed was committed. [B 2.2.12–17]

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Vasiṣṭha

यसग्नीन् अपविध्येत्गुरुम्च यस्प्रतिदघ्नुयात्नास्तिकस्नास्तिकवृत्तिस्सोमम्च विक्रीणीयातितिउपपातकानि ॥23

23 Throwing away one's fires, assailing one's elder, being an infidel, obtaining one's livelihood from infidels, and selling Soma-these are secondary sins causing loss of caste. [Va 1.23]

यसात्मत्यागीअभिशस्तस्भवति सपिण्डानाम्प्रेतकर्मछेदः ॥14 काष्ठजललोष्टपाषाणशस्त्रविषरज्जुभिस्यसात्मानम् अवसादयति ससात्महा भवति ॥15 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥16 यसात्मत्यागिनस्कुर्यात् स्नेहात् प्रेतक्रियाम्द्विजः ॥16 स तप्तकृच्छ्रसहितम्चरेत्चान्द्रायणव्रतम् इति ॥16 चान्द्रायणम्परस्तात्वक्ष्यामः ॥17 आत्महननअध्यवसाये त्रिरात्रम् ॥18 जीवनात्मत्यागी कृछ्रं द्वादशरात्रम्चरेत् त्रिरात्रम्हिउपवसेत्नित्यम्स्निग्धेन वाससा प्राणान् आत्मनि चआयम्य त्रिस्पठेतघमर्षणम् इति ॥19 अपि वाएतेन कल्पेन गायत्रीम्परिवर्तयेत् ॥20 अपि वाअग्निम् उपसमाधाय कूष्माण्डैस्जुहुयात्धृतम् ॥21 यत्चअन्यत्महापातकेभ्यस्सर्वम् एतेन पूयतेइति ॥22 अथअपिआचमेतग्निस्च मा मन्युस्चैति प्रातर्मनसा पापम्ध्यात्वोंपूर्वास्सत्यान्ता व्याहृतीस्जपेतघमर्षणम्वा पठेत् ॥23

4 A man who commits suicide becomes a heinous sinner; relatives of his belonging to the same ancestry desist from performing funeral rites for him. 15 A person who kills himself by means of a club, water, a clod of earth, a stone, a weapon, poison, or a rope, is a suicide. 6 Now, they also quote: "If out of love a twice-born man performs the funeral rites for someone who has committed suicide, he should perform a lunar penance accompanied by a hot-arduous penance." 17 We will describe the lunar penance below. 18 One who resolves to commit suicide should fast for three days. 19–20 A man who survives an attempt at suicide should perform an arduous penance for twelve days; fast for three days; and, always wearing clothes smeared with ghee and controlling his breath, he should recite three times the Aghamarsana hymn. Alternatively, he may recite the Savitri verse following the same procedure. 21 Or, having kindled his sacred fire, he should offer ghee while reciting the Kūsmanda verses. 22 By means of this a man is cleansed of all except the grievous sins causing loss of caste. 23 Then he should sip some water, saying, "May fire and wrath, and the lords of wrath, protect me". In the morning, focusing his mind on his sin, he should recite softly the Calls beginning with OM and ending with Truth, or recite the Aghamarsana hymn. [Va 23.14–23]

Āpastamba

दोषफलसंशये न तत् कर्तव्यम् ॥19 एवम् अध्यायअनध्याये ॥20 न संशये प्रत्यक्षवद् ब्रूयात् ॥21 अभिनिम्रुक्तअभ्युदितकुनखिश्यावदाग्रदिधिषुदिधिषूपतिपर्याहितपरीष्टपरिवित्तपरिविन्नपरिविविदानेषु चौत्तरौत्तरस्मिन्न् अशुचिकरनिर्वेषो गरीयान् गरीयान् ॥22 तत्च लिङ्गं चरित्वाउद्धार्यम् इत्य् एके ॥23

19 When he has a doubt whether the result of an action is evil or not, he should not do it; 20 the same is true when he has a doubt as to whether it is permitted or not to engage in vedic recitation. 21 Let him not speak about doubtful matters as if they were clear. 22 A man who is asleep when the sun sets or rises, or has bad nails or black teeth; a man who marries a younger sister while her older sister remains unmarried or an older sister whose younger sister is already married; a man whose younger brother has set up the ritual fires or performed the Soma sacrifice before him; a man whose younger brother gets married before him; and a man whose younger brother receives his portion of the estate before him or who receives his portion of the estate before his older brother-all these must perform the penances for sins that make a man sordid, each succeeding offender performing a more severe penance than the preceding. 23 According to some, after performing the required penance, he should get rid of the condition that necessitated it. [A 2.12.19–23]

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Gautama

ब्राह्मनाभिशंसने दोषः तावान् । ॥17 द्विर् अनेनसि । ॥18 दुर्बलहिंसायां च विमोचने शक्तश् चेत् । ॥19 अभिक्रुद्धावगोरणं ब्राह्मणस्य वर्षशतमस्वर्ग्यम् । ॥20 निघाते सहस्रम् । ॥21 लोहितदर्शने यावतः तत्प्रस्कन्द्य पांसून्संगृह्णीयात् । ॥22

17 When someone accuses a Brahmin of a sin, he incurs a sin equal to it; 18 twice as large if the man he accuses is innocent. 19 When someone is hurting a weaker man, if a person, although he is able, does not rescue him, that person incurs a sin equal to that of the man causing the hurt. 20 A man will be excluded from heaven for a hundred years if he threatens a Brahmin in anger; 21 for a thousand years, if he strikes; 22 and, if he draws blood, for as many years as the number of dust particles that the spilled blood lumps together. [G 21.17–22]

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Vasiṣṭha

सूर्यअभ्युदितस्सूर्यअभिनिम्रुक्तस्कुनखी श्यावदन्तस्परिवित्तिस्परिवेत्ताअग्रेदिधिषूस्दिधिषूपतिस्वीरहा ब्रह्मौज्झसितिएनस्विनः ॥18

8 A man who is asleep when the sun rises or sets, or has bad nails or black teeth; a man whose younger brother gets married before him or who gets married before his older brother; a man who sister marries a younger whose older sister remains unmarried or an older sister whose younger sister is already married; a man who has extinguished his sacred fires or forgets the Vedathese are sinners. [Va 1.18]

Āpastamba

क्षत्रियं हत्वा गवां सहस्रं वैरयातनअर्थं दद्यात् , शतं वैश्ये , दश शूद्रे ॥1–3 ऋषभश् चअत्रअधिकः सर्वत्र प्रायश्चित्तअर्थः ॥4 स्त्रीषु चएतेषाम् एवम् ॥5 पूर्वयोर् वर्णयोर् वेदअध्यायं हत्वा सवनगतं वाअभिशस्तः ब्राह्मणमात्रम् च ॥6–7 गर्भं च तस्यअविज्ञातम् आत्रेयीं च स्त्रियम् ॥8–9 तस्य निर्वेषः ॥10 अरण्ये कुटिं कृत्वा वाग्यतः शवशिरध्वजो ऽअर्धशाणीपक्षम् अधोनाभ्युपरिजानु आच्छाद्य ॥11 तस्य पन्था अन्तरा वर्त्मनी ॥12 दृष्ट्वा चअन्यम् उत्क्रामेत् ॥13 खण्डेन लोहितकेन शरावेण ग्रामे प्रतिष्ठेत ॥14 को ऽअभिशस्ताय भिक्षाम् इति सप्तअगाराणि चरेत् ॥15 सा वृत्तिः ॥16 अलब्धाउपवासः ॥17 गाश् च रक्षेत् ॥18 तासां निष्क्रमणप्रवेशने द्वितीयो ग्रामे ऽअर्थः ॥19 द्वादश वर्षाणि चरित्वा सिद्धः सद्भिः संप्रयोगः ॥20 आजिपथे वा कुटिम् कृत्वा ब्राह्मणगव्यौपजिगीषंआणो वसेत् त्रिः प्रतिराद्धो ऽअपजित्य वा मुक्तः ॥21 आश्वमेधिकं वाअवभृथम् अवेत्य मुच्यते ॥22 धर्मअर्थसंनिपाते ऽअर्थग्राहिण एतद् एव ॥23 गुरुं हत्वा श्रोत्रियं वा कर्मसमाप्तम् एतेनएव विधिनाउत्तमाद् उच्छ्वासाच् चरेत् ॥24 नअस्यअस्मिंल् लोके प्रत्यापत्तिर् विद्यते कल्मषं तु निर्हण्यते ॥25

1 If someone kills a Kṣatriya, he should give a thousand cows to erase the enmity, 2 a hundred if he kills a Vaiśya, 3 and ten if he kills a Śūdra. 4 In addition a bull is to be given in each case as an expiation. 5 The same applies for killing women of these classes, 6 If someone kills a man of the first two classes who has studied the Veda or who has been consecrated to perform a Soma sacrifice, he becomes a heinous sinner; 7 so too someone who kills an ordinary Brahmin, 8 a Brahmin's fetus whose gender cannot be determined, 9 or a Brahmin woman soon after her menstrual period. 10 This is the atonement for such a man. 11 He should build a hut in the wilderness, curb his speech, carry a skull as a banner, and cover himself from the navel to the knees with a scrap of hempen cloth. 12 His path is the gap between the tracks of cartwheels, 13 and if he happens to see another person he should step aside. 14 He should set out to the village carrying a broken metal bowl 15 and visit seven houses, saying: "Who will give almsfood to heinous sinner?" 16 That is how he maintains himself. 17 If he does not receive anything, he should fast, 18 He should also look after the cows; 19 indeed, when the cows go out and return, he has a second reason for going to the village. 20 After he has lived like this for twelve years and become cleansed, he people. associate with good may 21 Alternatively, he may build a hut on a track usually taken by robbers and live there seeking to recover the cows of Brahmins. He is absolved after he has fought with them three times or after he has recovered the cows. 22 Or else, he is absolved after taking part in the ritual bath that concludes a horse sacrifice. 23 The same penance applies to a man who, when Law and profit are in conflict, chooses profit. 24 If someone has killed one of his elders or a vedic scholar who has completed a sacrifice, he should live in the same manner until his last breath. 25 No rehabilitation is possible for such a man in this life; his sin, however, is removed. [A 1.24.1–25]

प्रथमं वर्णं परिहाप्य प्रथमं वर्णं हत्वा संग्रामं गत्वाअवतिष्ठेत तत्रएनं हन्युः ॥11 अपि वा लोमानि त्वचं मांसम् इति हावयित्वाअग्निं प्रविशेत् ॥12 वायसप्रचलाकबर्हिणचक्रवाकहंसभासमण्डूकनकुलडेरिकअश्वहिंसायां शूद्रवत् प्रायश्चित्तम् ॥13 धेन्वनडुहोश् चअकारणात् ॥1 धुर्यवाहप्रवृत्तौ चैतरेषां प्राणिनाम् ॥2 अनाक्रोश्यम् आक्रुश्यअनृतं वाउक्त्वा त्रिरात्रम् अक्षीरअक्षारअलवणभोजनं ॥3 शूद्रस्य सप्तरात्रम् अभोजनम् ॥4 स्त्रीणां चएवम् ॥5

11 When someone not belonging to the first social class kills a man belonging to the first class, he should go and stand in a battlefield, where they would kill him. 12 Or else, he may have his body hair, skin, and flesh offered as a sacrifice in a fire and then throw himself into that fire. 13 Crow, chameleon, peacock, Cakravāka goose, Hamsa goose, Bhāsa vulture, frog, common mongoose, Derika rat, and dog - the penance for killing any of these is the same as for killing a Śūdra. 1 The penance is the same also for killing a milch cow or an ox without cause 2 and for killing a cart-load of other animals. 3 If someone uses harsh words against a person against whom one is not permitted to use such words, or if he tells a lie, he should eat food without milk, spices, or salt for three days; 4 if he is a Śūdra, he should not eat for seven days. 5 These provisions apply also to women. [A 1.25.11–13; 1.26.1–5]

अथ भ्रूणहा श्वअजिनं खरअजिनं वा बहिर्लोम परिधाय पुरुषशिरः प्रतीपानअर्थम् आदाय ॥21 खट्वअङ्गम् दण्डअर्थे कर्मनामधेयं प्रब्रुवाणश् चङ्क्रम्येत को भ्रूणघ्ने भिक्षाम् इति ग्रामे प्राणवृत्तिं प्रतिलभ्य शून्यअगारं वृक्षमूलं वाअभ्युपाश्रयेन् न हि म आर्यैः संप्रयोगो विद्यते ॥1 एतेनएव विधिनाउत्तमाद् उच्छ्वासाच् चरेत् नअस्यअस्मिंल् लोके प्रत्यापत्तिर् विद्यते कल्मषं तु निर्हण्यते ॥1 यः प्रमत्तो हन्ति प्राप्तम् दोषफलम् ॥2 सह संकल्पेन भूयः ॥3 एवम् अन्येष्व् अपि दोषवत्सु कर्मसु ॥4 तथा पुण्यक्रियासु ॥5 परीक्षाअर्थो ऽअपि ब्राह्मण आयुधं नआददीत ॥6 यो हिंसाअर्थम् अभिक्रान्तं हन्ति मन्युर् एव मन्युं स्पृशति न तस्मिन् दोष इति पुराणे ॥7

21 Now, a man who has performed an abortion should wear the skin of a dog or a donkey, with its hairy side out, carry a human skull as his drinking cup and a post from a bed-frame as his staff, and go around proclaiming the name of his crime and saying, "Who will give almsfood to an abortionist?" Obtaining his sustenance from a village, he should seek shelter in an abandoned house or at the foot of a tree, with the thought, "I am not allowed to associate with Aryas". He should live in this manner until his last breath. No rehabilitation is possible for such a man in this life; his sin, however, is removed, 2 A man who kills unintentionally reaps the fruit of his sin, 3 but it is greater if he does so with forethought. 4 This principle applies also to other sinful acts 5 and also to meritorious deeds. 6 A Brahmin should not take a weapon into his hands even to examine it. 7 "When someone kills an assailant who is trying to kill him, he commits no sin; for then wrath alone confronts wrath"-so states a Purana. [A 1.28.21; 1.29.1–7]

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Gautama

प्रायश्चित्तम् । ॥1 अग्नौ सक्तिर् ब्रह्मघ्नः त्रिर् अवच्छातस्य । ॥2 लक्ष्यं वा स्यात् जन्ये शस्त्रभृताम् । ॥3 । ॥4 पथो ऽपक्रामेत् संदर्शनाद् आर्यस्य । ॥5 स्थानासनाभ्यां विहरन् सवनेषूदकोपस्पर्शीशुध्येत् । ॥6 प्राणलाभे वा तन्निमित्ते ब्राह्मणस्य । ॥7 द्रव्यापचये त्र्यवरं प्रतिराद्धः । ॥8 अश्वमेधावभृथे वा । ॥9 अन्ययज्ञे ऽप्य् अग्निष्टुदन्तश् चेत् । ॥10 सृष्टश् चेद् ब्राह्मणवधे ऽहत्वापि । ॥11 आत्रेय्याश् चैवम् । ॥12 गर्भे चाविज्ञाते । ॥13 राजन्यवधे षड्वार्षिकं प्राकृतं ब्रह्मचर्यमृषभैकसहस्राश् च गा दद्यात् । ॥14 वैश्ये तु त्रैवार्षिकम् ऋषभैकशताश् च गादद्याद् । ॥15 शूद्रे संवत्सरम् ऋषभैकादशाश् च गा दद्यात् । ॥16 अनात्रेय्यां चैवम् । ॥17 गां च वैश्यवत् । ॥18 मण्डूकनकुलकाकबिम्बदहरमूषकश्वहिंसासुच । ॥19 अस्थन्वताम् सहस्रं हत्वा । ॥20 अनस्थिमताम् अनडुद्भारे च । ॥21 अपि वास्थन्वताम् एकैकस्मिन् किंचिद् दद्यात् । ॥22 षण्ढे पलालभारः सीसमाषश् च । ॥23 वराहे घृतधटः । ॥24 सर्पे लोहदण्डः । ॥25 ब्रह्मबन्ध्वां चलनायां नीलः । ॥26 वैशिकेन किंचित् । ॥27

1 Next, the penances, 2 A man who has killed a Brahmin shall emaciate his body and throw himself into a fire three times, 3 or make himself a target during an armed battle. 4 Or else, for twelve years he should live a chaste life and, carrying the post from a bed-frame and a skull, enter a village only to beg for food while proclaiming his crime. 5 When he sees an Arya, he should get out of the road. 6 In this manner he becomes purified, as he remains standing during the day and seated at night, and bathes at dawn, noon, and dusk. 7 He is purified also if he saves a Brahmin's life; 8 if he is defeated three times while attempting to recover the property stolen from a Brahmin; 9 or if he takes part in the ritual bath at the end of a horse sacrifice 10 or even of another sacrifice as long as it concludes with the Agniṣṭut offering. 11 The same penance applies to a man who makes an attempt on the life of a Brahmin, even if he does not kill him, 12 as also to one who kills a Brahmin woman soon after her menstrual period 13 or a Brahmin's fetus whose sex cannot be determined. 14 If someone kills a Kṣatriya, he should observe the standard vow of chastity for six years and give a thousand cows together with a bull; 15 if he kills a Vaiśya, he should do so for three years and give a hundred cows together with a bull; 16 and if he kills a Śūdra, he should do so for one year and give ten cows together with a bull, 17 as also when he kills a Brahmin woman who is not in her season. 18 The penance for killing a cow is the same as for killing a Vaiśya; 19 it is the same also for killing a frog, a mongoose, a crow, a chameleon, a rat, a mouse, or a dog, 20 and for killing a thousand animals with bones 21 or a cart-load of animals without bones. 22 Or else, he may give some small amount for each animal with bones that he has killed. 23 If someone kills a eunuch, he should give a load of straw and a Māṣa of lead; 24 if he kills a boar, a pot of ghee; 25 if he kills a snake, an iron bar; 26 if he kills a wanton woman who is a Brahmin only in name, a leather bag; 27 and if he kills a prostitute, nothing at all. [G 22.1–27]

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Baudhāyana

भ्रूणहा द्वादश समाः ॥2 कपाली खट्वाअङ्गी गर्दभचर्मवासा अरण्यनिकेतनःश्मशाने ध्वजं शवशिरः कृत्वा कुटीं कारयेत् ताम् आवसेत् सप्तआगाराणि भैक्षं चरन् स्वकर्मआचक्षाणः तेन प्राणान्धारयेत् अलब्ध्वाउपवासः ॥3 अश्वमेधेन गोसवेनअग्निष्टुता वा यजेत ॥4 अश्वमेधअवभृथे वाआत्मानं पावयेत् ॥5 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥6 अमत्या ब्राह्मणं हत्वा दुष्टो भवति धर्मतः ॥6 ऋषयो निष्कृतिं तस्य वदन्त्य् अमतिपूर्वके बौध्२११६२ए मतिपूर्वं घ्नतः तस्य निष्कृतिर् नौपलभ्यते ॥6 अपगूर्य चरेत् कृच्छ्रम् अतिकृच्छ्रं निपातने ॥7 कृच्छ्रं चान्द्रायणं चैव लोहितस्य प्रवर्तने बौध्२११७ए तस्मान् नैवअपगुरेत न च कुर्वीत शोणितम् इति ॥7 नव समा राजन्यस्य ॥8 तिस्रो वैश्यस्य ॥9 संवत्सरं शूद्रस्य ॥10 स्त्रियाश् च ॥11 ब्राह्मणवद् आत्रेय्याः ॥12

2 A man who has killed a learned Brahmin should do the following for twelve years, 3 He should carry a skull and a post from a bed-frame; wear the skin of an ass; reside in the wilderness; and, using the head of a corpse as his flag, get a hut built in a cemetery and live in it. He should himself maintain begging almsfood from seven crime. When he does not receive any almsfood, he should fast. 4 Alternatively, he may offer a horse sacrifice, a Gosava sacrifice, or an Agnistut sacrifice; 5 or cleanse himself at the bath that concludes a horse sacrifice. 6 Now, they also quote: "When someone kills Brahmin unintentionally, according to the Law he becomes guilty of a sin. Seers prescribe an expiation for such a man, so long as it is done unintentionally. No expiation is possible for anyone who kills intentionally. 7 A man who raises his hand should perform arduous penance; if he strikes, he should perform the very arduous penance; and if he draws blood, he should perform both an arduous and a lunar penance. Therefore, a man should neither raise his hand nor draw blood." 8 This penance should be observed for nine years when one kills a Kṣatriya, 9 for three years when one kills a Vaiśya, 10 and for one year when one kills a Śūdra or a woman. 12 The penance for killing a Brahmin woman soon after her menstrual period is the same as for killing a Brahmin. [B 2.1.2–12]

भ्रूणहत्याविधिः त्व् अन्यः तं तु वक्ष्याम्य् अतः परम् ॥6 विधिना येन मुच्यन्ते पातकेभ्योअपि सर्वशः ॥6 प्राणआयामान् पवित्राणि व्याहृतीः प्रणवं तथा ॥7 जपेद् अघमर्षणं सूक्तं पयसा द्वादश क्षपाः ॥7 त्रिरात्रं वायुभक्षो वा क्लिन्नवासाः प्लुतः शुचिः ॥8

6 Next, I will declare an alternate procedure for expiating the murder of a Brahmin, a procedure by which a man is freed also from every type of grievous sin causing loss of caste. 7–8 During twelve nights, living on milk and controlling his breath, he should recite softly the purificatory texts, the Calls, the syllable OM, and the Aghamarsana hymn. Alternatively, he becomes pure by bathing and then remaining in his wet clothes for three nights, subsisting on nothing but air. [B 4.2.6–8]

अन्यत्रआततायिनः ॥12 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥13 अध्यापकं कुले जातं यो हन्याद् आततायिनम् ॥13 न तेन भ्रूणहा भवति मन्युः तन् मन्युम् ऋच्छति इति ॥13

12 [He should not engage in battle ... ] except someone trying to kill him, 13 Now they also quote: "When someone kills even a teacher born in an illustrious family who is trying to kill him, it does not make him a murderer of a learned Brahmin; there wrath recoils on wrath." [B 1.18.12–3]

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Vasiṣṭha

भ्रूणहनम्वक्ष्यामस्ब्राह्मणम्हत्वा भ्रूणहा भवतिअविज्ञातम्च गर्भम् ॥23 अविज्ञातास्हि गर्भास्पुमांसस्भवति तत्मात् पुंस्कृत्यास्जुह्वतिइति ॥24 भ्रूणहाअग्निम् उपसमाधाय जुहुयातेताः ॥25 लोमानि मृत्योस्जुहोमि लोमभिस्मृत्युम्वासयेइति प्रथमाम् त्वचम्मृत्योस्जुहोमि त्वचा मृत्युम्वासयेइति द्वितीयाम् लोहितम्मृत्योस्जुहोमि लोहितेन मृत्युम्वासयेइति तृतीयाम् मांसम्मृत्योस्जुहोमि मांसेन मृत्युम्वासयेइति चतुर्थीम् स्नावानि मृत्योस्जुहोमि स्नावभिस्मृत्युम्वासयेइति पञ्चमीम् मेदस्मृत्योस्जुहोमि मेदसा ऋत्युम्वासयेइति षष्ठीम् अस्थीनि मृत्योस्जुहोमिअस्थिभिस्मृत्युम्वासयेइति सप्तमीम् मज्जानम्मृत्योस्जुहोमि मज्जाभिस्मृत्युम्वासयेइतिअष्टमीम् इति ॥26 राजअर्थे ब्राह्मणअर्थे वा संग्रामेअभिमुखम् आत्मानम्घातयेत् ॥27 त्रिसजितस्वाअपराद्धस्पूतस्भवतिइति विज्ञायते हि ॥28

by 23 We will explain the meaning of the term bhrūṇahan-"murderer of a Brahmin". By killing a Brahmin or a fetus whose gender cannot be determined one becomes a bhrūnahan-a murderer of a Brahmin; 24 for fetuses whose gender cannot be determined grow to be males. That is why people offer oblations in the fire so as to produce a male child. 25 A murderer of a Brahmin should kindle a fire and offer the oblations: 26 First: "I offer the hair of my body to Death. I invest Death with the hair of my body." Second: "I offer my skin to Death. I invest Death with my skin." Third: "I offer my blood to Death. I invest Death with my blood." Fourth: "I offer my flesh to Death. I invest Death with my flesh." Fifth: "I offer my sinews to Death. I invest Death with my sinews." Sixth: "I offer my fat to Death. I invest Death with my fat." Seventh: "I offer my bones to Death. I invest Death with my bones." Eighth: "I offer my marrow to Death. I invest Death with my marrow." Or else, facing the enemy unflinchingly, he may lay down his life in battle for the sake of the king or a Brahmin; 28 "or, the criminal is purified when he remains undefeated three times," so is it stated. Sentencing himself, for twelve years he should live neither in a village nor in the wilderness. Carrying a bed-post and a skull, he should beg almsfood randomly from seven houses, saying "Give almsfood to a murderer of a Brahmin," thus proclaiming his deed. 31 If someone kills a Kṣatriya, he should do the same for eight years; 32 if he kills a Vaiśya, for six years; 33 and if he kills a Sūdra, for three years. 34 If someone kills a Brahmin woman who is an Atreyī or a Kṣatriya or a Vaiśya engaged in performing a sacrifice, [the penance is the same as for a Brahmin]. 35 We will explain who an Ātreyī is. They say that "Ātreyī" is a woman who has bathed after her menstrual period, 36 for in her (atra) the future (i-) offspring comes into being. 37 For killing a Brahmin woman at a time other than after her menstrual period, the penance is the same as for killing a Kṣatriya man; 38 for killing a Kṣatriya woman, the same as for killing a Vaiśya man; 39 and for killing a Vaiśya woman, the same as for killing a Sūdra man. 40 If someone kills a Śūdra woman, he should perform the same penance for one year. [Va 20.23–8,31–40]

गाम्चेथन्यात् तस्यास्चर्मणाअर्द्रेण परिवेष्टितस्षट्मासान् कृच्छ्रम्तप्तकृच्छ्रम्वाआतिष्ठेत् ॥18 तयोस्विधिः ॥19 त्रिअहम्दिवा भुङ्के नक्तम् अश्नाति वै त्रिअहम् अपि ॥20 त्रिअहम् अयाचितव्रतः त्रिअहम्न भुजिति कृच्छ्रः ॥20 त्रिअहम् उष्णास्पिबेतापः त्रिअहम् उष्णम्पयस्पिबेत् ॥21 त्रिअहम् उष्णम्घृतम्पीत्वा वायुभक्षस्परम्त्रिअहम् ॥21 इति तप्तकृच्छ्रः ॥21 ऋषभवेहतौ च दद्यात् ॥22 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥23 त्रयसेव पुरा रोगासीर्ष्यासनशनम्जरा ॥23 पृषत्बस्तवयम्हत्वा अष्टानवतिम् आहरेत् इति ॥23 श्वमार्जारनकुलसर्पदर्दुरमूष्कान् हत्वा कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरेत् किम्चित्दद्यात् ॥24 अनस्थिमताम्तु सत्त्वानाम्गोमात्रम्राशिम्हत्वा कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरेत् किम्चित्दद्यात् ॥25 अस्थिमताम्तुएकैकम् ॥26

18 If a man kills a cow, covering himself in its raw hide, he should perform an arduous or a very arduous penance for six months. 19 This is the procedure for those two penances. 20 He eats during the daytime for three days and during the night for the next three days, subsists on what he receives unasked for three more days, and does not eat at all for the last three days. That is an arduous penance. 21 He drinks hot water for three days, hot milk for the next three days, and hot ghee for three more days, and subsists on air during the last three days. That is a very arduous penance. 22 In addition, he should give a gift of a bull and a cow. 23 Now, they also quote: "Because of killing a spotted deer, a billy goat, and a bird, three diseases came into being in ancient times: jealousy, hunger, and old age. A man who kills them should perform a penance for ninety-eight days." 24 If someone kills a dog, a cat, a mongoose, a snake, a frog, or a rat, he should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and give a little something as a gift. 25 If he kills a quantity of boneless animals equal in weight to a cow, however, he should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and give a little something as a gift. 26 In the case of animals with bones, on the other hand, it should be done separately for each. [Va 21.18–26]

आततायिनम्हत्वा नअत्र प्राणछेत्तुस्किम्चित् किल्विषम् आहुर् ॥15 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥16 अग्निदस्गरदस्चएव शस्त्रपाणिस्धनअपहः ॥16 क्षेत्रदारहरस्चएव षटेते आततायिनः ॥16 आततायिनम् आयान्तम् अपि वेदअन्तपारगम् ॥17 जिघांसन्तम्जिघांसीयात्न तेन ब्रह्महा भवेत् ॥17 स्वाध्यायिनम्कुले जातम्यस्हन्याताततायिनम् ॥18 न तेन भ्रूणहा स स्यात्मन्युः तत्मन्युम् ऋच्छति इति ॥18

15 When someone kills an assailant, they say that the killer incurs no guilt. 16 Now, they also quote: "An arsonist, a poisoner, a man brandishing a weapon, a robber, and a man who seizes one's land or abducts one's wife-these six are called assailants. 17 A man may kill an assailant who attacks with the intent to kill, even if he is deeply versed in Vedas including the Vedāntas; it does not make him a Brahmin killer. 18 When someone kills even a man learned in the Vedas and born in an illustrious family who is trying to kill him, it does not make him a murderer of a learned Brahmin; there wrath recoils on wrath." [Va 3.15–18]

Āpastamba

गुरुतल्पगामी तु सुषिरां सूर्मिं प्रविश्यौभयत आदीप्यअभिदहेद् आत्मानम् ॥15 मिथ्याएतद् इति हारीतः ॥16 यो ह्य् आत्मानं परं वाअभिमन्यते ऽअभिशस्त एव स भवति ॥17 एतेनएव विधिनाउत्तमाद् उच्छ्वासाच् चरेत् नअस्यअस्मिंल् लोके प्रत्यापत्तिर् विद्यते कल्मषं तु निर्हण्यते ॥18

15 A man who has had sex with the wife of an elder, however, should enter a hollow metal column, have fires lit on both sides, and burn himself up. 16 "That is wrong," says Hārīta; 17 for anyone who kills himself or another man becomes a heinous sinner without a doubt. 18 What such a man should do is to live in the above manner until his last breath. No rehabilitation is possible for such a man in this life; his sin, however, is removed. [A 1.28.15–18]

गुरुतल्पगामी सवृषणं शिश्नं परिवास्यअञ्जलाव् आधाय दक्षिणां दिशम् अनावृत्तिं व्रजेत् ॥1 ज्वलितां वा सूर्मिं परिष्वज्य समाप्नुयात् ॥2

1 A man who has had sex with the wife of an elder should cut off his penis together with the testicles and, holding them in his cupped hands, walk towards the south without turning back; 2 or else he should end his life by embracing a red-hot metal column. [A 1.25.1–2]

नाश्य आर्यः शूद्रायाम् ॥8 वध्यः शूद्र आर्यायाम् ॥9 दारं चअस्य कर्शयेत् ॥10 सवर्णायाम् अन्यपूर्वायां सकृत् संनिपाते पादः पततिइत्य् उपदिशन्ति ॥11 एवम् अभ्यासे पादः पादः ॥12 चतुर्थे सर्वम् ॥13

An Arya who has sex with a Śūdra woman should be banished, 9 while a Śūdra who has sex with an Arya woman should be executed, 10 and that wife of his should be emaciated. 11 If a man has sex once with a married woman of his own class, they say, the punishment is one-quarter of what is prescribed for one fallen from his caste. 12 Each time he repeats it, likewise, one-quarter is added, 13 and the fourth time he gets the full punishment. [A 2.27.8–13]

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Gautama

तप्ते लोहशयने गुरुतल्पगः शयीत । ॥8 सूर्मीं वा श्लिष्येज्ज्वलन्तीम् । ॥9 । ॥10 मृतः शुध्येत् । ॥11 सखीसयोनिसगोत्राशिष्यभार्यासु सुनुषायां गवि चगुरुतल्पसमः । ॥12 अवकर इत्य् एके । ॥13 श्वभिर् आदयेद् राजा निहीनवर्णगमने स्त्रियंप्रकाशम् । ॥14 पुमांसं घातयेत् । ॥15 यथोक्तं वा । ॥16

8 A man who has had sex with the wife of an elder should lie on a heated iron 'bed; 9 embrace a red-hot column; 10 or tear out his penis together with the testicles and, holding them in his cupped hands, walk straight toward the south-west until he collapses. 11 He is purified after he dies. 12 Sex with one's female friend or sister, a woman belonging to one's lineage, the wife of one's pupil, one's daughter-in-law, and a cow is equal to sex with the wife of an elder. 13 According to some, it is equal to a student's breaking the vow of chastity, 1 if a woman has sex with a low-caste man, the king should have her publicly devoured by dogs 15 and have the man executed, 16 or punish him in the manner stated above. ... 32 If someone has sex with a low-caste woman, he should perform an arduous penance for a year; 33 for twelve days, if he does it inadvertently; 34 for three days, if he has sex with a woman during her menstrual period. [G 23.8–16, 32–34]

तल्पान्नधनलाभवधेषु पृथग्वर्षाणि । ॥28 द्वे परदारे । ॥29 त्रीणि श्रोत्रियस्य । ॥30 द्रव्यलाभे चोत्सर्गः । ॥31 यथास्थानं वा गमयेत् । ॥32 प्रतिषिद्धमन्त्रयोगे सहस्रवाकश् चेत् । ॥33 अग्न्युत्सादिनिराकृत्युपपातकेषु चैवम् । ॥34 स्त्री यातिचारिणी गुप्ता पिण्डं तु लभेत । ॥35 अमानुषीषु गोवर्जं स्त्रीकृते कूष्माण्डैर् घृतहोमोघृतहोमः । ॥36

28 If someone frustrates the acquisition of a wife, food, or wealth, for each such offense he should observe a life of chastity for one year; 29 if he commits adultery, for two years; 30 and if he does so with the wife of a vedic scholar, for three years. 31 If he has received anything from her, he should throw it away 32 or return it to its owner. 33 If someone employs ritual formulas on behalf of proscribed people, he should observe a life of chastity for one year if the formulas contained a thousand words; 34 as also a man who extinguishes his sacred fires, neglects vedic recitation, or commits a secondary sin causing loss of caste, 35 and a woman who goes against her husband. She should be kept under watch, however, and receive food, 36 If someone has sex with an animal other than a cow, he should offer ghee in the sacred fire while reciting the Kūṣmāṇda verses. [G 22.28–36]

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Baudhāyana

गुरुतल्पगः तप्ते लोहशयने शयीत ॥13 सूर्मिं वा ज्वलन्तीं श्लिष्येत् ॥14 लिङ्गं वा सवृषणं परिवास्यअञ्जलाव् आधायदक्षिणाप्रतीच्योर् दिशोर् अन्तरेण गच्छेद् आ निपतनात् ॥15

13 A man who has had sex with the wife of an elder should lie on a heated iron bed; 14 embrace a red-hot column; 15 or cut off his penis together with the testicles, hold them in his cupped hands, and walk in a southwesterly direction until he collapses. [B 2.1.13–15]

मातुलपितृस्वसा भगिनी भागिनेयी स्नुषा मातुलानीसखिवधूर् इत्य् अगम्याः ॥11 अगम्यानां गमने कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रौ चान्द्रायणम् इतिप्रायश्चित्तिः ॥12 एतेन चण्डालीव्यवायो व्याख्यातः ॥13 पितुर् गुरोर् नरेन्द्रस्य भार्यां गत्वा प्रमादतः ॥15 गुरुतल्पी भवेत् तेन पूर्वौक्तः तस्य निष्क्रयः इति ॥15

11 Father's sister, maternal uncle's sister, sister, sister's daughter, daughter-in-law, maternal uncle's wife, friend's wife-these are women with whom sex is forbidden. 12 Penances for having sex with forbidden women are the arduous penance, the very arduous penance, and the lunar penance. 13 The same applies to sex with a Candala woman. ... 15 When someone heedlessly has sex with the wife of his father, an elder, or the king, he becomes guilty of sex with an elder's wife. The atonement for such a man has been given above. [B 2.4.11–13,15]

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Vasiṣṭha

गुरुतल्पगस्सवृषणम्शिश्नम् उद्धृत्यअञ्जलौआधाय दक्षिणामुखस्गच्छेत्यत्रएव प्रतिहन्यात् तत्र तिष्ठेता प्रलयम् ॥13 निष्कालकस्वा घृतअभ्यक्तः तप्ताम्सूर्मीम्परिष्वजेत्मरणात् पूतस्भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥14 आचार्यपुत्रशिष्यभार्यासु चएवम् ॥15 योनिषु गुर्वीम्सखीम्गुरुसखीम् अपपात्रम्पतिताम्च गत्वा कृच्छ्रअब्दपादम्चरेत् ॥16

13 A man who has had sex with the wife of an elder should cut off his penis together with the testicles and, holding them in his cupped hands, walk towards the south. And wherever he meets with an obstacle, he should stand at that spot until he dies, 14 Or else, he should shave his hair, smear his body with ghee, and embrace a heated column. It is stated: "He will be purified after death." 15 The same applies for having sex with the wife of a teacher, son, or pupil, as also with a female blood relative. 16 If someone has sex with a female elder, a female friend, a female friend of an elder, a degraded woman, or an outcaste woman, he should perform an arduous penance for three months. [Va 20.13–16]

शूद्रस्चेत्ब्राह्मणीम् अभिगच्छेत्वीरणैस्वेष्टयित्वा शूद्रम् अग्नौ प्रास्येत्ब्राह्मण्यास्शिरसि वपनम्कारयित्वा सर्पिषा समभ्यज्य नग्नाम्कृष्णखरम् आरोप्य महापथम् अनुसंव्राजयेत् पूता भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥1 वैश्यस्चेत्ब्राह्मणीम् अभिगच्छेत्लोहितदर्भैस्वेष्टयित्वा वैश्यम् अग्नौ प्रास्येत्ब्राह्मण्यास्शिरसि वपनम्कारयित्वा सर्पिषा समभ्यज्य नग्नाम्गौरखरम् आरोप्य महापथम् अनुसंव्राजयेत् पूता भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥2 राजन्यस्चेत्ब्राह्मणीम् अभिगच्छेत्शरपत्रैस्वेष्टयित्वा राजन्यम् अग्नौ प्रास्येत्ब्राह्मण्यास्शिरसि वपनम्कारयित्वा सर्पिषा समभ्यज्य नग्नाम्श्वेतखरम् आरोप्य महापथम् अनुसंव्राजयेत् पूता भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥3 एवम्वैश्यस्राजन्यायाम् ॥4 शूद्रस्च राजन्यावैश्ययोः ॥5

1 If a Śudra has sex with a Brahmin woman, he should be wrapped in Viraṇa grass and thrown into a fire. The Brahmin woman's head should be shaved and her body smeared with ghee, and she should be paraded on a highway naked and seated on a black donkey. "In this way," it is stated, "she becomes pure." 2 If a Vaiśya has sex with a Brahmin woman, he should be wrapped in tufts of Lohita straw and thrown into a fire. The Brahmin woman's head should be shaved and her body smeared with ghee, and she should be paraded on a highway naked and seated on a yellow donkey. "In this way," it is stated, "she becomes pure." 3 If a Kṣatriya has sex with a Brahmin woman, he should be wrapped in Sara grass and thrown into a fire. The Brahmin woman's head should be shaved and her body smeared with ghee, and she should be paraded on a highway naked and seated on a white donkey. "In this way," it is stated, "she becomes pure."4 The same punishment applies to a Vaiśya who has sex with a Kṣatriya woman 5 and to a Śūdra who has sex with a Kṣatriya or a Vaiśya woman. [Va 21.1–5]

मनसा भर्तुसतिचारे त्रिरात्रम्यावकम्क्षीरोदनम्वा भुञ्जानाअधस्शयीतऊर्ध्वम्त्रिरात्रातप्सु निमग्नायास्सावित्र्याअष्टशतेन शिरोभिस्जुहुयात् पूता भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥6 वाच्संबन्धेएततेव मासम्चरित्वाऊर्ध्वम्मासातप्सु निमग्नायास्सावित्र्यास्चतुर्भिसष्टशतैस्शिरोभिस्जुहुयात् पूता भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥7 व्यवाये तु संवत्सरम्घृतपटम्धारयेत्गोमयगर्ते कुशप्रस्तरे वा शयीतऊर्ध्वम्संवत्सरातप्सु निमग्नायास्सावित्रीअष्टशतेन शिरोभिस्जुहुयात् पूता भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥8 व्यवाये तीर्थगमने धर्मेभ्यः तु निवर्तते ॥9 चतस्रः तु परित्याज्यास्शिष्यगा गुरुगा च या ॥10 पतिघ्नी च विशेषेण जुङ्गितौपगता च या ॥10 या ब्राह्मणी च सुरापी न ताम्देवास्पतिलोकम्नयन्तिइहएव सा चरति क्षीणपुण्याअप्सु लुक्भवति शुक्तिका वा ॥11 ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशाम्स्त्रियस्शुद्रेण सङ्गताः ॥12 अप्रजातास्विशुध्यन्ति प्रायश्चित्तेन नैतराः ॥12 प्रतिलोमम्चरेयुः तास्कृच्छ्रम्चान्द्रायणौत्तरम् ॥13 पतिव्रतानाम्गृहमेधिनीनाम्सत्यव्रतानाम्च शुचिव्रतानाम् ॥14 तासाम्तु लोकास्पतिभिस्समानास्गोमायुलोका व्यभिचारिणीनाम् ॥14 पततिअर्धम्शरीरस्य यस्य भार्या सुराम्पिबेत् ॥15 पतितअर्धशरीरस्य निष्कृतिस्न विधीयते ॥15 ब्राह्मणस्चेतप्रेक्षापूर्वम्ब्राह्मणदारान् अभिगच्छेतनिवृत्तधर्मकर्मणस्कृच्छ्रस्निवृत्तधर्मकर्मणसतिकृच्छ्रः ॥16 एवम्राजन्यवैश्ययोः ॥17

If a wife has been unfaithful to her husband in her mind, she should spend three nights eating barley or milk-rice and sleeping on the floor. At the end of the three nights, the husband should offer ghee in the fire reciting the Savitri verse 800 times together with the Siras formula while the wife remains immersed in water. "In this way." it is stated, "she becomes pure." 7 If she has had an adulterous conversation with another man, she should do the same penance for one month. At the end of the month, the husband should offer ghee in the fire reciting the Savitri verse 3,200 times together with the Siras formula while the wife remains immersed in water. "In this way," it is stated, "she becomes pure." 8 If she actually committed adultery, however, she should wear a garment smeared with ghee, eat in a trough of cowdung or on a spread of Kuśa grass, and sleep on the floor for one year. At the end of the year, the husband should offer ghee in the fire reciting the Savitri verse 8,000 times together with the Siras formula while the wife remains immersed in water. "In this way," it is stated, "she becomes pure." 9 If she commits adultery with an elder, however, she is excluded from ritual activities. 10 These four are to be abandoned: a wife who has sex with one's pupil, a wife who has sex with one's elder, especially a wife who tries to kill her husband, and a wife who has sex with a degraded man. 11 When a Brahmin woman drinks liquor, gods do not lead her to the world of her husband; bereft of merits, she meanders in this very world and becomes a water creature or a pearl oyster living in water. 12 When wives of Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, or Vaiśyas have sex with Sūdra men, they are purified by a penance only if they do not bear children, not otherwise. 13 Women who have sex with men of a class lower than they should perform an arduous penance followed by a lunar penance. 14 Wives who are devoted to their husbands, vowed to truth and purity, however, attain worlds equal to those of their husbands; those who are unfaithful are born as jackals. 15 Half his body becomes outcaste when a man's wife drinks liquor. No expiation is provided for someone half of whose body has become outcaste. 16 If a Brahmin inadvertently has sex with the wife of another Brahmin, he should perform an arduous penance if her husband has abandoned his ritual duties, and a very arduous penance if he has not abandoned his ritual duties. 17 The same applies to Kṣatriya and Vaiśya men. [Va 21.6–17]

Āpastamba

स्तेनः प्रकीर्णकेशो ऽअंसे मुसलम् आदाय राजानं गत्वा कर्मआचक्षीत तेनएनं हन्याद् वधे मोक्षः ॥4 अनुज्ञाते ऽअनुज्ञातारम् एनः ॥5 अग्निं वा प्रविशेत् तीक्ष्णं वा तप आयच्छेत् ॥6 भक्तअपचयेन वाआत्मानं समाप्नुयात् ॥7 कृच्छ्रसंवत्सरं वा चरेत् ॥8

4 A thief, his hair dishevelled and carrying a pestle on his shoulder, should go to the king and confess his deed. The king should slay him with that pestle, and, when he is killed, he is absolved. 5 If he is pardoned, the sin falls on the one who pardons him. 6 Alternatively, he may throw himself into a fire, perform severe mortifications, 7 end his life by reducing the amount he eats, 8 or perform the arduous penance for a year. [A 1.25.4–8]

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Baudhāyana

स्तेनः प्रकीर्य केशान् सैध्रकम् मुसलम् आदाय स्कन्धेनराजानं गच्छेद् अनेन मां जहिइति तेनएनं हन्यात् ॥16 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥17 स्कन्धेनआदाय मुसलं स्तेनो राजानम् अन्वियात् ॥17 अनेन शाधि मां राजन् क्षत्रधर्मम् अनुस्मरन् ॥17 शासने वा विसर्गे वा स्तेनो मुच्येत किल्बिषात् ॥17 अशासनात् तु तद् राजा स्तेनाद् आप्नोति किल्बिषम् इति ॥17

16 Making his hair dishevelled and carrying a pestle of Sidhraka wood, a thief should go to the king and say "Bludgeon me with this". The king should bludgeon him with it. 17 Now, they also quote: "A thief should go to the king carrying a pestle on his shoulder: 'Punish me with this, O King, calling to mind the duty of a Kṣatriya'. Whether he is punished or released, the thief is absolved of his sin. By not punishing him, the king assumes the sin of the thief." [B 2.1.16–17]

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Vasiṣṭha

ब्राह्मणसुवर्णहरणे प्रकीर्य केशान् राजानम् अभिधावेत् स्तेनसस्मि भो शास्तु माम्भवान् इति तस्मै राजाऔदुम्बरम्शस्त्रम्दद्यात् तेनआत्मानम्प्रमापयेत्मरणात् पूतस्भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥41 निष्कालकस्वा घृतअक्तस्गोमयअग्निना पादप्रभृतिआत्मानम् अभिदाहयेत्मरणात् पूतस्भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥42 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥43 पुरा कालात् प्रमीतानाम्पापात्विविधकर्मणाम् ॥43 पुनर् आपन्नदेहानाम् अङ्गम्भवति तत्शृणु ॥43 स्तेनस्कुनखी भवति श्वित्री भवति ब्रह्महा ॥44 सुरापस्श्यावदन्तः तु दुश्चर्मा गुरुतल्पगः इति ॥44

41 When someone has stolen gold from a Brahmin, the thief should dishevel his hair and run to the king, saying, "I am a thief, sir! Do punish me, lord." The king should hand him a weapon made of Udumbara wood. With that the thief should kill himself. It is stated: "He will be purified after death." 42 Alternatively, he may shave his hair, smear his body with ghee, and get himself burnt from feet upward in a fire of cowdung. It is stated: "He will be purified after death." 43 Now, they also quote: "Listen to how their bodies are—people who died before their time due to sin after engaging in various types of activities and are now reborn in new bodies. 44 A thief becomes a man with deformed nails; a murderer of a Brahmin becomes a man with white leprosy; one who drinks liquor becomes a man with black teeth; and one who has sex with the wife of an elder becomes a man with skin disease." [Va 20.41–4]

Āpastamba

सुराआपो ऽअग्निस्पर्शा सुरां पिबेत् ॥3

3 A man who has drunk liquor should drink liquor burning hot. [A 1.25.3]

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Gautama

सुरापस्य ब्राह्मणस्योष्णाम् आसिञ्चेयुः सुराम् आस्येमृतः शुध्येत् । ॥1 । ॥2 मूत्रपुरीषरेतसां च प्राशने । ॥3

श्वापदोष्ट्रखराणां चाङ्गस्य । ॥5 ग्राम्यकुक्कुटसूकरयोश् च । ॥5 गन्धाघ्राणे सुरापस्य प्राणायामा घृतप्राशनं च । ॥6 पूर्वैश् च दष्टस्य । ॥7

1 They should pour hot liquor into the mouth of a Brahmin who has drunk liquor. He is purified after he dies. 2 If he has drunk it inadvertently, he should subsist on hot milk, hot ghee, hot water, and hot air, for a period of three days each; this is the arduous penance. After that he should undergo initiation. 3 The same penance should be performed when someone consumes urine, excrement, or semen, 4 as also a part of a predatory animal, a camel, or a donkey, 5 or of a village cock or pig. 6 If someone smells the breath of a man who has drunk liquor, he should control his breath and eat some ghee, 7 as also when he is bitten by an animal mentioned above. [G 23.1–7]

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Baudhāyana

सुरां पीत्वाउष्णया कायं दहेत् ॥18 अमत्या पाने कृच्छ्रअब्दपादं चरेत् पुनरुपनयनं च ॥19 वपनव्रतनियमलोपश् च

पूर्वअनुष्ठितत्वात् ॥20 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥21 अमत्या वारुणीं पीत्वा प्राश्य मूत्रपुरीषयोः ॥21 ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो

वैश्यः पुनःसंस्कारम् अर्हति ॥21 सुराधाने तु यो भाण्डे अपः पर्युषिताः पिबेत् ॥22 शङ्खपुष्पीविपक्वेन षडहं क्षीरेण वर्तयेत् ॥22

18 If a man drinks liquor, he should scald his body by drinking hot liquor. 19 If he drinks inadvertently, he should perform the arduous penance for three months and undergo initiation over again, 20 at which the cutting of hair and nails, the observances, and the restrictive rules are omitted, because they have already been performed. 21 Now, they also quote: "If a Brahmin, a Kṣatriya, or a Vaiśya unintentionally drinks liquor or consumes urine or excrement, he should undergo initiation over again. 22 If someone drinks water left overnight in a vessel for keeping liquor, on the other hand, he should live for six days on milk boiled with the Saṅkhapuṣpī grass." [B 2.1.18–22]

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Vasiṣṭha

मत्या मद्यपाने तुअसुरायास्सुरायास्चअज्ञाने कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रौ घृतम्प्राश्य पुनर्संस्कारस्च ॥19 मूत्रशकृत्शुक्रअभ्यवहारेषु चएवम् ॥20 मद्यभाण्डे स्थितासापस्यदि कस्चित्द्विजस्पिबेत् पद्मौदुम्बरबिल्वपलाशानाम् उदकम्पीत्वा त्रिरात्रेणएव शुध्यति ॥21 अभ्यासे तु सुरायासग्निवर्णाम्ताम्द्विजस्पिबेत्मरणात् पूतस्भवतिइति ॥22

19 For drinking an intoxicant that is not surā liquor or, inadvertently, surā liquor, one should perform an arduous and a very arduous penance, consume some ghee, and be re-initiated. 20 The same applies to consuming urine, feces, or semen. 21 If a twice-born man drinks water that has remained in a liquor pot, he becomes purified in just three days by drinking a decoction made with the leaves of lotus, Udumbara, wood-apple, and Palāśa and of Kuśa grass. 22 If a twice-born man drinks sura liquor repeatedly, however, he should drink the same liquor boiling hot. It is said, "He will be purified after death." [Va 20.19–22]

Āpastamba

गर्दभेनअवकीर्णी निरृतिं पाकयज्ञेन यजेत ॥8 तस्य शूद्रः प्राश्नीयात् ॥9 मिथ्याअधीतप्रायश्चित्तम् ॥10 संवत्सरम् आचार्यहिते वर्तमानो वाचं यच्छेत् स्वाध्याय एवौत्सृजमानो वाचम् आचार्य आचार्यदारे भिक्षाचर्ये च ॥11 एवम् अन्येष्व् अपि दोषवत् स्वपतनीयेषुउत्तराणि यानि वक्ष्यामः ॥12 काममन्युभ्यां वा जुहुयात् कामो ऽअकार्षीन् मन्युर् अकार्षीद् इति जपेद् वा ॥13 पर्वणि वा तिलभक्ष उपोष्य वा श्वोभूत उदकम् उपस्पृश्य सावित्रीं प्राणायामशः सहस्रकृत्व आवर्तयेद् अप्राणायामशो वा ॥14

8 Employing the ritual procedure of the cooked oblation, a student who has broken his vow of chastity should offer an ass, 9 and a Śūdra should eat of that offering. 10 Next, the penances for studying in contravention of the rules. 11 Engaged in activities beneficial to his teacher, he should keep silence for a year, speaking only during his daily vedic recitation, when addressing his teacher or the teacher's wife, and while he is begging. 12 The same applies also to other sinful acts that do not cause loss of caste, as do the penances that we will enumerate below. 13 Alternatively, he should make an offering to Lust and Anger or recite softly: "Lust did it!", "Anger did it!". 14 Or else, on a day of the moon's change he should either eat some sesame seeds or fast, and on the following day he should bathe and recite the Savitri verse one thousand times either controlling his breath or without controlling breath. [A 1.26.8–14]

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Gautama

गर्दभेनावकीर्णी निरृतिं चतुष्पथे यजेत् । ॥17 । ॥18 संवत्सरेण शुध्येत् । ॥19 समिधो वारेतस्याभ्याम् । ॥20

17 A student who has broken his vow of chastity should sacrifice a donkey to Nirīti at a crossroad. 18 Wearing its skin with the hairy side out and carrying a red bowl, he should beg food from seven houses while proclaiming his deed. 19 He will be purified in a year. 20 If he discharges semen out of fear, because of an illness, or in sleep, or if he neglects to put wood into the sacred fire or to go begging for food, he should offer ghee or two pieces of firewood in the sacred fire reciting the two Retasyā verses. [G 23.17–20]

तद् आहुः कतिधावकीर्णी प्रविशतीति । ॥1 मरुतः प्राणेनेन्द्रे बलेन बृहस्पतिंब्रह्मवर्चसेनाग्निम् एवेतरेण सर्वेणेति । ॥2 सो ऽमावास्यायां निश्य् अग्निम् उपसमाधायप्रायश्चित्ताज्याहुतीर् जुहोति । ॥3 इत्य् एतया त्रिर् उपतिष्ठेत । ॥4

1 So, they ask: "Into how many does a student who has broken his vow of chastity enter?"- 2 "Into the Maruts with his breaths; into Indra with his strength; into Brhaspati with the splendor of his vedic learning; and into just the Fire with everything else." 3 Such a student should kindle the sacred fire on the night of the new moon and offer as penance two oblations of ghee, 4 while reciting: "O Lust, I have spilled semen! I have spilled semen, O Lust! To Lust, Svāhā!" and "O Lust, I have been squeezed out! I have been squeezed out, O Lust! To Lust, Svaha!" He should then put a piece of firewood into the fire, sprinkle water around the fire, offer the Yajnavastu oblation, come near the fire, and worship it three times, reciting the verse "May the Maruts sprinkle me ... ". [G 25.1–4]

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Baudhāyana

ब्रह्मचारिणः शवकर्मणा व्रतआवृत्तिर् अन्यत्रमातापित्रोर् आचार्याच् च ॥25 स चेद् व्याधीयीत कामं गुरोर् उच्छिष्टं भैषज्यअर्थेसर्वं प्राश्नीयात् ॥26 येनैच्छेत् तेन चिकित्सेत् ॥27 स यदा गदी स्यात् तद् उत्थायआदित्यम् उपतिष्ठेत हंसः शुचिषद् इति एतया ॥28 दिवा रेतः सिक्त्वा त्रिर् अपो हृदयंगमाः पिबेद् रेतस्याभिः ॥29 यो ब्रह्मचारी स्त्रियम् उपेयात् सोअवकीर्णी ॥30 स गर्दभं पशुम् आलभेत ॥31 नैरृतः पशुः पुरोडाशश् च रक्षोदेवतोयमदेवतो वा ॥32 शिश्नात् प्राशित्रम् अप्स्व् अवदानैश् चरन्तिइति विज्ञायते ॥33 अपि वाअमावास्यायां निश्य् अग्निम् उपसमाधायदार्विहोमिकीं परिचेष्टां कृत्वा द्वे आज्यआहुतीजुहोति कामअवकीर्णोअस्म्य् अवकीर्णोअस्मि काम कामाय स्वाहा कामअभिद्रुग्धोअस्म्य् अभिद्रुग्धोअस्मि काम कामाय स्वाहाइति ॥34 हुत्वा प्रयतअञ्जलिः कवातिर्यङ्ङ् अग्निम् अभिमन्त्रयेत सं मा सिञ्चन्तु मरुतः सम् इन्द्रः सं बृहस्पतिः संमाअयम् अग्निः सिञ्चत्व् आयुषा च बलेन चआयुष्मन्तं करोत माइति ॥35

25 A student should begin his vow over again if he participates at a funeral of anyone except his father, mother, or teacher. 26 If he is sick, he may freely eat all the leftovers of his teacher as medicine, 27 and he may treat himself with anything he wants. 28 When he recovers, he should get up and worship the sun, reciting the verse "The goose seated in the light ...". 29 If he ejaculates semen during the day, he should drink three times water sufficient to reach the heart while reciting the Retasya verses. 30 A student who has sex with a woman has broken his vow of chastity. 31 He should offer a sacrifice using an ass as the sacrificial animal. 32 The animal and the sacrificial cake are offered to Nirrti, Rakṣasa, or Yama. 33 "The portion to be eaten by the sacrificer", it is stated, "should be cut from the animal's penis, while the other portions are offered in water." 34 Alternatively, he should put firewood into the sacred fire on the night of the new moon; perform the preliminary rites of a Dārvihoma; and make two offerings of ghee, saying: "O Lust, I have spilled semen! I have spilled semen, O Lust! To Lust, Svāha!" and "O Lust, I have been squeezed out! I have been squeezed out, O Lust! To Lust, Svāha!". 35 After making these offerings, he should stretch his cupped hands, turn slightly away, and address the fire: "May the Maruts pour upon me, may Indra and Brhaspati; and may this fire pour upon me long life and strength. May they make me live long." [B 2.1.25–35]

अथ यदि ब्रह्मचार्य् अव्रत्यम् इव चरेत्मांसं वाअश्नीयात्स्त्रियं वाउपेयात् सर्वास्व् एवआर्तिषु ॥1 अन्तरागारेअग्निम् उपसमाधाय संपरिस्तीर्यआअग्निमुखात्कृत्वाअथआज्यआहुतीर् उपजुहोति कामेन कृतंकामः करोति कामायएवैदं सर्वं यो मा कारयति तस्मै स्वाहा मनसा कृतं मनः करोति मनस एवैदं सर्वं यो मा कारयति तस्मैस्वाहा रजसा कृतं रजः करोति रजस एवैदं सर्वं यो माकारयति तस्मै स्वाहा तमसा कृतं तमः करोति तमस एवैदंसर्वं यो मा कारयति तस्मै स्वाहा पाप्मना कृतं पाप्मा करोतिपाप्मन एवैदं सर्वं यो मा कारयति तस्मै स्वाहा मन्युना कृतंमन्युः करोति मन्यव एवैदं सर्वं यो मा कारयति तस्मै स्वाहाइति ॥2 जयप्रभृति सिद्धम् आ धेनुवरप्रदानात् ॥3 अपरेणअग्निं कृष्णअजिनेन प्राचीनग्रीवेणौत्तरलोम्नाप्रावृत्य वसति ॥4 व्युष्टायां जघनअर्धाद् आत्मानमपकृष्य तीर्थं गत्वा प्रसिद्धंस्नात्वाअन्तर्जलगतोअघमर्षणेन षोडश प्राणआयामान्धारयित्वा प्रसिद्धम् आआदित्यौपस्थानात् कृत्वाआचार्यस्य गृहानेति ॥5 यथाअश्वमेधअवभृथ एवम् एवएतद् विजानीयाद् इति ॥6

1 Now, if a student in some way breaks his vow, eats meat, or has sex with a woman—in all tribulations, 2 let him put wood in the sacred fire within the house; spread sacred grass around it; complete the rites up to the Agnimukha; and offer oblations of ghee in the fires, saying: "It was done by Lust. Lust does it. To Lust belongs all this. To him who makes me do this, Svaha! It was done by Mind. Mind does it. To Mind belongs all this. To him who makes me do this, Svaha! It was done by Passion. Passion does it. To Passion belongs all this. To him who makes me do this, Svaha! It was done by Blindness. Blindness does it. To Blindness belongs all this. To him who makes me do this, Svaha! It was done by Evil. Evil does it. To Evil belongs all this. To him who makes me do this, Svaha! It was done by Wrath. Wrath does it. To Wrath belongs all this. To him who makes me do this, Svaha!" 3 The rites beginning with the Jaya offering until the giving of a fine cow are well known. 4 Then he remains to the west of the sacred fire wrapped in a black antelope skin with its hairy side out and neck turned toward the east. 5 At daybreak, he should crawl out through the hind part of the skin; go to a sacred ford; bathe in the standard way; while standing in the water, control his breath sixteen times, reciting the Aghamarsana hymn; perform the other well-known rites up to the worship of the sun; and return to his teacher's house. 6 He should know that this is equal to participating in the bath that concludes a horse sacrifice. [B 3.4.1–6]

अथअवकीर्ण्य् अमावास्यायां निश्य् अग्निम् उपसमाधायदार्विहोमिकीं परिचेष्टां कृत्वा द्वे आज्यआहुती जुहोति कामअवकीर्णोअस्म्य् अवकीर्णोअस्मि काम कामाय स्वाहा कामअभिद्रुग्धोअस्म्य् अभिद्रुग्धोअस्मि काम कामाय स्वाहाइति ॥10 हुत्वा प्रयतअञ्जलिः कवातिर्यङ्ङ् अग्निम् उपतिष्ठेत सं मासिञ्चन्तु मरुतः सम् इन्द्रः सं बृहस्पतिः सं माअयम् अग्निः सिञ्चत्वायुषा च बलेन चआयुष्मन्तं करोत माइति प्रति हअस्मै मरुतः प्राणान् दधति प्रति इन्द्रो बलं प्रतिबृहस्पतिर् ब्रह्मवर्चसं प्रत्य् अग्निर् इतरत् सर्वम् सर्वतनुर् भूत्वासर्वम् आयुर् एति त्रिर् अभिमन्त्रयेत त्रिषत्या हि देवा इतिविज्ञायते ॥11

10 Now, a student who has broken his vow of chastity should put firewood into the sacred fire on the night of the new moon, perform the preliminary rites of a Darvīhoma, and make two offerings of ghee, saying: "O Lust, I have spilled semen! I have spilled semen, O Lust! To Lust, Svaha!" and "O Lust, I have been squeezed out! I have been squeezed out, O Lust! To Lust, Svaha!" 11 After making this offering, he should join his palms together and, turning somewhat sideways, worship the fire, saying: "May the Maruts pour upon me, may Indra and Brhaspati, and may this fire pour upon me long life and strength. May they make me live long." The Maruts, indeed, give him back the vital breaths, Indra the strength, Brhaspati the luster of vedic knowledge, and fire everything else. He is made whole in his body and lives his full life span. Let him then address the gods repeating the formulas three times; "for the gods", it is stated, "are triply true". [B 4.2.10–11]

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Vasiṣṭha

ब्रह्मचारी चेत् स्त्रियम् उपेयातरण्ये चतुष्पथे लौकिकेअग्नौ रक्षस्दैवतम्गर्दभम्पशुम् आलभेत् ॥1 नैरृतम्वा चरुम्निर्वपेत् ॥2 तस्य जुहुयात् कामाय स्वाहा कामकामाय स्वाहा नैरृत्यै स्वाहा रक्षस्देवताभ्यस्स्वाहाइति ॥3 एततेव रेतसस्प्रयत्नौत्सर्गे दिवा स्वप्ने व्रतअन्तरेषु वा समावर्तनात् ॥4 तिर्यक्योनिव्यवाये शुक्लम् ऋषभम्दद्यात् ॥5 गाम्गत्वा शूद्राअवधेन दोषस्व्याख्यातः ॥6

ब्रह्मचारिणस्शवकर्मणस्व्रतात्निवृत्तिः ॥7 अन्यत्र मातापित्रोः ॥8 स चेत्व्याधीयीत कामम्गुरोसुच्छिष्टम्भेषजअर्थम्सर्वम्प्राश्नीयात् ॥9 गुरुप्रयुक्तस्चेत्म्रियेत त्रीन् कृच्छान्चरेत्गुरुः ॥10 ब्रह्मचारी चेत्मांसम् अश्नीयातुच्छिष्टभोजनीयम्कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा व्रतशेषम्समापयेत् ॥11 श्राद्धसूतकभोजनेषु चएवम् ॥12 अकामतौपनतम्मधु वाजसनेयके न दुष्यतिइति विज्ञायते ॥13

1 If a student has sex with a woman, he should sacrifice a donkey dedicated to the fiends, offering it in an ordinary fire at a cross-road in the wilderness; 2 or he should offer an oblation of milk-rice to Nirrti. 3 He should make offerings of it in the fire, saying: "To lust, Svāhā! To the one who lusts after lust, Svāhā! To Nirti, Svāhā! To the divine fiends, Svaha!" 4 The same penance applies when he masturbates deliberately, sleeps during the daytime, or practices some other observance, until the time he returns home after completing his studies. 5 If he has sex with an animal, he should give a gift of a white bull with a black penis. If he has sex with a menstruating woman, he should give a gift of a black bull with a white penis. The culpability for having sex with a cow is spelt out in the rule about killing a Śūdra woman. 7 A student breaks his vow if he takes part in a funeral, 8 except that of his parents. 9 If a student is sick, he may freely eat all his teachers leftovers as medicine. 10 If a student dies while engaged in something ordered by his teacher, the teacher should perform three arduous penances. 11 If a student eats meat as part of the leftovers of his teacher, he should perform an arduous penance lasting twelve days and finish his vow. 12 The same applies for eating food given at an ancestral offering or by someone tainted with the impurity of a recent birth or death. 13 Honey offered without being yearned for, it is stated in the Vājasaneyaka text, does not defile. [Va 23.1–13]

Gautama

रहस्यं प्रायश्चित्तम् अविख्यातदोषस्य । ॥1 चतुरृचं तरत्समन्दीत्य् अप्सु जपेद् अप्रतिग्राह्यंप्रतिजिघृक्षन् प्रतिगृह्य वा । ॥2 अभोज्यं बुभुक्षमाणः पृथिवीम् आवपेत् । ॥3 ऋत्वन्तरारमण उदकोपस्पर्शनाच् छुद्धिम् एके । ॥4 स्त्रीषु । ॥5 आस्येजुहोमीत्य् अन्ततः सर्वेषां प्रायश्चित्तं भ्रूणहत्यायाः । ॥6 अथान्यत् । ॥7 उक्तो नियमः । ॥8 अग्ने त्वं पारयेति महाव्याहृतिभिर्जुहुयात् कूष्माण्डैश् चाज्यम् । ॥9 जपन् समम् अश्वमेधावभृथेनेदंच प्रायश्चित्तम् । ॥10 सावित्रीं वा सहस्रकृत्व आवर्तयन् पुनीतेहैवात्मानम् । ॥11 अन्तर्जले वाघमर्षणं त्रिर् आवर्तयन्सर्वपापेभ्यो विमुच्यते । ॥12

1 For sins unknown to the public, a man may perform a secret penance. 2 A person who yearns to accept or actually accepts something that he is forbidden to accept should stand in water and recite the four Taratsamandi verses, 3 while a person who yearns to eat food that is unfit to be eaten should sprinkle some earth on it. 4 A man who has sex with a woman during her menstrual period, according to some, is purified by bathing, 5 while, according to others, this applies only when the woman is his wife. 6 The penance for performing an abortion is this. He should live on milk for ten days, on ghee for a second ten-day period, and on water for a third ten-day period, partaking of these only once a day in the morning. During this period he should keep his clothes wet and make offerings of his hair, nails, skin, flesh, blood, sinews, bones, and marrow in the sacred fire, saying at the conclusion of each offering: "I offer in the mouth of the self, in the jaws of death." 7 And this is another penance for it. 8 The observances are the same as above. 9 He should offer ghee in the sacred fire, while reciting the verse "You, O Fire, take us across ...", the Great Calls, and the Kūṣmāṇda verses. 10 Alternatively, for the murder of a Brahmin, for drinking liquor, for stealing, and for having sex with the wife of an elder, a man may perform the same observance, tire himself out by controlling his breath, and silently recite the Aghamarṣaṇa hymn. This is equal to participating in the ritual bath at the end of a horse sacrifice. 11 Or else, a man may indeed purify himself by reciting the Sāvitrī verse one thousand times. 12 By reciting the Aghamarsana hymn three times while standing in water a man is freed from all sins. [G 24.1–12]

तद् आहुः कतिधावकीर्णी प्रविशतीति । ॥1 मरुतः प्राणेनेन्द्रे बलेन बृहस्पतिंब्रह्मवर्चसेनाग्निम् एवेतरेण सर्वेणेति । ॥2 सो ऽमावास्यायां निश्य् अग्निम्

उपसमाधायप्रायश्चित्ताज्याहुतीर् जुहोति । ॥3 इत्य् एतया त्रिर् उपतिष्ठेत । ॥4 त्रय इमे लोका एषां लोकानाम् अभिजित्या अभिक्रान्त्याइति । ॥5 वरो दक्षिणेति

प्रायश्चित्तमविशेषात् । ॥6 वापवित्रैः । ॥7 प्रतिषिद्धवाङ्मनसापचारे व्याहृतयः पञ्चसत्यान्ताः । ॥8 इति सायम् । ॥9 अष्टो वा समिध आदध्याद् देवकृतस्येति हुत्वाएव सर्वस्माद् एनसो मुच्यते । ॥10

1 So, they ask: "Into how many does a student who has broken his vow of chastity enter?"- 2 "Into the Maruts with his breaths; into Indra with his strength; into Brhaspati with the splendor of his vedic learning; and into just the Fire with everything else." 3 Such a student should kindle the sacred fire on the night of the new moon and offer as penance two oblations of ghee, 4 while reciting: "O Lust, I have spilled semen! I have spilled semen, O Lust! To Lust, Svāha!" and "O Lust, I have been squeezed out! I have been squeezed out, O Lust! To Lust, Svāhā!" He should then put a piece of firewood into the fire, sprinkle water around the fire, offer the Yajnavastu oblation, come near the fire, and worship it three times, reciting the verse "May the Maruts sprinkle me ... ". 5 There are three worlds here; he does this to conquer these worlds, to subjugate these worlds. 6 Some take this same rite to be a universally applicable penance, saying with regard to it: "A man who is in some way impure should make an offering and recite the ritual formulas in the above manner, giving a choice gift as the sacrificial fee." 7 When someone cheats, slanders, does forbidden things, eats forbidden foods; when someone ejaculates his semen in a Śūdra woman or in any place other than the vagina; or when someone performs witchcraft even intentionally-he should bathe, reciting the Ablinga or Vāruṇī formulas, or other purificatory texts. 8 If someone commits an offense by speaking or thinking of something forbidden, he should recite the five Calls. 9 Alternatively, for all sins he may sip water in the morning reciting, "May the day and the sun purify me," and in the evening reciting, "May the night and Varuṇa purify me". 10 Or else, by merely offering eight pieces of firewood into the sacred fire while reciting the formulas "You are the expiation of sins committed against the gods ... ," one is freed from all sins. [G 25.1–10]

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Baudhāyana

प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामोअविख्यातानि विशेषतः ॥1 समाहितानां युक्तानां प्रमादेषु कथं भवेत् ॥1 ओंपूर्वाभिर् व्याहृतिभिः सर्वाभिः सर्वपातकेष्व् आचामेत् ॥2 यत् प्रथमम् आचामति तेनऋग्वेदं प्रीणाति यद् द्वितीयं तेनयजुर्वेदं यत् तृतीयं तेन सामवेदम् ॥3 यत् प्रथमं परिमार्ष्टि तेनअथर्ववेदं यद् द्वितीयंतेनैतिहासपुराणम् ॥4 यत् सव्यं पाणिं प्रोक्षति पादौ शिरो हृदयं

नासिके चक्षुषीश्रोत्रे नाभिं चौपस्पृशति तेनओषधिवनस्पतयः सर्वाश् च देवताःप्रीणाति तस्माद् आचमनाद् एव सर्वस्मात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥5 अष्टौ वा समिध आदध्यात् देवकृतस्यएनसोअवयजनम् असिस्वाहा मनुष्यकृतस्यएनसोअवयजनम् असि स्वाहा पितृकृतस्यएनसोअवयजनम् असि स्वाहा आत्मकृतस्यएनसोअवयजनमसि स्वाहा यद् दिवा च नक्तं चएनश् चकृम तस्यअवयजनम् असिस्वाहा यत् स्वपन्तश् च

जाग्रतश् चएनश् चकृम तस्यअवयजनम् असिस्वाहा यद् विद्वांसश् चअविद्वांसश् चएनश् चकृम तस्यअवयजनमसि स्वाहा एनस एनसोअवयजनम् असि स्वाहाइति ॥6 एतैर् अष्टाभिर् हुत्वा सर्वस्मात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥7 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥8 अघमर्षणं देवकृतं शुद्धवत्यः तरत्समाः ॥8 कूश्माण्ड्यः पावमान्यश् च विरजा मृत्युलाङ्गलम् ॥8 दुर्गा व्याहृतयो रुद्रा महादोषविनाशनाः ॥8

महादोषविनाशना इति ॥8 प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामोअविख्यातानि विशेषतः ॥1 समाहितानां युक्तानां प्रमादेषु कथं भवेत् ॥1 ऋतं च सत्यं चैति एतद् अघमर्षणं त्रिर् अन्तर्जले पठन्सर्वस्मात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥2 आयं गौः पृश्निर् अक्रमीद् इति एताम् ऋचं त्रिर् अन्तर्जले पठन्सर्वस्मात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥3 द्रुपदाद् इवेन् मुमुचान इति एताम् ऋचं त्रिर् अन्तर्जलेपठन् सर्वस्मात्

पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥4 हंसः शुचिषद् इति एताम् ऋचं त्रिर् अन्तर्जले पठन् सर्वस्मात्पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥5 अपि वा सावित्रीं पच्छोअर्धर्चशस्ततः समस्तां त्रिर् अन्तर्जले पठन् सर्वस्मात्पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥6 अपि वा व्याहृतीर् व्यस्ताः समस्ताश् चैति त्रिर् अन्तर्जले पठन्सर्वस्मात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥7 अपि वा प्रणवम् एव त्रिर् अन्तर्जले पठन् सर्वस्मात् पापात्प्रमुच्यते ॥8

1 We will describe specifically the penances for secret sins-what should be done when people who are collected and controlled commit mistakes. 2 For all sins causing loss of caste, a man should sip water while reciting all the Calls preceded by the syllable OM. 3 When he sips water the first time, he gladdens thereby the Rgveda. When he sips water the second time, he gladdens thereby the Yajurveda. And when he sips water the third time, he gladdens thereby the Samaveda. 4 When he wipes his lips the first time, he gladdens thereby the Atharvaveda. And when he wipes his lips the second time, he gladdens thereby the Itihāsa-Puraṇa. 5 When he sprinkles water on his left hand, and when he applies water to his feet, head, heart, nostrils, eyes, ears, and navel, he gladdens thereby plants and trees, as well as all the deities. Therefore, a man is freed from all sins by just sipping water. 6 Alternatively, he may offer eight pieces of firewood in the fire, saying: "You are the expiation of sins committed against the gods, Svāha! You are the expiation of sins committed against human beings, Svaha! You are the expiation of sins committed against the forefathers, Svaha! You are the expiation of sins committed against myself, Svaha! You are the expiation of sins that we have committed during the day and the night, Svaha! You are the expiation of sins we have committed while asleep or awake, Svaha! You are the expiation of sins that we have committed knowingly or unknowingly, Svaha! You are the expiation of each and every sin, Svaha!" 7 By making offerings with these eight formulas, one is freed from all sins. 8 Now, they also quote: Aghamarṣaṇa, Devakrta, Śuddhavatī, Taratsama, Kūṣmāṇda, Pāvamānī, Virajā, Mṛtyulāngala, Sāvitrī verse, the Calls, and the Rudras wipe out the great sins. 1 We will describe specifically the penances for secret sins-what should be done when people who are collected and controlled commit mistakes. 2 When a man recites three times the Aghamarṣana hymn: "The right and the truth ... ", while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. 3 When a man recites three times the verse, "The spotted bull has come ... ", while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. 4 When a man recites three times the verse: "As one released from the stake ... while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. 5 When a man recites three times the verse, "The goose seated in the light ... ", while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. 6 Or else, when a man recites the Savitri verse three times, first foot by foot, then half-verse by half-verse, and finally the entire verse, while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. 7 Or, when a man recites the Calls three times, first individually and then collectively, while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. 8 Or, when a man recites just the syllable OM three times while standing in water, he is freed from all sins. [B 4.3.1–8; 4.4.1–8]

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Vasiṣṭha

अविख्यापितदोषाणाम्पापानाम्महताम्तथा ॥1 सर्वेषाम्चौपपापानाम्शुद्धिम्वक्ष्यामिअशेषतः ॥1 आहिताग्नेस्विनीतस्य वृद्धस्य विदुषसपि वा ॥2 रहस्यौक्तम्प्रायश्चित्तम्पूर्वौक्तम् इतरे जनाः ॥2 प्राणायामैस्पवित्रैस्च दानैस्होमैस्जपैः तथा ॥3 नित्ययुक्तास्प्रमुच्यन्ते पातकेभ्यस्न संशयः ॥3 प्राणायामान् पवित्राणि व्याहृतीस्प्रणवम्तथा ॥4 पवित्रपाणिसासीनस्ब्रह्म नैत्यकम् अभ्यसेत् ॥4 आवर्तयन् सदा

युक्तस्प्राणायामान् पुनर्पुनर् ॥5 आ लोमअग्रात्नखअग्रात्च तपः तप्यतु उत्तमम् ॥5 निरोधात्जायते वायुस्वायोसग्निस्हि जायते ॥6 तापेनआपसथ जायन्ते ततसन्तस्शुध्यते त्रिभिः ॥6 न ताम्तीव्रेण तपसा न स्वाध्यायैस्न चैज्यया ॥7 गतिम्गन्तुम्द्विजास्शक्तास्योगात् संप्रा वन्ति याम् ॥7 योगात् संप्राप्यते ज्ञानम्योगस्धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥8 योगस्परम्तपस्नित्यम्तस्मात्युक्तस्सदा भवेत् ॥8 प्रणवे नित्ययुक्तः

स्यात्व्याहृतीषु च सप्तसु ॥9 त्रिपदायाम्च गायत्र्याम्न भयम्विद्यते क्वचित् ॥9 प्रणवात्याः तथा वेदास्प्रणवे पर्यवस्थिताः ॥10 वाच्मयम्प्रणवस्सर्वम्तस्मात् प्रणवम् अभ्यसेत् ॥10 एकअक्षरम्परम्ब्रह्म पावनम्परमम्स्मृतम् ॥11 सर्वेषाम् एव पापानाम्सङ्करे समुपस्थिते ॥12 अभ्यासस्दशसाहस्रस्सावित्र्यास्शोधनम्महत् ॥12 सव्याहृतिम्सप्रणवाम्गायत्रीम्शिरसा सह ॥13 त्रिस्पठेतायतप्राणस्प्राणायामस्ससुच्यते ॥13 ससुच्यतेइति ॥13

1 I will explain fully the purification of all sinners whose guilt has not been made public, sinners guilty of both major and minor sins. 2 The penances given in the section on secret penances are meant for individuals who have established the sacred fires and are disciplined, elderly, and learned. Other people should follow the penances given above. 3 Those who are constantly engaged in controlling their breath, reciting the purificatory formulas, giving gifts, offering sacrifices, and the soft recitation of prayers will undoubtedly be free from sins causing loss of caste. 4 Seated with purificatory blades of grass in hand, he should control his breath repeatedly and recite the purificatory formulas, the Calls, the syllable OM, and the daily sections of the Veda. 5 Always intent on yogic practice, he should control his breath repeatedly and thus practice the highest austerity up to the very tips of his hair and nails. 6 By suppressing the breath air is generated, and from air, fire, and from fire, water. So he is cleansed internally by these three. 7 Not by severe austerity, not by the daily recitation of the Veda, not even by sacrifice can a Brahmin attain the state that one obtains by the practice of Yoga. 8 By Yoga one obtains knowledge. Yoga is the earmark of the Law. Yoga is the highest austerity. Therefore, he should always be engaged in yogic practice. 9 A man who is always intent on reciting the syllable OM, the seven Calls, and the Gayatri with its three feet will never experience any danger. 10 The syllable OM is the beginning and the end of the Vedas; all that consists of speech is OM. Therefore, one should repeat OM. 11 The Monosyllable OM is the supreme Veda. Traditional texts declare that it is the best purifier. 12 When all sins rise up in unison, the most effective purification is to recite the Gayatri verse ten thousand times. 13 When someone recites three times the Gayatrī verse together with the Calls, the syllable OM, and the Siras formula while controlling his breath, it is called "control of breath". [Va 25.1–13]

प्राणायामान् धारयेत् त्त्रीन्यस्यथाविधिअतन्द्रितः ॥1 अहर्रात्रकृतम्पापम्तत्क्षणातेव नश्यति ॥1 कर्मणा मनसा वाचा यतह्ना कृतम् ऐनसम् ॥2 आसीनस्पश्चिमाम्सन्ध्याम्प्राणायामैस्व्यपोहति ॥2 कर्मणा मनसा वाचा यत्रात्र्या कृतम् ऐनसम् ॥3 उत्तिष्ठन् पूर्वसन्ध्याम्तु प्राणायामैस्व्यपोहति ॥3 सव्याहृतिकास्सप्रणवास्प्राणायामाः तु षोडश ॥4 अपि भ्रूणहनम्मासात्पुनन्तिअहरहस्कृताः ॥4 जप्त्वा कौत्सम् अपैतिएतद्वासिष्ठम्च त्रिचम्प्रति ॥5 माहित्रम्शुद्धवत्यस्च सुरापसपि विशुध्यति ॥5 सकृत्जप्त्वाअस्यवामीयम्शिवसङ्कल्पम् एव च ॥6 सुवर्णम् अपहृत्यअपि क्षणात्भवति निर्मलः ॥6 हविष्यन्तीयम् अभ्यस्य न तम् अंहसिति त्रिचम् ॥7 सूक्तम्च पौरुषम्जप्त्वा मुच्यते गुरुतल्पगः ॥7 अपि वाअप्सु निमज्जानः त्रिस्जपेतघमर्षणम् ॥8 यथाअश्वमेधअवभृथः तादृशम्मनुसब्रवीत् ॥8 आरभ्भयज्ञात्जपयज्ञस्विशिष्ठस्दशभिस्गुणैः ॥9 उपांशुस्स्यात्शतगुणस्साहस्रस्मानसस्स्मृतः ॥9 ये पाकयज्ञास्चत्वारस्विधियज्ञसमन्विताः ॥10 सर्वे ते जपयज्ञस्य कलाम्नअर्हन्ति षोडशीम् ॥10 जाप्येनएव तु संसिध्येत्ब्राह्मणस्नअत्र संशयः ॥11 कुर्यातन्यम्न वा कुर्यात्मैत्रस्ब्राह्मणसुच्यते ॥11 जापिनाम्होमिनाम्चएव ध्यायिनाम्तीर्थवासिनाम् ॥12 न परिवसन्ति पापानि ये च स्नातास्शिरस्व्रतैः ॥12 यथाअग्निस्वायुना धूतस्हविषा चएव दीप्यते ॥13 एवम्जाप्यपरस्नित्यम्ब्राह्मणस्संप्रदीप्यते ॥13 स्वअध्यायअध्यायिनाम्नित्यम्नित्यम्च प्रयतआत्मनाम् ॥14 जपताम्जुह्वताम्चअपि विनिपातस्न विद्यते ॥14 सहस्रपरमाम्देवीम्शतमध्याम्दशअवराम् ॥15 शुद्धिकामस्प्रयुञ्जीत सर्वपापेषुअपि स्थितः ॥15 क्षत्रियस्बाहुवीर्येण तरेतापदम् आत्मनः ॥16 धनेन वैश्यशुद्रौ तु जपैहोमैस्द्विजौत्तमः ॥16 यथाअश्वास्रथहीनास्स्युस्रथस्वाअश्वैस्विना यथा ॥17 एवम्तपः तुअविद्यस्य विद्या वाअपिअतपस्विनः ॥17 यथाअन्नम्मधुसंयुक्तम्मधु वाअन्नेन संयुतम् ॥18 एवम्तपस्च विद्या च संयुक्तम्भेषजम्महत् ॥18 विद्यातपोभ्याम्संयुक्तम्ब्राह्मणम्जपनैत्यकम् ॥19 सदाअपि पापकर्माणम् एनस्न प्रतियुज्यते ॥19 एनस्न प्रतियुज्यतेइति ॥19

1 When a man duly controls his breath three times without tiring, that very instant the sins he committed during the previous day and night are destroyed. 2 By controlling his breath while seated during the evening twilight a man wipes away the sins he committed during that day by thought, word, or deed. 3 By controlling his breath while standing during the morning twilight, a man wipes away the sins he committed during that night by thought, word, or deed. When someone remains seated restraining himself continuously by controlling his breath-or constrains himself with two more or with double-that is the highest austerity. 4 Controlling one's breath sixteen times every day while reciting the Calls and the syllable OM purifies even a murderer of a Brahmin within a month. 5 Even a man who has drunk liquor is purified by reciting silently Kutsa's hymn "Burning away our evil ... ", the triple verse of Vasiṣṭha "To welcome the Dawn ... ", the Māhitra hymn, and the Suddhavati hymn. 6 Even a man who has stolen gold becomes instantly stainless by reciting silently the Asyavāmīya hymn and the Sivasamkalpa formulas. 7 A man who has had sex with the wife of an elder is freed from his sin by reciting silently the hymns "Of that pleasant and gray-haired Hotr priest ... ", "No anxiety, no danger ... ", and "This, yes, this is my inclination ... ", and the Purusa hymn. 8 Or else, he should recite the Aghamarṣana hymn silently while immersed in water. Manu has declared it to be equal to bathing at the conclusion of a horse sacrifice. 9 The sacrifice consisting of softly recited prayers is ten times better than a sacrifice involving the immolation of an animal; reciting prayers silently is a hundred times better, and mental prayer, tradition says, is a thousand times better, 10 The four types of sacrifices with cooked food together with the sacrifices ordained in the Veda are not worth a sixteenth part of a sacrifice consisting of softly recited prayers. 11 Only through softly recited prayers does a Brahmin attain final bliss, in this there is no doubt. Whether he does other things or not, he is said to be a Brahmin who is a friend to all. 12 People who softly recite prayers, offer fire sacrifices, meditate, live at sacred fords, or have bathed after the "Head" vow-their sins do not endure. 13 As a fire fanned by the wind and fed with offerings of ghee burns brightly, so a Brahmin given constantly to the soft recitation of prayers glows exceedingly bright. 14 People who always engage in the recitation of their Veda and constantly keep themselves pure, who softly recite prayers and offer sacrifices-they will never come to ruin. 15 A man who seeks purity, though he be standing in the midst of all sins, should recite the divine Gayatri at most one thousand times, one hundred times on an average, and ten times at a minimum. 16 A Kṣatriya should overcome his misfortunes through the strength of his arms, a Vaiśya and a Śūdra through wealth, and a Brahmin through softly recited prayers and fire sacrifices. 17 As horses without chariots and chariots without horses, so is austerity for a man without knowledge and knowledge for a man not given to austerity, 18 As food combined with honey or honey combined with food, so austerity and knowledge combined is a powerful medicine. 19 When a Brahmin is united with knowledge and austerity and softly recites prayers every day, he does not become guilty of sin even if he constantly commits evil deeds. [Va 26.1–19]

यदिअकार्यशतम्साग्रम्कृतम्वेदस्च

धार्यते ॥1 सर्वम्तत् तस्य

वेदअग्निस्दहतिअग्निसिवैन्धनम् ॥1 यथा

जातबलस्वह्निस्दहतिआर्द्रान् अपि द्रुमान्

॥2 तथा दहति वेदअग्निस्कर्मजम्दोषम् आत्मनः ॥2

1 Even if a man has done a hundred crimes or more but remembers the Veda, the fire of the Veda burns up all that, like a fire the kindling wood. 2 As a fierce fire burns up even green trees, so the fire of the Veda burns up his guilt caused by evil deeds. 3 Even if he were to slaughter the whole wide world and to eat the food of anyone at all, no sin touches a Brahmin if he keeps the Rgveda in mind. 4 Relying on the power of the Veda, one should not take pleasure in sinful deeds. It burns up only sins committed through ignorance or negligence, and not others. 5 Take a sage who practices austerities in the wilderness eating roots and fruits, and someone who recites a single verse of the Rgveda-these two and their actions are of equal worth. 6 One should strengthen the Veda by means of epics and Puranas; the Veda dreads a man of modest learning, fearing "He will neglect me." 7 Reciting the Veda and carrying out the series of Great Sacrifices every day according to one's ability quickly destroy sins, even grievous sins causing loss of caste. 8 Every day a man should perform tirelessly the rites specifically enjoined on him by the Veda. By performing them according to his ability he attains his highest goal. 9 By teaching sinful people, by officiating at their sacrifices, by contracting marriage alliances with them, and by accepting gifts from them, a learned Brahmin does not incur any guilt, for he is like the fire and the sun. 10 When a doubt has arisen bearing the name "unfit to be eaten" or "forbidden to be eaten", I will describe the purification. Listen well as I explain it! 11 Let a Brahmin drink a decoction of the Brahmasuvarcalā plant without salt or seasonings for three days, as also a decoction of the Sankhapuspi grass together with milk. 12 He should boil Palasa and wood apple leaves, Kusa grass, and lotus and Udumbara leaves, and drink that water; he will be purified in just three days. 13 Living one day each on cow's urine, cowdung, milk, curd, ghee, and water boiled with Kuśa grass, and observing a total fast for one day purifies even a Svapaka. 14 When a man subsists one day each on cow's urine, cowdung, milk, curd, and ghee for five days, he is purified by these five products of the cow. 15 When a man consumes barley grains in accordance with the rules, he becomes visibly pure: if he has become pure, the grains remain white; whereas if he has not become pure, the grains become discolored. 16 For three days eating in the morning food fit for sacrifice, similarly for three days in the evening, and for three days eating what is received unasked-that constitutes three fasts. 17 If, on the other hand, someone wants to expedite it, he should subsist on air during the daytime and during the night remain standing in water until daybreak. This is equal to the Prajapatya penance. 18 By reciting the Savitri verse eight thousand times at sunrise, however, a man is freed from all sins, unless he has murdered a Brahmin. 19 Even if someone has been a thief, drunk liquor, murdered a Brahmin, and had sex with a wife of an elder, he is freed from all sins causing loss of caste by simply studying the Treatise on Law. 20 The arduous penance and the lunar penance destroy all sins, whether they are improper actions, improper sacrifices, or grievous sins. 21 One should increase the food by one mouthful each day of the fortnight of the waxing moon, decrease it by one mouthful each day of the fortnight of the waning moon, and not eat at all on the new-moon day. This is the procedure of the lunar penance. [Va 27.1–2]

Āpastamba

श्रावण्यां पौर्णमास्यां तिलभक्स उपोष्य वा श्वोभूते महानदम् उदकम् उपस्पृश्य सावित्र्या समित्सहस्रम् आदध्याज् जपेद् वा ॥1 इष्टियज्ञक्रतून् वा पवित्रअर्थान् आहरेत् ॥2 अभोज्यं भुक्त्वा नैष्पुरीष्यम् ॥3 तत् सप्तरात्रेणअवाप्यते ॥4 हेमन्तशिशिरयोर् वाउभयोः संध्योर् उदकम् उपस्पृशेत् ॥5 कृच्छ्रद्वादशरात्रं वा चरेत् ॥6 त्र्यहम् अनक्तआश्य् अदिवाआशी ततः त्र्यहं त्र्यहम् अयाचितव्रतः त्र्यहं नअश्नाति किंचनैति कृच्छ्रद्वादशरात्रस्य विधिः ॥7 एतम् एवअभ्यसेत् संवत्सरं स कृच्छ्रसंवत्सरः ॥8

1 On the full-moon day of July-August he should eat some sesame seeds or fast, and on the following day bathe in a great river and offer one thousand kindling sticks in the sacred fires while reciting the Savitri verse or simply recite the Savitri verse thousand times. 2 Or else, he should offer Iṣṭi-offerings and Yajñakratu-sacrifices in order to purify himself. 3 After eating something unfit to be eaten, he should fast until all is gone, excrement 4 which happens seven days. 5 Alternatively, he should bathe each morning and evening during the winter and spring, 6 or perform the twelve-day arduous penance. 7 This is the procedure for the twelve-day arduous penance: for three days the person does not eat during the night, and for the next three days during the day; for three days he eats what he receives unasked, and for three days he does not eat at all. 8 If he repeats this for a year, it is called the year-long arduous penance. [A 1.27.1–8]

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Gautama

अथातः कृच्छ्रान् व्याख्यास्यामः । ॥1 हविष्यान् प्रातर् आशान् भुक्त्वा तिस्रो रात्रीर्नाश्नीयात् । ॥2 अथापरं त्र्य् अहं नक्तं भुञ्जीत । ॥3 अथापरं त्र्य् अहं न कंचन याचेत । ॥4 अथापरं त्र्य् अहम् उपवसेत् । ॥5 तिष्ठेद् अहनि रात्राव् आसीत क्षिप्रकामः । ॥6 सत्यं वदेत् । ॥7 अनार्यैर् न संभाषेत । ॥8 रौरवयौधाजपे नित्यं प्रयुञ्जीत । ॥9 शुचयःपावका इत्य् अष्टाभिः । ॥10 अथोदकतर्पणम् । ॥11 नमः । ॥12 एतद् एवादित्योपस्थानम् । ॥13 एता एवाज्याहुतयः । ॥14

द्वादशरात्रस्यान्ते चरुं श्रपयित्वा एताभ्योदेवताभ्यो जुहुयात् । ॥15 ब्रह्मणे प्रजापतये ऽग्नयेस्विष्टकृत इति । ॥16 ततो ब्राह्मणतर्पणम् । ॥17 एतेनैवातिकृच्छ्रो व्याख्यातः । ॥18 यावत् सकृद् आददीत तावद् अश्नीयात् । ॥19 अब्भक्षः तृतीयः स कृच्छ्रातिकृच्छ्रः । ॥20 प्रथमं चरित्वा शुचिः पूतः कर्मण्यो भवति । ॥21 द्वितीयं चरित्वा यत्किंचिद् अन्यन् महापातकेभ्यःपापं कुरुते तस्मात् प्रमुच्यते । ॥22 तृतीयं चरित्वा सर्वस्माद् एनसो मुच्यते । ॥23 भवति । ॥24 यश् चैवं वेद । ॥25

1 Next we will describe the arduous penances. 2 During three days a man should eat in the morning food fit for sacrifice and not eat anything in the evening; 3 during the next three days he should eat one only in the evening; 4 during the following three days he should not request food from anyone; 5 and during the final three days he should fast. 6 A person who wants the penance to act quickly should remain standing during the day and seated at night; 7 speak the truth; 8 not talk with non-Aryas; 9 sing the Raurava and Yaudhajaya Samans every day; 10 bathe at dawn, noon, and dusk while reciting the verses "Waters, you are refreshing ... "; and dry himself while reciting the eight purificatory verses "Golden-colored, pure, and purifying ... ". 11 Next, he offers libations of water, saying- 12 Homage-to the creator of ego-consciousness, to the creator of illusion, to the giver of gifts, to the effacer of sins, to the performer of austerities, to Punarvasu-Homage! after Homage-to the one worthy of Munja grass offerings, to the one worthy of water offerings, to the one who finds wealth, to the one who finds all-Homage! Homage-to the one who assures success, to the one who assures total success, to the one who assures great success, to the one who best assures success-Homage! Homage-to Rudra, to the Lord of cattle, to the Great God, to the Three-Eyed God, to the Lone Itinerant, to the Supreme Lord, to Hari, to Sarva, to Isana, to the Dread the God, to the Wielder of the Thunderbolt, to the Violent God, to the Matted God-Homage! Homage-to the Sun, to Aditya-Homage! Homage-to the Blue-necked God, to the Dark-throated God—Homage! Homage-to the Black God, to the Brown God-Homage! Homage-to the First-born God, to the Best God, to the Eldest God, to Indra, to the Yellow-haired God, to the Continent God-Homage! Homage-to the True God, to the Purifying God, to the Fire-colored God, to Passion, to the God whose form is passion-Homage! Homage-to the Brilliant God, to the God of brilliant form-Homage! Homage-to the Fiery God, to the God of fiery form-Homage! Homage-to Sobhya, to the Fine Man, to the Great Man, to the Middle Man, to the Highest Man, to the Chaste Student-Homage! Homageto the God who wears the moon on his forehead, to the God who wears a skin-Homage! 13 The worship of the sun is carried out in the very same manner, 14 as also the offering of ghee in the sacred fire. 15 At the end of the twelve days, he should cook an oblation of milk rice and offer it in the sacred fire to the following deities, saying, 16 "To Fire Svaha! To Soma Svaha! To Fire and Soma Svaha! To Indra and Fire Svaha! To Indra Svaha! To All-gods Svaha! To Brahman Svāha! To Prajāpati Svaha! To Fire who makes the offering flawless Svaha!" 17 After that he should gratify the Brahmins. 18 These very rules explain the procedure of the very arduous penance, 19 at which he should eat only as much as he can take in a single mouthful. 20 Taking only water is the third type of arduous penance, and it is called the "penance beyond the very arduous penance". 21 By performing the first, a man becomes pure, cleansed, and fit to engage in the occupations of his class. 22 By performing the second, he is freed from all except the grievous sins causing loss of caste. 23 By performing the third, all his sins are wiped away. 24 By performing all three types of arduous penances, he becomes a bath-graduate with respect to all the Vedas, he becomes known to all the gods-25 so also a man who knows this. [G 26.1–25]

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Baudhāyana

अपः पयो घृतं पराक इति प्रतित्र्यहम् उष्णानि सतप्तकृच्छ्रः ॥37 त्र्यहं प्रातः तथा सायम् अयाचितं पराक इति कृच्छ्रः ॥38 प्रातः सायम् अयाचितं पराक इति त्रयश् चतूरात्राः स एषस्त्रीबालवृद्धानां कृच्छ्रः ॥39 यावत् सकृद् आददीत तावद् अश्नीयात् पूर्ववत् सोअतिकृच्छ्रः ॥40 अब्भक्षः तृतीयः स कृच्छ्रातिकृच्छ्रः ॥41 कृच्छ्रे त्रिषवणम् उदकौपस्पर्शनम् ॥42 अधःशयनम् ॥43 एकवस्त्रता केशश्मश्रुलोमनखवापनम् ॥44 एतद् एव स्त्रियाः केशवपनवर्जम् केशवपनवर्जम् ॥45

37 The hot-arduous penance consists of consuming water, hot milk, and hot ghee for three days each, and fasting for three days. 38 The arduous penance consists of eating only in the morning for three days, eating only in the evening for three days, eating what is received unasked for three days, and fasting for three days. 39 Eating only in the morning one day, eating only in the evening the next day, eating what is received unasked the following day, and fasting on the last day-to do this for four-day three successive periods constitutes the arduous penance for women, children, and the elderly. 40 When a man performs the same penance as above but eats only a single mouthful at each meal, it is the very arduous penance. 41 The third type is subsisting on water alone, and it is the very penance beyond the arduous penance. 42 During an arduous penance, one should bathe at dawn, noon, and dusk; 43 sleep on the floor; 44 wear a single garment; and have the hair of the head, beard, and body shaved and the nails clipped. 45 Women must do the same, with the exception of shaving the head. [B 2.2.37–45]

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Vasiṣṭha

अथअपरस्कृच्छ्रविधिस्साधारणस्व्यूढः ॥42 अहर्प्रातर् अहर् नक्तमहर् एकम् अयाचितम् ॥43 अहर्पराकम्तन्त्रैकम् एवम्चतुसहौ परौ ॥43 अनुग्रहअर्थम्विप्राणाम्मनुस्धर्मभृताम्वरः ॥43 बालवृद्धआतुरेषुएवम्शिशुकृच्छ्रम् उवाच ह ॥43

42 Next, another procedure of the arduous penance, a modified form applicable universally: 43 Eating only in the morning on one day; eating only at night on the next day; eating only what is received unasked on the following day; observing a total fast on the next day; repeating the same series during the following two four-day periods-as a favor to Brahmins, Manu, the chief upholder of the Law, has proclaimed this "Children's Arduous Penance" for children, old people, and the sick. [Va 23.42–3]

अथअतिकृच्छ्रः ॥1 त्रिअहम्प्रातर्तथा सायम् अयाचितम्पराकसिति कृच्छ्रस्यावत् सकृताददीत तावतश्नीयात् पूर्ववत् ससतिकृच्छ्रः ॥2 कृच्छ्रसब्भक्षस्स कृछ्रअतिकृच्छ्रः ॥3 कृच्छ्राणाम्व्रतरूपाणि ॥4 श्मश्रुकेशान् वापयेत्भ्रुवसक्षिलोमशिखावर्जम्नखान् निकृत्यएकवाससनिन्दितभोजी त्रिषवणम् उदकौपस्पर्शी दण्डी कमण्डलुस्स्त्रीशूद्रसंभाषणवर्जी स्थानआसनशीलसहर्तिष्ठेत्रात्रौअसीतैतिआह भगवान् वसिष्ठः ॥5

1 Next, the very arduous penance: 2 one should perform the arduous penance as given above-eating only in the morning for three days, eating only in the evening for three days, eating what is received unasked for three days, and observing a total fast for three days-except that one should eat only what one can take in one mouthful. That is the very arduous penance. 3 A very arduous penance during which one lives only on water is the beyond the very penance 4 The arduous penance. arduous during observances penances are as follows. 5 He should shave the hair of his beard and head, except the eyebrows, eyelashes, and the topknot; cut his nails; wear a single garment; eat food that is beyond reproach-food obtained by begging just once is beyond reproach -; bathe at dawn, noon, and dusk; carry a staff and a water pot; refrain from speaking with women and Śūdras; carry out faithfully the standing and the sitting-that is, remain standing during the day and seated during the night. [Va 24.1–5]

Gautama

अथातश् चान्द्रायणम् । ॥1 तस्योक्तो विधिः कृच्छ्रे । ॥2 वपनं व्रतं चरेत् । ॥3 श्वोभूतां पौर्णमासीम् उपवसेत् । ॥4 तर्पणम् आज्यहोमो हविषश् चानुमन्त्रणमुपस्थानं चन्द्रमसः । ॥5 यद् देवा देवहेडनम् इति चतसृभिर्जुहुयात् । ॥6 देवकृतस्येति चान्ते समिद्भिः । ॥7 शिव इत्य् एतैर् ग्रासानुमन्त्रणंप्रतिमन्त्रं मनसा । ॥8 नमः स्वाहेति वा सर्वान् । ॥9 ग्रासप्रमाणम् आस्याविकारेण । ॥10 । ॥11 पौर्णमास्यां पञ्चदश ग्रासान् भुक्त्वाएकापचयेनापरपक्षम् अश्नीयात् । ॥12 अमावास्यायाम् उपोष्यैकोपचयेनपूर्वपक्षम् । ॥13 विपरीतम् एकेषाम् । ॥14 एवं चान्द्रायणो मासः । ॥15 एवम् आप्त्वा विपापो विपाप्मा सर्वम् एनोहन्ति । ॥16 द्वितीयम् आप्त्वा दश पूर्वान् दश परान् आत्मानंचैकविंशं पङ्क्तिं च पुनाति । ॥17 संवत्सरं चाप्त्वा चन्द्रमसः सलोकताम् आप्नोतिसलोकताम् आप्नोति । ॥18

1 Next, we will describe the lunar penance. 2 To it also apply the rules given under arduous penance. 3 A person who performs this as a penitential vow should shave his head. 4 On the day before the full moon he should fast. 5 He should offer libations of water, offer ghee in the sacred fire, consecrate the sacrificial oblation, and worship the moon using the following formulas: "Swell up ... ", "May the juices unite in you ... ", and "Being born, it becomes ever new ... ". 6 He should offer ghee in the sacred fire, reciting the four verses "O gods, whatever offense we have committed against the gods ... ", 7 and at the end put pieces of firewood into the fire, reciting the formulas "You are the expiation for sins committed against the gods. ... " 8 The mouthfuls of food should be consecrated by mentally reciting these formulas, one for each mouthful: "OM! Earth! Mid Space! Sky! Austerity! Truth! Fame! Prosperity! Vigor! Refreshment! Strength! Luster! Law! Male! Auspicious!"; 9 or else he may consecrate all of them, saying "Homage Svaha!" 10 The mouthfuls shall be of such a size as not to distend the mouth. "The sacrificial oblations are milk rice, almsfood, barley flour, husked grain, barley gruel, vegetables, milk, curd, ghee, fruits, and water, roots, each succeeding being more excellent than each preceding. 12 On the full-moon day he should eat fifteen mouthfuls, and during the fortnight of the waning moon reduce the amount of food by one mouthful a day. 13 On the new-moon day he should fast, and during the fortnight of the waxing moon increase the amount of food by one mouthful a day. 14 Some invert this procedure. 15 This is a month of the lunar fast. 16 A man who completes one such month becomes free from sin, free from evil; and he wipes out all offenses. 17 A man who completes a second such month purifies his ten ancestors and ten descendants, with himself as the twenty-first, and also those alongside whom he eats. 18 A man who completes one year in this manner will dwell in the same world as the moon. [G 27.1–18]

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Baudhāyana

अथअतश् चान्द्रायणस्य कल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥1 शुक्लचतुर्दशीम् उपवसेत् ॥2 केशश्मश्रुलोमनखानि वापयित्वाअपि वा श्मश्रूण्य् एवअहतंवासो वसानः सत्यं ब्रुवन्न् आवसथम् अभ्युपेयात् ॥3 तस्मिन्न् अस्य सकृत्प्रणीतोअग्निर् अरण्योर् निर्मन्थ्यो वा ॥4 ब्रह्मचारी सुहृत् प्रैषायौपकल्पी स्यात् ॥5 हविष्यं च व्रतौपायनीयम् ॥6 अग्निम् उपसमाधाय संपरिस्तीर्यआअग्निमुखात् कृत्वापक्वाज् जुहोति ॥7 अग्नये या तिथिः स्यान् नक्षत्राय सदैवताय अत्रआह गोरमन्वतैति चान्द्रमसीं पञ्चमीं द्यावापृथिवीभ्यां षष्ठीमहोरात्राभ्यां सप्तमीं रौद्रीम् अष्टमीं सौरीं नवमीं वारुणींदशमीम् ऐन्द्रीम् एकादशीं वैश्वदेवीं द्वादशीम् इति ॥8 अथअपराः समामनन्ति दिग्भ्यश् च सदैवताभ्य उरोरन्तरिक्षाय सदैवताय ॥9 नवोनवो भवति जायमान इति सौविष्टकृतींहुत्वाअथएतधविरुच्छिष्टं कंसे वा चमसे वा व्युद्धृत्यहविष्यैर् व्यञ्जनैर् उपसिच्य पञ्चदश पिण्डान् प्रकृतिस्थान् प्राश्नाति ॥10 प्राणाय त्वाइति प्रथमम् अपानाय त्वाइति द्वितीयम् व्यानाय त्वाइति तृतीयम् उदानाय त्वाइति चतुर्थम् समानायत्वाइति पञ्चमम् यदा चत्वारो द्वाभ्यां पूर्वम् यदा त्रयोद्वाभ्यां द्वाभ्यां पूर्वौ यदा द्वौ द्वाभ्यां पूर्वं त्रिभिरुत्तरम् एकं सर्वैः ॥11 निग्राभ्या स्थैति अपः पीत्वाअथआज्यआहुतीरुपजुहोति प्राणअपानव्यानौदानसमाना मे शुध्यन्तां ज्योतिरहं विरजा विपाप्मा भूयासं स्वाहा वाङ्मनः शिरःपाणि त्वक्चर्ममांस शब्दस्पर्शरूप पृथिव्यप्तेजो अन्नमयप्राणमयमनोमयविज्ञानमयआनन्दमया मे शुध्यन्तांज्योतिर् अहं विरजा विपाप्मा भूयासं स्वाहाइति सप्तभिर् अनुवाकैः ॥12 जयप्रभृति सिद्धम् आ धेनुवरप्रदानात् ॥13 सौरीभिर् आदित्यम् उपतिष्ठते चान्द्रमसीभिश् चन्द्रमसम् ॥14 अग्ने त्वं सु जागृहिइति संविशञ् जपति ॥15 त्वम् अग्ने व्रतपा असिइति प्रबुद्धः ॥16 स्त्रीशूद्रैर् नअभिभाषेत मूत्रपुरीषे नअवेक्षेत ॥17 अमेध्यं दृष्ट्वा जपति अबद्धं मनो दरिद्रं चक्षुः सूर्योज्योतिषां श्रेष्ठो दीक्षे मा मा हासीर् इति ॥18 प्रथमायाम् अपरपक्षस्य चतुर्दश ग्रासान् ॥19 एवम् एकअपचयेनआअमावास्यायाः ॥20 अमावास्यायां ग्रासो न विद्यते ॥21 अथ प्रथमायां पूर्वपक्षस्यएकः द्वौद्वितीयायाम् ॥22 एवम् एकौपचयेनआ पौर्णमास्याः ॥23 पौर्णमास्यां स्थालीपाकस्य जुहोत्य् अग्नये या तिथिः स्यान्नक्षत्रेभ्यश् च सदैवतेभ्यः ॥24 पुरस्तात्श्रोणाया अभिजितः सदैवतस्य हुत्वा गांब्राह्मणेभ्यो दद्यात् ॥25 तद् एतच् चान्द्रायणं पिपीलिकामध्यम् विपरीतं यवमध्यम् ॥26 अतोअन्यतरच् चरित्वा सर्वेभ्यः पातकेभ्यः पापकृत्शुद्धोभवति ॥27 कामाय कामायएतद् आहार्यम् इत्य् आचक्षते ॥28 यं कामं कामयते तम् एतेनआप्नोति ॥29 एतेन वा ऋषय आत्मानं शोधयित्वा पुरा कर्माण्य् असाधयन् तद् एतद् धन्यं पुण्यं पुत्र्यं पौत्र्यं पशव्यम् आयुष्यं स्वर्ग्यंयशस्यं सार्वकामिकम् ॥30 नक्षत्राणां द्युतिं सूर्याचन्द्रमसोर् एव सायुज्यं सलोकताम् आप्नोति य उ चएनद् अधीते य उ चएनद् अधीते ॥31

1 Next, we will explain the rules of the lunar penance. 2 On the fourteenth day in the fortnight of the waxing moon he should fast. 3 He should get the hair of his head, beard, and body shaved and his nails clipped-or just get his beard shaved-and, wearing a new set of clothes and speaking the truth, enter the fire hall. 4 A fire should be brought to that place for him a single time, or it may be produced by twirling the fire-drills. 5 A student friend of his should be at hand to carry out his directions. 6 He eats sacrificial food for the duration of the vow. 7 After putting wood in the sacred fire and spreading sacred grass all around it, he completes all the rites up to the Agnimukha and offers in the fire portions of the cooked food-8 to Fire; to the lunar day on which the offering is made; to the lunar mansion together with its deity; the fifth to the moon, reciting the verse: "Here indeed did they recognize ... "; the sixth to heaven and earth; the seventh to the day and the night; the eighth to Rudra; the ninth to the sun; the tenth to Varuna; the eleventh to Indra; and the twelfth to the All-gods. 9 Tradition, moreover, records further oblations to the cardinal directions together with their respective deities and to the wide expanse of mid-space together with its deity. 10 After he has made the offering to Fire who makes the offering flawless, reciting: "Being born, it becomes ever new ... ", he serves the remainder of the sacrificial oblation into the Kamsa bowl or the Camasa vessel; pours sauces fit for sacrifice over it; and eats fifteen regular-size lumps-11 the first, saying "You are for the out-breath!"; the second, saying "You are for the in-breath!"; the third, saying "You are for the inter-breath!"; the fourth, saying "You are for the up-breath!"; and the fifth, saying "You are for the link-breath!" When he eats only four lumps, he eats the first reciting the first two formulas; when he eats only three lumps, he eats the first reciting the first two and the second reciting the second two: when he eats only two lumps, he eats the first reciting the first two and the second reciting the last three; and when he eats only one lump, he eats it reciting all the formulas. 12 He then drinks water, saying, "You are the waters heard by the gods. Refresh my life. Refresh my out-breath. Refresh my in-breath. Refresh my inter-breath. Refresh my sight. Refresh my hearing. Refresh my mind. Refresh my speech. Refresh my body. Refresh my limbs. Refresh my offspring. Refresh my house. Refresh my men. Refresh me together with my men. May my men never go thirsty," and afterwards makes additional offerings of ghee, reciting these seven texts: "May my out-breath, in-breath, inter-breath, up-breath, and link-breath become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svaha! May my speech, mind, sight, hearing, taste, smell, semen, intelligence, intentions, and desires become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svāha! May my head, hands, feet, sides, back, belly, thighs, penis, sexual organs, and anus become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svāha! May my outer and inner skin, flesh, blood, fat, marrow, sinews, and bones become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svaha! May my (bodily constituents of) sound, touch, visible appearance, taste, and smell become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svaha! May my (bodily constituents of) earth, water, fire, wind, and space become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svaha! May my (body) made of food, breath, mind, intelligence, and bliss become purified. May I become the radiant, free of dust and evil! Svaha!" 13 The rites from the Jaya offering to the giving of a fine cow are well known. 14 He worships the sun reciting the solar verses, and the moon reciting the lunar verses. 15 He recites softly, "Keep awake, O Fire ... ", as he goes to sleep; 16 and "You, O Fire, are the guardian of vows ... ", as he wakes up. 17 Let him not speak with women or Śūdras, or look at urine or excrement. 18 Should he happen to see such filth, let him recite softly: "My mind was out of control, and my sight was wayward. The sun is the best of the celestial lights. May you, O Consecration, forsake me not!". 19 On the first day of the fortnight of the waning moon, he eats fourteen mouthfuls. 20 In this manner he decreases his food by one mouthful a day until the new moon. 21 No food is taken on the new-moon day. 22 Then, on the first day of the fortnight of the waxing moon, he eats one mouthful, and two on the second day. 23 In this manner he increases by one mouthful a day until the full moon. 24 On the full-moon day, he offers an oblation of cooked food to the fire, to the lunar day on which it is offered, and to the lunar mansions together with their respective deities. 25 Having first made an offering to the lunar mansion Abhijit that comes before Srona, as well as to its deity, he should give a cow to Brahmins, 26 What has been described above is the lunar penance with its middle like that of an ant. When it is done in the opposite way, its middle is like that of a barley grain. 27 When a sinner performs either of these, he becomes purified of all his sins causing loss of caste. 28 They say that this may be performed to obtain any type of wish; 29 by this a man obtains whatever he wishes. 30 It is by means of this that in ancient times the seers purified themselves and accomplished their goals. It procures wealth, merit, sons, grandsons, cattle, long life, heaven, and fame, as well as everything one desires. 31 A man who recites this obtains the splendor of the lunar mansions, as well as union with and residence in the same world as the sun and the moon themselves. [B 3.8.1–31]

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Vasiṣṭha

अथ चान्द्रायणविधिः ॥44 मासस्य कृष्णपक्षआदौ ग्रासान् अद्यात्चतुर्दश ॥45 ग्रासौपचयभोजी स्यात् पक्षशेषम्समापयेत् ॥45 एवम्हि शुक्लपक्षआदौ ग्रासम् एकम्तु भक्षयेत् ॥45 ग्रासअपचयभोजी स्यात् पक्षशेषम्समापयेत् ॥45 अत्रएव गायेत् सामानि अपि वा व्याहृतीस्जपेत् ॥46 एष चान्द्रायणस्मासस्पवित्रम् ऋषिसंस्तुतः ॥47 अनादिष्टेषु सर्वेषु प्रायश्चित्तम्विधीयते ॥47 विधीयतेइति ॥47

44 Next, the procedure of the lunar penance: 45 On the first day of the fortnight of the waning moon a person should eat fourteen mouthfuls and complete the fortnight by reducing the food by one mouthful each day. Likewise, he should eat the final mouthful on the first day of the fortnight of the waxing moon and complete the fortnight by increasing the food by one mouthful each day. 46 During that period he should sing Saman verses or softly recite the Calls. 47 This month-long lunar penance has been acclaimed by seers as a means of purification. It is prescribed as the penance for all offenses for which there is no specific penance. [Va 23.44–7]

एकैकं वर्धयेत् पिण्डं शुक्ले कृष्णे च ह्रासयेत् । अमावास्यां न भुञ्जीत एवं चान्द्रायणो विधिरिति ॥21

21 One should increase the food by one mouthful each day of the fortnight of the waxing moon, decrease it by one mouthful each day of the fortnight of the waning moon, and not eat at all on the new-moon day. This is the procedure of the lunar penance. [Va 27.21]

Āpastamba

येष्व् आभिशस्त्यं तेषाम् एकाङ्गं छित्त्वाअप्राणहिंसायाम् ॥6 अनार्यवपैशुनप्रतिषिद्धाअचारेष्व् अभक्ष्यअभोज्यअपेयप्राशने शूद्रायां च रेतः सिक्त्वाअयोनौ च दोषवच् च कर्मअभिसंधिपूर्वं कृत्वाअनभिसंधिपूर्वं वाअब्लिङ्गाभिर् अप उपस्पृशेद् वारुणीभिर् वाअन्यैर् वा पवित्रैर् यथा कर्मअभ्यासः ॥7

6 When, without endangering the man's life, someone cuts off one limb of a man for whose murder he would become a heinous sinner; 7 when someone behaves in a manner unbecoming of an Arya, engages in slander, and does forbidden things; when someone partakes of food or drink that is forbidden or unfit; when someone ejaculates his semen in a Śūdra woman or in any place other than the vagina; and when someone performs a nefarious rite intentionally or unintentionally-he should bathe reciting the Ablinga or Vāruṇī formulas, or other purificatory texts in proportion to the frequency with which he has committed these offenses. [A 1.26.6–7]

अथअपरम् बहून्य् अप्य् अपतनीयानि कृत्वा त्रिभिर् अनश्नत् पारायणैः कृतप्रायश्चित्तो भवति ॥9 अनार्यां शयने बिभ्रेद् ददद् वृद्धिं कषायपः अब्राह्मण इव वन्दित्वा तृणेष्व् आसीत पृष्ठतप् ॥10 यद् एकरात्रेण करोति पापं कृष्णं वर्णं ब्राह्मणः सेवमानः चतुर्थकाल उदकअभ्यवायी त्रिभिर् वर्षैः तद् अपहन्ति पापम् ॥11

9 Now, another penance-by reciting the Veda completely three times while abstaining from food, one discharges penance for committing even a great many sins that do not cause loss of caste, 10 When someone takes a non-Arya woman to bed, lends money on interest, drinks a decoction, or pays obeisance in a manner unworthy of a Brahmin, he should sit on a spread of grass letting the sun scorch his back. 11 The sin a Brahmin commits by serving a person of the black class for one day he removes in three years by bathing daily and eating at every fourth mealtime. [A 1.27.9–11]

दारव्यतिक्रमी खरअजिनं बहिर्लोम परिधाय दारव्यतिक्रमिणे भिक्षाम् इति सप्तअगाराणि चरेत् सा वृत्तिः षण्मासान् ॥19 स्त्रियाः तु भर्तृव्यतिक्रमे कृच्छ्रद्वादशरात्राभ्यासः तावन्तं कालम् ॥20

19 A man who has unjustly abandoned his wife should wear a donkey's skin with its hairy side out and beg from seven houses, saying, "Almsfood for a man who has unjustly abandoned his wife!" That should be his livelihood for six months. 20 Women who abandon their husbands unjustly, on the other hand, should perform the twelve-day arduous penance for the same length of time. [A 1.28.19–20]

पतनीयवृत्तिः त्व् अशुचिकराणां द्वादश मासान् द्वादशअर्धमासान् द्वादश द्वादशअहान् द्वादश सप्तअहान् द्वादश त्र्यहान् द्वादशअहं सप्तअहं त्र्यहम् एकअहम् ॥17 इत्य् अशुचिकरनिर्वेषो यथा कर्मअभ्यासः ॥18

17 People guilty of sins that make them sordid should follow the life prescribed for sins causing loss of caste for twelve months, for twelve fortnights, for twelve times twelve days, for twelve times seven days, for twelve times three days, for twelve days, for seven days, for three days, or for one day. 18 In this manner sins that make a man sordid should be expiated in accordance with the way the deed was committed. [A 1.29.17–18]

स्वपन्न् अभिनिम्रुक्तो नआश्वान् वाग्यतो रात्रिम् आसीत श्वो भूत उदकम् उपस्पृश्य वाचं विसृजेत् ॥13 स्वपन्न् अभ्युदितो नआश्वान् वाग्यतो ऽअहः तिष्ठेत् ॥14 आ तमितोः प्राणम् आयच्छेद् इत्य् एके ॥15 स्वप्नं वा पापकं दृष्ट्वा ॥16 अर्थं वा सिषाधयिषन् ॥17 नियमअतिक्रमे चअन्यस्मिन् ॥18 अन्ततः प्रवृत्तानि ॥3

13 If the sun sets while a person is asleep, he should remain seated that night, without eating and observing silence. The next morning he should bathe and then break his silence. 14 If the sun rises while a person is asleep, he should remain standing that day, without eating and observing silence. 15 According to some, he should control his breath until he becomes exhausted; 16 he should do so also when he has seen a bad dream, 17 desires to accomplish some objective, 18 or has transgressed some other rule. 22 A man who is asleep when the sun sets or rises, or has bad nails or black teeth; a man who marries a younger sister while her older sister remains unmarried or an older sister whose younger sister is already married; a man whose younger brother has set up the ritual fires or performed the Soma sacrifice before him; a man whose younger brother gets married before him; and a man whose younger brother receives his portion of the estate before him or who receives his portion of the estate before his older brother-all these must perform the penances for sins that make a man sordid, each succeeding offender performing a more severe penance than the preceding. 23 According to some, after performing the required penance, he should get rid of the condition that necessitated it. [A 2.12.13–18, 22–3]

मिथ्याअधीतप्रायश्चित्तम् ॥10 संवत्सरम् आचार्यहिते वर्तमानो वाचं यच्छेत् स्वाध्याय एवौत्सृजमानो वाचम् आचार्य आचार्यदारे भिक्षाचर्ये च ॥11

10 Next, the penances for studying in contravention of the rules. 11 Engaged in activities beneficial to his teacher, he should keep silence for a year, speaking only during his daily vedic recitation, when addressing his teacher or the teacher's wife, and while he is begging. [A 1.26.10–11]

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Gautama

सावित्रीम् । ॥21 अशुचिं दृष्ट्वा आदित्यम् ईक्षेत प्राणायामं कृत्वा । ॥22 अभोज्यभोजने ऽमेध्यप्राशने वा निष्पुरीषीभावः । ॥23 त्रिरात्रावरम् अभोजनम्

। ॥24 सप्तरात्रं वा स्वयंशीर्णान्य् उपभुञ्जानःफलान्य् अनतिक्रामन् । ॥25 प्राक्पञ्चनखेभ्यश् छर्दनं घृतप्राशनं च । ॥26 आक्रोशानृतहिंसासु त्रिरात्रं

परमं तपः । ॥27 सत्यवाक्ये वारुणीमानवीभिर् होमः । ॥28 विवाहमैथुननर्मार्तसंयोगेष्व् अदोषम् एके ऽनृतम् । ॥29 न तु खलु गुर्वर्थेषु । ॥30 अर्थेषु । ॥31

21 Someone who is asleep should stand at sunrise during that day, remaining chaste and without eating any food; while someone who is asleep at sunset should stand during that night reciting the Sāvitri verse. 22 When someone sees a sordid man, he should control his breath and look at the sun. 23 If a man eats something unfit to be eaten, the he should rid himself of all the excrement 24 by not eating for at least three days; 25 or else he should subsist for seven days on fruits that have fallen on their own without skipping any. 26 If he eats anything listed before the animals with five claws, he should throw up and eat some ghee. 27 If someone uses abusive words, tells a lie, or inflicts an injury, he shall practice austerities for a maximum of three days. 28 If his words were true, however, he should offer a sacrifice using the Varuṇi formulas and the Manavi hymns. 29 According to some, telling a lie at a marriage, during sex, in jest, or in grief is not a sin, 30 but not if it concerns an elder; 31 when a man tells a lie with regard to an elder even in his mind and even with respect to something trivial, he brings ruin upon himself and upon seven generations before him and after him. [G 23.21–31]

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Baudhāyana

अथअतः प्रायश्चित्तानि ॥1

1 Next, the penances. [B 2.1.1]

गुरुप्रयुक्तश् चेन् म्रियेत गुरुः त्रीन् कृच्छ्रांश् चरेत् ॥23 एतद् एवअसंस्कृते ॥24

23 If a student dies while carrying out his teacher's orders, the teacher should perform three arduous penances. 24 He should do the same penance if he fails to complete his pupil's instruction. [B 2.1.23–4]

अशुचिशुक्रौत्पन्नानां तेषाम् इच्छतां प्रायश्चित्तिः ॥24 पतनीयानां तृतीयोअंशः स्त्रीणाम् अंशः तृतीयः ॥25 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥26 भोजनअभ्यञ्जनाद् दानाद् यद् अन्यत् कुरुते तिलैः ॥26 श्वविष्ठायां कृमिर् भूत्वा पितृभिः सहमज्जति इति ॥26 पित्क़्न् वा एष विक्रीणीते यः तिलान् विक्रीणीते प्राणान्वा एष विक्रीणीते यः तण्डुलान् विक्रीणीते सुकृतअंशान् वा एषविक्रीणीते यः पणमानो दुहितरं ददाति ॥27

24 If they so wish, people born from the semen of sordid men may perform a penance, 25 males one-third of the penance prescribed for those fallen from their caste, and females one-ninth. 26 Now, they also quote: "If a man uses sesame for any purpose other than eating, anointing, and giving as a gift, reborn as a worm, he will plunge into a pile of dog shit together with his ancestors. 27 A man who sells sesame sells his own ancestors. A man who sells rice sells his own life. A man who haggles when he gives his daughter in marriage sells shares of his merits." [B 2.2.24–7]

पातकवर्जं वा बभ्रुं पिङ्गलां गां रोमशांसर्पिषाअवसिच्य कृष्णैः तिलैर् अवकीर्यअनूचानाय दद्यात् ॥30 कूश्माण्डैर् वा द्वादशाहम् ॥31 यद् अर्वाचीनम् एनो भ्रूणहत्यायाः तस्मान् मुच्यत इति ॥32 पातकअभिशंसने कृच्छ्रः ॥33 तदब्दोअभिशंसितुः ॥34 अमेध्यप्राशने प्रायश्चित्तिर् नैष्पुरीष्यम् तत् सप्तरात्रेणअवाप्यते ॥36

30 For a sin that does not entail loss of caste, a man may give a vedic savant a brown or red cow with a lot of hair after anointing it with ghee and sprinkling black sesame seeds over it; 31 or else he may make offerings while reciting Kūṣmāṇḍa verses during twelve days, 32 for it is said, "a man is thus freed from any sin short of murdering a Brahmin". 33 When a man is accused of a sin causing loss of caste, he should perform an arduous penance, while the accuser should perform it for one year. 36 The penance for eating an impure substance is to fast until all the excrement is gone, which happens after seven days. [B 2.2.30–4, 36]

बहुप्रतिग्राह्यस्यअप्रतिग्राह्यस्य वा प्रतिगृह्य अयाज्यं वायाजयित्वअनाश्यअन्नस्य वाअन्नम् अशित्वा तरत्समन्दीयं जपेद् इति ॥8

8 If a man accepts a lot of gifts from someone from whom he is permitted to accept or anything from someone from whom he is forbidden to accept; or if he officiates at a sacrifice of someone at whose sacrifices he is forbidden to officiate; or if he cats the food of someone whose food he is forbidden to eat he should silently recite Taratsamandī verses. [B 2.5.8]

प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामो नानाअर्थानि पृथक्पृथक् ॥1 तेषुतेषु च दोषेषु गरीयांसि लघूनि च ॥1 यद्य् अत्र हि भवेद् युक्तं तधि तत्रएव निर्दिशेत् ॥2 भूयोभूयो गरीयःसु लघुष्व् अल्पीयसः तथा ॥2 विधिना शास्त्रदृष्टेन प्रायश्चित्तानि निर्दिशेत् ॥3 प्रतिग्रहीष्यमाणः तु प्रतिगृह्य तथाएव च ॥4 ऋचः तरत्समन्द्यः तु चतस्रः परिवर्तयेत् ॥4 अभोज्यानां तु सर्वेषाम् अभोज्यअन्नस्य भोजने ॥5 ऋग्भिः तरत्समन्दीभिर् मार्जनंपापशोधनम् ॥5

1 We will describe individual penances meant for various types of offenses, both the heavier penances and the lighter ones. 2–3 Let a man prescribe whichever is suitable for a particular case-heavier penances for severe offenses and lighter ones for minor offenses. Let him prescribe penances in accordance with the rules given in authoritative texts. 4 A man who has intended to accept, as also a man who has actually accepted gifts [from someone from whom it is forbidden to accept gifts], should recite the four Taratsamandi verses. 5 When someone has eaten unfit food or food given by unfit persons, the way to remove his sin is to wash himself while reciting the Taratsamandi verses. [B 4.2.1–5]

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Vasiṣṭha

तत्र च सूर्यअभ्युदितस्सनहः तिष्ठेत् सावित्रीम्च जपेत् ॥4 एवम्सूर्यअभिनिर्मुक्तस्रात्रौआसीत् ॥5 कुनखी श्यावदन्तः तु कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरेत् ॥6 परिवित्तिस्कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा निविशेत ताम्चएवौपयच्छेत् ॥7 अथ परिविविदानस्कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रौ चरित्वा तस्मै दत्त्वा पुनर् निविशेत ताम्चएवौपयच्छेत् ॥8 अग्रेदिधिषूपतिस्कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा निविशेत ताम्चौपयच्छेत् ॥9 दिधिषूपतिस्कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रौ चरित्वा तस्मै दत्त्वा पुनर् निविशेत् ॥10 वीरहणम्परस्तात्वक्ष्यामः ॥11 ब्रह्मौज्झस्कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा पुनर् उपयुञ्जीत वेदम् आचार्यात् ॥12 एततेव चाण्डालपतितअन्नभोजनेषु ततस्पुनरुपनयनम्वपनआदीनाम्तु निवृत्तिः ॥17

4 Among these, a person who was asleep at sunrise should remain standing during the day reciting the Sāvitrī verse; 5 and a person who was asleep at sunset should remain seated during the night reciting the Sāvitrī verse. 6 A man with bad nails or black teeth, on the other hand, should perform the arduous penance for twelve days. 7 A man whose younger brother has got married before him should perform the arduous penance for twelve days and get married, and then take that very woman to himself; 8 whereas a man who gets married before his elder brother should perform an arduous and a very arduous penance, hand his wife over to the latter, and get married again, and then take that very woman to himself. 9 A man who marries a younger sister whose older sister remains unmarried should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and get married, and then take her to himself. 10 A man who marries an older sister whose younger sister is already married should perform an arduous and a very arduous penance, hand her over to him, and get married again. 11 We will explain below the penance for a man who has extinguished his sacred fire. 12 A man who has forgotten the Veda should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and once again learn the Veda from his teacher. ... 17 The same [arduous penance] applies for eating the food of a Candala or an outcaste. Afterwards he should be reinitiated; the shaving and other similar rites, however, are omitted. ... 29 For, it is said: "For when confessed, a sin is made less". 3 Now, they also quote: "By telling an outcaste 'You're an outcaste!', or a thief 'You're a thief!', a man by his speech becomes as sinful as they; and if his accusation is false, he becomes twice as sinful." ... 47 Now, they also quote: "A sinner is freed from his sin by mortifying his body, by austerity, and by reciting the Veda, as also by giving gifts." So it is stated. [Va 20.4–12, 17, 29–30, 47]

यसग्नीन् अपविध्येत् कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा पुनर् आधानम्कारयेत् ॥27 गुरोस्चअलीकनिर्बन्धे सचैलम्स्नातस्गुरुम्प्रसादयेत् प्रसादात् पूतस्भवतिइति विज्ञायते ॥28 नास्तिकस्कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा विरमेत्नास्तिक्यात् ॥29 नास्तिकवृत्तिः तुअतिकृच्छ्रम् ॥30 एतेन सोमविक्रयी व्याख्यातः ॥31 वानप्रस्थस्दीक्षाभेदे कृच्छ्रम्द्वादशरात्रम्चरित्वा महाकक्षे वर्धयेत् ॥32 भिक्षुकैस्वानप्रस्थवत् सोमवृद्धिवर्धनम्स्वशास्त्रसंस्कारस्च स्वशास्त्रसंस्कारस्चैति ॥33

7 If a man extinguishes his sacred fires, he should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and have the rite of establishing the sacred fires carried out over again. 28 If someone falsely accuses an elder of his, he should bathe with his clothes on and seek forgiveness from that elder. "He becomes pure," it is stated, "by his forgiveness." 29 An infidel should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and abandon his infidelity. 30 Someone who receives subsistence from infidels, however, should perform a very arduous penance. 31 This explains the penance for a man who sells Soma. 32 A forest hermit who violates his vow should perform an arduous penance for twelve days and increase his austerities in a dense wood. 33 Mendicants violating in the same manner as hermits should perform a lunar penance and undergo initiation in the manner prescribed in their respective texts. [Va 21.27–33]

पतितचाण्डालआरावश्रवणे त्रिरात्रम्वाच्यता अनश्नन्तसासीरन् ॥34 सहस्रपरमम्वा ततभ्यसन्तस्पूतास्भवन्तिइति विज्ञायते ॥35 एतेनएव गर्हितअध्यापकयाजकास्व्याख्यातास्दक्षिणात्यागात्च पूतास्भवन्तिइति विज्ञायते ॥36 एतेनएवअभिशस्तस्व्याख्यातः ॥37 भ्रूणहत्त्यायाम्द्वादशरात्रम् अब्भक्षस्द्वादशरात्रम् उपवसेत् ॥38 ब्राह्मणम् अनृतेनअभिशंस्य पतनीयेनौपपतनीयेन वा मासम् अब्भक्षस्शुद्धवतीसावर्तयेत् ॥39 अश्वमेधअवभृथम्वा गच्छेत् ॥40 एतेनएव चाण्डालीव्यवायस्व्याख्यातः ॥41

3 If someone (recites the Veda) within the hearing of an outcaste, a Candāla, or a corpse, they should remain seated silently and without eating for three days. 35 "Or else," it is stated, "they become pure by reciting it at least one thousand times." 36 The above provision spells out the penance for teaching reprehensible people and for officiating at their sacrifices. "And they become pure," it is said, "by giving up the fees they have received." 37 Next, another penance for murdering a Brahmin. He should live on water for twelve days and observe a total fast for twelve more days. 38 If someone has falsely accused a Brahmin of a grievous or secondary sin causing loss of caste, he should repeat the Suddhavati verses for one month while living on water 39 or participate in the ritual bath that concludes a horse sacrifice. 40 This also spells out the penance for a heinous sinner. 4 l[Next, another penance for sex with forbidden women.] He should live on water for twelve days and observe a total fast for twelve more days, or participate in the ritual bath that concludes a horse sacrifice. This also spells out the penance for sexual intercourse with a Candala woman. [Va 23.34–41]

व्रणद्वारे कृमिस्यस्य संभवेत कदाचन ॥16 प्राजापत्येन शुध्येत हिरण्यम्गौस्वासस्दक्षिणासिति ॥16

16 If ever a worm is found in someone's wound, he is purified by performing the Prājāpatya penance and giving gold, a cow, and a garment as a sacrificial fee. [Va 18.16]

Gautama

तस्य निष्क्रयणानि जपः तपो होम उपवासो दानम् । ॥11 चेति पावमानानि । ॥12 सोमपानम् इतिमेध्यानि । ॥13 इति देशाः । ॥14 तपांसि । ॥15 हिरण्यं गौर् वासो ऽश्वो भूमिः तिला घृतम् अन्नम् इतिदेयानीति । ॥16 त्र्यहो ऽहोरात्र इतिकालाः । ॥17 एतान्य् एवानादेशे विकल्पेन क्रियेरन् । ॥18 एनःसु गुरुषु गुरूणि लघुषु लघूनि । ॥19 कृच्छ्रातिकृच्छ्रौ चान्द्रायणम् इति सर्वप्रायश्चित्तं । ॥20

11 The expiations for such a man are softly reciting prayers, austerity, ritual offering, fasting, and giving gifts. 12 Upanisads; the conclusions of the Vedas (vedānta); the Hymn-Collections of all the Vedas; the "Honey" verses; Aghamarṣaṇa hymn; Atharvaśiras; Rudra hymn; Puruṣa hymn; the Sāmans called Rājana, Rauhiṇi, Brhat, Rathantara, Puruṣagati, Mahānāmnī, Mahāvairāja, and Mahādivākīrtya; any of the Jyestha Samans; Bahiṣpavamāna Sāman; Kūṣmāṇda verses; Pāvamānī verses; and the Sāvitrī verse-these are the purificatory texts. 13 Living on milk alone; eating only vegetables; eating only fruits; living on gruel made with one handful of barley; consuming gold; consuming ghee; and drinking Soma juice-these are the cleansing activities. 14 All mountains; all flowing rivers; sacred lakes; sacred fords; dwellings of seers; cow-pens; and temples-these are the appropriate places. 15 Observing chastity; speaking the truth; bathing at dawn, noon, and dusk; remaining in wet clothes after the bath; sleeping on the floor; and fasting-these are the austerities. 16 Gold; cow; garment; horse; land: sesame seeds; ghee; and food-these are the gifts. 17 One year; six months; four months; three months; two months; one month; twenty-four days; twelve days; six days; three days; and a day and night-these are the lengths of time. 18 When no specific penance has been prescribed, people may perform these optionally, 19 the heavier penances for grave sins and the lighter penances for minor sins. 20 The arduous penance, the very arduous penance, and the lunar penance are expiations for all types of sins. [G 19.11–20]

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Baudhāyana

तस्य निष्क्रयणानि जपः तपो होम उपवासो दानम् ॥9 उपनिषदो वेदादयो वेदान्ताः सर्वच्छन्दःसु संहिता मधून्यघमर्षणम् अथर्वशिरो रुद्राः पुरुषसूक्तं राजनरौहिणे सामनीबृहद्रथंतरे पुरुषगतिर् महानाम्न्यो महावैराजं महादिवाकीर्त्यंज्येष्ठसाम्नाम् अन्यतमं बहिष्पवमानः कूश्माण्ड्यः पावमान्यः सावित्री चैति पावनानि ॥10 उपसन्न्यायेन पयोव्रतता शाकभक्षता फलभक्षतामूलभक्षता प्रसृतियावको हिरण्यप्राशनं घृतप्राशनंसोमपानम् इति मेध्यानि ॥11 सर्वे शिलोच्चयाः सर्वाः स्रवन्त्यः सरितः पुण्या ह्रदास्तीर्थान्य् ऋषिनिकेतनानि गोष्ठक्षेत्रपरिष्कन्दा इति देशाः ॥12 अहिंसा सत्यम् अस्तैन्यं सवनेषुउदकौपस्पर्शनंगुरुशुश्रूषा ब्रह्मचर्यम् अधःशयनम् एकवस्त्रताअनाशक इतितपांसि ॥13 हिरण्यं गौर् वासोअश्वो भूमिः तिला घृतम् अन्नम् इति देयानि ॥14 संवत्सरः षण्मासाश् चत्वारः त्रयो द्वाव् एकश्चतुर्विंशत्यहो द्वादशअहः षडहः त्र्यहोअहोरात्र एकअह इतिकालाः ॥15 एतान्य् अनादेशे क्रियेरन् ॥16 एनःसु गुरुषु गुरूणि लघुषु लघूनि ॥17 कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रौ चान्द्रायणम् इति सर्वप्रायश्चित्तिः सर्वप्रायश्चित्तिः ॥18

The expiations for such a man are softly reciting prayers, austerity, ritual offering, fasting, and giving gifts. 10 Upaniṣads; the beginnings of the Vedas; the conclusions of the Vedas (vedānta); the Hymn-Collections of all the Vedas; the "Honey" verses; Aghamarṣaṇa hymn; Atharvaśiras; Rudra hymn; Puruṣa hymn; the Sāmans called Rājana, Rauhiṇi, Brhat, Rathantara, Puruṣagati, Mahānāmnī, Mahāvairāja, and Mahādivakīrtya; any of the Jyeṣtha Sāmans; Bahiṣpavamāna Sāman; Kūṣmāṇda verses; Pāvamānī verses; and the Savitri verse-these are the purificatory texts. 11 To do the following in accordance with the rules of fasting: living on milk alone; eating only vegetables; eating only fruits; eating only roots; living on gruel made with one handful of barley; consuming gold; consuming ghee; and drinking Soma juice-these are the cleansing activities. 12 All mountains; all flowing rivers; sacred lakes; sacred fords; dwellings of seers; cow-pens; sacred grounds; and temples-these are the appropriate places. 13 Practising non-injury; speaking the truth; refraining from theft; bathing at dawn, noon, and dusk; obedience to elders; chastity; sleeping on the floor; wearing a single garment; and fasting-these are the austerities. 14 Gold; cow; garment; horse; land; sesame seeds; ghee; and food—these are the gifts. 15 One year; six months; four months; three months; two months; one month; twenty-four days; twelve days; six days; three days; a day and night; and one day-these are the lengths of time. 16 When no specific penance has been prescribed, people may perform these, 17 the heavier penances for grave sins and the lighter penances for minor sins. 18 The arduous penance, the very arduous penance, and the lunar penance are expiations for all types of sins. [B 3.10.9–18]

बहूनाम् अपि दोषाणां कृतानां दोषनिर्णये ॥16 पवित्रैष्टिं प्रशंसन्ति सा हि पावनमुत्तमम् इति ॥16 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥17 वैश्वानरीं व्रातपतीं पवित्रैष्टिं तथाएव च ॥17 ऋतौऋतौ प्रयुञ्जानः पापेभ्यो विप्रमुच्यते पापेभ्योविप्रमुच्यत इति ॥17

16 When someone has committed even a multitude of sins, they commend the Pavitresti for their removal; for it is the highest means of purification. 17 Now, they also quote: "When someone performs every season the Vaisvanari, the Vratapati, and the Pavitresti, he is completely released from all sins." [B 1.2.16–17]

प्रायश्चित्तानि वक्ष्यामो नानाअर्थानि पृथक्पृथक् ॥1 तेषुतेषु च दोषेषु गरीयांसि लघूनि च ॥1 यद्य् अत्र हि भवेद् युक्तं तधि तत्रएव निर्दिशेत् ॥2 भूयोभूयो गरीयःसु लघुष्व् अल्पीयसः तथा ॥2 विधिना शास्त्रदृष्टेन प्राणआयामान् समाचरेत् ॥3 यद् उपस्थकृतं पापं पद्भ्यां वा यत् कृतं भवेत् ॥3 बाहुभ्यां मनसा वाचा श्रोत्रत्वग्घ्राणचक्षुषा ॥3 अपि वा चक्षुःश्रोत्रत्वग्घ्राणमनोव्यतिक्रमेषु त्रिभिः प्राणआयामैःशुध्यति ॥4 शूद्रअन्नस्त्रीगमनभोजनेषु केवलेषु पृथक्पृथक्सप्तअहं सप्तसप्त प्राणआयामान् धारयेत् ॥5 अभक्ष्यअभोज्यअपेयअनाद्यप्राशनेषु तथाअपण्यविक्रयेषुमधुमांसघृततैलक्षारलवणअवरअन्नवर्जेषु यच् चअन्यद् अप्येवंयुक्तं द्वादशअहं द्वादशद्वादश प्राणआयामान् धारयेत् ॥6 पातकपतनीयौपपातकवर्जेषु यच् चअन्यद् अप्य् एवंयुक्तमर्धमासं द्वादशद्वादश प्राणआयामान् धारयेत् ॥7 पातकपतनीयवर्जेषु यच् चअन्यद् अप्य् एवंयुक्तं द्वादशद्वादशअहान् द्वादशद्वादश प्राणआयामान् धारयेत् ॥8 पातकवर्जेषु यच् चअन्यद् अप्य् एवंयुक्तं द्वादशअर्धमासान्द्वादशद्वादश प्राणआयामान् धारयेत् ॥9 अथ पातकेषु संवत्सरं द्वादशद्वादश प्राणआयामान्धारयेत् ॥10

1 We will describe separately the penances meant for different offenses, both the heavier penances and the lighter ones. 2 Let a man prescribe whichever is suitable for a particular case-heavier penances for severe offenses and lighter ones for minor offenses. 3 A man should control his breath several times in accordance with the rules given in authoritative texts for sins committed through his sexual organ, feet, hands, mind, speech, hearing, skin, smell, or sight. 4 Alternatively, when he has committed transgressions through his sight, hearing, skin, smell, or mind, he is purified by controlling his breath three times. 5 When someone eats the food given by a Śūdra or has sex with a Śūdra woman, for each such offense he should control his breath seven times a day for seven days. 6 When someone consumes forbidden or unfit food, forbidden drink, or improper food; sells forbidden goods with the exception of honey, meat, ghee, sesame oil, spices, salt, or inferior food; or commits other similar offenses, he should control his breath twelve times a day for twelve days. 7 When someone commits a sin-except a grievous, non-grievous, or secondary sin causing loss of caste-, he should control his breath twelve times a day for half a month. 8 When someone commits a sin-except a grievous or non-grievous sin causing loss of caste-, he should control his breath twelve times a day for twelve times twelve days. 9 When someone commits a sin—except a grievous sin causing loss of caste— he should control his breath twelve times a day for twelve half-months. 10 When someone commits a grievous sin causing loss of caste, on the other hand, he should control his breath twelve times a day for one year. [B 4.1.1–10]

योअपूत इव मन्येत आत्मानम् उपपातकैः ॥12 स हुत्वाएतेन विधिना सर्वस्मात् पापात् प्रमुच्यते ॥12 अपि वाअनाद्यअपेयप्रतिषिद्धभोजनेषु दोषवच् च कर्मकृत्वाअभिसंधिपूर्वम् अनभिसंधिपूर्वं वा शूद्रायां च रेतःसिक्त्वाअयोनौ वाअब्लिङ्गाभिर् वारुणीभिश् चौपस्पृश्य प्रयतोभवति ॥13 अथअप्य् उदाहरन्ति ॥14 अनाद्यअपेयप्रतिषिद्धभोजने विरुद्धधर्मआचरिते च कर्मणि ॥14 मतिप्रवृत्तेअपि च पातकौपमैर् विशुध्यतेअथअपि चसर्वपातकैः ॥14 त्रिरात्रं वाअप्य् उपवसंः त्रिर् अह्नोअभ्युपयन्न् अपः ॥15 प्राणान् आत्मनि संयम्य त्रिः पठेद् अघमर्षणम् ॥15 यथाअश्वमेधअवभृथ एवं तन् मनुर् अब्रवीत् ॥15 विज्ञायते च ॥16 चरणं पवित्रं विततं पुराणं येन पूतः तरति दुष्कृतानि ॥16 तेन पवित्रेण शुद्धेन पूता अति पाप्मानम् अरातिं तरेम इति ॥16

12 When a man feels that he is in some way stained by a secondary sin causing loss of caste, he is freed from all sins by making a fire offering according to the above procedure. 13 When someone, moreover, has consumed unfit food or forbidden drink or food, or performed a sinister rite, whether it is done deliberately or not, and when someone deposits his semen in a Śūdra woman or in a place other than the vagina, he becomes purified by bathing while reciting the Ablinga and Varunī verses. 14 Now, they also quote: "Whether he has consumed unfit food or forbidden drink or food, performed rites that are against the Law, and even committed deliberately sins comparable to sins causing loss of caste-he is cleansed of all that, and even of every sin causing loss of caste. 15 Or he may fast for three nights, bathe three times a day, and recite the Aghamarsana hymn while controlling his breath. Manu has declared this to be equal to taking part in the bath that concludes a horse sacrifice." 16 It is also said: "This purificatory procedure has been displayed of old, purified by which one passes beyond evil deeds. Purified by that spotless means of purification, may we pass beyond evil and adversity." [B 4.2.12–16]

अथअतोअनश्नत्पारायणविधिं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥1 शुचिवासाः स्याच् चीरवासा वा ॥2 हविष्यम् अन्नम् इच्छेद् अपः फलानि वा ॥3 ग्रामात् प्राचीं वाउदीचीं वा दिशम् उपनिष्क्रम्य गोमयेनगोचर्ममात्रं चतुरश्रं स्थण्डिलम् उपलिप्य प्रोक्ष्य लक्षणमुल्लिख्य अद्भिर् अभ्युक्ष्य अग्निम् उपसमाधाय संपरिस्तीर्यएताभ्योदेवताभ्यो जुहुयात् अग्नये स्वाहा प्रजापतये स्वाहा सोमायस्वाहा विश्वेभ्यो देवेभ्यःस्वयंभुव ऋग्भ्यो यजुर्भ्यः सामभ्योअथर्वभ्यः श्रद्धायै प्रज्ञायैमेधायै श्रियै ह्रियै सवित्रे सावित्र्यै सदसस्पतयेअनुमतये च ॥4 हुत्वा वेदआदिम् आरभेत संततम् अधीयीत ॥5 नअन्तरा व्याहरेन् न चअन्तरा विरमेत् ॥6 अथअन्तरा व्याहरेद् अथअन्तरा विरमेत् त्रिः प्राणान् आयम्य वृत्तान्ताद् एवआरभेत ॥7 अप्रतिभायां यावता कालेन न वेद तावन्तं कालं तदधीयीत स यदा जानीयाद् ऋक्तो यजुष्टः सामतैति ॥8 तद्ब्राह्मणं तच्छान्दसं तद्दैवतम् अधीयीत ॥9 द्वादश वेदसंहिता अधीयीत यदनेनअनध्यायेअधीयीत यद् गुरवः कोपिता यान्य् अकार्याणि भवन्तिताभिः पुनीते शुद्धम् अस्य पूतं ब्रह्म भवति ॥10 अत ऊर्ध्वं संचयः ॥11 अपरा द्वादश वेदसंहिता अधीत्य ताभिर् उशनसो लोकमवाप्नोति ॥12 अपरा द्वादश वेदसंहिता अधीत्य ताभिर् बृहस्पतेर् लोकमवाप्नोति ॥13 अपरा द्वादश वेदसंहिता अधीत्य ताभिः प्रजापतेर् लोकमवाप्नोति ॥14 अनश्नन् संहिता सहस्रम् अधीयीत ब्रह्मभूतो विरजो ब्रह्म भवति ॥15 संवत्सरं भैक्षं प्रयुञ्जानो दिव्यं चक्षुर् लभते ॥16 षण् मासान् यावकभक्षश् चतुरो मासान् उदकसक्तुभक्षो द्वौमासौ फलभक्षो मासम् अब्भक्षो द्वादशरात्रं वाअप्राश्नन् क्षिप्रमन्तर्धीयते ज्ञातीन् पुनाति सप्तअवरान् सप्त पूर्वान् आत्मानंपञ्चदशं पङ्क्तिं च पुनाति ॥17 ताम् एतां देवनिश्रयणीइत्य् आचक्षते ॥18 एतया वै देवा देवत्वम् अगच्छन्न् ऋषय ऋषित्वम् ॥19 तस्य ह वा एतस्य यज्ञस्य त्रिविध एवआरम्भकालःप्रातःसवने माध्यंदिने सवने ब्राह्मे वाअपररात्रे ॥20 तं वा एतं प्रजापतिः सप्तर्षिभ्यः प्रोवाच सप्तर्षयोमहाजज्ञवे महाजज्ञुर् ब्राह्मणेभ्यः ब्राह्मणेभ्यः ॥21

1 Next, we will describe the procedure of reciting the complete Veda while fasting. 2 The performer should be dressed in clean clothes or a bark garment 3 and try to procure food fit for a sacrifice or water and fruits. 4 Setting out from the village towards the east or the north, he should apply a coat of cowdung on and sprinkle with water a quadrangular area of ground the size of a cow's hide; draw auspicious lines on it; and sprinkle the area with water. He should then put firewood into the fire, spread Kusa grass around it, and offer oblations to these gods: "To Fire, Svāhā! To Prajāpati, Svāhā! To Soma, Svāhā! To All-gods. To Svayambhu. To Rg-verses. To Yajusformulas. To Saman-chants. To Atharvan-formulas. To Faith. To Intelligence. To Wisdom. To Prosperity. To Modesty. To Savitr. To Savitri. To the Guardian of the Abode. To Assent." 5 After making these offerings, he should start reciting from the very beginning of the Veda and continue the recitation without interruption. 6 During the recitation he should neither talk nor pause. 7 Should he talk or pause during the recitation, let him control his breath three times and start reciting from the exact point where he left off. 8 If he cannot remember a passage, he should recite a passage he knows for as long as he fails to remember, substituting Rg-verses for Rg-verses, Yajusformulas for Yajus-formulas, and Sāman-chants for Sāman-chants; he may recite the Brāhmaṇa text connected with the deity and meter of the forgotten passage. 10 He should recite the Vedic Collection twelve times. If he has recited the Veda during forbidden times, angered his elders, or done forbidden things, this recitation cleanses him of all that. The Veda he possesses becomes purified and cleansed. "1 If he recites more than that, the results accumulate. 12 By reciting the Vedic Collection twelve more times, he obtains the world of Usanas. 13 By reciting the Vedic Collection an additional twelve times, he obtains the world of Brhaspati. 14 By reciting the Vedic Collection a further twelve times, he obtains the world of Prajapati. 15 Should he recite the Vedic Collection one thousand times without eating, becoming Brahman and free from stain, he becomes Brahman. 16 If he lives on almsfood for one year, he obtains divine vision. 17 By living on barley for six months, on water and barley meal for four months, on fruits for two months, or on water for one month, or fasting completely for twelve days, he obtains the power to disappear suddenly; he purifies his relatives-seven before him, seven after him, with himself as the fifteenth; and he purifies those alongside whom he eats. 18 This, they say, is the ladder of gods. 19 By means of this, evidently, the gods obtained their status as gods, as also the seers their status as seers. 20 Now, there are just three times when this sacrifice can be started: at the time of the morning or the midday Soma pressing, or during the night's last watch sacred to Brahman. 21 It was Prajapati who disclosed this to the seven seers. The seven seers disclosed it to Mahājajñu, and Mahājajñu to Brahmins. [B 3.9.1–21]

अथअतः पवित्रअतिपवित्रस्यअघमर्षणस्य कल्पंव्याख्यास्यामः ॥1 तीर्थं गत्वा स्नातः शुचिवासा उदकअन्ते स्थण्डिलमुद्धृत्य सकृत्क्लिन्नेन वाससा सकृत्पूर्णेनपाणिनाआदित्यअभिमुखोअघमर्षणं स्वाध्यायम् अधीयीत ॥2 प्रातः शतं मध्यअह्ने शतम् अपरअह्णे शतम् अपरिमितं वा ॥3 उदितेषु नक्षत्रेषु प्रसृतियावकं प्राश्नीयात् ॥4 ज्ञानकृतेभ्योअज्ञानकृतेभ्यश् चौपपातकेभ्यः सप्तरात्रात्प्रमुच्यते द्वादशरात्राद् भ्रूणहननं गुरुतल्पगमनंसुवर्णस्तैन्यं सुरापानम् इति च वर्जयित्वा ॥5 एकविंशतिरात्रात् तान्य् अपि तरति तान्य् अपि जयति ॥6 सर्वं तरति सर्वं जयति सर्वक्रतुफलम् अवाप्नोति सर्वेषुतीर्थेषु स्नातो भवति सर्वेषु वेदेषु चीर्णव्रतो भवति सर्वैर्देवैर् ज्ञातो भवत्य् आ चक्षुषः पङ्क्तिं पुनाति कर्माणि चअस्यसिध्यन्तिइति बौधायनः ॥7

1 Next, we will explain the procedure of the Aghamarṣaṇa, an unsurpassed means of purification. 2 The person should go to a sacred ford; bathe; wear clean clothes; erect an altar at the water's edge; wet his clothes with one handful of water; and, filling his hand once with water and facing the sun, perform the recitation of his Veda with the Aghamarsana hymn. 3 He recites it one hundred times in the morning, one hundred times at midday, and one hundred times in the afternoon-or an unlimited number of times. 4 After the stars have risen, he should eat a dish prepared with one handful of barley. 5 In seven days he is freed from secondary sins causing loss of caste committed intentionally or unintentionally; and in twelve days from all sins except these-killing a Brahmin, having sex with the wife of an elder, stealing gold, and drinking liquor. 6 In twenty-one days he rises above even these, he conquers even these. 7 "He rises above all. He conquers all. He obtains the fruits of all sacrifices. He becomes a man who has bathed in all the sacred fords. He becomes a man who has completed the vows for studying all the Vedas. He becomes a man known to all the gods. He purifies a row of people by just looking at them. And all his activities are successful"-so says Baudhāyana. [B 3.5.1–7]

अथ कर्मभिर् आत्मकृतैर् गुरुम् इवआत्मानंमन्येतआत्मअर्थे प्रसृतियावकं श्रपयेदुदितेषु नक्षत्रेषु ॥1 न ततोअग्नौ जुहुयात् ॥2 न चअत्र बलिकर्म ॥3 अशृतं श्रप्यमाणं शृतं चअभिमन्त्रयेत ॥4 यवोअसि धान्यराजोअसि वारुणो मधुसंयुतः ॥5 निर्णोदः सर्वपापानां पवित्रम् ऋषिभिः स्मृतम् ॥5 घृतं यवा मधु यवा आपो वा अमृतं यवाः ॥5 सर्वं पुनीत मे पापं यन् मया दुष्कृतं कृतम् ॥5 वाचा कृतं कर्म कृतं मनसा दुर्विचिन्तितम् ॥5 अलक्ष्मीं कालकर्णीं च सर्वं पुनीत मे यवाः ॥5 श्वसूकरअवधूतं च काकौच्छिष्टहतं च यत् ॥5 मातापित्रोर् अशुश्रूषां सर्वं पुनीत मे यवाः ॥5 महापातकसंयुक्तं दारुणं राजकिल्बिषम् ॥5 बालवृद्धम् अधर्मं च सर्वं पुनीत मे यवाः ॥5 सुवर्णस्तैन्यम् अव्रत्यम् अयाज्यस्य च याजनम् ॥5 ब्राह्मणानां परीवादं सर्वं पुनीत मे यवाः ॥5 गणअन्नं गणिकाअन्नं च शूद्रअन्नं श्राद्धसूतकम् ॥5 चोरस्यअन्नं नवश्राद्धं सर्वं पुनीत मेयवाः इति ॥5 श्रप्यमाणे रक्षां कुर्यात् नमो रुद्राय भूतअधिपतये द्यौः शान्ता कृणुष्व पाजः प्रसितिं न पृथ्वीम् इत्य् एतेनअनुवाकेन ये देवाः पुरःसदोअग्निनेत्राःरक्षोहण इति पञ्चभिः पर्यायैः मा नः तोके ब्रह्मा देवानाम् इतिद्वाभ्याम् ॥6 शृतं च लघ्व् अश्नीयात् प्रयतः पात्रे निषिच्य ॥7 ये देवा मनोजाता मनोयुजः सुदक्षा दक्षपितारः ते नःपान्तु ते नोअवन्तु तेभ्यो नमः तेभ्यः स्वाहाइति आत्मनि जुहुयात् ॥8 त्रिरात्रं मेधअर्थी ॥9 षड्रात्रं पीत्वा पापकृत्शुद्धो भवति ॥10 सप्तरात्रं पीत्वा भ्रूणहननं गुरुतल्पगमनंसुवर्णस्तैन्यं सुरापानम् इति च पुनाति ॥11 एकादशरात्रं पीत्वा पूर्वपुरुषकृतम् अपि पापं निर्णुदति ॥12 अपि वा गोनिष्क्रान्तानां यवानाम् एकविंशतिरात्रं पीत्वागणान् पश्यति गणअधिपतिं पश्यति विद्यां पश्यति विद्याअधिपतिंपश्यतिइत्य् आह भगवान् बौधायनः ॥13

1 If what he has done weighs heavily on his conscience, after the stars have risen he should get a handful of barley cooked for his use. 2 Let him not offer any portion of it in the sacred fire; 3 at this rite no Bali offering is made. 4 He should consecrate the barley before it is cooked, while it is being cooked, and after it is cooked, reciting these formulas: 5 "You are barley. You are the king of grains, sacred to Varuna. Mixed with honey, you take away all sins, and the seers have proclaimed you the means of purification. Barley, you are ghee, you are honey, you are indeed water and immortality. May you cleanse me of all my sins, of every evil deed I have done. Barley, cleanse me of what I have said, of what I have done, of evil thoughts I have had; cleanse me of bad luck and misfortune. Defilement from eating what has been touched by dogs or pigs or sullied by crows or leftovers, and disobedience to my parents-cleanse me, O Barley, of all that. The heinous crime against the king, together with grievous sins causing loss of caste, as well as offenses against children and the aged-cleanse me, O Barley, of all that. Stealing gold, breaking my vow, officiating at the sacrifices of people for whom it is forbidden to officiate, and defaming Brahmins- cleanse me, O Barley, of all that. Eating food given by a group of people, by prostitutes, Sūdras, and thieves, or by people impure on account of a birth or death, or food given at an offering to ancestors or to a recently deceased person- cleanse me, O Barley, of all that." 6 While the barley is being cooked, he should guard it by reciting: "Homage to Rudra, the lord of creatures! The sky is appeased"; the passage: "Unfurl your strength like a net spread out ... "; the five refrains: "The fiend-slaying gods seated in the east led by Fire-may they guard us, may they aid us! To them, homage! To them, Svāha! The fiend-slaying gods seated in the south led by Yama-may they guard us, may they aid us! To them, homage! To them, Svāha! The fiend-slaying gods seated in the west led by Savitr-may they guard us, may they aid us! To them, homage! To them, Svāha! The fiend-slaying gods seated in the north led by Varuna-may they guard us, may they aid us! To them, homage! To them, Svaha! The fiend-slaying gods seated in the zenith led by Brhaspati-may they guard us, may they aid us! To them, homage! To them, Svaha!" and the two formulas: "Do not hurt us in our children ... "; and "The Brahman-priest of the gods ... ". 7 When it is cooked, let him eat a little of it, after purifying himself and serving it on a plate. 8 He should offer it in his self, reciting: "The gods born from the mind, united with the mind, of keen wisdom, and sons of wisdom-may they guard us, may they aid us! To them, homage! To them, Svaha!" 9 A man desiring wisdom should do this for three nights. 10 By drinking it for six nights, a sinner becomes purified of his sins; 11 by drinking it for seven nights, a man is purified of killing a Brahmin, having sex with the wife of an elder, stealing gold, and drinking liquor; 12 and by drinking it for eleven nights, a man erases even sins committed by his ancestors. 13 "Indeed, by drinking for twenty-one nights a gruel made with barley seeds excreted by cows, a man even sees the divine hosts, he sees the lord of the divine hosts; he sees learning; he sees the lord of learning"-so says Lord Baudhāyana. [B 3.6.1–13]

कूश्माण्डैर् जुहुयाद् योअपूत इव मन्येत ॥1 यथा स्तेनो यथा भ्रूणहाएवम् एष भवति योअयोनौ रेतःसिञ्चति ॥2 यद् अर्वाचीनम् एनो भ्रूणहत्यायाः तस्मान् मुच्यत इति ॥3 अयोनौ रेतः सिक्त्वाअन्यत्र स्वप्नाद् अरेपा वा पवित्रकामः ॥4 अमावास्यायां पौर्णमास्यां वा केशश्मश्रुलोमनखानिवापयित्वा ब्रह्मचारिकल्पेन व्रतम् उपैति ॥5 संवत्सरं मासं चतुर्विंशत्यहं द्वादशरात्रीः षट् तिस्रो वा ॥6 न मांसम् अश्नीयान् न स्त्रियम् उपेयान् नौपर्यासीतजुगुप्सेतअनृतात् ॥7 पयोभक्ष इति प्रथमः कल्पः यावकं वाउपयुञ्जानःकृच्छ्रद्वादशरात्रं चरेद् भिक्षेद् वा ॥8 तद्विधेषु यवागूं राजन्यो वैश्य आमिक्षाम् ॥9 पूर्वाह्णे पाकयज्ञिकधर्मेणअग्निम् उपसमाधायसंपरिस्तीर्यआअग्निमुखात् कृत्वाअथआज्यआहुतीर् उपजुहोति यद् देवा देवहेडनम् यद् अदीव्यन्न् ऋणम् अहं बभूव आयुष् टे विश्वतो दधद् इति एतैस्त्रिभिर् अनुवाकैः ॥10 प्रत्यृचम् आज्यस्य जुहुयात् ॥11 सिंहे व्याघ्र उत या पृदाकाव् इति चतस्रः स्रुवआहुतीः अग्नेअभ्यावर्तिन् अग्ने अङ्गिरः पुनर् ऊर्जा सह रय्याइतिचतस्रोअभ्यावर्तिनीर् हुत्वा समित्पाणिर् यजमानलोकेअवस्थाय वैश्वानराय प्रति वेदयाम इति द्वादशर्चेन सूक्तेनौपतिष्ठते ॥12 यन् मया मनसा वाचा कृतम् एनः कदाचन सर्वस्मात्तस्मान् माईडितो मोग्धि त्वं हि वेत्थयथातथं स्वाहाइति समिधम् आधाय वरं ददाति ॥13 जयप्रभृति सिद्धम् आ धेनुवरप्रदानात् ॥14 एक एवअग्नौ परिचारी ॥15 अथअग्न्याधेये यद् देवा देवहेडनम् यद् अदीव्यन्न् ऋणम् अहं बभूव आयुष् टे विश्वतोदधद् इति पूर्णआहुतीः ॥16 हुत्वाअग्निहोत्रम् आरप्स्यमानो दशहोत्रा हुत्वादर्शपूर्णमासाव् आरप्स्यमानश् चतुर्होत्रा हुत्वा चातुर्मास्यान्यारप्स्यमानः पञ्चहोत्रा हुत्वा पशुबन्धे षड्ढोत्रा हुत्वा सोमे सप्तहोत्रा ॥17 विज्ञायते च कर्मआदिष्व् एतैर् जुहुयात् पूतो देवलोकान् समश्नुत इति हि ब्राह्मणम् इति हि ब्राह्मणम् ॥18

1 "A man who considers himself to be in some way impure should make an offering with the Kūsmanda formulas. 2 A man who ejaculates his semen in any place other than the vagina becomes equal to a thief, equal to a murderer of a Brahmin. 3 He is freed from any sin short of murdering a Brahmin." 4 Now, a man who has ejaculated his semen in any place other than the vagina except in sleep, or even a blameless man who wants to purify himself, 5 should get the hair of his head, beard, and body shaved and his nails clipped on a new-moon or a full-moon day. Following the rules laid down for a student, he observes a vow 6 for a year, for a month, or for twenty-four, twelve, six, or three days. 7 He should not eat meat, engage in sex, or sit on anything above the floor, and recoil from uttering an untruth. 8 Living on milk is the primary rule. Or else, eating only a barley dish, he should perform the twelve-day arduous penance. Alternatively, he may beg for almsfood. 9 On these sorts of occasions Kṣatriyas take barley gruel, and Vaiśyas curd. 10 In the morning, after putting wood into the sacred fire as prescribed for a cooked oblation and spreading sacred grass all around the fire, he completes the rites up to the Agnimukha and then makes offerings of ghee into the sacred fire, reciting these three passages: "O gods, whatever offense we have committed against the gods ... "; "Whatever debt I have contracted without gambling ... "; and "May he give you the fullness of life on every side ... ". 11 He should offer ghee at each verse. 12 He makes four offerings of ghee with the Sruva spoon, reciting: "The strength in the lion, the tiger, the panther ... "; and makes offerings of ghee reciting the four "Returner" verses: "O Fire, O Returner, return to us with fullness of life ... "; "O Fire, O Angiras, may your returns be a hundredfold ... "; "Return again with strength ... "; and "Return with wealth, O Fire ... " Firewood in hand, he remains at the place meant for the patron of the sacrifice and worships the fire, reciting the twelve-verse hymn: "We announce to the Fire common to all men ... ". 13 Reciting the verse, "If I have ever committed a sin by thought or word, free me from all that, you, whom I have praised, for you know the truth, Svaha!" he puts a piece of wood into the sacred fire and gives the priestly fee. 14 The rites from Jaya to the giving of a cow as the priestly fee are well known. 15 Only one person performs the fire services. 16 At the setting up of the sacred fires, on the other hand, full oblations of ghee are offered, while reciting: "O gods, whatever offense we have committed against the gods ... "; "Whatever debt I have contracted without gambling ."; and "May he give you the fullness of life on every side ... 17 One who is going to perform the daily fire sacrifice after making these oblations should use the Ten-hotra text. One who is going to perform a new-moon or a full-moon sacrifice after making these oblations should use the Four-hotra text. One who is going to perform a seasonal sacrifice after making these oblations should use the Five-hotra text. One who is going to perform an animal sacrifice after making these oblations should use the Six-hotra text: One who is going to perform a Soma sacrifice after making these oblations should use the Seven-hotra text. 18 It is stated, moreover: "Let him make an offering with these Kūmanda verses at the start of any rite. Purified in this manner, he will attain the world of the gods". So states a Brāhmaṇa text. [B 3.7.1–18]

प्रतिषिद्धांः तथाआचारान् अभ्यस्यअपि पुनःपुनः ॥9 वारुणीभिर् उपस्थाय सर्वपापैः प्रमुच्यते इति ॥9

9 Even if a man has habitually engaged in forbidden practices over and over again, he is freed from all sins by worshipping with the Vāruṇī verses. [B 4.2.9]

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Vasiṣṭha

तस्य निष्क्रयणानि जपः तपस्होमसुपवासस्दानम् ॥8 उपनिषदस्वेदआदयस्वेदअन्तास्सर्वछन्दस्सांहितास्मधूनिअघमर्षणम् अथर्वशिरस्रुद्रास्पुरुषसूक्तम्राजनरौहिणे सामनी कूष्माण्डानि पावमान्यस्सावित्री चैति पावनानि ॥9 अथअपिउदाहरन्ति ॥10 वैश्वानरीम्व्रातपतीम्पवित्रैष्टिम्तथाएव च ॥10 सकृतृतौ प्रयुञ्जानस्पुनाति दशपूरुषम् इति ॥10 उपवासन्यायेन पयस्व्रतता फलभक्षता

प्रसृतयावकस्हिरण्यप्राशनम्सोमपानम् इति मेध्यानि ॥11 सर्वे शिलाउच्चयास्सर्वास्स्रवन्त्यस्पुण्यास्ह्रदाः तीर्थानिऋषिनिवासगोष्ठपरिष्कन्धासिति देशाः ॥12 संवत्सरस्मासस्चतुर्विंशतिअहर्द्वादशअहर्षटहर्त्रिअहरहर्रात्रासिति कालाः ॥13 एतानिएवअनादेशे विकल्पेन क्रियेरन् ॥14 एनःसु गुरुषु गुरूणि लघुषु लघूनि ॥15 कृच्छ्रअतिकृच्छ्रौ चान्द्रायणम् इति सर्वप्रायश्चित्तिस्सर्वप्रायश्चित्तिसिति ॥16

8 The expiations for such a man are: softly reciting prayers, austerity, ritual offerings, fasting, and giving gifts. 9 Upaniṣads, the beginnings of the Vedas, the conclusions of the Vedas (vedanta), the Hymn-Collections of all the Vedas, the "Honey" verses, Aghamarṣaṇa hymn, Atharvaśiras, Rudra hymn, Puruṣa hymn, the Sāmans called Rājana and Rauhiṇī, Kūṣmāṇda verses, Pāvamānī verses, and the Sāvitrī verse—these are the purificatory texts. 10 Now, they also quote: The Vaiśvānarī sacrifice, the Vrātapatī sacrifice, and the Pavitresti sacrifice-a man who offers these once every season purifies ten ancestors. 11 To do the following in accordance with the rules of fasting: living on milk alone, eating only fruits, living on gruel made with one handful of barley, eating gold, and drinking Soma juice-these are the cleansing activities. 12 All mountains, all rivers, sacred lakes, sacred fords, dwellings of seers, cow-pens, and temples—these are the appropriate places. 13 One year, one month, twenty-four days, twelve-days, six days, three days, and a day and night-these are the lengths of time. 14 When no specific penance has been prescribed, people may perform these optionally, 15 the heavier penances for grave sins and the easy penances for minor sins. 16 The arduous penance, the very arduous penance, and the lunar penance are expiations for all types of sins. [Va 22.8–16]

एष चान्द्रायणस्मासस्पवित्रम् ऋषिसंस्तुतः ॥47 अनादिष्टेषु सर्वेषु प्रायश्चित्तम्विधीयते ॥47 विधीयतेइति ॥47

47 This lunar month-long penance has been acclaimed by seers as a means of purification. It is prescribed as the penance for all offenses for which there is no specific penance. [Va 23.47]

Āpastamba

अध्यात्मिकान् योगान् अनुतिष्ठेन् न्यायसंहितान् अनैश्चारिकान् ॥1 आत्मलाभान् न परं विद्यते ॥2 तत्रआत्मलाभीयान्श्लोकान् उदाहरिष्यामः ॥3 ? पूः प्राणिनः सर्व एव गुहाशयस्य अहन्यमानस्य विकल्मषस्य अचलं चलनिकेतं ये ऽअनुतिष्ठन्ति ते ऽअमृताः ॥4 यद् इदम् इद् इहैद् इह लोके विषयम् उच्यते विधूय कविर् एतद् अनुतिष्ठेद् गुहाशयम् ॥5 आत्मन्न् एवअहम् अलब्ध्वाएतद् धितं सेवस्व नअहितम् अथअन्येषु प्रतीच्छामि साधुष्ठानम् अनपेक्षया महान्तं तेजसः कायं सर्वत्र निहितं प्रभुम् ॥6 ? सर्वभूतेषु यो नित्यो विपश्चिद् अमृतो ध्रुवः अनङ्गो ऽअशब्दो ऽअशरीरो ऽअस्पर्शश् च महान्शुचिः स सर्वं परमा काष्ठा स वैषुवतं ॥7 तं यो ऽअनुतिष्ठेत् सर्वत्र प्राध्वं चअस्य सदा आचरेत् दुर्दर्शं निपुणं युक्तो यः पश्येत् स मोदेत विष्टपे ॥8 आत्मन् पश्यन् सर्वभूतानि न मुह्येच् चिन्तयन् कविः आत्मानं चएव सर्वत्र यः पश्येत् स वै ब्रह्मा नाकपृष्ठे विराजति ॥1 ? निपुणो ऽअणीयान् बिसोर्णाया यः सर्वम् आवृत्य तिष्ठति वर्षीयांश् च पृथिव्या ध्रुवः सर्वम् आरभ्य तिष्ठति स इन्द्रियैर् जगतो ऽअस्य ज्ञानाद् अन्यो ऽअनन्यस्य ज्ञेयात् परमेष्ठी विभाजः तस्मात् कायाः प्रभवन्ति सर्वे स मूलं शाश्वतिकः स नित्यः ॥2 ? दोषाणां तु विनिर्घातो योगमूल इह जीविते निर्हृत्य भूतदाहीयान् क्षेमं गच्छति पण्डितः ॥3 अथ भूतदाहीयान् दोषान् उदाहरिष्यामः ॥4 क्रोधो हर्षो रोषो लोभो मोहो दम्भो द्रोहो मृषोद्यम् अत्याशपरीवादअवसूया काममन्यू अनात्म्यम् अयोगः तेषां योगमूलो निर्घातः ॥5 अक्रोधो ऽअहर्षो ऽअरोषो ऽअलोभो ऽअमोहो ऽअदम्भो ऽअद्रोहः सत्यवचनम् अनत्याशो ऽअपैशुनम् अनसूया संविभागः त्याग आर्जवं मार्दवं शमो दमः सर्वभूतैर् अविरोधो योग आर्यम् आनृशंसं तुष्टिर् इति सर्वआश्रमाणां समयपदानि तान्य् अनुतिष्ठन् विधिना सार्वगामी भवति ॥6

1 He should practice the disciplines pertaining to the inner self, disciplines that have definite consequences and prevent mental digression. 2 There is nothing higher than the realization of the self. In this regard, we will cite verses that speak to the realization of the self: 4 "All living beings are the residence of the one who dwells within the cave, who cannot be slain, and who is free from stain. The one who is immovable but resides within the movable-those who worship him become immortal. 5 Whatever there is here, whatever is called a sensory object in this world-casting away all that, a wise man should worship the one who dwells within the cave. 6 Follow what is wholesome, not what is unwholesome. Not finding it in my own self, I then seek in others, without attachment, the abode of the good, the one who is the great body of luster and the lord abiding in everything. 7 The one who is the eternal among all creatures; who is wise, immortal, and unchanging: who has no limbs, voice, body, or touch; who is immense and resplendent-he is the whole world, he is the highest goal, he is the center, he is the fort without compare. 8 When a man worships him everywhere, follows his path always, and, self-possessed, sees that profound one who is difficult to see, he will rejoice in heaven. 1 Seeing all beings in himself, a wise man thinks about it and is not perplexed. A Brahmin who sees himself in all beings, likewise, shines forth in the vault of heaven. 2 The one who is profound, finer than a lotus strand, and stands encompassing the universe, who is wider than the earth, unchangeable, and stands containing the universe-he is different from the knowledge of this world obtained through the senses; he is not different from the objects of knowledge; he is the highest lord; from him, as he divides himself, all bodies come into being; he is the root; he is everlasting; he is eternal. 3 In this life, however, the eradication of faults depends on Yoga. The learned man who uproots these faults that torment creatures attains bliss." 4 We will now enumerate the faults that torment creatures. 5 They are: anger, excitement, rage, greed, perplexity, hypocrisy, malice, lying, overeating, calumny, envy, lust, ire, lack of self-control, and absence of Yoga. Their eradication depends on Yoga. 6 Refraining from anger, excitement, rage, greed, perplexity, hypocrisy, and malice; speaking the truth; refraining from overeating, calumny, and envy; sharing, liberality, rectitude, gentleness, tranquillity, self-control, amity with all creatures, Yoga, Arya-like conduct, benevolence, and contentmentīthere is agreement that these apply to all orders of life. By practicing them according to the rules, a man attains the All. [A 1.22.1–8; 1.23.1–6]

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Gautama

अथाष्टाव् आत्मगुणाः । ॥22 दया सर्वभूतेषु क्षान्तिर् अनसूया शौचम् अनायासोमङ्गलम् अकार्पण्यम् अस्पृहेति । ॥23 । ॥24 चगच्छति । ॥25

22 Next, the eight virtues of the self: 23 compassion towards all creatures, patience, lack of envy, purification, tranquillity, having an auspicious disposition, generosity, and lack of greed. 24 A man who has performed the forty sacramentary rites but lacks these eight virtues does not obtain union with or residence in the same world as Brahman. 25 A man who may have performed only some of the forty sacramentary rites but possesses these eight virtues, on the other hand, is sure to obtain union with and residence in the same world as Brahman. [G 8.22–25]

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Baudhāyana

प्राणआयामान् पवित्राणि व्याहृतीः प्रणवं तथा ॥22 पवित्रपाणिर् आसीनो ब्रह्म नैत्यकम् अभ्यसेत् ॥22 आवर्तयेत् सदा युक्तः प्राणआयामान् पुनःपुनः ॥23 आ केशअन्तान् नखअग्राच् च तपः तप्यत उत्तमम् ॥23 निरोधाज् जायते वायुर् वायोर् अग्निश् च जायते ॥24 तापेनआपोअधिजायन्ते ततोअन्तः शुध्यते त्रिभिः ॥24 योगेनअवाप्यते ज्ञानं योगो धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥25 योगमूला गुणाः सर्वे तस्माद् युक्तः सदा भवेत् ॥25 प्रणवआद्याः त्रयो वेदाः प्रणवे पर्यवस्थिताः ॥26

प्रणवो व्याहृतयश् चएव नित्यं ब्रह्म सनातनम् ॥26 प्रणवे नित्ययुक्तस्य व्याहृतीषु च सप्तसु ॥27 त्रिपदायां च गायत्र्यां न भयं विद्यते क्वचित् ॥27 सव्याहृतिकां सप्रणवां गायत्रीं शिरसा सह ॥28 त्रिः पठेद् आयतप्राणः प्राणआयामः स उच्यते ॥28 सव्याहृतिकाः सप्रणवाः प्राणआयामाः तु षोडश ॥29 अपि भ्रूणहनं मासात् पुनन्त्य् अहरहर्धृताः ॥29 एतदाद्यं तपः श्रेष्ठम् एतद् धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥30 सर्वदोषौपघातअर्थम् एतद् एव विशिष्यते ॥30 एतद् एव विशिष्यत इति ॥30

22 Seated with purificatory grass in hand, he should control his breath and recite the purificatory texts, the Calls, the syllable OM, and the daily portion of the Veda. 23 Constantly practising Yoga, he should control his breath repeatedly, generating the most extreme heat of austerity up to the very tips of his hair and nails. 24 The suppression generates wind; fire arises from wind; and fire gives rise to water. By these three, therefore, he is purified internally. 25 By Yoga one obtains knowledge. Yoga is the mark of the Law. All good qualities are rooted in Yoga. Therefore, one should as constantly practice Yoga. 26 The syllable OM is the beginning and end of the three Vedas. The syllable OM and the Calls constitute the eternal Veda. 27 When a man is constantly devoted to the recitation of OM, the seven Calls, and the three-footed Gayatri verse, no danger will ever befall him. 28 When someone recites the Gayatri together with OM, the Calls, and the Siras formula while controlling his breath, it is called the control of breath. 29 Controlling the breath sixteen times every day while reciting the Calls and the syllable OM cleanses even an abortionist within one month. 30 The best austerity begins with this. This is the mark of the Law. And to wipe out all sins, this is the most excellent means. [B 4.1.22–30]

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Vasiṣṭha

व्रतेषु नियमेषु चैज्याअध्ययनधर्मेषु ॥22

22 When someone is not attached to austerities, giving alms, offering oblations, vows, observances, sacrifices, study, and righteous conduct, he is an inactive sage. [Va 6.22]

यथाअश्वास्रथहीनास्स्युस्रथस्वाअश्वैस्विना यथा ॥17 एवम्तपः तुअविद्यस्य विद्या वाअपिअतपस्विनः ॥17 यथाअन्नम्मधुसंयुक्तम्मधु वाअन्नेन संयुतम् ॥18 एवम्तपस्च विद्या च संयुक्तम्भेषजम्महत् ॥18 विद्यातपोभ्याम्संयुक्तम्ब्राह्मणम्जपनैत्यकम् ॥19 सदाअपि पापकर्माणम् एनस्न प्रतियुज्यते ॥19 एनस्न प्रतियुज्यतेइति ॥19

17 As horses without chariots and chariots of breath without horses, so is austerity for a man without knowledge and knowledge for a man not given to austerity. 18 As food combined with honey or honey combined with food, so austerity and knowledge combined is a powerful medicine. 19 When a Brahmin is united with knowledge and austerity and softly recites prayers every day, he does not become guilty of sin even if he constantly commits evil deeds. [Va 26.17–19]