6. Vedic Student

i. Dharma before Initiation

Āpastamba

आन्नप्राशनाद्गर्भा नाप्रयता भवन्ति ।19 आ परिसंवत्सरादित्येके ।20 यावता वा दिशो न प्रजानीयुः ।21 उपनयनादित्यपरम् ।22 अत्र ह्यधिकारः शास्त्रैर्भवति ।23 सा निष्ठा ।24 स्मृतिश्च ।25

19 Children do not become impure until the first feeding with solid food has taken place; 20 according to some, until they have completed one year; 21 or until they are able to distinguish the cardinal points; 22 or until they have undergone initiation, which is the superior position, 23 for it is through this that they come under the jurisdiction of the scriptures. 24 This last view is the authoritative one, 25 and it is the traditional teaching. [A 2.15.19-25]

Gautama

प्रागुपनयनात्कामचारवादभक्षोऽहुताद्ब्रह्मचारी यथोपपादमूत्रपुरीषो भवति ।1 नास्याचमनकल्पो विद्यतेऽन्यत्रापमार्जनप्रधावनावोक्षणेभ्यः ।2 न तदुपस्पर्शनादाशौचम् ।3 न त्वेवैनमग्निहवनबलिहरणयोर्नियुञ्ज्यात् ।4 न ब्रह्माभिव्याहारयेदन्यत्र स्वधानिनयनात् ।5 उपनयनादिर्नियमः ।6

1 Before his initiation, a child may behave, speak, and eat as he pleases. He may not partake of ritual offerings and should observe chastity. He may void urine and excrement whenever he has the urge. 2 The set of rules regarding sipping water and other rituals of purification do not apply to him, other than wiping, washing, and sprinkling with water, 3 and no one is made impure by his touch. 4 No one should ever employ him to make fire oblations or Bali offerings, 5 and he should not be made to recite the Veda, 6 except for uttering "Svadhā". [G 2.1-6]

Baudhāyana

नास्य कर्म नियच्छन्ति किंचिदा मौञ्जिबन्धनात् । वृत्त्या शूद्रसमो ह्येष यावद् वेदेन जायते इति ।6

6 Before the cord of Muñja grass is tied, they do not impose any ritual observances on a child, for until he is born through the Veda, he is equal to a Sudra in conduct. [B 1.3.6]

Vasiṣṭha

अथाप्युदाहरन्ति । न ह्यस्य विद्यते कर्म किंचिदा मौञ्जिबन्धनात् । वृत्त्या शूद्रसमो ह्येष यावद्वेदेन जायते इति ॥6 अन्यत्रोदककर्मस्वधापितृसंयुक्तेभ्यः ।7

6 Now, they also quote: "No rites at all pertain to him until the Munja-grass girdle is tied, for he is equal to a Sudra with respect to conduct until he is born through the Veda-" 7 except rites connected with offering water, saying Svadhā, and ancestors. [Va 2.6-7]

ii. Time of Initiation

Āpastamba

वसन्ते ब्राह्मणमुपनयीत ग्रीष्मे राजन्यं शरदि वैश्यं गर्भाष्टमेषु ब्राह्मणं गर्भैकादशेषु राजन्यं गर्भद्वादशेषु वैश्यम् ।19 अथ काम्यानि ।20 सप्तमे ब्रह्मवर्चसकामम् ।21 अष्टम आयुष्कामम् ।22 नवमे तेजस्कामम् ।23 दशमेऽन्नाद्यकामम् ।24 एकादश इन्द्रियकामम् ।25 द्वादशे पशुकामम् ।26 आ षोडशाद्ब्राह्मणस्यानात्यय आ द्वाविंशात्क्षत्रियस्या चतुर्विंशाद्वैश्यस्य यथा व्रतेषु समर्थः स्याद्यानि वक्ष्यामः ।27

19 A Brahmin should be initiated in the spring, a Kṣatriya in the summer, and a Vaisya in the autumn; a Brahmin in the eighth year from conception, a Kṣatriya in the eleventh, and a Vaisya in the twelfth. 20 When initiations are performed with an objective in mind, 21 a person seeking eminence in vedic knowledge should be initiated in the seventh year, 22 a person seeking long life in the eighth, 23 a person seeking power in the ninth, 24 a person seeking an abundance of food in the tenth, 25 a person seeking strength in the eleventh, 26 and a person seeking cattle in the twelfth. 27 In the case of a Brahmin there is no lapse in postponing the initiation until the sixteenth year, in the case of a Ksatriya until the twenty-second year, and in the case of a Vaisya until the twenty-fourth year, so as to ensure that the person has the capacity to carry out the observances that we are about to describe. [A 1.1.19-27]

Gautama

उपनयनं ब्राह्मणस्याष्टमे ।5 नवमे पञ्चमे वा काम्यम् ।6 गर्भादिः सङ्ख्या वर्षाणाम् ।7 तद् द्वितीयं जन्म ।8 तद्यस्मात्स आचार्यः ।9 वेदानुवचनाच्च ।10 एकादशद्वादशयोः क्षत्रियवैश्ययोः ।11 आ षोडशाद् ब्राह्मणस्यापतिता सावित्री ।12 द्वाविंशते राजन्यस्य ।13 द्व्यधिकाया वैश्यस्य ।14

5 A Brahmin's initiation shall be performed in his eighth year, 6 or, if performed with an objective in mind, in his ninth or fifth year. 7 The years are counted from conception. 8 Initiation is a second birth. 9 The teacher is the man from whom one receives initiation, 10 or instruction in the Veda. 11 A Kṣatriya's initiation shall be performed in his eleventh year, and a Vaiśya's in his twelfth. 12 In the case of a Brahmin, the time for the Sāvitrī does not elapse until the sixteenth year, 13 in the case of a Kṣatriya until the twenty-second year, 14 and in the case of a Vaiśya until two years after that. [G 1.5-14]

Baudhāyana

गर्भादिः सङ्ख्या वर्षाणाम् । तदष्टमेषु ब्राह्मणमुपनयीत ।7 त्र्यधिकेषु राजन्यम् ।8 तस्मादेकाधिकेषु वैश्यम् ।9 वसन्तो ग्रीष्मः शरदित्यृतवो वर्णानुपूर्व्येण ।10 गायत्रीत्रिष्टुब्जगतीभिर्यथाक्रमम् ।11 आ षोडशादा द्वाविंशादाचतुर्विंशादनात्यय एषां क्रमेण ।12

7 The years are counted from conception. A Brahmin should be initiated in the eighth year after conception, 8 a Kṣatriya three years later than a Brahmin, 9 and a Vaiśya one year later than a Kṣatriya. 10 According to the order of the classes, spring, summer, and autumn are the seasons in which they are initiated; 11 the Gāyatrī, the Triṣṭubh, and the Jagatī are the meters used in their initiation; 12 and the time for their initiation does not lapse until the sixteenth, the twenty-second, and the twenty-fourth year, respectively. [B 1.3.7-12]

Vasiṣṭha

गर्भाष्टमेषु ब्राह्मणमुपनयीत ।49 गर्भादेकादशेषु राजन्यम् ।50 गर्भाद् द्वादशेषु वैश्यम् ।51

49 One should initiate a Brahmin in the eighth year from conception, 50 a Kṣatriya in the eleventh year from conception, 51 and a Vaiśya in the twelfth year from conception. [Va 11.49-51]

iii. Initiation

Āpastamba

अशूद्राणामदुष्टकर्मणामुपायनं वेदाध्ययनमग्न्याधेयं फलवन्ति च कर्माणि ।6

6 Those who are not Sudras and are not guilty of evil deeds may undergo initiation, undertake vedic study, and set up the sacred fires; and their rites bear fruit. [A 1.1.6]

उपनयनं विद्यार्थस्य श्रुतितः संस्कारः ।9 सर्वेभ्यो वेदेभ्यः सावित्र्यनूच्यत इति हि ब्राह्मणम् ।10

9 Initiation is the consecration of a person seeking vedic knowledge carried out according to vedic rules, 10 for a Brāhmaṇa declares: "The Sāvitrī verse is recited for the sake of all the Vedas." [A 1.1.9-10]

Vasiṣṭha

मातुरग्रे विजननं द्वितीयं मौञ्जिबन्धने । अत्रास्य माता सावित्री पिता त्वाचार्य उच्यते ॥3

3 "The first birth is from the mother and the second at the tying of the Munja-grass girdle. At the latter birth, the Savitri verse is his mother, while the teacher is said to his father." [Va 2.3]

iv. Failure to be Initiated

Āpastamba

अतिक्रान्ते सावित्र्याः काल ऋतुं त्रैविद्यकं ब्रह्मचर्यं चरेत् ।28 अथोपनयनम् ।29 ततः संवत्सरमुदकोपस्पर्शनम् ।30 अथाध्याप्यः ।31 अथ यस्य पिता पितामह इत्यनुपेतौ स्यातां ते ब्रह्महसंस्तुताः ।32 तेषामभ्यागमनं भोजनं विवाहमिति च वर्जयेत् ।33 तेषामिच्छतां प्रायश्चित्तम् ।34 यथा प्रथमेऽतिक्रम ऋतुरेवं संवत्सरः ।35 अथोपनयनं तत उदकोपस्पर्शनम् ।36 प्रतिपूरुषं संख्याय संवत्सरान् यावन्तोऽनुपेताः स्युः ।1 सप्तभिः पावमानीभिर्यदन्ति यच्च दूरक इत्येताभिर्यजुःपवित्रेण सामपवित्रेणाङ्गिरसेनेति ।2 अपि वा व्याहृतीभिरेव ।3 अथाध्याप्यः ।4 अथ यस्य प्रपितामहादि नानुस्मर्यत उपनयनं ते श्मशानसंस्तुताः ।5 तेषामभ्यागमनं भोजनं विवाहमिति च वर्जयेत्तेषामिच्छतां प्रायश्चित्तं द्वादशवर्षाणि त्रैविद्यकं ब्रह्मचर्यं चरेदथोपनयनं तत उदकोपस्पर्शनं पावमान्यादिभिः ।6 अथ गृहमेधोपदेशनम् ।7 नाध्यापनम् ।8 ततो यो निर्वर्तते तस्य संस्कारो यथा प्रथमेऽतिक्रमे ।9 तत ऊर्ध्वं प्रकृतिवत् ।10

28 If his time for initiation has lapsed, a man should live observing the rules of a student of the three Vedas for one season 29 and then undergo initiation. 30 For a year thereafter he should take a daily bath, 31 after which time he may receive vedic instruction. 32 When both the father and grandfather of a man have not been initiated, they are all called "Brahman-killers". 33 People should refrain from visiting them and from eating or contracting marriages with them. 34 They may, if they so choose, do a penance—35 such a person should perform for a year the same penance that was prescribed for a season when the initial time for initiation had lapsed 36 and then undergo initiation. Thereafter, he should take a daily bath 1 for as many years as the number of uninitiated persons in his family. 2 He should take this bath while reciting the seven Pāvamānī verses that begin: "Whether near or afar," as well as the purificatory formulas called Yajuḥpavitra, Sāmapavitra, and Āṅgirasa; 3 or else, while reciting just the Calls. 4 Thereafter, he may receive vedic instruction. 5 When no one can remember that any of a man's ancestors back to his great-grandfather had been initiated, they are all called "cremation grounds". 6 People should refrain from visiting them and from eating or contracting marriages with them. They may, if they so choose, do a penance—such a person should live observing the rules of a student of the three Vedas for twelve years and then undergo initiation. Thereafter, he should take a daily bath while reciting the Pāvamānī verses and the rest. 7 He may then be taught the rites to be performed by a householder 8 but not receive vedic instruction. 9 And after he has completed that, his sacramentary rite is performed in the same manner as when the initial time for initiation has lapsed. 10 Afterwards, everything is done as at the regular initiation. [A 1.1.28-36; 1.2.1-10]

Vasiṣṭha

आ षोडशाद्ब्राह्मणस्य नातीतः कालः ।71 आ द्वाविंशात्क्षत्रियस्य ।72 आ चतुर्विंशाद्वैश्यस्य ।73 अत ऊर्ध्वं पतितसावित्रीका भवन्ति ।74 नैतानुपनयेन्नाध्यापयेन्न याजयेन्नैभिर्विवाहयेयुः ।75 पतितसावित्रीक उद्दालकव्रतं चरेत् ।76 द्वौ मासौ यावकेन वर्तयेन्मासं पयसार्धमासमामिक्षयाष्टारात्रं घृतेन षड्रात्रमयाचितेन त्रिरात्रमब्भक्षोऽहोरात्रमुपवसेत् ।77 अश्वमेधावभृथं वा गच्छेत् ।78 व्रात्यस्तोमेन वा यजेत वा ।79

71 For a Brahmin the time for initiation does not lapse until the sixteenth year, 72 for a Kṣatriya until the twenty-second year, 73 and for a Vaiśya until the twenty-fourth year. 74 After that time they become excluded from the Sāvitrī, 75 and no one should initiate them, teach them, officiate at their sacrifices, or enter into marriage alliances with them. 76 A man who is excluded from the Sāvitrī should perform the Uddālaka penance: 77 for two months he should live on barley gruel, for one month on milk, for a fortnight on curd, for eight days on ghee, for six days on food received unasked, and for three days on water; and he should fast for a day and night. 78 Alternatively, he may participate in the ritual bath that concludes a horse sacrifice; 79 or he may perform the Vrātyastoma sacrifice. [Va 11.71-79]

v. Re-initiation

Gautama

अमत्यापाने पयो घृतमुदकं वायुं प्रतित्र्यहं तप्तानि स कृच्छ्रस्ततोऽस्य संस्कारः ।2

2 If he has drunk (liquor) inadvertently, he should subsist on hot milk, hot ghee, hot water, and hot air, for a period of three days each; this is the arduous penance. After that he should undergo initiation. [G 23.2]

Baudhāyana

अमत्यापाने कृच्छ्राब्दपादं चरेत् पुनरुपनयनं च ।19 वपनव्रतनियमलोपश्च पूर्वानुष्ठितत्वात् ।20 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति । अमत्या वारुणीं पीत्वा प्राश्य मूत्रपुरीषयोः । ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यः पुनःसंस्कारमर्हति ।21

19 If he drinks (liquor) inadvertently, he should perform the arduous penance for three months and undergo initiation over again, 20 at which the cutting of hair and nails, the observances, and the restrictive rules are omitted, because they have already been performed. 21 Now, they also quote: If a Brahmin, a Kṣatriya, or a Vaiśya unintentionally drinks liquor or consumes urine or excrement, he should undergo initiation over again. [B 2.1.19-21]

Vasiṣṭha

एतदेव चाण्डालपतितान्नभोजनेषु ततः पुनरुपनयनं वपनादीनां तु निवृत्तिः ।17 मानवं चात्र श्लोकमुदाहरन्ति । वपनं मेखला दण्डो भैक्षचर्या व्रतानि च । एतानि तु निवर्तन्ते पुनःसंस्कारकर्मणीति ।18 मद्यपाने त्वसुरायाः सुरायाश्चाज्ञाने कृच्छ्रातिकृच्छ्रौ घृतप्राशः पुनःसंस्कारश्च ।19 मूत्रशकृच्छुक्राभ्यवहारेषु चैवम् ।20

17 The same applies for eating the food of a Caṇḍāla or an outcaste. Afterwards he should be re-initiated; the shaving and other similar rites, however, are omitted. 18 On this point, moreover, they quote a verse of Manu: "Shaving, girdle, staff, begging almsfood, and the vows—these are omitted in the rite of re-initiation." 19 For drinking an intoxicant that is not surā liquor or, inadvertently, surā liquor, one should perform an arduous and a very arduous penance, consume some ghee, and be re-initiated. 20 The same applies to consuming urine, feces, or semen. [Va 20.17-20]

vi. Residency and Study

Āpastamba

उपेतस्याचार्यकुले ब्रह्मचारिवासः ।11 अष्टाचत्वारिंशद् वर्षाणि ।12 पादूनम् ।13 अर्धेन ।14 त्रिभिर्वा ।15 द्वादशावरार्ध्यम् ।16 न ब्रह्मचारिणो विद्यार्थस्य परोपवासोऽस्ति ।17

11 An initiated person should reside as a student in his teacher's house 12 for forty-eight years, 13 or for three quarters of that time, 14 or for half that time, 15 or for one quarter of that time; 16 the minimum is twelve years. 17 A student who seeks to acquire vedic knowledge may not reside with anyone else. [A 1.2.11-17]

Gautama

द्वादश वर्षाण्येकवेदे ब्रह्मचर्यं चरेत् ।45 प्रतिद्वादश वा सर्वेषु ।46 ग्रहणान्तं वा ।47

45 To study a single Veda, he should live as a student for twelve years, 46 and to study all the Vedas, twelve years each 47 or until he has grasped them. [G 2.45-47]

पाणिना सव्यमुपसंगृह्यानङ्गुष्ठमधीहि भो इत्यामन्त्रयेद् गुरुम् ।46 तत्र चक्षुर्मनः ।47 प्राणोपस्पर्शनं दर्भैः ।48 प्राणायामास्त्रयः पञ्चदशमात्राः ।49 प्राक्कूलेष्वासनं च ।50 ॐपूर्वा व्याहृतयः पञ्च सत्यान्ताः ।51 गुरोः पादोपसंग्रहणं प्रातः ।52 ब्रह्मानुवचने चाद्यन्तयोः ।53 अनुज्ञात उपविशेत्प्राङ्मुखो दक्षिणतः शिष्य उदङ्मुखो वा ।54 सावित्री चानुवचनम् ।55 आदितो ब्रह्मण आदाने ।56 ॐकारोऽन्यत्रापि ।57

46 Clasping the teacher's left hand—excluding the thumb—with his right, the pupil should address the teacher: "Teach, Sir!" 47 Focusing his eyes and mind on the teacher, 48 the pupil should touch his vital organs with Darbha grass, 49 control his breath three times for fifteen morae each, 50 and sit on a bed of grass with the tips of their blades pointing east. 51 The five Calls should begin with OṂ and end with "Truth". 52 The pupil shall clasp the teacher's feet each morning 53 and also when he begins and ends his vedic recitation. 54 When he is given permission, he should sit at the teacher's right facing the east or the north. 55 And he should repeat after the teacher the Sāvitrī verse 56 when he first begins to receive instruction in the Veda, 57 while the syllable OṂ should be recited also at other times. [G 1.46-57]

Baudhāyana

अष्टाचत्वारिंशद्वर्षाणि पौराणं वेदब्रह्मचर्यम् ।1 चतुर्विंशतिं द्वादश वा प्रतिवेदम् ।2 संवत्सरावरं वा प्रतिकाण्डम् ।3 ग्रहणान्तं वा जीवितस्यास्थिरत्वात् ।4 कृष्णकेशोऽग्नीनादधीतेति श्रुतिः ।5

1 Forty-eight years, according to ancient practice, is the period of studentship for studying the Veda; 2 alternatively twenty-four years, or twelve years per Veda, 3 or at least one year for each book, 4 or, given the uncertainty of life, until he has learned it. 5 A vedic text states: "A man should establish his sacred fires while his hair is still black." [B 1.3.1-5]

vii. Dress Code

Āpastamba

जटिलः ।31 शिखाजटो वा वापयेदितरान् ।32 मौञ्जी मेखला त्रिवृद् ब्राह्मणस्य शक्तिविषये दक्षिणावृत्तानाम् ।33 ज्या राजन्यस्य ।34 मौञ्जी वायोमिश्रा ।35 आवीसूत्रं वैश्यस्य ।36 सैरी तामली वेत्येके ।37 पालाशो दण्डो ब्राह्मणस्य नैय्यग्रोधस्कन्धजोऽवाङ्ग्रो राजन्यस्य बादर औदुम्बरो वा वैश्यस्य वार्क्षो दण्ड इत्यवर्णसंयोगेनैक उपदिशन्ति ।38 वासः ।39 शाणीक्षौमाजिनानि ।40 कषायं चैके वस्त्रमुपदिशन्ति ।41 माञ्जिष्ठं राजन्यस्य ।1 हारिद्रं वैश्यस्य ।2 हारिणमैणेयं वा कृष्णं ब्राह्मणस्य ।3 कृष्णं चेदनुपस्तीर्णासनशायी स्यात् ।4 रौरवं राजन्यस्य ।5 बस्ताजिनं वैश्यस्य ।6 आविकं सार्ववर्णिकम् ।7 कम्बलश्च ।8 ब्रह्मवृद्धिमिच्छन्नजिनान्येव वसीत क्षत्रवृद्धिमिच्छन् वस्त्राण्येवोभयवृद्धिमिच्छन्नुभयमिति हि ब्राह्मणम् ।9 अजिनं त्वेवोत्तरं धारयेत् ।10

31 He shall have his hair matted; 32 or, keeping just the topknot matted, let him shave the rest. 33 The girdle of a Brahmin should be a triple string of Muñja grass, twisted clockwise if possible; 34 that of a Kṣatriya a bowstring 35 or a string of Muñja grass trimmed with pieces of iron; 36 and that of a Vaiśya a woollen string 37 or, according to some, a plow cord or a string made with Tamāla bark. 38 A Brahmin's staff should be of Palāśa wood, a Kṣatriya's the prop root of a banyan tree, and a Vaiśya's of Badara or Udumbara wood. Some prescribe just a wooden staff without regard to class. 39 His garment should be 40 made of hemp, flax, or antelope skin. 41 Some, however, prescribe a garment dyed ocher. 1 It should be dyed madder for a Kṣatriya 2 and yellow for a Vaiśya. 3 The skin of a Hariṇa antelope or a black Eṇa doe is prescribed for a Brahmin; 4 if he wears a black skin, he should not use it as a spread to sit or sleep on. 5 The skin of a spotted Ruru antelope is prescribed for a Kṣatriya, 6 and that of a billy goat for a Vaiśya. 7 A sheep skin is suitable for all classes, 8 and so is a shawl of sheep wool. 9 For a Brāhmaṇa declares: "A person who desires to increase his Brahmanical might should wear only antelope skins, and a person who desires to increase his Kṣatriya might should wear only cloth garments, while a person who desires both should wear both." 10 Over his upper body, however, he should wear only an antelope skin. [A 1.2.31-41; 1.3.1-10]

Gautama

मौञ्जीज्यामौर्वीसौत्र्यो मेखलाः क्रमेण ।15 कृष्णरुरुबस्ताजिनानि ।16 वासांसि शाणक्षौमचीरकुतपाः सर्वेषाम् ।17 कार्पासं चाविकृतम् ।18 काषायमप्येके ।19 वार्क्षं ब्राह्मणस्य ।20 माञ्जिष्ठहारिद्रे इतरयोः ।21 बैल्वपालाशौ ब्राह्मणदण्डौ ।22 आश्वत्थपैलवौ शेषे ।23 यज्ञियो वा सर्वेषाम् ।24 अपीडिता यूपवक्राः सशल्काः ।25 मूर्धललाटनासाग्रप्रमाणाः ।26 मुण्डजटिलशिखाजटाश्च ।27

15 Their girdles are a cord of Muñja grass, a bowstring of Mūrvā, or a cord of thread, respectively; 16 and their skins are that of a black antelope, a spotted Ruru antelope, and a billy goat, respectively. 17 The garments of all students, irrespective of class, are made of hemp, flax, tree bark, or a woollen blanket, 18 or else of raw cotton; 19 some even allow dyed cotton—20 dyed with tree resin for a Brahmin, 21 and with madder and turmeric for the other two, respectively. 22 A Brahmin's staff is made of wood-apple or Palāśa wood, 23 and those of the other two of banyan and Pīlu wood, respectively. 24 Alternatively, for all students, irrespective of class, the staff may be made of any wood suitable for use in a sacrifice. 25 Staffs should be undamaged, bent in the manner of a sacrificial post, and have their barks intact. 26 They should reach the crown of the head, the forehead, and the tip of the nose, respectively, for each class. 27 Students may shave their heads completely, wear their hair matted, or keep just the topknot matted. [G 1.15-27]

Baudhāyana

मौञ्जी शाणीति धनुर्ज्या मेखलाः ।13 कृष्णरुरुबस्ताजिनान्यजिनानि ।14 मूर्धललाटनासाग्रप्रमाणा याज्ञिकस्य वृक्षस्य दण्डाः ।15

13 Their girdles are made of Muñja grass, a bowstring, and hemp; 14 their skins are those of a black antelope, a spotted Ruru antelope, and a billy goat; 15 and their staffs should be cut from a tree suitable for use in a sacrifice and reach the crown of the head, the forehead, and the tip of the nose, respectively for each class. [B 1.3.13-15]

Vasiṣṭha

पालाशो वा दण्डो ब्राह्मणस्य ।52 नैय्यग्रोधः क्षत्रियस्य वा ।53 औदुम्बरो वा वैश्यस्य ।54 केशसंमितो ब्राह्मणस्य ।55 ललाटसंमितः क्षत्रियस्य ।56 घ्राणसंमितो वैश्यस्य ।57 मौञ्जी रशना ब्राह्मणस्य ।58 धनुर्ज्या क्षत्रियस्य ।59 शणतान्तवी वैश्यस्य ।60 कृष्णाजिनमुत्तरीयं

ब्राह्मणस्य ।61 रौरवं क्षत्रियस्य ।62 गव्यं बस्ताजिनं वा वैश्यस्य ।63 शुक्लमहतं वासो ब्राह्मणस्य ।64 माञ्जिष्ठं क्षत्रियस्य ।65 हारिद्रं

कौशेयं वैश्यस्य ।66 सर्वेषां वा तान्तवमरक्तम् ।67

52 A Brahmin's staff should be of Palāśa wood, 53 a Kṣatriya's of banyan wood, 54 and a Vaiśya's of Udumbara wood. 55 A Brahmin's staff should reach the hair of the head, 56 a Kṣatriya's the forehead, 57 and a Vaiśya's the nose. 58 A Brahmin's girdle should be made of Muñja grass, 59 a Kṣatriya's of a bowstring, 60 and a Vaiśya's of hemp thread. 61 A Brahmin's upper garment should be the skin of a black antelope, 62 a Kṣatriya's the skin of the spotted Ruru antelope, 63 and a Vaiśya's the skin of a cow or a male goat. 64 A Brahmin's garment should be white and unblemished, 65 a Kṣatriya's dyed madder, 66 and a Vaiśya's yellow silk. 67 Or else, people of all classes may wear undyed cotton garments. [Va 11.52-67]

जटिलः शिखाजटो वा ।

He should wear all his hair or just the topknot matted. [Va 7.11]

viii. Code of Behavior

Āpastamba

अथ ब्रह्मचर्यविधिः ।18 आचार्याधीनः स्यादन्यत्र पतनीयेभ्यः ।19 हितकारी गुरोरप्रतिलोमयन्वाचा ।20 अधासनशायी ।21 नानुदेश्यं भुञ्जीत ।22 तथा क्षारलवणमधुमांसानि ।23 अदिवास्वापी ।24 अगन्धसेवी ।25 मैथुनं न चरेत् ।26 उत्सन्नश्लाघः ।27 अङ्गानि न प्रक्षालयीत ।28 प्रक्षालयीत त्वशुचिलिप्तानि गुरोरसंदर्शे ।29 नाप्सु श्लाघमानः स्नायाद्यदि स्नायाद्दण्डवत्प्लवेत् ।30

18 Next, the student's code of conduct. 19 He shall submit to his teacher in all things except those that entail a sin causing loss of caste. 20 He shall promote his teacher's welfare, never contradict him, 21 and occupy a lower seat and bed. 22 He shall not eat ritual food, 23 spices, salt, honey, or meat. 24 He shall not sleep during the day, 25 wear perfume, 26 engage in sexual intercourse, 27 or show himself off. 28 He shall not wash his body. 29 When anything dirty stains it, however, he may wash it out of his teacher's sight. 30 If he bathes, he should not be boisterous in the water but plunge in like a stick. [A 1.2.18-30]

अनृत्तदर्शी ।11 सभाः समाजांश्चागन्ता ।12 अजनवादशीलः ।13 रहःशीलः ।14 गुरोरुदाचारेष्वकर्ता स्वैरिकर्माणि ।15 स्त्रीभिर्यावदर्थसंभाषी ।16 मृदुः ।17 शान्तः ।18 दान्तः ।19 ह्रीमान् ।20 दृढधृतिः ।21 अग्लांस्नुः ।22 अक्रोधनः ।23 अनसूयुः ।24

11 He shall not watch dancing, 12 nor visit casinos or fairs. 13 He shall not be given to gossiping 14 but keep things confidential. 15 He shall not engage in recreational activities in places frequented by his teacher. 16 He shall speak with women only as much as is required. 17 He shall be gentle, 18 calm, 19 controlled, 20 modest, 21 firmly resolute, 22 energetic, 23 not given to anger, 24 and free from envy. [A 1.3.11-24]

नियमेषु तपःशब्दः ।1 तदतिक्रमे विद्याकर्म निःस्रवति ब्रह्म सहापत्यादेतस्मात् ।2 कर्तपत्यमनायुष्यं च ।3 तस्मादृषयोऽवरेषु न जायन्ते नियमातिक्रमात् ।4 श्रुतर्षयस्तु भवन्ति केचित्कर्मफलशेषेण पुनःसंभवे ।5 यथा श्वेतकेतुः ।6 यत्किं च समाहितोऽब्रह्माप्याचार्यादुपयुङ्क्ते ब्रह्मवदेव तस्मिन्फलं भवति ।7 अथो यत्किञ्च मनसा वाचा चक्षुषा वा सङ्कल्पयन् ध्यायत्याहाभिविपश्यति वा तथैव तद्भवतीत्युपदिशन्ति ।8 गुरुप्रसादनीयानि कर्माणि स्वस्त्ययनमध्ययनसंवृत्तिरिति ।9 अतोऽन्यानि निवर्तन्ते ब्रह्मचारिणः कर्माणि ।10 स्वाध्यायधृग् धर्मरुचिस्तपस्व्यृजुर्मृदुः सिध्यति ब्रह्मचारी ।11

1 The term "austerity" is used with reference to the rules of conduct. 2 When someone breaks these rules, the application to vedic study and the knowledge of the Veda will slip away from him, as well as from his children; 3 he will fall into hell, and his life will be shortened. 4 As a result of breaking these rules, seers are not being born in recent generations. 5 Through a residue of their merits, however, some people are reborn as seers on account of their vedic learning, 6 as, for example, Śvetaketu. 7 Whatever other science besides the Veda a steadfast man learns from his teacher, it will bear fruit for him just like the Veda. 8 They point out, moreover, that when such a person thinks of anything, speaks about anything, or looks at anything with a will to accomplishing it, it will happen exactly as he wills. 9 Activities pleasing to the teacher, those promoting his own well-being, and pursuing his studies: 10 undertakings other than these do not belong to a student. 11 When a student is faithful to reciting his veda, takes delight in the Law, and is observant, upright, and gentle, he will attain success. [A 1.5.1-11]

न प्रेक्षेत नग्नां स्त्रियम् ।3 ओषधिवनस्पतीनामाच्छिद्य नोपजिघ्रेत् ।4 उपानहौ छत्रं यानमिति च वर्जयेत् ।5 न स्मयेत ।6 यदि स्मयेतापिगृह्य स्मयेतेति हि ब्राह्मणम् ।7 नोपजिघ्रेत्स्त्रियं मुखेन ।8 न हृदयेन प्रार्थयेत् ।9 नाकारणादुपस्पृशेत् ।10 रजस्वलो रक्तदन् सत्यवादी स्यादिति हि ब्राह्मणम् ।11 यां विद्यां कुरुते गुरौ तेऽप्यस्याचार्या ये तस्यां गुरोर्वंश्याः ।12 यानन्यान्पश्यतोऽस्योपसंगृह्णीयात्तदा त्वेते उपसंग्राह्याः ।13 गुरुसमवाये भिक्षायामुत्पन्नायां यमनुबद्धस्तदधीना भिक्षा ।14 समावृत्तो मात्रे दद्यात् ।15 माता भर्तारं गमयेत् ।16 भर्ता गुरुम् ।17 धर्मकृत्येषु वोपयोजयेत् ।18

3 He should not look at a naked woman 4 or cut anything from plants or trees to smell it. 5 He should refrain from using shoes, umbrellas, and vehicles. 6 "Let him not smile, 7 or, if he smiles, let him do so covering his mouth"—so states a Brāhmaṇa. 8 He should not kiss a woman with his mouth, 9 covet her in his heart, 10 or touch her without a good reason. 11 A Brāhmaṇa states: "He shall keep his body dirty, his teeth stained, and his speech true." 12 He shall regard those who taught his teacher the same subject that he is studying from him as his own teachers. 13 When he sees his teacher clasp the feet of other persons, he should also clasp their feet. 14 If he has several teachers, the almsfood he gathers comes under the control of the teacher to whom he is currently attached. 15 A student who has returned home should offer the almsfood to his mother; 16 the mother should present it to her husband, 17 and the husband to the teacher. 18 Or else, it may be used for ritual purposes. [A 1.7.3-18]

आत्मप्रशंसां परगर्हामिति च वर्जयेत् ।24 प्रेषितस्तदेव प्रतिपद्येत ।25

24 He should refrain from praising himself and disparaging others. 25 When he is ordered to do something, he should go ahead and do just that. [A 1.7.24-25]

Gautama

उपनयनादिर्नियमः ।6 उक्तं ब्रह्मचर्यम् ।7 अग्नीन्धनभैक्षचरणे सत्यवचनमपामुपस्पर्शनम् ।8 एके गोदानादि ।9 बहिःसंध्यत्वं च ।10 तिष्ठेत्पूर्वामासीतोत्तरां सज्योतिष्या ज्योतिषो दर्शनाद्वाग्यतः ।11 नादित्यमीक्षेत ।12 वर्जयेन्मधुमांसगन्धमाल्यदिवास्वप्नाभ्यञ्जनयानोपानच्छत्रकामक्रोधलोभमोहवादवादनस्नानदन्तधावनहर्षनृत्तगीतपरिवादभयानि ।13 गुरुदर्शने कण्ठप्रावृतावसक्थिकापाश्रयणपादप्रसारणानि ।14 निष्ठीवितहसितविजृम्भितावस्फोटनानि ।15 स्त्रीप्रेक्षणालम्भने मैथुनशङ्कायाम् ।16 द्यूतं हीनसेवामदत्तादानं हिंसाम् ।17 आचार्यतत्पुत्रस्त्रीदीक्षितनामानि ।18 शुक्ता वाचः ।19 मद्यं नित्यं ब्राह्मणः ।20 अधःशय्यासनी पूर्वोत्थायी जघन्यसंवेशी ।21 वाग्बाहूदरसंयतः ।22

6 Restrictive rules come into force from the time a person is initiated. 7 The rule of chastity has already been given. 8 He shall put wood into the sacred fire, beg his food, speak the truth, and bathe—9 only after the beard-shaving rite, according to some—10 and perform the twilight worship outside the village. 11 Controlling his speech, he should remain standing during the morning twilight worship from the time the stars are still visible until the sun comes into view, and remain seated during the evening from the time the sun is still visible until the stars come into view, 12 without ever gazing directly at the sun. 13 He should abstain from the following: eating honey and meat; wearing perfumes and necklaces; sleeping during the day; applying oil and collyrium; travelling in carriages; using shoes and umbrellas; lust, anger, greed, perplexity, and squabbling; playing musical instruments; bathing and cleaning the teeth; excitement, dancing, singing, and calumny; 14 wrapping his neck, sitting cross-legged, leaning against something, or stretching out his feet within sight of his elders; 15 spitting, laughing, yawning, and cracking his fingers; 16 looking at or touching a woman if there is a hint of sexual intimacy; 17 gambling, degrading services, taking what is not given, and causing injury to living beings; 18 uttering the names of his teacher, the teacher's sons and wives, and persons consecrated for a sacrifice; 19 and speaking harsh words. 20 If he is a Brahmin, he should always abstain from liquor. 21 He shall occupy a bed and seat lower than his teacher's, get up before and go to bed after him, 22 and keep his tongue, arms, and stomach under strict control. [G 2.6-22]

Baudhāyana

सदाऽरण्यात्समिध आहृत्यादध्यात् ।19 सत्यवादी ह्रीमाननहंकारः ।20 पूर्वोत्थायी जघन्यसंवेशी ।21 सर्वत्राप्रतिहतगुरुवाक्योऽन्यत्र पातकात् ।22 यावदर्थसंभाषी स्त्रीभिः ।23 नृत्तगीतवादित्रगन्धमाल्योपानच्छत्रधारणाञ्जनाभ्यञ्जनवर्जी ।24

19 Every day he should fetch firewood from a wild tract and offer it in the sacred fire. 20 He shall speak the truth and remain modest and free from pride. 21 He should get up before his teacher, go to sleep after him, 22 and never disobey his teacher's commands in any matter, except when it entails a sin causing loss of caste. 23 Let him speak with women only as much as is required, 24 and refrain from dancing, singing, playing musical instruments, wearing perfumes or necklaces, using shoes or umbrellas, and applying oil or collyrium. [B 1.3.19-24]

नाप्सु श्लाघमानः स्नायात् ।39 दण्ड इव प्लवेत् ।40

39 When he bathes he should not be boisterous in the water 40 but plunge in like a stick. [B 1.3.39-40]

एवास्मै वचो वेदयन्ते ।3 ब्रह्म वै मृत्यवे प्रजाः प्रायच्छत् । तस्मै ब्रह्मचारिणमेव न प्रायच्छत् । सोऽब्रवीदस्तु मह्यमप्येतस्मिन्भाग इति । यामेव रात्रिं समिधं नाहराता इति ।4 तस्माद्ब्रह्मचारी यां रात्रिं समिधं नाहरत्यायुष एव तामवदाय वसति । तस्माद्ब्रह्मचारी समिधमाहरेन्नेदायुषोऽवदाय वसानीति ।5 दीर्घसत्त्रं वा एष उपैति यो ब्रह्मचर्यमुपैति । स यामुपयन्समिधमादधाति सा प्रायणीयाथ यां स्नास्यन्सोदयनीयाथ या अन्तरेण सत्त्र्या एवास्य ताः ।6 ब्राह्मणो वै ब्रह्मचर्यमुपयंश्चतुर्धा भूतानि प्रविशत्यग्निं पदा मृत्युं पदाचार्यं पदात्मन्येवास्य चतुर्थः पादः परिशिष्यते । स यदग्नौ समिधमादधाति य एवास्याग्नौ पादस्तमेव तेन परिक्रीणाति तं संस्कृत्यात्मन्धत्ते स एनमाविशति । अथ यदात्मानं

दरिद्रीकृत्याह्रीर्भूत्वा भिक्षते ब्रह्मचर्यं चरति य एवास्य मृत्यौ पादस्तमेव तेन परिक्रीणाति तं संस्कृत्यात्मन्धत्ते स एनमाविशति । अथ यदाचार्यवचः करोति य एवास्याचार्ये पादस्तमेव तेन परिक्रीणाति तं संस्कृत्यात्मन्धत्ते स एनमाविशति । अथ यत्स्वाध्यायमधीते य एवास्यात्मनि पादस्तमेव तेन परिक्रीणाति तं संस्कृत्यात्मन्धत्ते स एनमाविशति । ... तमेवं विद्वांसमेवं चरन्तं सर्वे वेदा आविशन्ति ।7 यथा ह वा अग्निः समिद्धो रोचत एवं ह वा एष स्नात्वा रोचते य एवं विद्वान्ब्रह्मचर्यं चरतीति ब्राह्मणम् ।8

3 They proclaim this teaching with regard to him: 4 Now, Brahman handed over the creatures to Death. The only creature he did not hand over to him was the student. Death said to Brahman: "Let me have a share of him also." Brahman replied: "Only on the night that he fails to bring a piece of firewood." 5 The night, therefore, on which a student fails to bring a piece of firewood, he spends by subtracting it from his life span. A student should bring a piece of firewood, therefore, lest he spend that night by subtracting it from his life span. 6 It is a long sacrificial session that a man undertakes here, when he undertakes the life of a student. The piece of firewood that he offers in the sacred fire when he is about to be initiated as a student constitutes its introductory rite; the piece of firewood he offers when he is about to take the concluding bath constitutes its final rite; and the pieces of firewood he offers in between those two constitute the offerings of the sacrificial session. 7 Now, a Brahmin, when he is about to undertake the life of a student, enters the creatures in four parts. With one-quarter he enters the fire, with one-quarter death, and with one-quarter the teacher; while one-quarter remains within himself. When he offers a piece of firewood in the fire, he buys back that quarter of himself that is in the fire. He consecrates and places it within himself, and it enters him. And when, making himself poor and feeling no shame, he begs for almsfood and observes chastity, he buys back that quarter of himself that is in death. He consecrates and places it within himself, and it enters him. And when he does what his teacher tells him to do, he buys back that quarter of himself that is in the teacher. He consecrates and places it within himself, and it enters him. And when he performs the recitation of his Veda, he buys back that quarter of himself that is in himself. He consecrates and places it within himself, and it enters him. After he has taken the bath that concludes his student life, he should never beg for almsfood. He may beg almsfood even after the final bath to assuage the hunger of his relatives and ancestors; and for the sake of other rites. If he cannot find another woman from whom he could beg for almsfood, he may even beg from the wife of his own teacher or from his mother. He should not let the seventh night pass without begging for almsfood. He commits a sin by failing to beg for almsfood and to feed the sacred fire with firewood. If he fails to do that for seven nights, he should undergo the penance prescribed for a student who has broken his vow of chastity. All the Vedas enter a man who knows this and who acts in this way. 8 As a fire glows when it is set ablaze, so does a man here who knows this and lives the life of a student glow when he has taken his final bath. So states a Brāhmaṇa. [B 1.4.3-8]

Vasiṣṭha

संयतवाक् ।7 खट्वाशयनदन्तप्रक्षालनाञ्जनाभ्यञ्जनवर्जी ।15 तिष्ठेदहनि रात्रावासीत ।16 त्रिरह्नोऽभ्युपेयादप इति ।17

7 He should be restrained in his speech. .... 15 He should refrain from sleeping on a bed, brushing his teeth, applying collyrium on his eyes or oil on his body, wearing shoes, or carrying an umbrella. 16 He should remain standing during the day and seated at night, 17 and bathe three times a day. [Va 7.7, 15-17]

ix. Begging and the Food of Students

Āpastamba

सर्वं लाभमाहरन् गुरवे सायं प्रातरमत्रेण भिक्षाचर्यं चरेद् भिक्षमाणोऽन्यत्रापपात्रेभ्योऽभिशस्ताच्च ।25 स्त्रीणां प्रत्याचक्षाणानां समाहितो ब्रह्मचारीष्टं दत्तं हुतं प्रजां पशून् ब्रह्मवर्चसमन्नाद्यं वृङ्क्ते । तस्मादु ह वै ब्रह्मचारिसङ्घं चरन्तं न प्रत्याचक्षीतापि हैष्वेवंविध एवंव्रतः स्यादिति हि ब्राह्मणम् ।26 नानुमानेन भैक्षमुच्छिष्टं दृष्टश्रुताभ्यां तु ।27 भवत्पूर्वया ब्राह्मणो भिक्षेत ।28 भवन्मध्यया राजन्यः ।29 भवदन्त्यया वैश्यः ।30 तत्समाहृत्योपनिधायाचार्याय प्रब्रूयात् ।31 तेन प्रदिष्टं भुञ्जीत ।32 विप्रवासे गुरोराचार्यकुलाय ।33 तैर्विप्रवासेऽन्येभ्योऽपि श्रोत्रियेभ्यः ।34 नात्मप्रयोजनश्चरेत् ।35 भुक्त्वा स्वयममत्रं प्रक्षालयीत ।36 न चोच्छिष्टं कुर्यात् ।37 अशक्तौ भूमौ निखनेत् ।38 अप्सु वा प्रवेशयेत् ।39 आर्याय वा पर्यवदध्यात् ।40 अन्तर्धिने वा शूद्राय ।41 प्रोषितो भैक्षादग्नौ कृत्वा भुञ्जीत ।42 भैक्षं हविषा संस्तुतं तत्राचार्यो देवतार्थे ।43 आहवनीयार्थे च ।44 तं भोजयित्वा ।45 यदुच्छिष्टं प्राश्नाति ।1 हविरुच्छिष्टमेव तत् ।2 यदन्यानि द्रव्याणि यथालाभमुपहरति दक्षिणा एव ताः ।3 स एष ब्रह्मचारिणो यज्ञो नित्यप्रततः ।4 न चास्मै श्रुतिविप्रतिषिद्धमुच्छिष्टं दद्यात् ।5 यथा क्षारलवणमधुमांसानीति ।6 एतेनान्ये नियमा व्याख्याताः ।7 श्रुतिर्हि बलीयस्यानुमानिकादाचारात् ।8 दृश्यते चापि प्रवृत्तिकारणम् ।9 प्रीतिर्ह्युपलभ्यते ।10 पितुर्ज्येष्ठस्य च भ्रातुरुच्छिष्टं भोक्तव्यम् ।11 धर्मविप्रतिपत्तावभोज्यम् ।12

25 Morning and evening he shall go out to beg with a bowl soliciting from those who are not degraded or heinous sinners, and bringing all he receives to his teacher. 26 For a Brāhmaṇa declares: "When women refuse a steadfast student, he robs them of their sacrifices, gifts, oblations, offspring, cattle, sacred learning, and food supply. One should never refuse a group of students come to beg, therefore, for among them there may be one who is like that and who keeps that vow." 27 Almsfood should not be considered leftovers by inference, but only through perception or testimony. 28 A Brahmin should beg placing "Madam" at the beginning, 29 a Kṣatriya placing "Madam" in the middle, 30 and a Vaiśya placing "Madam" at the end. 31 After he has collected the almsfood, he should place it before his teacher and announce it to him. 32 He should eat it when the teacher invites him to do so. 33 If the teacher is not at home, he should announce it to a member of the teacher's family, 34 and, if they also are not at home, to some other vedic scholar. 35 Let him never go out to beg just for his own benefit. 36 After he has eaten, he should wash his bowl himself. 37 Let him not leave any food uneaten. 38 If he is unable to do so, he should bury the leftovers in the ground, 39 throw them in water, 40 or place them before an Ārya 41 or before a Śūdra who is a family servant. 42 When he is away from home, he should eat after offering some of the almsfood in the sacred fire. 43 Almsfood is hailed as a sacrificial oblation at which the teacher plays the roles of the deity 44 and the offertorial fire. 45 When, after feeding his teacher, he eats what is left over—1 that is indeed the leftovers from a sacrificial oblation. 2 When he gives to the teacher other things as he obtains them, they are truly the sacrificial fees. 3 This is the sacrifice performed daily by a student. 4 The teacher should not give him any leftover items of food which are forbidden to him by vedic texts, however, 5 items such as spices, salt, honey, and meat. 6 His other restrictions are also intimated by this rule, 7 for a vedic text has greater force than a practice from which the existence of a corresponding vedic text has to be inferred. 8 We notice here, moreover, a motive for such a practice, 9 for one derives pleasure from it. 10 It is permissible to eat the leftovers of one's father or an older brother, 12 but not if it would result in breaking the Law. [A 1.3.25-45; 1.4.1-12]

नानुदेश्यं भुञ्जीत ।22 तथा क्षारलवणमधुमांसानि ।23

22 He shall not eat ritual food, 23 spices, salt, honey, or meat. [A 1.2.22-23]

गुरुसमवाये भिक्षायामुत्पन्नायां यमनुबद्धस्तदधीना भिक्षा ।14 समावृत्तो मात्रे दद्यात् ।15 माता भर्तारं गमयेत् ।16 भर्ता गुरुम् ।17 धर्मकृत्येषु वोपयोजयेत् ।18

14 If he has several teachers, the almsfood he gathers comes under the control of the teacher to whom he is currently attached. 15 A student who has returned home should offer the almsfood to his mother; 16 the mother should present it to her husband, 17 and the husband to the teacher. 18 Or else, it may be used for ritual purposes. [A 1.7.14-18]

Gautama

सार्ववर्णिकभैक्ष्यचरणमभिशस्तपतितवर्जम् ।35 आदिमध्यान्तेषु भवच्छब्दः प्रयोज्यो वर्णानुपूर्व्येण ।36 आचार्यज्ञातिगुरुस्वेष्वलाभेऽन्यत्र ।37 तेषां पूर्वं पूर्वं परिहरेत् ।38 निवेद्य गुरवेऽनुज्ञातो भुञ्जीत ।39 असंनिधौ तद्भार्यापुत्रसब्रह्मचारिभ्यः ।40 वाग्यतस्तृप्यन्नलोलुप्यमानः संनिधायोदकम् ।41

35 Almsfood may be obtained from people of all classes, excepting heinous sinners and outcastes. 36 The word "Madam" should be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of the request, respectively, according to the class. 37 If he does not receive any elsewhere, he may beg from the house of his teacher, a relative, or an elder, or from his own house; 38 let him, however, avoid having to beg from ones given earlier in the list. 39 He should eat the almsfood after announcing it to his teacher and with his permission, 40 and, in the absence of the teacher, to his wife or son, or to a fellow student or a virtuous person. 41 Placing some water at his side, let him eat silently and contentedly, but without craving. [G 2.35-41]

Baudhāyana

भवत्पूर्वां भिक्षामध्यां याच्चान्तां भिक्षां चरेत्सप्ताक्षरां क्षां च हिं च न वर्धयेत् ।16 भवत्पूर्वां ब्राह्मणो भिक्षेत भवन्मध्यां राजन्यो भवदन्तां वैश्यः सर्वेषु वर्णेषु ।17 ते ब्राह्मणाद्याः स्वकर्मस्थाः ।18

16 He should go around begging for almsfood using the seven-syllabic formula, with "Madam" (bhavati) at the beginning, "almsfood" (bhikṣām) in the middle, and "give" (dehi) at the end, without pronouncing the syllables kṣā (of bhikṣām) and hi (of dehi) too loudly. 17 He should request almsfood from people of all classes, a Brahmin placing "Madam" at the beginning, a Kṣatriya placing "Madam" in the middle, and a Vaiśya placing "Madam" at the end. 18 The people from whom the request is made should be Brahmins and so forth who are devoted to the occupations proper to their class. [B 1.3.16-18]

ब्राह्मणो वै ब्रह्मचर्यमुपयंश्चतुर्धा भूतानि प्रविशत्यग्निं पदा मृत्युं पदाचार्यं पदात्मन्येवास्य चतुर्थः पादः परिशिष्यते । ... अथ यदात्मानं दरिद्रीकृत्याह्रीर्भूत्वा भिक्षते ब्रह्मचर्यं चरति य एवास्य मृत्यौ पादस्तमेव तेन परिक्रीणाति तं संस्कृत्यात्मन्धत्ते स एनमाविशति । ... स यदन्यां भिक्षितव्यां न विन्देतापि स्वामेवाचार्यजायां भिक्षेताथो स्वां मातरम् । नैनं सप्तम्यभिक्षितातीयात् । भैक्षस्याचरणे दोषः

पावकस्यासमिन्धने । सप्तरात्रमकृत्वैतदवकीर्णिव्रतं चरेत् ॥7

7 Now, a Brahmin, when he is about to undertake the life of a student, enters the creatures in four parts. With one-quarter he enters the fire, with one-quarter death, and with one-quarter the teacher; while one-quarter remains within himself. .... And when, making himself poor and feeling no shame, he begs for almsfood and observes chastity, he buys back that quarter of himself that is in death. He consecrates and places it within himself, and it enters him. ... If he cannot find another woman from whom he could beg for almsfood, he may even beg from the wife of his own teacher or from his mother. He should not let the seventh night pass without begging for almsfood. "He commits a sin by failing to beg for almsfood and to feed the sacred fire with firewood. If he fails to do that for seven nights, he should undergo the penance prescribed for a student who has broken his vow of chastity." [B 1.4.7]

Vasiṣṭha

भवत्पूर्वां ब्राह्मणो भिक्षां याचेत् ।68 भवन्मध्यां राजन्यः ।69 भवदन्त्यां वैश्यः ।70

68 A Brahmin should request almsfood placing "Madam" at the beginning, 69 a Kṣatriya placing "Madam" in the middle, 70 and a Vaiśya placing "Madam" at the end. [Va 11.68-70]

चतुर्थषष्ठाष्टमकालभोजी भैक्षस्य ।8

8 Let him eat almsfood every fourth, sixth, or eighth mealtime. [Va 7.8]

x. Fire Worship

Āpastamba

सायं प्रातरुदकुम्भमाहरेत् ।13 सदाऽरण्यादेधानाहृत्याधो निदध्यात् ।14 नास्तमिते समिद्धारो गच्छेत् ।15 अग्निमिद्ध्वा परिसमूह्य समिध आदध्यात्सायं प्रातर्यथोपदेशम् ।16 सायमेवाग्निपूजेत्येके ।17 समिद्धमग्निं पाणिना परिसमूहेन्न समूहन्या ।18 प्राक् तु याथाकामी ।19 नाग्न्युदकशेषेण वृथाकर्माणि कुर्वीताचामेद्वा ।20 पाणिसंक्षुब्धेनोदकेनैकपाण्यावर्जितेन च नाचामेत् ।21

13 At dusk and dawn a student should fetch a pot of water, 14 and every day he should gather firewood from outlying areas and pile it on the ground. 15 After sunset he should not go out to gather firewood. 16 At dusk and dawn, after he has lighted the fire and swept around it, he should put the firewood into it according to the instructions. 17 Some say that he needs to perform the fire worship only at dusk. 18 After he has lighted the fire, he should sweep around it with his hand and not with a broom, 19 but before lighting it he may do as he pleases. 20 Let him not use the remainder of the water from the fire worship to carry out mundane activities or for sipping, 21 nor sip water that has been stirred with the hand or poured into one hand. [A 1.4.13-21]

Baudhāyana

सदाऽरण्यात्समिध आहृत्यादध्यात् ।19

19 Every day he should fetch firewood from a wild tract and offer it in the sacred fire. [B 1.3.19]

Vasiṣṭha

ब्रह्मचार्याचार्यं परिचरेदा शरीरविमोक्षणात् ।4 आचार्ये च प्रेतेऽग्निं परिचरेत् ।5 विज्ञायते ह्यग्निराचार्यस्तवेति ।6

4 A student should serve his teacher until death 5 and, when the teacher dies, the sacred fire; 6 for it is stated, "The fire is your teacher". [Va 7.4-6]

xi. Teacher

Āpastamba

तमसो वा एष तमः प्रविशति यमविद्वानुपनयते यश्चाविद्वानिति हि ब्राह्मणम् ।11 तस्मिन्नभिजनविद्यासमुदेतं समाहितं संस्कर्तारमीप्सेत् ।12 तस्मिंश्चैव विद्याकर्मान्तमविप्रतिपन्ने धर्मेभ्यः ।13 यस्माद्धर्मानाचिनोति स आचार्यः ।14 तस्मै न द्रुह्येत्कदाचन ।15 स हि विद्यातस्तं जनयति ।16 तच्छ्रेष्ठं जन्म ।17 शरीरमेव मातापितरौ जनयतः ।18

11 "From darkness they surely enter into further darkness—an ignorant man who performs an initiation, as also the person whom he initiates," states a Brāhmaṇa. 12 So to perform the initiation, he should try to get a learned and steadfast man born in a family noted for vedic learning, 13 under whom he should complete his vedic studies unless that man deviates from the Laws. 14 The teacher (ācārya) is the person from whom a man gathers (ācinoti) the Laws. 15 He should never offend the teacher, 16 for he gives birth to him by means of vedic knowledge. 17 That is his most excellent birth; 18 his parents give birth only to his body. [A 1.1.11-18]

ब्राह्मण आचार्यः स्मर्यते तु ।24 आपदि ब्राह्मणेन राजन्ये वैश्ये वाध्ययनम् ।25 अनुगमनं च पश्चात् ।26 तत ऊर्ध्वं ब्राह्मण एवाग्रे गतौ स्यात् ।27

24 Tradition says that only a Brahmin can be a teacher. 25 In times of adversity a Brahmin may study under a Kṣatriya or a Vaiśya 26 and walk behind him. 27 But after that time the Brahmin shall walk ahead. [A 2.4.24-27]

Gautama

आचार्यः श्रेष्ठो गुरूणाम् ।50 मातेत्येके ।51

50 The teacher is the foremost of his elders; 51 according to some, the mother. [G 2.50-51]

Vasiṣṭha

वेदप्रदानात्पितेत्याचार्यमाचक्षते ।4 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति । द्वयमु ह वै पुरुषस्य रेतो ब्राह्मणस्योर्ध्वं नाभेरधस्तादवाचीनमन्यत्तद्यदूर्ध्वं नाभेस्तेन हैतत्प्रजा जायते यद्ब्राह्मणानुपनयति यदध्यापयति यद्याजयति यत्साधुकरोति । अथ यदवाचीनं नाभेस्तेनेहास्यौरसी प्रजा जायते । तस्माच्छ्रोत्रियमनूचानमप्रजोऽसीति न वदन्तीति हारीतः ।5

4 The teacher is said to be the father because he imparts the Veda. 5 They likewise quote: "A Brahmin man clearly has two kinds of semen, the one located above the navel and the other located below the navel and going downward. By means of the semen located above the navel children are born to him when he initiates Brahmins, when he teaches them, when he officiates at their sacrifices, and when he makes them good people. By means of the semen going downward from the navel, on the other hand, the children of his loins are born." Hārīta says: "About a vedic scholar and savant, therefore, they never say, 'You have no children'." [Va 2.4-5]

उपनीय तु यः कृत्स्नं वेदमध्यापयेत्स आचार्यः ।21 यस्त्वेकदेशं स उपाध्यायः ।22 यश्च वेदाङ्गानि ।23

21 The man who initiates a person and teaches him the entire Veda, however, is called "teacher"; 22 whereas someone who teaches just a section of the Veda is called "tutor", 23 as also someone who teaches the Vedic Supplements. [Va 3.21-23]

xii. A Student's Conduct towards His Teacher

Āpastamba

स्वप्नं च वर्जयेत् ।22 अथाहरहराचार्यं गोपायेद् धर्मार्थयुक्तैः कर्मभिः ।23 स गुप्त्वा संविशन् ब्रूयाद् धर्मगोपायमाजूगुपमहमिति ।24 प्रमादादाचार्यस्य बुद्धिपूर्वं वा नियमातिक्रमं रहसि बोधयेत् ।25 अनिवृत्तौ स्वयं कर्माण्यारभेत ।26 निवर्तयेद्वा ।27 अथ यः पूर्वोत्थायी जघन्यसंवेशी तमाहुर्न स्वपितीति ।28 स य एवं प्रणिहितात्मा ब्रह्मचार्यत्रैवास्य सर्वाणि कर्माणि फलवन्त्यवाप्तानि भवन्ति यान्यपि गृहमेधे ।29

22 He should forgo sleep 23 and every day take care of his teacher with activities that procure righteousness and wealth. 24 After taking care of his teacher, he should say when he goes to sleep: "I have taken care of the man who takes care of the Law." 25 If the teacher breaks a rule through carelessness or deliberately, the student should point it out to him in private; 26 and if the teacher persists, he should either perform those rites himself 27 or make him desist. 28 Now, they say that a student who gets up before and goes to bed after his teacher never sleeps. 29 A student who totally dedicates himself in this manner accomplishes in that very state all the rites carrying rewards, as well as those that pertain to a householder. [A 1.4.22-29]

सदा महान्तमपररात्रमुत्थाय गुरोस्तिष्ठन् प्रातरभिवादमभिवादयीतासावहं भो इति ।12 समानग्रामे च वसतामन्येषामपि वृद्धतराणां प्राक्प्रातराशात् ।13 प्रोष्य च समागमे ।14 स्वर्गमायुश्चेप्सन् ।15 दक्षिणं बाहुं श्रोत्रसमं प्रसार्य ब्राह्मणोऽभिवादयीतोरःसमं राजन्यो मध्यसमं वैश्यो नीचैः शूद्रः प्राञ्जलिम् ।16 प्लावनं च नाम्नोऽभिवादनप्रत्यभिवादने च पूर्वेषां वर्णानाम् ।17 उदिते त्वादित्य आचार्येण समेत्योपसंग्रहणम् ।18 सदैवाभिवादनम् ।19 उपसंग्राह्य आचार्य इत्येके ।20 दक्षिणेन पाणिना दक्षिणं पादमधस्तादभ्यधिमृश्य सकुष्ठिकमुपसंगृह्णीयात् ।21 उभाभ्यामेवोभावभिपीडयत उपसंग्राह्यावित्येके ।22 सर्वाह्णं सुयुक्तोऽध्ययनादनन्तरोऽध्याये ।23 तथा गुरुकर्मसु ।24 मनसा चानध्याये ।25 आहूताध्यायी च स्यात् ।26 सदा निशायां गुरुं संवेशयेत्तस्य पादौ प्रक्षाल्य संवाह्य ।1 अनुज्ञातः संविशेत् ।2 न चैनमभिप्रसारयीत ।3 न खट्वायां सतोऽभिप्रसारणमस्तीत्येके ।4 न चास्य सकाशे संविष्टो भाषेत ।5 अभिभाषितस्त्वासीनः प्रतिब्रूयात् ।6 अनूत्थाय तिष्ठन्तम् ।7 गच्छन्तमनुगच्छेत् ।8 धावन्तमनुधावेत् ।9 न सोपानद्वेष्टितशिरा अवहितपाणिर्वासीदेत् ।10 अध्वापन्नस्तु कर्मयुक्तो वासीदेत् ।11 न चेदुपसीदेत् ।12 देवमिवाचार्यमुपासीताविकथयन्नविमना वाचं शुश्रूषमाणोऽस्य ।13 अनुपस्थकृतः ।14 अनुवाति वीतः ।15 अप्रतिष्टब्धः पाणिना ।16 अनपश्रितोऽन्यत्र ।17 यज्ञोपवीती द्विवस्त्रः ।18 अधोनिवीतस्त्वेकवस्त्रः ।19 अभिमुखोऽनभिमुखम् ।20 अनासन्नोऽनतिदूरे ।21 यावदासीनो बाहुभ्यां प्राप्नुयात् ।22 अप्रतिवातम् ।23 एकाध्यायी दक्षिणं बाहुं प्रत्युपसीदेत् ।24 यथावकाशं बहवः ।25 तिष्ठति च नासीतानासनयोगविहिते ।26 आसीने च न संविशेत् ।27 चेष्टति च चिकीर्षंस्तच्छक्तिविषये ।28 न चास्य सकाशेऽन्वक्स्थानिनमुपसंगृह्णीयात् ।29 गोत्रेण वा कीर्तयेत् ।30 न चैनं प्रत्युत्तिष्ठेदनूत्तिष्ठेद्वा ।31 अपि चेत्तस्य गुरुः स्यात् ।32 देशात्त्वासनाच्च संसर्पेत् ।33 नाम्ना तदन्तेवासिनं गुरुमप्यात्मन इत्येके ।34 यस्मिंस्त्वनाचार्यसंबन्धाद्गौरवं वृत्तिस्तस्मिन्नन्वक्स्थानीयेऽप्याचार्यस्य ।35 भुक्त्वा चास्य सकाशे नानूत्थायोच्छिष्टं प्रयच्छेत् ।36 आचामेद्वा ।37 किं करवाणीत्यामन्त्र्य ।38 उत्तिष्ठेत्तूष्णीं वा ।1 नापपर्यावर्तेत गुरोः प्रदक्षिणीकृत्यापेयात् ।2

12 Rising each day during the last watch of the night, he should stand before the teacher and extend to him the morning greeting: "I am so-and-so, sir!", 13 and, before the morning meal, to other very elderly persons living in the same village. 14 He should also greet them when he meets them after he returns from a journey 15 or if he desires heaven or long life. 16 With joined hands, let a Brahmin greet by stretching his right hand level with his ears, a Kṣatriya level with his chest, a Vaiśya level with his waist, and a Śūdra very low. 17 When returning the greetings of a person belonging to one of the higher classes, the last syllable of his name should be lengthened to three morae. 18 When he meets the teacher after sunrise, however, he should clasp his feet; 19 at all other times he should exchange greetings, 20 although, according to some, he should embrace the teacher's feet even at other times. 21 After he has pressed his teacher's right foot from the bottom to the top with his right hand, he should clasp it at the ankle. 22 Some say that he should massage both feet with both hands and clasp them both. 23 He shall remain fully attentive all day long and at the time of vedic study never let anything distract him from his lesson, 24 as also while he is attending to his teacher's work. 25 At times when vedic recitation is forbidden, he shall recite it mentally. 26 And he should recite the Veda only when he is called upon to do so. 1 Every night he should get his teacher ready for bed by washing and pressing his feet, 2 and, when permitted, lie down to sleep himself 3 taking care not to stretch his legs towards the teacher. 4 According to some, however, it is not wrong to stretch the legs in that way if the teacher is lying on a bed. 5 In the presence of his teacher, moreover, he should not speak while lying down. 6 If the teacher speaks to him, however, he may answer him while remaining seated 7 or, if the teacher is standing, rising to his feet. 8 Let him walk behind the teacher when he is walking 9 and run after him when he is running. 10 He should not come near the teacher wearing shoes, covering the head, or carrying anything in the hands. 11 He may do so, however, when he is on the road or in the middle of doing something, 12 provided he does not sit too close to the teacher. 13 Let him approach the teacher as he would a god, without idle talk or distracting thoughts and attentive to his words. 14 He shall not sit cross-legged. 15 If the wind is blowing from him towards the teacher, he should change his place. 16 He shall not sit supporting himself with his hand, 17 or leaning against anything. 18 If he is wearing two garments, he should wear one of them over his left shoulder and under his right arm, 19 but if he is wearing a single garment, he should wrap it around his lower body. 20 Let him face the teacher even when the teacher is not facing him, 21 sitting neither too close nor too far, 22 but at a distance where the teacher, while seated, can reach him with his hands. 23 He shall not sit where the wind blows from the teacher to him. 24 A single student should sit on his teacher's right, 25 while a group may sit as space permits. 26 When the teacher is not provided with a seat and remains standing, he should not sit down. 27 Likewise, while the teacher remains seated, he should not lie down, 28 and when the teacher is doing something, he should, if he is capable, offer to do it himself. 29 In the presence of the teacher, moreover, he should not clasp the feet of a person of lesser dignity than the teacher, 30 greet such a person using the name of his lineage, 31 rise to meet him, or get up after him, 32 even if that person happens to be his teacher's elder. 33 But he should move away from that place and from his seat. 34 Some say that he may address a pupil of his teacher by name, even if that pupil happens to be an elder of his. 35 Towards a person who is revered for reasons other than being his teacher, however, he should behave as towards his teacher, even if he happens to be a person of lesser dignity than his teacher. 36–7 After he has eaten in the presence of his teacher, moreover, he should neither give away his leftovers nor sip water without getting up. 38 After asking the teacher, "What shall I do?" 1 he should get up; or he may get up silently. 2 Let him not move counterclockwise but walk around his teacher clockwise and then leave. [A 1.5.12-26; 1.6.1-38; 1.7.1-2]

यदृच्छायामसंवृत्तौ गतिरेव तस्मिन् ।5

5 If by chance he is unable to complete his studies, subservience does indeed continue with respect to that teacher. [A 1.14.5]

शास्तुश्चानागमाद्वृत्तिरन्यत्र ।26

26 If the teacher is incompetent, however, he may live with another. [A 1.7.26]

Gautama

नामगोत्रे गुरोः समानतो निर्दिशेत् ।23 अर्चिते श्रेयसि चैवम् ।24 शय्यासनस्थानानि विहाय प्रतिश्रवणम् ।25 अभिक्रमणं वचनाददृष्टेन ।26 अधःस्थानासनस्तिर्यग्वातसेवायां गुरुदर्शने चोत्तिष्ठेत् ।27 गच्छन्तमनुव्रजेत् कर्म विज्ञाप्याख्याय ।28 आहूतोऽध्यायी ।29 युक्तः प्रियहितयोः ।30

23 He should utter the personal and lineage names of his teacher with respect 24 and behave in the same manner towards revered people and his superiors. 25 He should answer his teacher after getting up from his bed or seat 26 and go to him when he calls, even if he is out of sight. 27 If he sees his teacher standing, sitting on a lower place, or answering the call of nature, he should get up. 28 If the teacher is walking, he should walk behind him, apprising him of the things to be done and reporting to him what has been done. 29 Let him recite the Veda only when he is called upon to do so 30 and apply himself to doing what is pleasing and beneficial to his teacher. [G 2.23-30]

Baudhāyana

दक्षिणं दक्षिणेन सव्यं सव्येन चोपसंगृह्णीयात् ।25 दीर्घमायुः स्वर्गं चेप्सन् काममन्यस्मै साधुवृत्ताय गुरुणानुज्ञातः ।26 असावहं भो इति श्रोत्रे संस्पृश्य मनःसमाधानार्थम् ।27 अधस्ताज्जान्वोरा पादाभ्याम् ।28 नासीनो नासीनाय न शयानो न शयानाय नाप्रयतो नाप्रयताय ।29

25 He should clasp the teacher's right leg with his right hand and the teacher's left leg with his left hand. 26 If he desires long life and heaven, he may, if he so wishes, act in the same manner towards other virtuous people with his teacher's permission. 27 After saying "I am so-and-so, sir!" while he touches his ears so as to concentrate his mind, 28 let him clasp the legs below the knees and above the feet. 29 He should not do so while he or the person greeted is seated, lying down, or impure. [B 1.3.25-9]

प्रसाधनोत्सादनस्नापनोच्छिष्टभोजनानीति गुरोः ।35 धावन्तमनुधावेद्गच्छन्तमनुगच्छेत्तिष्ठन्तमनुतिष्ठेत् ।38

35 Assisting in getting dressed, rubbing the body, attending during the bath, and eating the leftovers—he should perform these for his teacher, 36 as also for the teacher's son, with the exception of eating his leftovers even if he is very learned, 37 and towards his teacher's wife, with the exception of assisting in getting dressed, rubbing the body, attending during the bath, and eating the leftovers. 38 He should run after his teacher when he is running, walk behind him when he is walking, and stand by him when he is standing. [B 1.3.35, 38]

Vasiṣṭha

गुर्वधीनः ।10 ... गुरुं गच्छन्तमनुगच्छेदासीनं चेत्तिष्ठञ्शयानं चेदासीन उपासीत ।12 आहूताध्यायी ।13 सर्वं लब्धं निवेद्य तदनुज्ञया भुञ्जीत ।14

10 He should obey his teacher. ... 12 He should walk behind his teacher when he is walking. He should wait upon him, standing by if he is seated and sitting if he is lying down. 13 He should recite his lesson only when he is called upon to do so. 14 He should announce everything he has received to the teacher and eat with his permission. [Va 7.10, 12-14]

य आतृणत्त्यवितथेन कर्णावदुःखं कुर्वन्नमृतं संप्रयच्छन् । तं मन्येत पितरं मातरं च तस्मै न द्रुह्येत् कतमच्चनाहः ॥10 अध्यापिता ये गुरुं नाद्रियन्ते विप्रा वाचा मनसा कर्मणा वा । यथैव ते न गुरोर्भोजनीयास्तथैव तान्न भुनक्ति श्रुतं तत् ॥11 दहत्यग्निर्यथा कक्षं ब्रह्म पृष्टमनादृतम् । न ब्रह्म तस्मै प्रदेयाच्छक्यं मानमकुर्वत इति ॥12

10 The man who drills his ears with the truth, making him free from pain and conferring immortality upon him—that man he should consider as his father and mother, and at no time should he show hostility towards him. 11 When Brahmins do not honor in thought, word, or deed the teacher who taught them, just as they are of no use to their teacher, so their learning will be of no use to them. 12 As a fire burns up dry grass, so the Veda burns a man who requests it without showing any respect. Let him never disclose the Veda to such a man, who fails to honor him according to his ability. [Va 2.10-12]

गुरोर्गुरौ सन्निहिते गुरुवद्वृत्तिरिष्यते । गुरुवद्गुरुपुत्रस्य वर्तितव्यमिति श्रुतिः ।54

54 When his teacher's teacher is near by, he is expected to treat him as he does his own teacher. He should treat his teacher's son as he does the teacher himself—so states a vedic text. [Va 13.54]

xiii. The Teacher's Wives and Sons

Āpastamba

अन्यत्रोपसंग्रहणादुच्छिष्टाशनाच्चाचार्यवदाचार्यदारे वृत्तिः ।27 तथा समादिष्टेऽध्यापयति ।28 वृद्धतरे सब्रह्मचारिणि ।29 उच्छिष्टाशनवर्जमाचार्यवदाचार्यपुत्रे वृत्तिः ।30 समावृत्तस्याप्येतदेव सामयाचारिकमेतेषु ।31

27 With the exception of clasping the feet and eating the leftovers, he should behave toward his teacher's wife as toward his teacher 28 and conduct himself in the same manner toward a person whom the teacher deputes to teach him 29 and towards older classmates. 30 With the exception of eating the leftovers, he should behave toward his teacher's son as toward his teacher. 31 Even after he has returned home, the accepted practice is that he should behave towards these individuals exactly the same way 1 as he behaved when he was a student. [A 1.7.27–31]

Gautama

तद्भार्यापुत्रेषु चैवम् ।31 नोच्छिष्टाशनस्नापनप्रसाधनपादप्रक्षालनोन्मर्दनोपसंग्रहणानि ।32 विप्रोष्योपसंग्रहणं गुरुभार्याणाम् ।33 नैके युवतीनां व्यवहारप्राप्तेन ।34

31 He shall behave in the same manner toward his teacher's wife and sons, 32 with exception of eating their leftovers, assisting them with their bath or dressing, and washing, rubbing, or clasping their feet. 33 When he returns from a journey, he should clasp the feet of his teacher's wives; 34 some maintain that a pupil who has reached the legal age should not do so in the case of young wives. [G 2.31-34]

गुर्वभावे तदपत्ये वृत्तिः ।7 तदभावे वृद्धे सब्रह्मचारिण्यग्नौ वा ।8

7 When his teacher is no more, he should serve his son; 8 and if there is no son, an older fellow student or the sacred fire. [G 3.7-8]

Baudhāyana

उच्छिष्टवर्जं तत्पुत्रेऽनूचाने वा ।36 प्रसाधनोत्सादनस्नापनोच्छिष्टवर्जं च तत्पत्न्याम् ।37

36 Towards his teacher's son [he should behave as towards his teacher], with exception of eating his leftovers even if he is very learned, 37 and towards his teacher's wife, with the exception of assisting in getting dressed, rubbing the body, attending during the bath, and eating the leftovers. [B 1.3.36–7]

भ्रातृपुत्रशिष्येषु चैवम् ।

The same (obedience) applies to the brothers, sons, and other pupils (of the teacher). [B 1.3.44]

भ्रातृपत्नीनां युवतीनां च गुरुपत्नीनां जातवीर्यः ।33 नौशिलाफलककुञ्जरप्रासादकटेषु चक्रवत्सु चादोषं सहासनम् ।34

33 If he has reached the age of puberty, he shall not greet his brother's wives and the young wives of his teacher, 34 but it is not an offense to sit with them in a boat, on a rock, plank, elephant, terrace, or mat, as also in a carriage. [B 1.3.33-34]

xiv. Duties of a Teacher

Āpastamba

तस्मिन् गुरोर्वृत्तिः ।23 पुत्रमिवैनमनुकाङ्क्षन् सर्वधर्मेष्वनपच्छादयमानः सुयुक्तो विद्यां ग्राहयेत् ।24 न चैनमध्ययनविघ्नेनात्मार्थेषूपरुन्ध्यादनापत्सु ।25 अन्तेवास्यनन्तेवासी भवति विनिहितात्मा गुरावनैपुणमापद्यमानः ।26 आचार्योऽप्यनाचार्यो भवति श्रुतात्परिहरमाणः ।27

23 Next, the teacher's conduct towards his pupil. 24 Loving him like a son and totally devoted to him, the teacher should impart knowledge to him without holding anything back with respect to any of the Laws. 25 Except in an emergency, moreover, he should not employ a pupil for his own purposes to the detriment of the pupil's studies. 26 A pupil ceases to be a pupil when he is inattentive to his teacher and so becomes a dolt. 27 A teacher, likewise, ceases to be a teacher when he neglects teaching. [A 1.8.23–7]

अध्ययनार्थेन यं चोदयेन्न चैनं प्रत्याचक्षीत ।3 न चास्मिन्दोषं पश्येत् ।4

3 When someone asks him for instruction, he should not spurn him, 4 provided he does not see any fault in him. [A 1.14.3-4]

प्रवचनयुक्तो वर्षाशरदं मैथुनं वर्जयेत् ।1 मिथुनीभूय च न तया सह सर्वां रात्रिं शयीत ।2 शयानश्चाध्यापनं वर्जयेत् ।3 न च तस्यां शय्यायामध्यापयेद्यस्यां शयीत ।4

1 A man who is engaged in teaching the Vedas should refrain from sex during the rainy season and autumn, 2 and if he has sexual intercourse, let him not sleep with her the entire night. 3 While he is lying down, moreover, he should refrain from teaching, 4 nor should he teach sitting on the bed in which he sleeps. [A 1.32.1-4]

Baudhāyana

धर्मार्थौ यत्र न स्यातां शुश्रूषा वापि तद्विधा । विद्यया सह मर्तव्यं न चैनामूषरे वपेत् ॥1 अग्निरिव कक्षं दहति ब्रह्म पृष्टमनादृतम् । तस्माद्वै शक्यं न ब्रूयाद्ब्रह्म मानमकुर्वतामिति ॥2

1 If he gets no merit or money, or even the customary obedience, then he should go to the grave with his knowledge. Let him not sow it on barren soil. 2 As a fire burns up dry grass, so the Veda burns a man who requests it without showing any respect. Let him, therefore, never disclose the Veda to those who fail to honor him according to their ability. [B 1.4.1-2]

Vasiṣṭha

विद्या ह वै ब्राह्मणमाजगाम गोपाय मां शेवधिस्तेऽहमस्मि । असूयकायानृजवेऽयताय न मां ब्रूया वीर्यवती तथा स्याम् ॥8 यमेव विद्या शुचिमप्रमत्तं मेधाविनं ब्रह्मचर्योपपन्नम् । यस्ते न द्रुह्येत्कतमच्चनाहस्तस्मै मां ब्रूया निधिपाय ब्रह्मन् ॥9

8 Now, vedic knowledge came up to the Brahmin and said: "Guard me; I am your treasure. Do not disclose me to a man who is envious, crooked, or uncontrolled. Thus I shall wax strong. 9 A man you know to be pure, alert, wise, and chaste, a man who will not become hostile toward you under any circumstances—only to such a man should you disclose me, O Brahmin, as to a guardian of your treasure." [Va 2.8-9]

xv. Disciplining Students

Āpastamba

अपराधेषु चैनँ सततमुपालभेत ।28 अभित्रास उपवास उदकोपस्पर्शनमदर्शनमिति दण्डा यथामात्रमा निवृत्तेः ।29

28 When a pupil does something wrong, the teacher should always correct him. 29 Instilling fear, making him fast or bathe, and banishing him from his presence are the punishments, and he should apply them according to the severity of the offense until the student has completed his studies. [A 1.8.28–9]

Gautama

शिष्यशिष्टिरवधेन ।42 अशक्तौ रज्जुवेणुविदलाभ्यां तनुभ्याम् ।43 अन्येन हन् राज्ञा शास्यः ।44

42 A pupil shall be disciplined without resorting to corporal punishment, 43 or, if that is not viable, with a slender rope or cane. 44 If the teacher strikes with anything else, the king should punish him. [G 2.42–4]

xvi. Completion of Studentship

Āpastamba

कृत्वा विद्यां यावतीं शक्नुयाद्वेददक्षिणामाहरेद्धर्मतो यथाशक्ति ।19 विषमगते त्वाचार्य उग्रतः शूद्रतो वाहरेत् ।20 सर्वदा शूद्रत उग्रतो वाचार्यार्थस्याहरणं धार्म्यमित्येके ।21 दत्त्वा च नानुकथयेत् ।22 कृत्वा च नानुस्मरेत् ।23 आत्मप्रशंसां परगर्हामिति च वर्जयेत् ।24

19 After learning as much as he can, he should present the fee for vedic study, a fee that is procured righteously and according to his ability. 20 If his teacher has fallen into hardship, however, he may seize it from an Ugra or a Śūdra. 21 Some maintain that it is lawful at all times to seize wealth for the teacher from an Ugra or a Śūdra. 22 Let him not brag about what he has given 23 or gloat over what he has done. 24 He should refrain from praising himself and disparaging others. [A 1.7.19–24]

निवृत्तं चरितब्रह्मचर्यमन्येभ्यो धर्मेभ्योऽनन्तरो भवेत्यतिसृजेत् ।30

30 When he has completed his studies and finished his period of studentship, the teacher should dismiss him with the words: “From now on attend to other duties.” [A 1.8.30]

विद्यया स्नातीत्येके ।1 तथा व्रतेनाष्टाचत्वारिंशत्परिमाणेन ।2 विद्याव्रतेन चेत्येके ।3

1 “He should bathe after learning the Veda”—that is the view of some; 2 likewise after completing the forty-eight-year-long vow. 3 “He should bathe after learning the Veda and completing the vow,” contend others. [A 1.30.1–3]

Gautama

विद्यान्ते गुरुमर्थेन निमन्त्र्यः ।48 कृत्वानुज्ञातस्य वा स्नानम् ।49

48 After completing his studies, he should present the teacher with a gift. 49 After he has done that or after obtaining the teacher's permission, he may take the concluding bath. [G 2.48–49]

Baudhāyana

यथा ह वा अग्निः समिद्धो रोचत एवं ह वा एष स्नात्वा रोचते य एवं विद्वान् ब्रह्मचर्यं चरतीति ब्राह्मणम् ।8

8 “As a fire glows when it is set ablaze, so does a man here who knows this and lives the life of a student glow when he has taken his final bath,” so states a Brāhmaṇa. [B 1.4.8]

xvii. Permanent Student

Āpastamba

स य एवं प्रणिहितात्मा ब्रह्मचार्यत्रैवास्य सर्वाणि कर्माणि फलवन्त्यवाप्तानि भवन्ति यान्यपि गृहमेधे ।29

29 A student who totally dedicates himself in this manner accomplishes in that very state all the rites carrying rewards, as well as those that pertain to a householder. [A 1.4.29]

यथा विद्यार्थस्य नियम एतेनैवान्तमनूपसीदत आचार्यकुले शरीरन्यासो ब्रह्मचारिणः ।6

6 Following the rules of a novice student, a student should serve his teacher until death, leaving his body in his teacher's house. [A 2.21.6]

Gautama

तत्रोक्तं ब्रह्मचारिणः ।4 आचार्याधीनत्वमान्तम् ।5 गुरोः कर्मशेषेण

जपेत् ।6 गुर्वभावे तदपत्ये वृत्तिः ।7 तदभावे वृद्धे सब्रह्मचारिण्यग्नौ वा ।8 एवंवृत्तो ब्रह्मलोकमवाप्नोति जितेन्द्रियः ।9

4 Among these, the rules of a student have already been given. 5 He shall remain subject to his teacher until death 6 and pray softly during any time that remains after attending to his teacher's business. 7 When his teacher is no more, he should serve his son; 8 and if there is no son, an older fellow student or the sacred fire. 9 A man who conducts himself in this manner attains the world of Brahman and becomes a man who has mastered his senses. [G 3.4–9]

Baudhāyana

ब्रह्मचारी गुरुशुश्रूषया मरणात् ।13

13 A student shall serve his teacher until death. [B 2.11.13]

Vasiṣṭha

ब्रह्मचार्याचार्यं परिचरेदा शरीरविमोक्षणात् ।4

आचार्ये च प्रेतेऽग्निं परिचरेत् ।5

विज्ञायते ह्यग्निराचार्यस्तवेति ।6

4 “Student—he should serve his teacher until death 5 and, when the teacher dies, the sacred fire; 6 for it is stated, ‘The fire is your teacher.’” [Va 7.4–6]

xviii. Return to Studentship

Āpastamba

ब्रह्म वर्धत इत्युपदिशन्ति ।18 निवेशे वृत्ते संवत्सरे संवत्सरे द्वौ द्वौ मासौ समाहित आचार्यकुले वसेद्भूयः श्रुतमिच्छन्निति श्वेतकेतुः ।19 एतेन ह्यहं योगेन भूयः पूर्वस्मात्कालाच्छ्रुतमकुर्वीति ।20 तच्छास्त्रैर्विप्रतिषिद्धम् ।21 निवेशे हि वृत्ते नैय्यमिकानि श्रूयन्ते ।22 अग्निहोत्रमतिथयः ।1 यच्चान्यदेवयुक्तम् ।2

18 “The Veda waxes strong,” they teach. 19 Śvetaketu says: “If a man, after he has married and settled down, wishes to study the Veda further, he should live at the house of his teacher with a collected mind for two months every year, 20 for by these means I managed to study more of the Veda than during the time I was a student.” 21 But that is forbidden by authoritative texts, 22 for after a man has married and settled down, he is enjoined by vedic texts to perform daily rites, 1 namely, the daily fire sacrifice, hospitality towards guests, 2 and others of this sort. [A 1.13.18–22; 1.14.1–2]