7. Snātaka
i. Definition
Āpastamba
विद्यया स्नातीत्येके ।1 तथा व्रतेनाष्टाचत्वारिंशत्परिमाणेन ।2 विद्याव्रतेन चेत्येके ।3 तेषु सर्वेषु स्नातकवद्वृत्तिः ।4 समाधिविशेषाच्छ्रुतिविशेषाच्च पूजायां फलविशेषः ।5
1 “He should bathe after learning the Veda”—that is the view of some; 2 likewise after completing the forty-eight-year-long vow. 3 “He should bathe after learning the Veda and completing the vow,” contend others. 4 One should behave towards all of these as towards a bath-graduate; 5 the specific reward of honoring such a person depends on the degree of his diligence and learning. [A 1.30.1–5]
Gautama
स विधिपूर्वं स्नात्वा भार्यामधिगम्य यथोक्तान् गृहस्थधर्मान्प्रयुञ्जान इमानि व्रतान्यनुकर्षेत् ।1
1 Such a man, after he has completed his studies, should bathe according to the rules, marry a wife, and, as he continues to observe the Laws proper to a householder described above, subject himself to the following vows. [G 9.1]
Baudhāyana
यथा ह वा अग्निः समिद्धो रोचत एवं ह वा एष स्नात्वा रोचते य एवं विद्वान् ब्रह्मचर्यं चरतीति ब्राह्मणम् ।8
8 “As a fire glows when it is set ablaze, so does a man here who knows this and lives the life of a student glow when he has taken his final bath.” [B 1.4.8]
ii. General Rules of Behavior
Āpastamba
अथ स्नातकव्रतानि ।6 पूर्वेण ग्रामान्निष्क्रमणप्रवेशनानि शीलयेदुत्तरेण वा ।7 संध्योश्च बहिर्ग्रामादासनं वाग्यतश्च ।8 विप्रतिषेधे श्रुतिलक्षणं बलीयः ।9 सर्वान् रागान्वाससि वर्जयेत् ।10 कृष्णं च स्वाभाविकम् ।11 अनूद्भासि वासो वसीत ।12 अप्रतिकृष्टं च शक्तिविषये ।13 दिवा च शिरसः प्रावरणं वर्जयेन्मूत्रपुरीषयोः कर्म परिहाप्य ।14
6 Next, the observances of a bath-graduate. 7 He should cultivate the practice of leaving and entering a village from the east or the north. 8 At the time of the morning and evening twilights he should sit silently outside the village. 9 When there is a conflict between rules, what is enjoined by a vedic text prevails. 10 With respect to clothes, he should avoid all that are dyed, 11 as well as those that are naturally black. 12 He should wear clothes that are neither shiny 13 nor, if at all possible, squalid. 14 During the day he should refrain from covering his head, except when he voids urine or excrement. [A 1.30.6–14]
माल्यालिप्तमुख उपलिप्तकेशश्मश्रुरक्तोऽभ्यक्तो वेष्टित्युपवेष्टिती काञ्चुक्युपानही पादुकी ।2
2 He may wear a garland; apply lotions on his face, oil on his hair and beard, collyrium on his eyes, and oil on his body; and wear a turban, a lungi, a jacket, sandals, and shoes. [A 1.8.2]
अग्निमपो ब्राह्मणं गा देवता द्वारं प्रतीवातं च शक्तिविषये नाभिप्रसारयीत ।22 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति ।23 प्राङ्मुखोऽन्नानि भुञ्जीत उच्चरेद्दक्षिणामुखः । उदङ्मुखो मूत्रं कुर्यात्प्रत्यक्पादावनेजनमिति ॥1
22 If at all possible, he should not stretch his feet toward a fire, water, a Brahmin, a cow, a divine image, or a door, or in the direction from which the wind is blowing. 23 Now, they also quote: 1 “He should eat his food facing the east, void excrement facing the south, discharge urine facing the north, and wash his feet facing the west.” [A 1.30.22–3; 1.31.1]
देवताभिधानं चाप्रयतः ।4 पुरुषं चोभयोर्देवतानां राज्ञश्च ।5 ब्राह्मणस्य गोरिति पदोपस्पर्शनं वर्जयेत् ।6 हस्तेन चाकारणात् ।7 गोर्दक्षिणानां कुमार्याश्च परीवादान्वर्जयेत् ।8 स्तृहतीं च गां नाचक्षीत ।9 संसृष्टां च वत्सेनानिमित्ते ।10 नाधेनुमधेनुरिति ब्रूयात् । धेनुभव्येत्येव ब्रूयात् ।11 न भद्रं भद्रमिति ब्रूयात् । पुण्यं प्रशास्तमित्येव ब्रूयात् ।12 वत्सतन्तीं च नोपरि गच्छेत् ।13 प्लेङ्खावन्तरेण च नातीयात् ।14 नासौ मे सपत्न इति ब्रूयात् । यद्यसौ मे सपत्न इति ब्रूयाद् द्विषन्तं भ्रातृव्यं जनयेत् ।15 नेन्द्रधनुरिति परस्मै प्रब्रूयात् ।16 न पततः संचक्षीत ।17 उद्यन्तमस्तं यन्तं चादित्यं दर्शने वर्जयेत् ।18 दिवादित्यः सत्त्वानि गोपायति नक्तं चन्द्रमाः । तस्मादमावास्यायां निशायां स्वाधीय आत्मनो गुप्तिमिच्छेत्प्रायत्यब्रह्मचर्यकाले चर्यया च ।19 सह ह्येतां रात्रिं सूर्याचन्द्रमसौ वसतः ।20 न कुसृत्या ग्रामं प्रविशेत् । यदि प्रविशेन्नमो रुद्राय वास्तोष्पतय इत्येतामृचं जपेदन्यां वा रौद्रीम् ।21 नाब्राह्मणायोच्छिष्टं प्रयच्छेत् । यदि प्रयच्छेद् दन्तान् स्कुप्त्वा तस्मिन्नवधाय प्रयच्छेत् ।22 क्रोधादींश्च भूतदाहीयान् दोषान्वर्जयेत् ।23
4 Let him refrain from pronouncing the name of a god while he is impure; 5 from speaking harshly about either the gods or the king; 6 from touching Brahmins or cows with his feet 7 or even with his hand without good cause; 8 and from speaking ill of cows, sacrificial fees, or nubile girls. 9 He should not disclose it when a cow is causing damage 10 or when she is with her calf, unless there is a reason. 11 When speaking of a cow that does not yield milk, he should not say, “She is not a milch-cow,” but simply say, “She is going to be a milch-cow.” 12 Nor should he call a lucky thing “lucky,” but just call it “holy” or “auspicious.” 13 He should not step over a rope to which a calf is tied 14 or pass between the posts to which a swing is attached. 15 He should not announce, “That man is my adversary.” If he announces, “That man is my adversary,” he will create for himself a rival who hates him. 16 He should not point out a rainbow to someone by saying, “Look, the Indra's bow!” 17 or count flying birds. 18 He should avoid looking at the sun as it rises or sets. 19 During the day the sun protects creatures, and during the night, the moon. Therefore, on the night of the new moon he should try his very best to guard himself by keeping himself pure and chaste and by performing rites appropriate for the occasion, 20 for on this night the sun and the moon dwell together. 21 He should not enter a village along a hazardous path. If he does so, he should softly recite this verse: “Homage to Rudra, the lord of the dwelling! …” or another verse addressed to Rudra. 22 He should not give his leftovers to someone who is not a Brahmin. If he does so, he should pick his teeth, place what he has picked from his teeth on the leftovers, and then give it. 23 He should avoid giving in to anger and other such faults that bring suffering to creatures. [A 1.31.4–23]
अनाविःस्रगनुलेपणः स्यात् ।5 सदा निशायां दारं प्रत्यलंकुर्वीत ।6 सशिरा वमज्जनमप्सु वर्जयेत् ।7 अस्तमिते च स्नानम् ।8 पालाशमासनं पादुके दन्तप्रक्षालनमिति च वर्जयेत् ।9 स्तुतिं च गुरोः समक्षं यथा सुस्नातमिति ।10 आ निशाया जागरणम् ।11
5 Let him not appear in public wearing a garland or anointed with oil. 6 At night he should always adorn himself for his wife. 7 He should refrain from submerging his head in water; 8 from bathing after sunset; 9 from using seats, footwear, and tooth cleaners made with Palāśa wood; 10 and from boasting in the presence of the teacher by saying, for instance, “I have taken a fine bath.” 11 He should keep awake until nightfall. [A 1.32.5–11]
क्षुद्रान् क्षुद्राचरितांश्च देशान्न सेवेत ।18 सभाः समाजांश्च ।19 समाजं चेद्गच्छेत्प्रदक्षिणीकृत्यापेयात् ।20 नगरप्रवेशनानि च वर्जयेत् ।21 प्रश्नं च न विब्रूयात् ।22 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति ।23 मूलं तूलं वृहति दुर्विवक्तुः प्रजां पशूनायतनं हिनस्ति । धर्मप्रह्राद न कुमालनाय रुदन् ह मृत्युर्व्युवाच प्रश्नमिति ॥24 गार्दभं यानमारोहणे विषमारोहणावरोहणानि च वर्जयेत् ।25 बाहुभ्यां च नदीतरणम् ।26 नावं च सांशयिकीम् ।27 तृणच्छेदनलोष्टविमर्दनष्ठेवनानि चाकारणात् ।28 यच्चान्यत्परिचक्षते ।29
18 Let him never visit vile men or regions inhabited by such men, 19 as also casinos and fairs. 20 If he has to go to a fair, he should leave after walking around it clockwise. 21 He should also avoid visiting cities. 22 Neither should he elucidate a question. 23 Now, they also quote: 24 “When a man explains something wrongly, it tears up his root and sprout, his children, cattle, and house. This is how Death, weeping, explained the question put to him: ‘O Dharmaprahrāda, not Kumālana.’” 25 He should avoid climbing on to a donkey-cart or climbing on to or descending into precarious places; 26 as also crossing a river by swimming; 27 using unsafe boats; 28 cutting grass, crushing clods of earth, and spitting, without a good reason; 29 and anything else that is forbidden. [A 1.32.18–29]
Gautama
स्नातको नित्यं शुचिः सुगन्धिः स्नानशीलः ।2 सति विभवे न जीर्णमलवद्वासाः स्यात् ।3 न रक्तमुल्बणमन्यधृतं वासो बिभृयात् ।4
न स्रगुपानहौ ।5 निर्णिक्तमशक्तौ ।6 न रूढश्मश्रुरकस्मात् ।7 नाग्निमपश्च युगपद्धारयेत् ।8 नाञ्जलिना पिबेत् ।9 न तिष्ठन्नुद्धृतोदकेनाचमेत् ।10 न शूद्राशुच्येकपाण्यावर्जितेन ।11 न वाय्वग्निविप्रादित्यापो देवता गाश्च प्रतिपश्यन्वा मूत्रपुरीषामेध्यानि व्युदस्येत् ।12 नैता देवताः प्रति पादौ प्रसारयेत् ।13 न पर्णलोष्टाश्मभिर्मूत्रपुरीषापकर्षणं कुर्यात् ।14 न भस्मकेशनखतुषकपालामेध्यान्यधितिष्ठेत् ।15 न म्लेच्छाशुच्यधार्मिकैः सह संभाषेत ।16 संभाष्य पुण्यकृतो मनसा ध्यायेत् ।17 ब्राह्मणेन वा सह संभाषेत ।18 अधेनुं धेनुभव्येति ब्रूयात् ।19 अभद्रं भद्रमिति ।20 कपालं भगालमिति ।21 मणिधनुरितीन्द्रधनुः ।22 गां धयन्तीं परस्मै नाचक्षीत ।23 न चैनां वारयेत् ।24 न मिथुनीभूत्वा शौचं प्रति विलम्बेत् ।25 न च तस्मिञ्छयने स्वाध्यायमधीयीत ।26 न चापररात्रमधीत्य पुनः प्रतिसंविशेत् ।27 नाकल्पां नारीमभिरमयेत् ।28 न रजस्वलाम् ।29 न चैनां श्लिष्येत् ।30 न कन्याम् ।31 अग्निमुखोपधमनविगृह्यवादबहिर्गन्धमाल्यधारणपापीयसावलेखनभार्यासहभोजनाञ्जन्त्यवेक्षणकुद्वारप्रवेशनपादपादधावनासन्दीस्थभोजननदीबाहुतरणवृक्षविषमारोहणावरोहणप्राणव्यायच्छनानि वर्जयेत् ।32 न संदिग्धां नावमधिरोहेत् ।33 सर्वत एवात्मानं गोपायेत् ।34 न प्रावृत्य शिरोऽहनि पर्यटेत् ।35 प्रावृत्य तु रात्रौ ।36 मूत्रोच्चारे च ।37 न भूमावनन्तर्धाय ।38 नाराच्चावसथात् ।39 न भस्मकरीषकृष्टच्छायापथिकाम्येषु ।40 उभे मूत्रपुरीषे दिवा कुर्यादुदङ्मुखः ।41 संध्ययोश्च ।42 रात्रौ तु दक्षिणामुखः ।43 पालाशमासनं पादुके दन्तधावनमिति च वर्जयेत् ।44 सोपानत्करश्चासनाभिवादननमस्कारान् वर्जयेत् ।45 न पूर्वाह्णमध्यंदिनापराह्णानफलान् कुर्याद्यथाशक्ति धर्मार्थकामेभ्यः ।46 तेषु तु धर्मोत्तरः स्यात् ।47 न नग्नां परयोषितमीक्षेत् ।48 न पदासनमाकर्षेत् ।49 न शिश्नोदरपाणिपादवाक्चक्षुश्चापलानि कुर्यात् ।50 छेदनभेदनविलेखनविमर्दनावस्फोटनानि नाकस्मात् कुर्यात् ।51 नोपरि वत्सतन्तीं गच्छेत् ।52 न कुलंकुलः स्यात् ।53 न यज्ञमवृतो गच्छेत् ।54 दर्शनाय तु कामम् ।55 न भक्षानुत्सङ्गे भक्षयेत् ।56 न रात्रौ प्रेष्याहृतम् ।57 उद्धृतस्नेहविलपनपिण्याकमथितप्रभृतीनि चात्तवीर्याणि नाश्नीयात् ।58 सायंप्रातस्त्वन्नमभिपूजितमनिन्दन्भुञ्जीत ।59 न कदाचिद्रात्रौ नग्नः स्वपेत् ।60 स्नायाद्वा ।61 यच्चात्मवन्तो वृद्धाः सम्यग्विनीता दम्भलोभमोहवियुक्ता वेदविद आचक्षते तत्समाचरेत् ।62 योगक्षेमार्थमीश्वरमधिगच्छेत् ।63 नान्यमन्यत्र देवगुरुधार्मिकेभ्यः ।64 प्रभूतैधोदकयवसकुशमाल्योपनिष्क्रमणमार्यजनभूयिष्ठमनलससमृद्धं धार्मिकाधिष्ठितं निकेतनमावसितुं यतेत ।65 प्रशस्तमङ्गल्यदेवतायतनचतुष्पथादीन् प्रदक्षिणमावर्तेत् ।66 मनसा वा तत्समग्रमाचारमनुपालयेदापत्कल्पः ।67 सत्यधर्मा ।68 आर्यवृत्तः ।69 शिष्टाध्यापकः ।70 शौचशिष्टः ।71 श्रुतिनिरतः स्यात् ।72 नित्यमहिंस्रो मृदुर्दृढकारी दमदानशीलः ।73 एवमाचारो मातापितरौ पूर्वापरांश्च सम्बन्धान् दुरितेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यन्स्नातकः शश्वद् ब्रह्मलोकान्न च्यवते ।74
2 A bath-graduate shall always keep himself clean and smelling good and cultivate the habit of bathing. 3 If he has the means, he should not wear old or dirty clothes, 4 nor ones that are dyed red, are gaudy, or have been worn by others—5 not even garlands or shoes; 6 if he does not have the means, he should wash the garment before wearing it. 7 Let him not grow his beard without a good reason. 8 He should not carry fire and water at the same time; 9 drink water from his cupped hands; 10 stand while he sips water that has been drawn out; 11 or sip water given by a Śūdra or an impure person, or taken with one hand. 12 He should not discharge urine, excrement, or bodily filth facing or looking at the wind, a fire, a Brahmin, the sun, water, a divine image, or a cow; 13 nor should he stretch his feet towards any of these divinities. 14 He should not use leaves, clods, or stones to clean himself of urine or excrement; 15 stand on ashes, hair, potsherds, or filth; 16 or converse with barbarians or with sordid or unrighteous people. 17 If he happens to converse with them, he should mentally reflect on virtuous men 18 or speak with a Brahmin. 19 When speaking of a cow that does not yield milk, he should say “She is going to be a milch-cow”; 20 and when speaking of something unlucky, he should say “It's a lucky thing.” 21 In referring to a skull, he should use the word bhagāla in place of kapāla; 22 and in referring to a rainbow, the word maṇidhanus (“jewelled bow”) in place of indradhanus (“Indra's bow”). 23 He should neither inform anyone that a cow is suckling her calf 24 nor prevent her from doing so. 25 After engaging in sexual intercourse, he should not be tardy in purifying himself. 26 And he should not do the recitation of his Veda sitting on the same bed. 27 After reciting the Veda in the last watch of the night, moreover, he should not go back to bed. 28 He should not have intercourse with his wife when she is indisposed 29 or having her period, 30 or embrace her when she is in that state. 31 Neither should he embrace an unmarried girl. 32 He should refrain from the following: blowing on a fire with his mouth; engaging in polemics; wearing perfume and garlands outdoors; scratching himself with disgusting things; eating with his wife; looking at a woman applying oil on herself; entering by a back door; washing the feet by rubbing one foot with the other; eating food placed on a chair; crossing a river by swimming; climbing trees; climbing on to or descending into dangerous places; and putting his life in danger. 33 He should not get into an unsafe boat. 34 Let him take care of himself in every possible way. 35 He should go about with his head uncovered during the day 36 and covered at night. 37 He should cover his head also when he is voiding urine or excrement, 38 which he should never do without spreading something on the ground, 39 or close to his house, 40 or upon ashes or cow-dung, on a plowed field, in a shadow, on a road, or in a beautiful spot. 41 He should void both urine and excrement facing the north during the day 42 and at dawn and dusk, 43 but facing the south at night. 44 He should avoid seats, footwear, and tooth cleaners made with Palāśa wood 45 and refrain from eating, sitting, greeting, or paying homage with his shoes on. 46 He should not spend the morning, midday, or afternoon fruitlessly, but pursue righteousness, wealth, and pleasure to the best of his ability, 47 but among them he should attend chiefly to righteousness. 48 He should not look at someone else's wife when she is naked, 49 or draw a seat to himself with his foot. 50 He should not let his penis, stomach, hands, feet, speech, or sight get out of control; 51 engage in cutting, breaking, gashing, or crushing anything or in cracking the finger joints without a good reason; 52 or step over a rope to which a calf is tied. 53 Let him not carry tales from one family to another. 54 He should not go to a sacrifice unless he has been chosen to officiate, 55 but he may go there freely to witness it. 56 He should not eat food placed in his lap 57 or brought at night by a servant; 58 and foods whose nutrients have been extracted, such as de-creamed milk products, whey, oil-press residue, and buttermilk. 59 Morning and evening, however, he should take his meal, revering the food and never disparaging it. 60 He should never sleep naked at night, 61 or bathe naked. 62 And whatever people who are self-possessed, elderly, properly trained, and free from hypocrisy, greed, and perplexity, and who know the Vedas instruct him to do, he should carry it out. 63 He may approach the king for the sake of a livelihood, 64 but not anyone else except gods, elders, and righteous people. 65 He should try to live in a place well-supplied with firewood, water, fodder, Kuśa grass, and garland material; served by many roads; inhabited mainly by Āryas; full of energetic people; and ruled by a righteous man. 66 When he passes people or things that are distinguished or auspicious, as also temples, intersections of two roads, and the like, he should keep his right side towards them. 67 The rule for times of adversity is that he should observe all the rules of conduct mentally. 68 He shall speak the truth; 69 behave like an Ārya; 70 teach only cultured men; 71 be cultured by adhering to ritual purifications; 72 take delight in the vedic texts; 73 never hurt any creature; be gentle and steadfast; and be devoted to self-control and gift giving. 74 A bath-graduate who lives in this manner will liberate his parents and his relatives of past and future generations from sins, and he will never fall from the world of Brahman. [G 9.2–74]
Baudhāyana
अथ स्नातकव्रतानि ।10
10 Next, the observances of a bath-graduate. [B 2.5.10]
अथ स्नातकस्य ।1 अन्तर्वास उत्तरीयम् ।2 वैणवं दण्डं धारयेत् ।3 सोदकं च कमण्डलुम् ।4 द्वियज्ञोपवीती ।5 उष्णीषमजिनमुत्तरीयमुपानहौ छत्रं चोपासनं दर्शपूर्णमासौ ।6 पर्वसु च केशश्मश्रुलोमनखवापनम् ।7 तस्य वृत्तिः ।8 ब्राह्मणराजन्यवैश्यरथकारेष्वामं लिप्सेत ।9 भैक्षं वा ।10 वाग्यतस्तिष्ठेत् ।11 सर्वाणि चास्य देवपितृसंयुक्तानि पाकयज्ञसंस्थानि भूतिकर्माणि कुर्वीत ।12 एतेन विधिना प्रजापतेः परमेष्ठिनः परमर्षयः परमां काष्ठां गच्छन्तीति बौधायनः ।13
1 Next, the rules of a bath-graduate. 2 He shall wear a lower and an upper garment; 3 carry a bamboo staff 4 and a pot filled with water; 5 wear two sacrificial cords, 6 a turban, a skin as an upper garment, and shoes; carry an umbrella; maintain the sacred domestic fire; and offer the new-moon and full-moon sacrifices. 7 On the days of the moon's change, moreover, he should get the hair of his head, beard, and body shaved and his nails clipped. 8 This is how he should maintain himself. 9 He should ask for uncooked food from Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas, and Rathakāras, 10 or even for almsfood. 11 When he does so, he should stand in silence. 12 And with that food he should perform all the cooked oblations offered to gods and ancestors, as well as rites for securing prosperity. 13 By following this procedure, says Baudhāyana, the supreme seers attain the highest abode of Prajāpati, the supreme lord. [B 1.5.1–13]
वैणवं दण्डं धारयेद् रुक्मकुण्डले च ।7 पदा पादस्य प्रक्षालनमधिष्ठानं च वर्जयेत् ।8 न बहिर्मालां धारयेत् ।9 सूर्यमुदयास्तमये न निरीक्षेत ।10 नेन्द्रधनुरिति परस्मै प्रब्रूयात् ।11 यदि ब्रूयान्मणिधनुरित्येव ब्रूयात् ।12 पुरद्वारीन्द्रकीलपरिघावन्तरेण नातीयात् ।13 प्लेङ्खयोरन्तरेण न गच्छेत् ।14 वत्सतन्तीं च नोपरि गच्छेत् ।15 भस्मास्थिरोमतुषकपालापस्नानानि नाधितिष्ठेत् ।16 गां धयन्तीं न परस्मै प्रब्रूयात् ।17 नाधेनुमधेनुरिति ब्रूयात् ।18 यदि ब्रूयाद्धेनुंभव्येत्येव ब्रूयात् ।19 शुक्ता रूक्षाः परुषा वाचो न ब्रूयात् ।20 नैकोऽध्वानं व्रजेत् ।21 न पतितैर्न स्त्रिया न शूद्रेण ।22 न प्रतिसायं व्रजेत् ।23 न नग्नः स्नायात् ।24 न नक्तं स्नायात् ।25 न नदीं बाहुकस्तरेत् ।26 न कूपमवेक्षेत ।27 न गर्तमवेक्षेत ।28 न तत्रोपविशेद्यत एनमन्य उत्थापयेत् ।29 प्रभूतैधोदकयवससमित्कुशमाल्योपनिष्क्रमणमाढ्यजनाकुलमनलससमृद्धमार्यजनभूयिष्ठमदस्युप्रवेश्यं ग्राममावसितुं यतेत धार्मिकः ।31 पूज्यान्पूजयेत् ।35 अग्न्यगारे गवां मध्ये ब्राह्मणानां च संनिधौ । स्वाध्याये भोजने चैव दक्षिणं बाहुमुद्धरेत् ॥38 उत्तरं वासः कर्तव्यं पञ्चस्वेतेषु कर्मसु । स्वाध्यायोत्सर्गदानेषु भोजनाचामयोस्तथा ॥39 हवनं भोजनं दानमुपहारः प्रतिग्रहः । बहिर्जानु न कार्याणि तद्वदाचमनं स्मृतम् ॥40
7 He should carry a bamboo staff; wear a pair of gold earrings; 8 and refrain from washing the feet by rubbing one foot with the other and from placing one foot on the other. 9 He should not wear a garland outdoors 10 or look at the sun at sunrise or sunset. 11 He should not point out a rainbow to someone by saying “Look, the Indra's bow!”; 12 if he does so, let him say “Look, a jewelled bow!” 13 He should not pass between the cross-beam and bolt of a city gate 14 or the posts to which a swing is tied; 15 step over a rope to which a calf is tied; 16 or step on ashes, bones, hair, grain husks, potsherds, or bath water. 17 He should not tell anyone when a cow is suckling her calf. 18 When he speaks of a cow that does not yield milk, he should not say, “She is not a milch-cow”; 19 if he speaks of her, he should simply say, “She is going to be a milch-cow.” 20 He should not use harsh, cruel, or rude words. 21 He should not go on a journey alone, 22 or accompanied by outcastes or by a woman or a Śūdra. 23 He should not venture out when evening is approaching. 24 He should not bathe naked 25 or at night; 26 cross a river by swimming; 27 look down into a well 28 or a pit; 29 or sit down in a place from where someone may eject him. 31 A righteous man should try to live in a village well-supplied with firewood, water, fodder, kindling wood, Kuśa grass, and garland material; served by many roads; full of wealthy and energetic people; inhabited mainly by Āryas; and not easily accessible to robbers. 35 He should honor those deserving of honor. 38 He should raise the right hand in the fire stall, in the midst of cows, in the presence of Brahmins, at the recitation of his Veda, and at a meal. 39 He should wear an upper garment during these five activities: recitation of his Veda, voiding urine and excrement, giving a gift, eating, and sipping water. 40 He should never offer an oblation in the fire, eat food, give a gift, make an offering, or accept a gift without keeping his right hand between his knees; the same, according to tradition, applies to sipping water. [B 2.6.7–29, 31, 35, 38–40]
Vasiṣṭha
अथातः स्नातकव्रतानि ।1 स न कंचिद्याचेतान्यत्र राजान्तेवासिभ्यः ।2 क्षुधापरीतस्तु किंचिदेव याचेत कृतमकृतं वा क्षेत्रं गामजाविकमन्ततो हिरण्यं धान्यमन्नं वा ।3 न तु स्नातकः क्षुधावसीदेदित्युपदेशः ।4
न मलिनवाससा सह संवसेत् ।5
न रजस्वलया ।6 नायोग्यया ।7 न कुलंकुलः स्यात् ।8 वत्सतन्त्रीं विततां च नातिक्रामेत् ।9 नोद्यन्तमादित्यं पश्येन्नास्तं यन्तम् ।10 नाप्सु मूत्रपुरीषे कुर्यात् ।11 न निष्ठीवेत् ।12 परिवेष्टितशिरा भूमिमयज्ञियैस्तृणैरन्तर्धाय मूत्रपुरीषे कुर्यादुदङ्मुखश्चाहनि नक्तं दक्षिणामुखः संध्यामासीतोत्तरम् ।13 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति । स्नातकानां तु नित्यं स्यादन्तर्वासस्तथोत्तरम् । यज्ञोपवीते द्वे यष्टिः सोदकश्च कमण्डलुः ॥14 अप्सु पाणौ च काष्ठे च कथितः पावकः शुचिः । तस्मादुदकपाणिभ्यां परिमृज्यात् कमण्डलुम् ॥15 पर्यग्निकरणं ह्येतन्मनुराह प्रजापतिः ॥16 कृत्वा चावश्यकर्माणि आचामेच्छौचवित्तम इति ॥17 प्राङ्मुखोऽन्नानि भुञ्जीत ।18 तूष्णीं साङ्गुष्ठं कृत्स्नं ग्रासं ग्रसेत् ।19 न च मुखशब्दं कुर्यात् ।20 ऋतुकालगामी स्यात्पर्ववर्जं स्वदारेषु ।21 नातीर्थमुपेयात् ।22 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति । यस्तु पाणिगृहीताया आस्ये कुर्वीत मैथुनम् । भवन्ति पितरस्तस्य तन्मासं रेतसो भुजः ॥ या स्यादनतिचारेण रतिः सा धर्मसंश्रिता ॥23 अपि च काठके विज्ञायते । अपि नः श्वो विजनिष्यमाणाः पतिभिः सह शयीरन्निति स्त्रीणामिन्द्रदत्तो वर इति ।24 न वृक्षमारोहेत् ।25 न कूपमवरोहेत् ।26 नाग्निं मुखेनोपधमेत् ।27 नाग्निं ब्राह्मणं चान्तरेण व्यपेयात् ।28 नाग्न्योः ।29 न ब्राह्मणयोरनुज्ञाप्य वा ।30 भार्यया सह नाश्नीयादवीर्यवदपत्यं भवतीति वाजसनेयके विज्ञायते ।31 नेन्द्रधनुर्नाम्ना निर्दिशेत् ।32
मणिधनुरिति ब्रूयात् ।33 पालाशमासनं पादुके दन्तधावनमिति वर्जयेत् ।34 नोत्सङ्गे भक्षयेत् ।35 नासन्द्यां भुञ्जीत ।36 वैणवं दण्डं धारयेत् ।37 रुक्मकुण्डले च ।38 न बहिर्मालां धारयेदन्यत्र रुक्ममय्याः ।39 सभाः समवायांश्च वर्जयेत् ।40 अथाप्युदाहरन्ति । अप्रामाण्यं च वेदानामार्षाणां चैव कुत्सनम् । अव्यवस्था च सर्वत्र एतन्नाशनमात्मन इति ॥41 नावृतो यज्ञं गच्छेद्यदि व्रजेत्प्रदक्षिणं पुनराव्रजेत् ।42 अधिवृक्षसूर्यमध्वानं न प्रतिपद्येत् ।43 नावं च सांशयिकीं नाधिरोहेत् ।44 बाहुभ्यां न नदीं तरेत् ।45 उत्थायापररात्रमधीत्य न पुनः प्रतिसंविशेत् ।46 प्राजापत्ये मुहूर्ते ब्राह्मणः कांश्चिन्नियमाननुतिष्ठेदिति ।47
1 Next, we will describe the observances of a bath-graduate. 2 He should not beg for anything except from the king or a pupil of his. 3 If he is racked by hunger, however, he may beg for a little something—a plowed or unplowed piece of land, a cow, a goat, or a sheep, and in the last place gold, grain, or food. 4 The directive, however, is that a bath-graduate should not languish because of hunger. 5 He should not have sex with a menstruating woman, 6 with a pre-pubescent girl, 7 or with an inappropriate woman. 8 Let him not carry tales from one family to another. 9 He should not step over a rope to which a calf is tied 10 or look at the sun at sunrise or sunset. 11 He should not urinate or defecate in water, 12 or spit into it. 13 He should void urine and excrement with his head covered and after spreading some grass unfit for ritual purposes on the ground, facing the north during the day and the south during the night, and sitting down facing the north during the twilights. 14 Now, they also quote: “Bath-graduates should always wear a lower and an upper garment and two sacrificial cords, and carry a staff and a pot filled with water. 15 Pure fire, it is said, resides in the water, the hand, and a stick. He should clean the water pot, therefore, with his hand and water; 16 for Manu, the Lord of creatures, has proclaimed this to be the encircling with fire. 17 After he has answered a call of nature, a man with a sound knowledge of the rules of purification should sip some water.” 18 He should eat his food facing the east. 19 He should silently swallow the whole lump, pushing it into the mouth with his thumb 20 and not make any sound with his mouth. 21 He should engage in sexual intercourse with his wife during her season, avoiding the days of the moon's change. 22 Let him not have intercourse in a place other than the vagina. 23 Now, they also quote: “If a man performs the sex act in the mouth of the woman he has married, during that month his ancestors will feed on his semen. Sexual intercourse performed without transgressing (the vagina) is in conformity with the Law.” 24 It is, moreover, stated in the Kāṭhaka: “‘May we lie with our husbands even when we are going to give birth the following day.’ This is the wish granted to women by Indra.” 25 He should not climb trees; 26 go down into wells; 27 blow on a fire with his mouth; 28 or pass between a Brahmin and a fire, 29 between two fires, 30 or between two Brahmins—or he may do so after receiving their permission. 31 He should not eat in the company of his wife; in the Veda of the Vājasaneyins it is stated: “His children will lack the manly vigor.” 32 He should not point out a rainbow using the name “Indra's bow”; 33 instead, he should call it “jewelled bow.” 34 He should avoid stools, footwear, or tooth cleaners made with Palāśa wood; 35 and not eat food placed on his lap 36 or on a chair. 37 He should carry a bamboo staff 38 and wear a pair of gold earrings. 39 Outdoors, he should not wear a garland, except one made of gold. 40 He should avoid casinos and fairs. 41 Now, they also quote: “To deny the authority of the Vedas, to vilify the seers, and to act contrary to the rules in any matter is to destroy one's self.” 42 He should not go to a sacrifice unless he has been chosen to officiate; but if he does, he should return keeping his right side towards it. 43 He should not set out on a journey when the sun is seen over the trees, 44 get into an unsafe boat, 45 or cross a river by swimming. 46 If he gets up in the last watch of the night, he should recite the Veda and not go back to sleep. 47 At the time sacred to Prajāpati a Brahmin should perform some religious observance. [Va 12.1–47]