5. Volume 5 — part 5

When Sher Hhdn died, and his son Salim Khan obtained the supreme authority, he also, in imitation of his father, plun- dered and laid waste ‘various portions of the Gakhar terri- tory, and did his utmost to vex and injure them. On one occasion, when some prisoners were brought to Gwalior for punishment, he ordered them to be placed iu a house with a quantity of gunpowder, and the house to be sot on fire. Common report tells how all these captives were blown into the air, and how their bodies were blown to pieces. Kamfi.1 Khdn, who was sitting in a corner of the house, was by God’s mercy saved. When Salim Khdn heard of his preservation he sent for him, and having induced him to take an oath of i^delity, appointed him to act, in concert with the governor of the Panjab, in the subjugation of the Gakhar territory.

Afterwards, when Hinddstdn again came under the rule of the Imperial house, Kamdl Kh&n followed the example of his predecessors, and paid his allegiance. Ho was treated^ with princely favour, and received a grant of \i^parganaB of Hanswa, Fathpur, and Karra-Mdnikpur as a jdgir. There he remained until Sher Khan, the son of Salim Kh&n, attacked ’Ali Kuli Khdn, and endeavoured to get possession of these districts. Kam&l Kh&n was then ordered to support ’Ali Kuli Kh&n, and he exhibited such courage and resolution that he was graciously told that whatever request he liked to make should be granted. Kamal Kh&n, in his love for his native land, begged that he might be restored to his paternal inheritance. A farmdn was accordingly issued that of the territories for- merly held by Sult&n S&rang, and now in the possession of Adam Kh&n Gakhar, one half should be given to Kam&l Kh&n, and the other half should remain in the possession of Adam Kh&u. Orders were accordingly issued to the amin of tfie Panj&b, to Mir Muhammad Kh&n, known as Khdr^i

kaldn^ and to Kutbu-d din Muhammad Kh&n, that *it ^dam Kh&n made any resistance to the arrangement, they were to take the whole of the territory from him, and give it to Eam&l Kh&n.

When the amirs informed itdam Kh&n of the purport of the JarmdnSy he and his son and his army were dissatisfied, and paid no heed to the command. A royal army marched into the country of the Gakhars to subdue it, and Adam Kh&n and his son resisted. Some sharp fighting followed, but the Gakhars were defeated, and Adam Kh&n was made prisoner. His son, with the defeated army, fled into Kashmir, but after some time he also was taken prisoner All the Gakhar territory then came under the power of the Imperial officers, and they made it over to Kam&l Kh&n. The amirs also placed Adam Kh&n and his son in charge of Kam&l Kh&n, and departed to their own jdgira. Kam&l Khan kept Adam Kh&n near him until he died.

When Mu’nini Kh&n left K&bul to visit the Court of the Emperor, Muhammad Kh&n Akhta-begl was left there as go- vernor, but on Mu^nim Kh&n being informed of his ill-treatment of the people of K&bul, he removed him from office, and appointed his own sou, Ghani Kh&n, in his place. He also sent back his nephew Abu-1 Fath Beg, son of his brother Faz&il Beg, to assist Ghani Kh&n in his government. After a time M&h Ohochak Begam and the people of K&bul were greatly distressed by the proceedings of Ghani Kh&n.^ Among other acts he kept in confinement Tolak Kh&n Kulchin, one of the oldest servants of the dynasty, until the people interfered and set him at liberty.

^ He was the elder brother of Atka Hhhn, Khdn-% *azam, Kathu-d din was a younger brother. They belonged to the Atka-khaiL See note, auprd^ p. 273. Blochraann’s Ain^i Akbari, pp. 322 and 333.

3 Both father and son were placed in the custody of Ham&l Eh&n. The father was kept in confinement till his death; the son was put to death. — Akbar^udma, Tol. ii. (The episode about the Gakhars seems to haye ^en omitted from the printed edition of the Akbar-ndma,) ^

• “He was wanting in sense and Bmntf,*'-^Akbar^dma, Tol. ii. p. 231.

Tolak Sh&n then went to the village of M&no&-kh&tiin, which was his jaglr^ and there waited his opportunity. It happened that a caravan from Balkh came and halted in the village of Ch&rikar&n, and Ghani Eh&n went foHh in haste to meet it. Tolak Kh&n assembled a body of his servants and adherents* and making a rapid night march fell upon Ghani Eh&n,^ and made him prisoner. At length some persons intervened, and obtained the freedom of Gliani Khdn. They took from him a treaty and covenant that he would never again molest Tolak Kh&n, but before Ghani Kh&n got back to K&bul, he broke his covenant, and marched against Tolak Kh&n with a strong force. Tolak Kh&n, however, was apprised of the movement, and fled to the Court of the Emperor. Ghani Khan pursued him in vain for some distance, and then returned to K&bul.

Some little while afterwards Ghani Beg went out one day for a stroll in the melon gardens, and the opportunity was seized by [M&h Ohochak Begam] the mother of Mirz& Muhammad Hakim,® in concert with Sh&h Wali Atka, Mirz& Faz&il Beg and his son Abu-1 Fath Beg, to enter the fort and close the gates against Ghani Kh&n. On returning and finding the gates of the fortress closed, Ghani Kh&n understood that the people had revolted against him. Unable to do anything, ho went off to the Imperial Court. The motlier of the prince then took the direc- tion of affairs into her own hands. Slie appointed Mirz& Faz&il® Beg, whom Mirz& K&mr&n had blinded, to the office of minister (wakdlat)^ and his son Abu4 Fath Beg was made his deputy. But when in the distribution of the jdgin and villages he (Abu-1 Fath) reserved the best for himself, and appropriated the worst to the prince and his attendants. Sh&h Wali Atka, 'Ali Mu- hammad Asp, and others, could not brook his unjust allotment. In communication with the mother of the prince, they deter- '

' While he was drunk and asleep.— vol. ii. p. 233.

• Son of the Emperor Hum&ydn, then about ten years of age. — ^Bad&dni.

® Abd-l Fazl calls him <^Fhzil Beg,” and says that although he was blind, matter of craft and contumacy, his whole body was eyes.** He adds that he inter- fered with his nephew in his duties as governor, — AJkbar^ndim^ vol. ii. p. 231,

mined to remove him. One night Abu*l Fath came tathe door of his house in a state of intoxication and went down. Miraii Beg having seen this, despatched him with one blow upon the head with his sword. His father, Faz&il Beg, endeavoured to escape into the Hazdra, but some of the adherents of the prince went in pursuit, and overtook and beheaded him. Sh&h Wall Beg Atka, with the approval of the mother of the prince, assumed the management of affairs, and gave himself the title of Shdh.

When the report of these occurrences reached the ears of the Emperor, he appointed Mu’nim Khdu governor of Xdbul and guardian {aidlilc) of the young prince Mirzd Muhammad. He also appointed Muhammad Kuli Ehan Birlds, Husain Ehdn brother of Shahdbu-d din Ahmad Khdn, Timur Beg Uzbek, and several other nobles to assist and support him. The mother of the young prince, who was then ten years of age, assembled all the forces she could, and taking the prince with her, she went, with the intention of resisting by force of arms, to Jaldldb&d, known in old times by the name of. J usdi. There she awaited Mu’nim Khdn, who quickly marched against her, and defeated and scattered her forces at the first attack. After this he returned to Court. The Begam returned to Kabul, and sus- pecting the designs of Shdh ’Ali Atka against her, she caused him to be put to death, and Haidar Kasim Kohbar was named wakil of the mirzd in his stead.

Mirzd Sharafu-d din Husain was son of Khwdja Mu’inu-d din, son of Khwdja J dwid Mahmud, son of Khwdja ’Abdu-lla, who was a distinguished man among the Khwdjas^ and was the son of Ndsiru-d din ’Abdu-lla Ahrdr.^ When the Mirzd came to Court, he was promoted to the dignity of Amiru4 umard^ and received the jdglr of Ndgor, There he was distinguished by his

^ See BlooliiBaim’s Ain^i Akhwi^ viA. i p. 322*

energetic labours. His father now returned from Mecca, and ^ received a right royal reception. After a while Mirza Sharaf, by the will of fate, and without any apparent reason or cause, having had his mind perverted by designing men, fled towards N&gor.^ Hazrat Husain KuU Beg, son of Wall Beg Zti-l kadar, a relation of the late Khan-kh&n&n Bairdin Khdn, having on account of his services been admitted to the order of nobility, and dignified with the title of now received a grant of the jdglr of Mirza Sharafu-d din Husain. Some of the principal nobles, as Muhammad Sddik, Muhammad Kuli Tugh-hdni^ Muzafiar Mughal and Mirak Bahadur, were directed to support Husain Kuli Beg, and the command was given for them to pursue and capture Mirzd Sharafu-d din. If he repented of his unrighteous deeds, they were to soothe him and bring him to Court ; but if not, they were to use their best exertions to punish his misconduct. When intelligence of the approach of Husain Hull Bog Khdn reached Mirz& Sharafu-d din, he left Tarkhan Diwdna, a trusty adherent, in Ajmir, and went off towards J&lor,* The Imperial forces invested Ajmir, and after two or three days Tarkhdn Diwana capitulated.^ The nobles then hastened in pursuit of Sharafu-d din towards Jdlor.

It so happened that just as Sharafu-d din reached Jdlor, Shdh Abu-1 Ma’ali was returning from Mecca to the Imperial Court, and having had a meeting with Sharafu-d din, they concocted together a rebellious scheme. Abu-1 Ma’dli was to march against the people of Husain Kuli Ehdn, who were in Hdjipdr,^ and having disposed of him was to push on to Kabul and bring Mirzd Muhammad Hakim to Hindustdn. Bharafu-d din on his side was to do all he could to promote a rebellion. Abu-1 Ma^'dli

1 “Towards Ajmir aod N&gor, which wore his vol. ii. p. 247.

2 Both MSS. have “N&gor.’ But Ahd-1 Fazl says “towards J&lor, which he had got into his power,’ and the context shows him to be right.—

^ The fort of Mirtha also fell into the hands of the Imperial general— ndma^ vol. ii. p. 248.

• Husain £uU had left his wives and family there.— vol ii. p. 248,

marched off, taking with him a partr of Sharafu-d din’s pien, and when he approached H&jipdr, he learned that Ahmad Beg and Sikandar Beg, relations of Husain Kuli Kh&n, had come out to stop him. Thereupon he turned in the direction of N&rnaul, and upon reaching the fort of that place, he made Mir Eisd the shikJcddr prisoner, and seized all the money which he found in the treasury, and divided it among his followers.^

After receiving intelligence of this, Husain Kuli Kh&n sent his brother Isma’il Kuli Kh&n along with Muhammad S&dik Khan in pursuit of Abu-1 Ma’&li. Upon reaching Hdjiptir, and learning that Abu-1 Ma’&li had drawn off to Narnaul, thejr took Ahmad Beg and Sikandar Beg with them, and went in pursuit of him. Twelve /fos from Ndrnaul, the brother of Abu-1 Ma’dli, who was named Khan-z&da [Muhammad], and was also called Shdh Lunddn, left his jdglr^ and was on the way to join his brother, but he was intercepted and made prisoner. Abd-l Ma’&li fled from Ndrnaul and went towards the Panjdb. Ahmad Beg and Sikandar Beg were sent off with a detachment in hot haste after him. A body of the men under their command had formerly served under Mirzd Sharafu-d din Husain, and these nien had bound themselves by an oath to desert Ahmad Beg and Sikandar Beg whenever Abu-1 Ma’dli should be attacked, and to go over to the latter. One of this party, Ddna Kuli by name, slipped away and hastened to inform Abfl-1 Ma’&li of the conspiracy. Upon hearing it he placed himself in ambush in a jungle by the side of the road, and when the two Begs came up he fell upon them unawares. The conspirators then drew their swords, and advanced against their own commanders, and the other soldiers, seeing how matters stood, took to flight. Ahmad Beg and Sikandar were left quite alone. They fought most manfully, and killed several of their assailants, but were eventually slain.

His Majesty was engaged in a hunting excursion at l^athura when the news of this disaster reached him. He sent Bid&gh ' “ And plundered the town.*' — Akbar^ndnw^ vol, ii. p. 2d2.

Kh&n, Kh&n, Edmi Khan, and others, to follow Abu-1

Ma’dli, and he himself proceeded to Dehli, the seat of Govern- ment {ddru^l mulk)<J-

A remarkable occurrence has now to be mentioned. When Sharafu-d din Husain fled from Court to Ndgor, he had a slave, by name JSloka Fiildd, one of the slaves of his father, who at all times* secretly did everything in his power to injure the Emperor. This wretched man came into the royal camp, and was constantly on the watch for an opportunity. When the Emperor returned from his hunting excursion, and passing through the bdzdr of Dehli, came near to the College^ of Maham Anka, this bloodthirsty fellow shot an arrow at His Majesty; but by the mercy of God, who watched over the Emperor’s safety, it did not inflict a severe wound, but merely grazed the skin. The attendants of the Emperor instantly fell upon the traitor, and with strokes of sword and dagger they sent him to hell. The Emperor pulled out the arrow and rode on to the palace. The wound was cured in a few days, and on the 6th Jum&da-s sdni he mounted his royal litter,^ and proceeded to itgra, where he arrived on the 16th of the same month, in the year 971 a.h., agreeing with the eighth year of the reign.

The beginning of this year was Wednesday, 29th Bajab, 971 (13th March, 1664). When Abu-1 Ma'^dli killed Ahmad Beg, and found that the royal army was coming up in pursuit of him, he was dismayed, and turning aside from the direct roads ho fled towards E&bul. When he approached Kdbul, he wrote a letter full of expressions of afiection and devotion for the late Emperor, and sent it to Mah Ghochak Begam (the Emperor’s

1 He arrived there ou the 26th Jum&da-l awwal.— vol. ii. p. 264.

2 Abd-1 Fazl agrees, and says that the man stood near the College {Akbar^idma^ vol. ii. p. 266) ; but Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 62} says that the arrow was shot from the roof of th^ College. He agrees that the wound was merely superficial ( not the severe wound, " nearly a span deep/* which Abd-1 Fazl and Firishta describe.

widow). She sent to invite him in,' and received him with honour. She also gave him her daughter in marriage. Abu-1 Ma'^Ali now pushed himself forward, and took the direction of the establishment of Prince Muhammad Hakim.

A party of malcontents, who were displeased with the treatment they had received from MAh Ohochak Begam,^such as Shdgun, son of Karracha KhAn, and ShAdmAn, and others, leagued with Abu-1 Ma’AIi, and persuaded him that matters would never go on well as long as the Begam lived. He fell in with their views, and slew the unfortunate woman with a dagger. Then he got into his hands the Prince MirzA Muhammad Hakim, who was of tender age, and took the direction of the government. He seized upon Haidar KAsim Kohbar, who was the minister [waUl) of the MirzA, and put him to death. He also imprisoned his * brother Muhammad KAsim, Hereupon Tardi Muhammad KhAn, BAki Muhammad KhAn KAkshAl, Husain KhAn, and several other adherents of the late Begam, conspired against him to avenge her death. ’Abdi Sarmast informed Abd-l Ma’Ali of this conspiracy, and ho instantly armed a party of his supporters, and went forth to destroy them. The conspirators cut their way into the fort, and Abu-1 Ma’Ali pressed after them. Many on both sides were killed, but at length Abu-1 Ma^AH succeeded in driving them out of the fort, and they fled in all directions.

Muhammad KAsim, who was in confinement, obtained his

release, and went to MirzA SulairaAn, in BadakhshAn. He, informed him of all that had passed at KAbul, and urged him to march against the city. MirzA Muhammad Hakim also sent a person to MirzA SulaimAn, calling upon him for assistance. The MirzA, on hearing the state of affairs, assembled the forces of BadakhshAn, and with the approval of Khurram Begam his wife, marched against KAbul. Abu-1 Ma'Ali, on his side, assem- bled the forces of KAbul, and taking with him MirzA Muhammad H^kim, advanced to the river Ghorband, Both sides drew up their forces, and the battle began. The KAbul men on the right of Abu-1 Ma’Ali were defeated by the BadakhshAn forces,

and began to retreat. He hastened up with some reinforcements to support them, leaving Mirz& Muhammad Hakim in charge of his servants^ These men seized the opportunity to cross the river and join Mirzd Sulaimdn. When this was discovered by the Kdbul forces, they were seized with panic, and every man fled to his home.

When Abii-l Ma^’dli came back from his charge, he was dismayed to find no trace either of Mirzd Hakim or of his armvj^so he fled. The Badakhshdn men pursued and over- took him at the village of Ghdrikdrdn. He was brought to the presentee of Mirzd Sulaimdn, who, elated with his success, went on to Kdbul, taking Mirzd Muhammad Hakim with him. Three days afterwards he sent Abu-1 Ma’ali, witli his hands bound behind his nock, to Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, and he ordered him to be strangled in punishment of his crimes. This happened on the night of the 17th Ramazdn, 970 h. Mirzd Sulaimdn now sent to Badakhshdn for his daughter, and married her to Mirzd Muhammad Hakim. After giving jdgin in the Kdbul territory to many of his followers, and ajjpointing Umniaid ’Ali, who was in his confidence, to the post of minister, ho returned to Badakhshdn.

In the course of this year, Khwdja Muzaffar ^Ali Tarbati, one of the old associates of Khdn-khdnan Bairdm Khdn, was raised to the office of financial minister {wazdraUi diwdn4 ^ala)^ and received the title of Khdn}

The fort of Chundr was held by a slave of 'Adali, named Fattu. He now wrote a letter offering to surrender it.® The Emperor sent Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus and Asaf Khdn to

^ Abti-1 Fazl places this appointment at the beginning of the eighth year.— Akbar-ndma, vol. ii. p. 260. See Ain^i Akbarif vol. i. p. 348.

• AbU-l Fazl places this surrender in the sixth year of the reign. The Emperor, on his return from Karra, deputed Asaf Kh&n to besiege the fort, and this frightened Fattd into submission,— vol. ii. p. 190.

receive the surrender of the fort. When it was delivered over, they placed it in charge of Husain Kh&n Turkom&n. At this Ghazi Kh&n Sur, formerly one of the nobles of J!Adali, but who had for a time lived in allegiance to the Emperor, now that Asaf Elhdn was appointed to the government of Karra, took flight, and went to the country of Panna. There he gathered some men, and arrayed himself in rebellion. When Asaf Kh&u was sent to Karra, Gh&zi Kh&n led his followers against him, but he was defeated in battle by Asaf Khdn, and killed upon the field. Asaf Kh&n thus established his power and authority.

The country of Garha-Katanka was near to Asaf ^h4n, and he formed the design of subduing it.^ The chief place of that country is Ohaurdgarh. It is an extensive country containing seventy thousand [haftdd ha%ar) flourishing villages.* Its ruler was at this time a woman named Durgdvati, who was very beautiful. When Asaf Khdn heard the condition of this country, he thought the conquest of it would be an easy matter, so he marched against it with fifty thousand* horse and foot. The E&ni collected all her forces, and prepared to oppose the invader with 700 elephants, 20,000 horsemen, and infantry innumerable. A battle followed, in which both sides fought obstinately, but by the will of fate the Edni was struck by an arrow, and fearing lest she should fall alive into the hands of the enemy, she made her elephant-driver kill her with a dagger. After the victory Asaf Khan marched against Chaur&garh. The son of the E&ni, who was in the fort, came forth to meet him ; but he was killed, and the fort was captured, and all its treasures fell into the hands of the conquerors. Asaf Kh&n, after he had achieved ihis

1 Seo Extract from the Ahbar^ninna^ infrd,

2 Abti-1 Fazl, Bad&tLni, and Faizf all agree in this number, but it is a manifest error. — Akbar'^&ma, yoI. ii., p. 264,

3 The MSS. differ mdely. One of them says five thousand, the other ts/ro fifty thousand. There ore other discrepancies. Two of the MSS. omit the word <*inna« merable/' making the E&nS's force to bo ‘*20,000 horse and foot”; but they agree in the incredible “ 700 elephants.” Firishta, moreover, gives ** 1500 elephants and 8000 horse and foot.”— See Extract from the Tdrikh^i Alftf suprd, p. 169.

victory and acquirejd so mu^h triBasure, returned, greatly elated, to Karra, and took possession of his government.

On the 12th Zi4 ka'da, 971 h., corresponding with the ninth year of the reign, the Emperor loft Agra, and went towards the river Ghambal with the object of elephant hunting.^ In conse- quence of the heavy rains and the inundations, he had to halt fifteen days, and when he did cross over one of his choice elephants named Lakhna was drowned. When he came to the vicinity of the town of Narwar he pitched his camp, for the jungle hard by was an elephant haunt. * * * After they had cleared that neighbourhood of elephants, he marched on towards M&lwa, and halted at Rewar.* Heavy rains compelled him to remain two days in sight of that town. From thence ho pro- ceeded to Sdrangpur, and again the heavy rains and floods greatly distressed his escort. When he approached S&rangpdr, Muhammad K&sim Klidn ISTaishapdri tho governor came forth to meet him and presented tribute. Next day the Emj)eror pro- ceeded onwards towards Mandfi.

’Abdu'-lla Khan Uzbek was governor of Mandu, and as there were sundry differences between him and tho Emperor, he was greatly alarmed at his approach, and consequently fled off towards Gujardt. When the Emperor was informed of liis flight, he sent Mukim Khdn, one of his chief nobles, to 'Abdu-lla, to advise and reasdTUre him. Although Mukim Kh&n urged and persuaded, his words had no effect, for ’Abdu-lla thought that the object of the Khan was to detain him with words and stories till the royal forces had arrived and secured the roads. So he left Mukim Khdn and fled ; and the Khan went back and re- ported his want of success.

The Emperor’s anger was roused, and he gave orders for a force to be sent to arrest ’Abdu-lla’s progress. The Emperor himself

i ■'*» Acoorcline to AM-l Fazl, tlio ml object was to cheob the proceedioga of Ubdu-lta Khta.— toL a, p. 279, » A very doubtful nams.

followed, and on reaching Mandu intelligence arrived that his ad* vanced force was engaged in action with ^Abdu-lla, so he pressed on with all speed. When 'Abdn-lla saw that son^e of his most faithful followers had fallen, and heard that the Emperor was near at hand, he left his baggage and soldiers and hastened off. The Imperial forces pursued him as far as the country of i^li,' on the confines of Gujar&t, and drove him away from his wives and elephants. He then went to Oh&ngiz Khan in Gujar&t. This Ohangiz Kh&n was a slave of Sult&n Mahmud of Gujar&t, after whose death he had obtained the government of the country. The royal forces which had captured the horses and elephants and wives of ^Abdu-lla then turned back to AK, where they were received with honour.

The Imperial army then moved, and on the new moon of Zi-1 hijja, 791 h., reached Mandu. The zaminddrs of the neigh- bourhood came in to pay their allegiance, and met with a gracious reception. Mir&n Mub&rak Sh&h, ruler of Kh&ndesh, sent a letter and suitable presents by the hands of ambassadors to the Emperor. After some days the ambassadors received permission to return, and a farmdn was sent to Mirdn Mub&rak Sh&h directing him to send any one of his daughters whom he thought worthy to attend upon the Emperor. ’Itimad Kh&n was also sent along with the ambassadors. When Mub&rak Sh&h received this gracious communication, he was greatly de- lighted, and he sent his daughter with a suitable retinue and paraphernalia to His Majesty, esteeming it a great favour to be allowed to do so. Whilst the Emperor remained at Mandu, Kh&n Kuli,® a servant of ’Abdu-lla Kh&n, who was now in Hindia,^ and Mukarrab Kh&n, one of the nobles of the Dekhin, in compliance with the royal command, came in with their fol- lowers, and had an audience. Mukim Kh&n, who had exhibited vigour and ability in this expedition, received the title' of Shuj&^ Kh&n.

^ The country of Al, a large territory {mamlukat) in Mhlwa.”— I*. Al/t^

• ** On the borders of Malwa.’— 2. Alft, It lies on the left bank of the Nerbadda.

In Muharram, 972 (August, 1664), the*' Imperial camp moved from Mandu, and was pitched in sight of the town of X&lcha.^ Karra Bahidur Kh&n was appointed governor of Mandd, and an , order was made directing a party of the Imperial followers who remained behind in Mandd to stay in that province along with Karra Bahddur, and zealously serve His Majesty, Two days after, the camp moved towards A^gra, and upon reaching Ujjain, it remained there four days, in consequence of heav^ rain. In four days' march from thence it reached Sdrftngptir, and in a week afterwards it arrived at the pargana of Klierdr, within sight of the town. By regular stages it reached Sipri, Here the scouts brought in news of a herd of elephants, in which there was one very largo animal^ The royal servants went in chase rf them, and captured the whole of them. Proceeding by way of Narwar and Gwalior, the Emperor reached Agra on the 3rd Eabi’u-1 awwal. In the course of this year the Emperor had twins borne to him, one of whom was named Hasan, the other Husain ; but they lived only a month.

After His Majesty returned from Mandu, and while ho was enjoying himself at Agra, he often rode out to Kdkrdnf,® a village in the vicinity of the capital, wliich was remarkable for the purity of its air and the excellence of its water. He deemed this a suitable site for a palace, so ho ordered one to be built. In a short time fine houses arose, and a great town sprung up, which was called Nagar-chin.

Khwdja Mu'azzam was maternal uncle of the Emperor, He was son of ’AU Akbar, and a descendant of Shaiku-1 Isldm Ahmad Jam. This person had been guilty of several dis- graceful actions during the reign of the Emperor Hum&ydn,

• « In the present day there are not such forests near Sipri m to afford shelter for droves of elephant8.”-Brigg8, Firishta, voL ii p. 216.

» «Lagrhnl*» in one MS. ; Badifinl (vol. ii. p. 80) has ^Oahr&waU.”

who had felt consttained to speak about and oeqsure his offences to his son and successor. His unseemly conduct at length compelled the EmpWor to banish him, whereupon he went to Gujar&t. From thence he proceeded to Mecca, and after staying there some time he returned to the Court of Hu- maydn. Upon the demise of the crown, Bair&m Kh&n £h&n- khdn&n became the ruling power in the State, and he, knowing the chara^er of the Hhw&ja, procured an order for his exile. After his banishment, the Khw&ja stayed for a while in Gujar&t, but subsequently returned to the Court of the Emperor. Bair&m EhAn then countenanced him, and he received some degree of attention. Upon the disgrace of Bairam Khdn, the Emperor \g6k compassion on the Ehw&ja, and gave him some districts in jdgir. But the Khw&ja’s perverse and evil nature got the better of him, and he was guilty of some disgraceful deeds. To mention one — There was a woman named Fatima attached to the harem of the late Emperor, and the Khwaja had taken to himself a daughter of hers named Zuhra Agha, After some time he formed the design of putting her to death. Upon her mother being informed of this fact, she hastened to make it known to the Emperor, and to crave his protection. The Emperor was just about to start on a hunting excursion, and he assured the poor mother that he would take measures to rescue her daughter from the Khw&ja. Accordingly he sent Tihir Muhammad Eh&n Mir-i fardghat and Bustani Eh&n to give the Khw&ja notice that the Emperor was about to visit him. When TAhjlr Muhammad reached his house, he was so enraged that he killed the poor woman. As soon as the Emperor arrived, and was informed of the Khw&ja’s cruel actions, which cried for punishment, he gave orders to his followers to well thrash him, and then to put him in a boat and souse him several times in the river.^ After this he sent him a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior, where he died in confinement.

^ Fazl says the Emperor had him and his Tile assoeiates hound hand and foot and cast into the river. Although immersed several times, he would not drown, and whenever he came up he abused the Emperor. He died insane.—

It has been before narrated how Mirz& Sulaim&n came to the rescue of Mirz& Muhammad Hakim, and how, after overthrowing Sh&h Abd-l Ma'&li, he gave jdglrs to his own adherents, and then returned home. Mirza Muhammad Hakim and his people, being greatly annoyed by these Badakhshdnis, drove them out of H&bul. Mirzd Sulaim&n then came again with a large army to take revenge for this expulsion. MirzA Muhammad Hakim left B&ki KAkshAl in command of his followers at Hdbul, and went off himself to JalAlAbad and Farsh&war. Upon reaching the river MdrAn,^ MirzA SulaimAn learnt how MirzA Muhammad Hakim had abandoned Kabul, and gone to JalAIAbAd.

Mirza Muhammad Hakim went on from ParshAwar to the shores of the Indus, and from thence forwarded to the Emperor a letter containing a statement of his grievances. MirzA SulaimAn, on learning that MirzA Muhammad Hakim had made an appeal to the Emperor, and had left ParshAwar, stationed one of his adherents named Kambar with three hundred men at JalAIAbad, and went towards KAbul.

When the statement of MirzA Muhammad Hakim reached the Imperial Court, an order was given directing all tlie nobles and jdglrddrB of the PanjAb (such as Muhammad Kuli EhAn BirlAs KhAn-i KalAn, Eutbu-d din Muhammad KbAn, KamAl KhAn Gakhar, and others) to assemble their forces and march to the assistance of MirzA Muhammad Hakim. These nobles, in obedience to the command, proceeded to the Indus, and joined Muhammad Hakim. Then they began their march to recover KAbul. On reaching JalalAbAd they sent MirzA KasAn into the place to summon Kambar, MirzA SulaimAn's representative, to surrender; but that doomed one would not submit, so the Imperial forces attacked the fort. They took it in an hour, and put Kambar and all his three hundred men to the sword. Two men were allowed to go and carry the intelligence to

Mirz& Sulaim&n, and the head of Katnbar, with the r, news of the captuce of the city^ was sent to Baki K&ksh&l at K&bul. '

Mirz& Sulaim&n, on hearing of the fall of Jalal&b&d, and the approach of the royal forces, fled to Badakhshan. Mirz& Muhammad Hakim, escorted by the Imperial nobles, returned to K&bul, and again assumed the Government. The nobles, in obedience to the orders which they had received from the ' Emperor, then returned to their excepting Khan-i Kal&n, who had been appointed guardian of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim. ^ Shortly afterwards the Mirz&, without consulting Kh6n-i Kal&n, gave his sister, who had formerly been married to Sh&h Abu-1 Ma'&li, to be the wife of Ehw&ja Husain Nakshabandi, a de- scendant of Ehw&ja Bah&u-d din. Presuming upon the im- portance he had acquired by this marriage, the Ehw&ja began to interfere in the affairs of the Mirza, and to call Khdn-i Eal&n to account. The Kh&ii was a hot-tempered man, and would not endure this, so he left E&bul, and went to Lahore without taking leave. Then he made a report of what had occurred to the Emperor.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 9th Sha’bdn, 972 h, (11 March, 1665 a.d.). At the beginning of this year His Majesty wished to go elephant hunting. Scouts were accordingly sent out to seek for the animals, and to report when they found them. On the 1st Rajab, 972, the Emperor himself started for Harwar and Garha by way of Dhdlpdr. Upon reaching Narwar, he pitched his camp. The scouts then reported that there were several herds of elephants in the neighbouring jungles. His Majesty speedily went to the jungle, and returned after capturing all the elephants. Another day the scouts brought news to the camp that there were many elephants in a desert about eight has distant. The royal servants started off, and towards the close of the day they found the animals, every one of which they captured. They drove them towards the fort

^ of P&nwa, where they arrived in the middle of the night* Three hundred and fifty elephants were taken that day. From thence they returned to the royal camp, which was in the vicinity of Oarim. There it remained nearly twenty days. The hot season now came on, and the unhealthy winds blew, and many men in the camp became weak and. ill, so His Majesty returned to ^ra.

e In this year the command was given for building a new fort of hewn stone at j^gra, instead of the old citadel, which was of brick, and had become ruinous. The foundation was accordingly laid, and in four years the fortress was completed.^ In these days it has no equal in the world. The walls are ten gais in thickness; and are built of stone and mortar. The stones are cut on both sides, and are joined with the greatest nicety. The height of the fort is more than forty ga&. There is a moat dug all round, and faced on both sides with stone and mortar. It is twenty gaz wide and ten gaz deep, and water is conducted into it from the river Jumna. The cost of this building was nearly three krore of iankae? The date of foundation of its gates is

found in the words “ hinii dar-% bihisht (974 h.).

Bebellion of AH Kuli Khdn-zamd% Ibrdhim Khan, and Sikandar

In consequence of the severe proceedings against ’Abdu-lla £h&n Uzbek, which have been narrated above, an opinion got abroad that the Emperor had a bad opinion of the Uzbeks. When the Emperor went to Narwar elephant hunting, Ashraf Kh&n Mir-mumhl was sent to Sikandar Ehdn, to conciliate him with gracious promises of the Emperor’s favour, and to bring him to Coqrt. As Ashraf Kh&n approached Oudh, which was the

' The work was earned on under the direction of Kh&n if/r-i harr o hahr, and was completed in eight years. vol. ii. p. 311.

• An assessment in money amounting to the value of three airt of grain per /art'd of land was imposed,1md collectors and officers (tawdehf) were appoint^ to realise it irom the/rf^/«#rfrr* — ^Badhdni, voL ii. p. 74.

jdgir of Sikandar Khdn, the latter came out to meet^him^ and conducted him to his house mth- all due ceremony. He sub* * mitted to the Emperor''s command, and acted as if he meant to go to Court. But after some days he said to Ashraf Ehdn>

Ibrdhim !E[hdn is a much greater man than I, and he is in this neighbourhood ; the best thing we can do is to go to him, and get him to acquiesce in your demand. We will then go to Court together.” Upon this understanding they went to the town of Sardwar,^ which was jdgir of Ibrdhim Khdn.

When Sikandar Khdn and Ibrdhim Khan met, they took coun- sel together, and resolved to consult with *AK Kuli Khdn, who was one of their own tribe, and was the Emperor’s representative in their part of the country. In pursuance of this resolution, and with the concurrence of Ashraf Khdn, they proceeded to Jaunpur, the jdgir of Khdn-zamdn. After consultation their judgment was adverse to the course proposed, and they deter- mined to rebel. They improperly detained Ashraf Khdn, and then broke into open rebellion. Ibrdhim Khdn and Sikandar Khdn went to Lucknow, full of hostile designs. Khdn-zamdn and his brother went to Karra Mdnikpdr, and there began their revolt.

Shdham Khdn Jalair, Shdh Biddgh Khdn, Amir Khdn, Muhammad Amin Diwana, Sultdn Kuli Khdlddr, with all the jdglrddrs of his neighbourhood, Shdh Tdhir Badakhshi, the brother of Shdh Khalilu-lla, and other nobles, being informed of these rebellious proceedings, marched out against the rebels, and fought against them. In the course of the fighting Muhammad , Amin fell from his horse, and was made prisoner by the rebels. Shdham Khdn and Biddgh Khdn exerted themselves most strenuously, but as the forces of the rebels more than’ doubled their own, they were obliged to retreat and shut themselves up in the fort of Namikbd,^ from whence they sent an account to the . Emperor.

1 Surhaiptlr.” — Bad&ilni, vol. ii, p. 75. Akbar^ndma^ Tol. ii. p. 314. Sur«! harpt&r is in the sarkdr of J aunpdr. — Elliot’s Glossary y Tol. ii, p. 1 1 2.

• Var. “ Namakha.” “ Nim-kah&r.*’— BodkCni. ** toU

Kh&i^-zam&n and his brother Bah&dur Eh&n now showed their dispositions, and began to plunder the country in their neighbourhood. Majndn Kh&n E&ksh&l,^ the jdglrddr of that quarter, shut himself up in the fort of Mdnikpur. He sent to inform iisaf Khdn Khwdja *Abdu-l Majid, governor of Garha, of the state of affairs, and summoned him to his side. Leaving a detachment in charge of the country of Garha, Asaf Hh&n proceeded with a strong force to Karra, which was his own jdgir.

|There he divided, as a bounty among the soldiers, the treasures of Ghaur&garh which had fallen into his hands. He also sent a large sum to Majndn Khdn. Asaf Khdn and Majndn Kh&n took a bold course, and. went forth to confront the rebels, and sent a report to the Emperor of the position.

When the statements of the amirs reached the Emperor at his encampment, he resolved to punish these attempts. He ordered Mu’nim Kh&n Kh&n-kh&n&n to march in advance with a strong force, and to cross over the river at Kanauj, to keep the enemy in check. He himself remained behind a few days to collect and organize his forces. In the month of Shaww&l be crossed over the Jumna, and marched to chastise the rebels. Upon approach- ing Kanauj, Mu’nim Kh&n came forth to meet him, bringing with him Kiy& Kh&n Gang^, who had joined the rebels, and begged forgiveness for him. The Emperor pardoned his crime, and restored him to his former position. He remained ten days waiting for an opportunity to cross the river.

When the waters subsided, intelligence was brought that Sikandar Kh&n, heedless of what was to happen, was still in Lucknow. Thereupon His Majesty . left^ Khw&ja Jah&n, Mu- za&r Kh&n, and Mu'in Kh&n in charge of the camp, while he himself started oif at midnight with a valiant body of men to inarch against tlie rebel with all speed. That night and the next day he struggled through all obstacles without taking rest, and on the following morning came in sight of Sikandar at Lucknow. As soon as Sikandar heard of his approach, he hastily ^ See Bloehmonn's. Alshari^ yoI. i. p. 369,

abandoned Lucknow and fled. The horses of the Einperor?s force were quite worn out with fatigue, so Sikandar made his escape, and went off unmolested to Khdn-zam&n and Bah&dur Khdn. They also were now alarmed, and retreated from before Xsaf Eh&n to Jaunpur. They marched from thence, and sending forward their adherents, they crossed the river at the ferry of Marhan, and halted on the other side of the river.

The Emperor sent on Y tisuf Muhammad Eh&n ^ in advance from Lucknow, and himself followed close after him. He ‘encamped| in the neighbourhood of Jaunpdr, and there Jisaf Eh&n and Majn&n Kh&n came to pay their respects, and were graciously received. Xsaf Eh&n brought with him some costly offerings, which were accepted. Next day his army, which had been got together by means of the treasures of Garha, and numbered five thousand horse, was drawn out in the plain and reviewed by His Majesty, who expressed his royal satisfaction. On Friday, the 12th Zi-1 hijja, the royal forces entered the citadel of Jaun- pur. Orders were given to Xsai Eh&n and other great nobles to cross over the Ganges at the ferry of Narhan, where ’All Euli Eh&n and his followers had passed, and then to go to confront the rebels, and act according to circumstances. Asaf Eh&n, in obedience to orders, crossed the Ganges with the force under his command.

Between ’All Euli Eh&n-zam&n and Sulaiman Eir&ni Afgh&n, ruler of Bengal, there was a strong alliance and identity of interest ; it was therefore deemed expedient to send an envoy to Sulaim&n, in order to forbid his rendering assistance to Eh&n- zam&n. H&ji Muhammad Ehan Sist&ni, a man remarkable for prudence, was accordingly sent. When he reached the fort of Boht&s, some Afgh&n chiefs, who were in league with ’AH Euli Eh&n, arrested him and sent him to ^Ali Eulf. The H&ji was on very friendly terms with the Eh&n, who was greatly pleased to see him, and did his utmost to treat him with re|pect and honour. The Eh&n thought it advisable to make the H&ji the ^ Son of the lato Atka Kh&n,

medium of seeking forgiveness for his offences, and determined to send his mother along with the H&ji to make intercession at il Court. The result of this proceeding will be hereafter narrated.

The B&ja of Orissa, one of the divisions of the province of Bengal, was a powerful chief, and kept a strong hand over all the surrounding country. The Emperor sent Husain £h&n ^haz&nchi and MahS^patar, who was an accomplished master of Hindi music, on an embassy to the Bdja, holding out great promises of favour and distinction to induce him to prevent Sulaimdn Ehdn Afghdn from rendering any assistance to *AIi Euli Khdn. After honourably entertaining Husain Kh&n and Mah&p&tar for four months, he sent them back to Court with several fine elephants and other splendid presents. This country of Orissa is an extensive territory, of which the capital is Jagan- n&th — Jagannath being an idol which gives name and renown to the city.

After Asaf Eh&n had joined the Emperor and shown his forces, Muzaffar Kh&n showed hostility towards him, and in- duced some persons to bring charges against him in respect of the plunder of Carha. He himself also alarmed Asaf Kh&n with some significant observations. This filled the heart of Asaf Eh&n with suspicion and anxiety. When he was made com- mander Sf the forces, and was sent against 'All Hull Kh&n, he seized the opportunity, and at midnight went off with his brother Wazir Kh&n, and his party, towards Karra. Next day the chief nobles, without delay, communicated the fact of his flight to the Emperor, and the Emperor appointed Mu’nim Kh&n to succeed him in the, command. He also sent Shuj&^at Kh&n with a detachment in pursuit of Asaf Kh&n, to chastise him for his conduct. When Shuj&’at Kh&n reached M&nikpur, he found that Asaf Kh&n had gone to Karra, and intended to proceed

from thence to Ghtrha-Katanka.^ Shiij&’at Eh&n emh^ked\ils men in boats, intending to cross the river, and ^saf Kh&n, being informed of this, turned back to the river-bank, and reached it as the boats arrived. A great struggle ensued, in ivhich Asaf Eb&n succeeded in preventing the landing of Shuj&’at Eh&n, who was obliged to return to his own side at nightfall. In the course of the night, ^saf Kh&n resumed his flight, and next morning Shuj&’at Kh&n crossed the liver in pursuit ; but finding the attempt to overtake him hopeless, he fell back and rejoined# the Emperor at Jaunpiir,

Mission of Kalij Khdn to the Fort of Bohtds.

This fort is situated in Bih&r, and in height and strength excels all the fortresses of Hind6st&n. The surface of the hill upon which the fort is built is more than fourteen hos in length, and its \ividth is three /ros, and the height from the plain to the battlements is about half a kosf^ From the time of Sher Kh&n Afgh&n it remained in the hands of the Afgh&ns, until the time when Sulaim&n Kir&ni became ruler of Bengal. Fath Kh&n Tibati then seized upon it, and refused to submit to Sulaim&n. In the year 972 h., Sulaim&n collected an army, and in the expectation of the help of ^AU KuU Kh&n^ marched against Eoht&s, and laid siege to it.

When the Imperial forces marched in that direction against Kh&n-zam&n, Fath Khan, seizing upon this favourable chance,® sent his brother Husain Kh&n to the Emperor with rich presents, and with a message in which he said that^the fort belonged to the Emperor, and that he would send him the keys as soon as the Imperial camp was pitched at Jaunp&r.

^ Near JabalpCr, ia Central India. See a note in Blocbmann's Ain-i Akbari^ Tol. i. p. 367.

2 AgrvBulture ia carried on within the fortress, and water is so abundant that if a peg is driven into the ground, or a-hole is dug for a fire, water is everywhere found. — ^Bad&dni, vol. ii. p. 78.

3 Abti-l Fazl says that Fath Kh&n having professed allegiance, the Emperor sent Kalij Kh&n to arrange matters. He was so far successful that Fath Kh&n sent his brother with Kalij Kh&n to wait upon Akhax^^JJsbar^ndma, vol. il p. 236.

Sufaim&f , on being informed of the approach of the Imperial forces, raised the siege. Fath !Elb&n being thus relieved of his adversary, brought into the fort all the provisions he could (Sollect. Bepenting of having sent his brother on the mission, he now wrote to him directions to make his escape, and come into the fort, which was well stored. When the Emperor encamped at Jaunpdr, Husain Ehdn requested that some one might be sent with him to receive the keys of the fort. Kalij ^Kh&n was accordingly sent to receive the keys from Fath Kh&n, and bring them to the Emperor. But when Kalfj Khdn reached Bohtds, Fath Khdn affected to comply, and detained him some days. Ealij Eh&n at length discovered the duplicity of Fath Ehdn, and returned to Court unsuccessful.

Proceedings of ^All KuU Khan {Khdn-zamdn).

When ^Ali KuH Klidn faced the Imperial forces at* the ferry of Narhan, he sent jiis brother Bahddur Khan, in company with Sikandar Khdn, to the country of Sarwdr,^ in order to stir up a rebellion in that country. When this news reached His Majesty's ears, he issued orders for several of the chief nobles, such as Shdh Biddgh Khdn and his son 'Abdu-1 Matlab Khdn Kiyd Khan and * ♦ ♦ to march against Sikandar and Bahddur Khdn, under the command of Mir Mu’izu-1 Mulk, who was a descendant of the Saiyids of Meshhed, and was renowned for his valour.®

It has been already mentioned that Khan-khdndn (Mu^'nim .Khdn) was sent to take the place of Asaf Khan in command of the army, which confronted Khdn-zamdn at the ferry of Harhan. Between Khdn-khdndn and Khdn-zaman there w^as an old and warm friendship, and when they were thus opposed to each other, a correspondence was opened, and it was agreed that

i So in the MSS., and so written also by Bad&dni and Ahd-1 Fazl. wohld therefore seem to be another name of Surharpdr. See note au^rd^ p. 296. ^

’ Bad&dni (vol. ii. pp. 79, 80), on the contrary, speaks of his incapacity, a'hd is Baroastic about the impractical temper of the people of Meshhed. See BlQ(^mann*s Akbarif toI. i. p. 381.

Kh&n-zam&n should wait upon Eh&n-kh&nan to discuss the terms of peace. The negociations lingered on for four or five months, and warlike operations were suspended.

The Emperor then sent Ehw&ja-jah&n and Darb&r Kh&n to the army, to ascertain and report if this cessation of hostilities were advisable, and if not to order an immediate advance of the Imperial forces over the river against the rebels. When Ehw&ja* jahdn and Darbdr Khdn reached the army, Khan-zamdn resolved to profit by their arrival, and having offered his congratulations he brought forward his proposals of peace. After many com- munications and much correspondence, it was agreed that Khan- zamdn and Ibrdhirn Khdn on one side, and Khwdja Jahdn aild Darbdr Khdn on the other side, should have an interview in boats in the middle of the river.^ After a long discussion it was determined that Khdn>zamdn should send his mother, ’Ali Khdn, and Ibrdhirn Khdn his uncle, to the Court of the Emperor, to ask pardon for his oficnces. Upon receiving forgiveness the Khdn and his brother and Sikandar Khdn were to go to Court, Khdn- zaman was also to send with his mother some elephants which he possessed. These matters being agreed upon, Khan-zamdn returned to his camp, Khdn-khdndn and Khwdja-jahdn wrote a statement of the settlement, and sent it by Darbdr Khdn to the Emperor, Next day ’All Kuli Khdn sent his mother,^ and Ibrdhirn Khdn, and the elephants in charge of Mir Hddi his 8adr^ and Nizdni Akd, one of his confidants. Khdn-kfidndn and Khwdja-jahdn took them and the elephants, and proceeded to Court to ask forgiveness for Khan-zamdn.

Just at Jhis time accounts arrived of the operations which Mir Mu'izu-1 Mulk and the other nobles were carrying on against Bahddur Khdn and Sikandar, whom Khdn-zamdn had sent to create disturbances and make a diversion in the sarkdr

^ , Abtl-I Fazl condemns Kb&n-khfin&n’s simplicity, says that it ^ras he who met Kh&n-zamhn on the river and settled the terms of peace, and that at his recom- mendation the Emperor sent Khwhja-jah&n to reassure Khhn-zam&n. — Akbar-^ndma^ vol. ii. W 326. But Bad&dni states (vol, ii. p. 79) that Kh&n-kh&nkn and Khw&ja« jahtn w^t together to the meeting, attended by three or four others.

of Sarwir. When intelligence of the approach of the royal forces reached them, they halted where they were, and sent persons to Mir Mu’izu*! Mulk to assure him that they had no wish to contend against him, and entreated him to be the mediator to obtain their forgiveness from the Emperor. They promised to send the elephant which they had as an offering, and to return to their duty upon pardon being vouchsafed to them. Mu’izu-l Mulk sent to say that their offences could be purified only by the sword. Bahddur Khdn again sent a person ito Mu’izu-1 Mulk to propose that he should wait upon him, and discuss the matter. Mu’izu-1 Mulk agreed to this, and went to the border of his camp, whither Bahddur Khdn came to meet him, and to make his propositions of peace. But Mu’izu-1 Mulk would hear of nothing but war, so Bahddur Khdn retunied disappointed, and resolved to mako ready for battle.

Lashkar Khdn Mir Bahhshi and Rdjd Todar MaP now arrived with reinforcements for the royal army,^ and Bahddur Khdn and Sikandar Khdn renewed their proposals of peace, and asked for a delay until it was ascertained what answer was given by the Emperor to the mother of Khdn-jahdn and to Ibrdhim Khdn, who had been sent to sue for forgiveness. But Mu'izu-1 Mulk was so eaofer for war® that he would not listen to their words, and so brought upon himself defeat.

Mu’izud Mulk drew out his forces for battle, and sent on his

^ B&j& Todar Mai, tke celebrated financier and administrator, was a Khatri and a native of Lahore. His father died when the son was quite young, and left no provision for him. The young man entered life as a writer, but be soon rose from that humble position, and was employed by Sher Shhh in superintending the erection of New Boht&s {suprd, p. 114). It was under the able government of Sher Shhh that his natural talents were trained and developed, so that ho was afterwards of inestimable service to Akbar, and made a name which still remains/ famous. This is the 6rst time the Tabakdt mentions him, but henceforward he ia one of the most prominent and active of all the able subordinates of Akbar. Lpe died on the 11th day of the year 998 (10 Nov. 1589). . . J

^ <They were sent to hasten on a decision either for peace or war.* — ^Badddni, VoL !i. p. 80.

^ Mu’iz was all fire, and Todar Mai poured on oil and naphtha.*’— i^addfinf, vol. ii. p. 80.

advanced guard under Muhammad Amin Diwana, Salim Eh&ilj ’Abdu-1 Matlab Khan, Beg Mdriu Eh&u, and other veteran soldiers ; he himself took post with the main body. On the other side Sikandar had command of the advance, and BahAdur of the centre. In this order they advanced, and a warm action ensued. The royal forces defeated the advanced division under the command of Sikandar. Muhammad YAr, his son-in-law, was killed, and he himself fell back to the Black Biver, which was in his rear. Many of his soldiers were drowned in the river, and many others died by the sword. The victorious forces then broke up in search of plunder. Mu^’izu-l Mulk, with a few men, kept his position, and BahAdur until now did not stir from his post. But now he seized the favourable moment, attacked Mu’izu-1 Mulk, and drove him from his position. Muhammad BAki Eh An and other of the amira^ under pretence of securing the baggage, and some others, treacherously withdrew tliemselves and stamped themselves with disloyalty. ShAh BidAgh KhAn, observing the condition of affairs, hastened forward, and in the hc:it of the fight was unhorsed. His son ’Abdu-1 Matlab KhAn rushed forward to rescue his father; but just at that juncture a party of the enemy made a charge and took BidAgh Khan prisoner, and it was only by dint of great exertion that ’A bdu-1 Matlab made his escape. Mir Mu’izu-1 Mulk was compelled to turn his back and flee. BAjA Todar Mai and Lashkar KhAn, who were in reserve, struggled valiantly till night, and maintained their position ; but as the centre had been driven away, their efforts were fruitless.

^ Next day^all the defeated forces assembled in one place, ^ and made for Eanauj, after sending a report of the engagement to \ His Majesty.

It has already been related how KhAn-khAnAn conducted the ^^her of KhAn-zamAn and IbrAhim KhAn, with Mir HAdf Sair ®»®WizAm AkA, to the Court of the Emperor. IbrAhim KhAn, II uncovered head and with a sword and shroud^ upon his jab&a wk 1 «( Shergarh.'»— Bad&Cni, vol. li. p. 72. .

n6ck, stepped forward, and Khdn-^kh&n&n entreated forgiveness. He urged that the services of Kh&n-zam&n and his brother to the Imperial throne were manifest to all men, amd the services they had rendered were invaluable. By the influence of their destiny they had now been guilty of an offence ; but he trusted that the boundless mercy and kindness of His Majesty would look with an eye of tenderness upon the faults of such useful servants.

When this old servant thus besought forgiveness for past offences with a face full of hope, the Emperor, out of the kindness that he felt for Khdn-kh&nan, said, “ For your sake, I forgive their offences, but I am not satisfied that they will remain faithful.'^ Khan-kh&nan then inquired what the order was as regarded their jdgirs^ and His Majesty replied, “ As I have pardoned their offences, what question can there be about their jdgin ? But so long as I remain in this neighbourhood they must not come over the river. When I return to the capital, they must send their vaMU there, and farmdm for their jdgh shall then be issued, under which they may take posses- sion.” Kh4n-kh&nan cast a look of joy to heaven, and sent the good news of the pardon to the mother of Kh&n-zaman. By command of the Emperor, the sword and shroud were taken off the neck of Ibr&him Khan. Kh4n-zam&n’s mother immediately sent messengers to Sikandar and Bah&dur Khdn, to carry the glad tidings of the pardon, and to inspire them with hope. She also advised them to send directly to Court the elephants which they possessed. Sikandar and Bahadur were greatly delighted at this information, and sent the elephants called Koh pdra and Saf-shikan, along with other gifts, to His Majesty.

At the same time the report arrived from R&ja Todar Mai and Lashkar Kh&n upon the action wdiich had been fought, and upon the misconduct of some of the amirs^ as above related. His Majesty had pardoned the offences (of Sikandar and Ba- h&dur Kh&n), so he said their faults have been forgiven and to carry out his decision he sent orders to his amirs to return

to Court. Mir Mu'izu-l'^Mulk, Rdj& Todar Mai, andJLashkar Kh&n, accordingly returned ; but those who had acted disgrace- fully were forbidden to make their appearance for a time.

The Emperor then went to visit the fort of Ohun&r, celebrated for its height and strength. He made three days^ march from Jaunptlr to Benares, and there rested several days. From thence he went to the fortress, and having surveyed it, he ordered it to be repaired and strengthened. Here he was informed that there were many elephants in the jungles of Ghun&r, so he set off with a party of his attendants on a hunting expedition. At ten kos distance they found a herd, and having captured ten, they returned to the fort of Chun&r, and from thence to the Imperial camp.

It has been above related how Khan-zaman was pardoned, and \hjdgirs restored, upon condition that he did not pass over, the river without permission. But when the Emperor had gone to Ohundr, he crossed tlie river, and went to Muhammad&b&d, one of the dependencies of Jaunpur, and from thence sent parties of troops to occupy GliazJpur and Jaunpur. As sc^n as the Emperor returned to his camp, he was informed of this evil proceeding of ’AU KuU Kli5,n^s, and he said reproachfully to Kh&n-kliandii, “ No sooner had I quitted this neighbourhood than ’Ali KuU Khan broke the copditions of his pardon.’’ Kh&n-khdii&n looked mortified, and endeavoured to make ex- cuse.

Orders wore given for Ashraf Khdn Mir^hakhsM to go to Jaunpur," and make prisoner the mother of 'Ali KuU Khan, who was in that city, and to confine her in the fort of Jaunpdr. He was also to secure every rebel he could lay hold of. Khw&ja Jah&n and Muzaffar Khdn were to remain with the camp, and lead it by regular marches. The Emperor himself, with a con- siderable force, started off upon a rapid march against ’All Kuli Kh&u. Ja’far Kh&n, son of Kar&k Kh&n Turkom&n, who had

Aonid from ’Ir&k, went to the fort of 6h&zipdr, intending to make a dash at it ; but 'All KuU Khdn’s people, who were ia the fort, hearing of his intention, let themselves down from the walls on to the river Ganges, and went to Muhammaddbad.

Khdn-zamdn; who was in that town, on being informed of what had occurred, hastened to make his escape by the water. When he reached the river Sarwar (Saru), some boats, laden with his property and effects, fell into the hands of the royal forces. A body of troops was sent across the river with orders to take no rest until they had secured Khdn-zamdn. The forces under the Emperor occupied the banks of the Sarwar (Sard), and after searching all the jungles, they found that Khdn-zaman had gone off to the Siwalik hills. ^ News now arrived that Bahddur Khdn had gone to Jaunpur,^ and liberated his mother. He made Ashraf Khdn prisoner, and formed the design of making an attack upon the royal camp.^ Upon learning this, the Emperor gave up the chase of Khdn-zamdn, and turned towards Jaunpdr. The detachment also, which had been sent on in pursuit of him, returned and joined the Em- peror. Sjkandar and Bahadur Khdn, being informed of this movement, made a retreat, and crossed the Ganges at the ferry of Narhan.

In the month of Eajab, when the royal camp was near the pargana of Nizdmdbdd, the annual Majlk4 wazn was held. Twice every year, on the Emperor s birthday, both according to the solar and lunar reckoning, the ministers and nobles weighed the Emperor against gold, silver, and other things, which things were afterwards distributed among the poor and needy.*

The Emperor marched from Nizdmdbdd to Jaunpiir, where he ordered a pleasant site to be selected, and a splendid palace

^ Tie proceeded first to the fort of Jalfipfira. — jik^ar-ndma, vol. ii. p. 335.

• He took the fort by escalade. — Badhdni, vol. ii. p. 83. ^

• He levied contributions St JaunpCir, and afterwards at Benares. — Akbar^ndma, vol. ii. p. 336.

^ This is a Hindu practice, and Bad&dnt ssys (vol. ii. p. 84) the gold and other things were given to the brahmans and others.

to be built ; and the nobles also were to build houses and palaces suitable to their rank. For it was detei^mined that so long as ^AU KuU Khan and his brother should remain in the world, Jaunpur should be the capital of the State. The royal forces were sent in pursuit of the fugitives, with instructions to take no rest until they had inflicted the punishment due to them. When 'AU KuU Khan heard of this, he left the Siwalik hills, whither he had fled, and came to the side of the Ganges. Then he sent a faithful follower named Mirzd Mubarak Rizwi^ to Court with a message. This man went along with the mother of Khan-zamdn to Khdn-khdndn, and delivered his message. Kh&n-kh&ndn, with the assistance of Mir 'Abdu-1 Latif, Mulla ^Abdu-lla Makhdtimu-l Mulk, who was Shaikhu-1 Isl&m of Hind, and Shaikh ’Abdu-n Nabi the 8adr^ again made intercession for Khan-zamdn ; and the Emperor, in his great kindness, once more pardoned his offences.

Khwdja-jahdn, Mir Murtaza Sharifi, and Makhddmu-l Mulk were commanded to go to Kh&n-zamdn, to reprove him, and to convey to him the glad tidings of his forgiveness. When the party reached the camp of Khdn-zam&n, he came fortji to meet them, and conducted them with great honour to his dwelling. He detained them some time, and treated them most respect- fully. Then as required, he expressed contrition for his faults, took an oath of fidelity, and bade his visitors farewell. The Emperor’s opponents having repented of their unrighteous deeds, and made their submission, he returned to the capital in the beginning of the eleventh year of the reign, corresponding with 973 H. -

The beginning of this year corresponded with Monday, 20th •Sha’b&n, 973 h. (12th March, 1566). The Court reached the capital 4gra at the beginning of this year, on Friday, the 8th

^ This was the title he afterwards acquired. He was at this time called Mirzi Mirak. — Bad&dni, yol. ii. p. 84.

Ramaz&n, After a few days' rest and pleasure, the Emperor visited Nagar-chin, a fine building which he had founded. _Eis pleasure in the game of ehaugdn; game played at night with fire* balls. Death of Muhammad Yiisuf Khdn Atka^ Kokaltdsh of the Emperor y from excessive drinking.

March of Mahdi Kasim Khdn to Qarha^ and Flight of A! saf Khdn to Khdn*zamdn,

The Emperor’s mind being now relieved from all anxiety in respect of ’All KuU Khan and other rebels, Mahdi K&sim Khdn, one of the old nobles of the Imperial house, was sent with 3000 or 4000 men to Garha to settle the affairs of that country, and to capture Asaf Khdn. Before Mahdi Kdsiin Khdn arrived, Asaf Khdn quitted the fort of Chaurdgarh, and went off into the jungles. He wrote a letter, full of humility and repentance, to the Emperor, asking permission to go on the pilgrimage. Mahdi Kdsim Khdn, on arriving in Garha, secured all the country, and went in pursuit of Asaf Khdn, who then wrote letters to Khdn-zamdn, proposing to go and join him. Khdn-zamdn wrote in reply, inviting him to come to him. Asaf Khdn, deceived by this, went to Jaunpur, along with his brother Wazir Khdn ; but at the very first audience he beheld the arro- gance of Khdn-zamdn, and was sorry that he had come. Mahdi Kdsim Khdn, being in despair of capturing the fugitive, returned to Grarha, and ho sent back to Court the men who had been despatched to reinforce him.

Khdn-zamdn sent Asaf Khan along with Bahddur Khdn to seize upon some territories which were in the hands of the Afghdns ; but he kept Wazir Khdn near himself, and •appointed men to watch him. Wazir Khdn sent a person to Asaf Khdn to say, ** I intend to fly from this place at such and such a time : do you also in some way or other get away^ from Bahddur Khdn.” Asaf Khdn accordingly, leaving all his baggage and property behind, went off in the night, and took the road to Karra-Mdnikpur. In the course of the night

he travelled thirty kos^ but Bahadur Kh&n pursued him, and overtook him between Jaunpdr and M&nikpur. A fight ensued, in which Asaf Kh&n was defeated and taken prisoner. Bah&dur Kh&n threw him into a howda on an elephant, and went on his way, when Wazir Kh&n, who had got away from Khdn-zaft&n, came up. Bah&dur Kh&n, feeling that he was unable to cope with Wazir Khan, gave orders for putting Asaf Khan to death at once in the howda. Sword-cuts wero aimed at Asaf Kh&n, three of his fingers were cut off, and he received a wound also in the nose; but Wazir Kh&n fought his way through, and rescued his brother. The two brothers then went to Karra, and Bah&dur Kh&n returned without accomplishing his object. Wazir Kh&n proceeded to Court, and, through the intervention of Muzaf- far Kh&n, he was admitted to an audience, and received pardon for his own and his brother's offences, while His Majesty was near Lahore, engaged in the pursuit of Mirz& Muhammad Hakim and in hunting, as will be related in their appropriate place. A farmdn of favour and conciliation was sent to Asaf Kh&n.

Mirzd Sulaimdn*s fourth attempt upon Kdbul.

It has been related in a former page how Mirz& Sulaim&n led his army against K&bul, and how the Imperial forces were sent to the assistance of Mirz& Muhammad Hakim. Mirz& Sulaim&n, unable to resist, retreated to Badakhsh&n, and the Imperial nobles, having taken leave of Mirz& Muhammad Hakim, returned to Hindust&n. Sulaim&u being now informed of the return of the Emperor's forces, assembled his army in Badakhsh&n, and marched with his wife Khurram Begam to effect the conquest of K&bul. Mirz& Muhammad Hakim left K&bul in charge of Ma'sum Koka, who was in his confidence, and had a reputation, for courage. He himself went with Khw&ja Hasan Nakshabandi and the army into the valley of the Ghorband. Mirz& Sulaim&n advanced to K&bul, and invested the fortress. When he found that he was not likely to capture it, he took counsel, and sent

Ilia wife £hurram Begam into Ghorband to Mirad Muhammad Hakim, in order to delude him with a show of kindness and friendship, and to prevail over him hj plausible representations. Khurram Begam accordingly left Mirza Sulaimau before K&bul, and* went towards. Ghorband. She sent forward some persons to assure Mivzk Muhammad Hakim of her great affection for him, that having no son of her own, she looked upon him as her son, and that the great object of her journey was to bring about concord and unity.

MirzS, Muhammad Hakim, in consequence of this message, determined to have a meeting with Khurram Begam at Kard- bdgh, which is about ten koa from Kdbul ; and he sent niessen* gers to her to inform her of his intention, and to receive from her satisfactory assurances. Khurram Begam showed great joy at the prospect of a meeting, and affirmed with strong oaths that she had no deceitful or treacherous designs, and that her sole object was unanimity. The messengers listened to those words and returned. They had not gone far, when that stupid ^ woman sent off messengers in hot haste to Mirzd Sulaimdn, informing him of the intended meeting at Karab&gh, and advising him to come there secretly with all speed, and await his opportunity. Mirza Sulaim&n left Muhammad Kuli Shaghdli, a man of courage and one of his confidential nobles, with 1000 men, in charge of his daughters, who were with him in his camp at Kdbul. With the rest of the army he made a forced march to the neighbourhood of Kar&b&gh, and there took post in ambush.

The messengers sent by Mirza Muhammad Hakim to Khur- ram Begam returned to him, and reported all her assurances and pledges. They strongly urged him to meet her, and Khw&ja Hasan Nakshabandi exerted his influence to the same end. But Baki Kakshdl was opposed to the Mirzd’s going, and said the woman was intent upon some stratagem and deception. Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, howevSr, having promised to meet Khurram Begam, would not listen to Bdki K&ksh&rs objections, ^ ndkis^Mf hardly an appropriate epithet.

and proceeded with a few trusty followers towards Kar&b&gh. When they reached the appointed place, some of Mirzd Sulai- m&n’s soldiers, who had got separated in the night, came in and made known the fact of Mir^d Sulainian having come, and of his lying in concealment. As soon as he was informed of this, Mirzd Muhammad Hakim returned, and Sulaimdn, being in* formed of his departure, set off in pursuit. In the pass of Sanjad-darra they overtook some of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim^s men, and made them prisoners. They also plundered the Mirzd’s baggage, etc., which was in the rear, and they stopped in the pass. The Mirzd himself, along with Muhammad Hakim, reached Ghorband. From thence they went to Jaldldbdd, and afterwards to tho banks of the Indus.

As soon as he crossed the river, the Mirzd wrote a letter to the Emperor, and sent it by his envoys. They reached the Court at the time it was at Nagar-chin, and were honoured with an inter- view. They presented the Mirzd^s letter, in which he set forth the unfortunate state of his affairs. Intelligence of the distrac- tions at Kdbul had reached the Court before their arrival, and the Emperor had appointed Faridun Khan, maternal uncle of the Mirzd, and a noble of the Imperial Court, to go to his assist- ance. He now sent Khush-khabr Khdn, one of the royal heralds, with money, goods of Hinddstdn, and a horse and saddle, to the Mirzd; and he wrote a farmdn, in which he said that if the Mirzd required assistance, he would send the amirs of the Panjdb to support him.

When Khush-khabr Khdn approached the camp, the Mirzd hastened out with due ceremony and respect to receive the farmdn. After the arrival of Khush-khabr Khdn, Faridun laboured to instigate the Mirzd to hostile attempts, representing that it would be easy for him to effect the conquest of Lahore. Hostilities having been resolved upon, he tried to persuade the Mirzd to seize Khush-khabr Khdn. But although the Mirzd had been led away by his foolish persuasions, he was too honour- able to consent to the detention of Khush-khabr Khdn ; so he

invited the Khdn to his presence secretly, and sent him away. Sult&n ’Ali, a clerk who had fled from the Court, and Hasan Elhdn, brother of Shah&bu-d din Ahmad Khan, who was in K&bul, helped to excite the hostile spirit, and added their voices to Fariddn's.

Won over by their persuasions, the Mirzd broke into open revolt, and marched against Lahore. Upon coming into the neighbourhood of the city, he began to plunder. Some of the nobles of the Paiijdb, such as Mir Muhammad Khan-i Kaldn,^ Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khan, and Sharif Muhammad, hearing of these proceedings, assembled in Lahore. They looked to the safety of the fort, and wrote an account of the Mirz&’s rebellion and hostile acts to the Emperor. On arriving near Lahore, the Mirzd encamped in the garden of Mahdi Kdsim Khdn, which is in sight of the city. Several times he marshalled his forces, and advanced to the foot of the fortifications ; but the amirB ot the Panjdb repulsed him with the fire of their guns and muskets. . At length, when intelligence came of the advance of the royal forces, the Mirza, feeling unable to offer resistance, took to flight.

When the hostile proceedings of Mirza Muhammad Hakim became known to the Emperor, his countenance showed the anger which he felt, and he gave orders for the preparation of the army. Leaving Mu’nim Khdn Khdn-khdndn in charge of Agra, the capital, and Muzaffar Khdn in direction of the diwdnl^ on the 3rd Jumdda-1 awwal, 974 h., he began his march. In ten days he reached Dehli, and went to visit the shrines of the saints who there repose, and bestowed his royal bounty on the poor and needy. From thence he proceeded by regular inarches to Sirhind. He was greatly pleased with the hdzdrs of this tovw, and commended Hafiz Bakhna, who was the BhikMdr$ and

^ “ And all the Atka amira^'* all the relations of Shamsn-d din Mnhammad Atka. ---Badkdni, vol. i1. p. 91. Tho £h5,n-i Kalkn nras elder brother of Shanisa.d din.

placed the sarkdrddri of that place in his charge. After crossing the Jumna, he received intelligence of the flight of Mii*z& Muhammad Hakim, but he wont on joyfully to Lahore. Upon approaching the city, the great amira^ who had exhibited their loyalty and devotion, came forth to meet him, and received dis- tinguished marks of royal favour. In the month of Eajab he arrived at Lahore, the ddru-s aallamty and took up his abode in the house of Mahdi Kasim Khdn, in the citadel. By command of Ills Majesty, Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khdn and Kamdl Khdn Gakhar went in pursuit of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, and advanced beyond the pargana of Bahra. There they learnt that the Mirzd had crossgd the Indus, so they returned.

When Mirzd Muhammad Hakim heard that Mirzd Sulai'mdn had gone back to Badaklishdu, he made haste to Kdbul. It has been related in a former page how Mirzd Sulainidn left his daughters in his camp at Kdbul, and went off in haste to seize upon Mirzd Muhammad Hakim at Kardbdgh. Nekt day Muhammad Ma’sdm Koka, whom Mirzd Muhammad Hakim had left in command at Kdbul, sent out a force to attack the besiegers** camp, and defeated them. Muhammad Kuli Shaghdli, who was in command, gave up his baggage to plunder, and went off with the daughters of Mirad Sulairndu to Ghahdr-diwdr Bdgh, a place iu the vicinity, and there entrenched himself. The Kdbul forces surrounded the place, and sought to make him and Mirzd Sulaimdn's daughters their prisoners; but Ma’sum Koka, considering it unseemly to make prisoners of the ladies, recalled his men. Mirzd Sulaimdn returned unsuccessful from Kardbdgh, and again laid siege to Kdbul, but Ma'sum Koka had grown bold and daring. Every day he sent out parties of men, and sorely troubled the besiegers. The weather grew very cold, so Mirzd Sulaimdn became desirous of peace. Ma’sum Koka was aware of his distress, and was anxious to flght; so he would not make peace. Finally, Mirzd Sulaimdn sent in Kdzi Khan Badakhshi, who had been tutor of Ma’sum Koka, and prevailed upon him to send the Mii*zd a small present. Peace

was thus made. The Mirzd first sent on his wife, and then followed her to Badakhsh&n.

When the Imperial Court arrived at Lucknow, many of the zamlnddrs of the country came in to pay their allegiance, and were graciously received. Those who were unable to come them- selves sent their representatives with presents and offerings, and their assurances of loyalty. Among them, Muhammad B&ki Tarkh&n, son of Mirz4 ’fsd, ruler of Sindh, sent his ambassadors to Court, to say that his father, who had been one of the dependents of the Imperial throne, was dead, and that he, tlie successor, considered himself among the vassals of the Emperor. Sultan Mahmud, the governor {toali) of the fort, supported by the Eazilbashis of Kandahar, was making attacks upon his teiTitories, and he therefore besought the Emperor to prevent these molestations. In compliance with this application, the Emperor sent a farmdn to Sult&n Mahmfid, directing him to keep within his own boundaries, and not to attack the territories of Muhammad Bdki.

During the stay at Lahore, a letter arrived from Agra, from Mu’nim Khdn Kiidn-khan&n, with the intelligence that the sons of Muhammad Sultdn Miraa and TJlugh Mirzd, by name Ibra- him Husain Mirzd, Muhammad Husain Mirza, and Shdli Mirza, who held jagir% in the sarkdr of Sambal, had broken out in rebellion. And when he, Khdii-khanan, had marched as far as Dehli to punish them, they had heard of his approach, and had gone off towards Mandu. This Muhammad Sultan Mirzd was son of Wis Mirzd, sou of Mankard Mirzd, son of Mansdr, son of Mankard, son of 'TJmar Shaikh, son of Amir Timur Gurgdn Sdhib-lHrdn, His mother was a daughter of Sultdn Husain Mirzd. After the death of Sultdn Husain Mirzd, he came to the Court of the Emperor Bdbar, and was honourably received. The Emperor Humdyuii also treated him with consideration during the days of his reign. His sons, Uldgh Mirzd and Shdh Mirzd, were also in the service of Humdyun. These men had several times been guilty of rebellious actions, and their offences

had been forgiven. TJlugh Beg was killed in an attack upon the Hazdra country, and SIiAh Mirzd was killed by the arrows of robbers in the pass of Ma’mura, about ten parasangs from Kdbul. TJlugh Beg left two sons, Sult&n Muhammad Mirz& and Sikandar Mirza. His Majesty [Hum&ydn] treated them kindly, and to Sikandar Mirzd he gave the title of TJlugh Mirz&, and to Sultdn Muhammad Mirz& the title of Shdh Mirzd. When the Emperor Akbar succeeded to the throne, Muhammad Sultan Mirzd had grown old, so he was excused service, and the pargana of ^Azampur, in Sambal, was settled upon him for his maintenance. Several sons were borne to him in his old age — Ibrdhim Husain Mirza, Muhammad Husain Mirza, and ^Akil Husain Mirza. To every one of these the Emperor gave suitable jdglrs^ and advanced them to the dignity of amirs. They were constantly in attendance upon His Majesty, rendering their services. When the Emperor returned from his Jaunpur campaign, they repaired to their jdgi)% and remained in Sambal. But when His Majesty went to Lahore, to repress the attempt of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, TJlugh Mirza and Sh&h Mirza, in concert with their uncles Ibrdhim Husain and Mirz& Mu- hammad Husain, broke out into rebellion, and attacked several parganas. But the Jdgirddrs of the neighbourhood gathered together and attacked them, so that they had to Qy to M^lwa, as will be related in the sequel.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Monday, 2nd Eamaz&n, 974 h. (12th Feb. 1567). At the beginning of this year, which was near the Nauroz^ His Majesty determined to go out for a Kamurgha^ hunt. An order was issued to all the great amirs for forty miles round Lahore to drive the animals together into a large plain, situated about five hos from Lahore.

^ Kamurglta, a Turk! word for a great battue^ in which the game is driven into a centre by a large circle of beaters.— voUii. pp. 354, 421.

Accordingly the amin^ under the direction of Mir Muhammad Atka, drove together about fifteen thousand animals, deer, niU gdoSy jackals, foxes, etc., into that plain. The extent of this hunting ground was five hoB on every side, and the Emperor‘*s tent (kasar)y which he used in his campaigns, was brought here and set up. The Emperor then mounted, and went out to hunt. The amirs and the khdns daily drew their lines closer, and narrowed the circle. When several days had passed in this sport, His Majesty graciously gave his attendants permission to shoot, and afterwards made the permission general, so that there was no soldier or any person who did not get several kinds of game. After the sport was over, the Emperor returned towards the city, and on reaching the river of Lahore, he plunged into the water on horseback and swam over. Of the attendants who followed His Majesty, Kliush-khabr Khdn Yasdwal and Mir Muhammad, son of Slier Muhammad Kfird&r, were drowned. While the hunt was going on, Hamid Bakri, one of the most favoured equerries (gasdwal)^ having drunk too much, had wounded one of the Emperor’s attendants with an arrow. This person found an opportunity in the course of the hunting to complain to the Emperor, who ordered Kalij Khdn to strike off the offender’s head. Kalij Khdn used a sword, which broke with the blow, without doing the culprit any harm. When the Emperor saw this, he respited him, but had him exposed to public derision.

About this time Muzaffar Khan, who had been left in charge of the diwdni at Agra, proceeded to the camp of the Emperor, along with Wdzir Khan, brother of Asaf Khan, and joined it while he was out on the hunting excursion. Tlie author’s father, who had remained behind at Agra on government business, accompanied Muzaffar Khdn on this journey, and I, the author of this work, went along with my father. In fiiie,-^ the Emperor forirave the offences of Asaf Kh&n and Wazir Khdn, and admitted the latter to an audience. A command was given that Aeaf TTh&n, along with Majudn Kh&n Kaksh&l, should go to

Earra-M&nikpur, and provide for the safety of the dependent territories.

Intelligence now arrived that ^AU KuU Kh&n, Bah&dur Eh&n, and Sikandar Kh&n had again broken their engagements, and risen in rebellion.^ Hereupon the Emperor placed their mkil Mirzd Mirak Eizwi in custody of Khan Bdki Khdn, and leaving the direction of the affairs of the Panjdb in the charge of Mir Muhammad Khdn and all the Atkas, on the 12th Bamazan, 974 IT. (22nd March, 1567), he started on his return to Agra.

When the Emperor arrived at Thdnesar, there was an assem-^ Wage of JogU and Sannydsis on the banks of a lake called Kur- khet. This is a sacred place of the brahmans, and on occasion of eclipses the people of Hindustdn flock thither from all parts to bathe. There was a great assemblage there on this occasion, and the people were bestowing their gifts of gold and silver, and jewels and stuffs, upon the brahmans. Many of them threw themselves into the water, and the Jogk and Sannydsk^ were gathering a rich harvest from their charity. In consequence of a feud which existed between these two sects, they came to the Emperor, seeking permission to settle it by fighting. The Sannydm were between two and three hundred in number, and the Jogk, who wear only rags, were over five hundred. When tUb adversaries stood ready to begin the fray, by tho Emperor’s order, some soldiers smeared their persons with ashes, and went to support the Sannydsk^ who were the weaker party. A fierce fight endued, and many were killed. The Emperor greatly enjoyed the sight. At length the Jogis were defeated, and the Sannydm were the victors.

Wlien the Imperial camp reached Dehli, Mirza Mirak Eizwi, who had been left in the charge of Khan Bfiki Khdn, made his escape, and although the^Khdn pursued him, he did not succeed

^ They had catised the khulba to he read in the name of Mirz& Muhammad HakCm. — Akbar^ndma, vol. ii. p. 359.

• Abd-1 Fazl says the two sects were called "Gurs and Puris" {Akbar^ndma, Tol. ii. p. 361) ; and he also speaks of the pleasure th^t Akbar derived from wit* nessing the fight.

in recapturing him, and so, being apprehensive of the Emperor's displeasure, ho himself fled. Tatdr Zh&n, the governor of Dehli, reported that Muhammad Amin Diw&na,^ who had fled from Lahore, had gone to the house of Shah&b Kh&n Turkoman, where he stayed some days, and after obtaining from him pecu- niary assistance and a horse, had gone off to join the insui*- gents. This greatly incensed the Emperor, and ho directed Sh&h Fakliru-d din Meshhedi to apprehend Shahdb Khan. When the Emperor was encamped at the village of Palwal,* Shahdb Kh&n was brought in for punishment, and was there executed.

Upon arriving at Agra, the Emperor was informed that Khan- zaman was besieging the fort of Shergarh, four koB distant from Kanauj, in which fort Mirza Yusuf Kh&n was shut up. Nineteen days after his arrival at Agra, the Enyperor lefib KhS,n-khan5.n in charge of the city, and on Monday, tlie 23rd ^hawwal, 974 H., marched towards Jaunpur. When he reached the pargana of Saket, 'All Kuli Klidn decamped from before Shergarh, and fled to his brother Bahddur Khdn, who was in Mdnikpiir. Tho royal camp was next pitched near the town of Bhojpur, and the Emperor detached Muhammad Kuli Khdii Birlas, Muzaflar Khan, Rdja Todar Mai, Shah Bidagli Kli&n and his son 'Abdu-1 Matlab Hasan Kh&n, 'Adil Muhammad, Khwaja Ghiyasu*d din 'Ali Bakkshi, and other oiEcers, with nearly 6000 horse, against Sikandar, who was in Oudh. He himself continued his march towards M4nikpur.

When he reached the pargana of R4i Bareilly, he learnt that 'All Kuli Khdn and Bahadur Khan had crossed the Ganges with the object of proceeding towards Kalpi.® Ho then directed his camp to proceed under the command of Khwdja Jahdn to

^ He had made an attempt upon the life of one of the Imperial generals, and was condemned to death; but his punishment was commuted for tho bastinado and imprisonment. He received the corporal punishment, and escaped next daj.— Jiibar^ndtiHif vol. ii. p. 368. ♦

» The Akbar-ndma (vol. ii. p. 366) says “Gwhlior.*'

the fort of Karra, and then marched with all possibjie speed to the ferry of M&nikpiir.^ There he crossed the river upon the back of an elephant, and from 1000 to 1500 men swam the river along with him. Majnun Khdn and Xsaf Kh&n^ who were in advance, constantly sent back intelligence of the enemy. It so happened that *AU KuU Khan and Bah&dur Khan had occupied themselves all that night in wine- drinking and licentiousness, and were heedless of everything else. The warlike demonstrations against them they attributed to the daring of Majnun Khdn, and would not believe that the Emperor was near at hand.

On Sunday, the 1st Zi-1 hijja, the Emperor made his disposi- tions for action. He himself took command of the centre. Asaf Khdn and all the Atkas^ were on the right; Majndn Khan and other amirs were on the left. This day II is Majesty rode an elephant called Bdlsundar, and Mirzd Koka, who bore the title of ^Azam Khdn, was seated in the howda with him. The enemy, being now fully aware of the Emperor's advance, prepared themselves for death. They drew out their forces, and sent a body of men to oppose the advanced guard of the Emporor.3 Baba Khdn Kdkshdl, who commanded the advance, repulsed them and drove them back upon the lines of 'AH KuU Khdn. In the confusion, the horse of one of the fugitives ran against the horse of 'AU Kuli Khan, and the Khdn s turban fell off. Bahddur Khdn saw this, and his spirit being roused, he made a bold charge upon the advanced guard under Bdbd Khdn, and drove it back upon the ranks of Majnun "Khdn. Bahddur Khdn in the pursuit came between these two forces. He fought manfully, but his horse, being

^ There had been heavy rains; the country was flooded, and the river much swollen. — Akbaa-ndma^ vol. ii. p. 366.

2 The word *''Atkas” is taken from Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 96). The name used in the MSS. of the Tabakdt is doubtful.

Only dOO men and dOO elephants had managed to keep up with the Emperor, The rest followed and took part in the fight as they arrived. — Akbar-ndma^ vol, ii. p. 368.

wounded by an arrow^ became unmanageable, and he was thrown to the ground and made prisoner.

As -the battle grew hot, the Emperor alighted from his elephant and mounted a horse. Then he gave orders for tiie elephants to be driven against the lines of ^Ali Kuli Xh&n. There was among them an elephant named Hirdnand, and when he approached the ranks of the enemy, they let loose against him an elephant called Diydna; but Hirdnand gave him such a butt, that he fell upon the spot. ^Ali Kuli Khdn received a wound from an arrow, and while he was engaged in drawing it out, another arrow struck his#horse. The animal became restive, and ’All Kuli Khdii also was thrown. An elephant named Narsing now came up, and was about to crush him, when 'AU Kuli-Khdn cried out to the driver, “ I am a great man ; if you take me alive to the Emperor, he will reward you.” The driver paid no heed to his words, but drove the animal over him and crushed him under foot. When the field was cleared of the enemy, Nazar Bahddur placed Bahddur Khan behind him on a horse, and conducted him to the presence of tlio Emperor. By the efforts of the amirs he was put to death. After a little while, the head of ^Ali Kuli Kh&n-zaman was also brought.^ The Emperor then alighted from his horse, and returned thanks for this victory. This battle was fought at the village of Man- karw&l, one of the dependencies of Josi and Paydg, now known as Illahabds, on Monday, the 1st Zi-l hijja, 974 h.

While the Emperor was on his campaign against Khdn-zamdn, the author’s father remained at Agra, in the performance of his duty to the Emperor, and the author himself was at Agra with him. Every day turbulent and designing men spread disastrous news. One day I said to one of my companions, ‘‘ Suppose we set some favourable reports afloat F” and he asked what we should say, and I replied, *^Let us say that news has come that they are bringing in the heads of Khdn-zamdu and Bahddur

^ His death being doubted, a reward was offered for eyery head. His head was then brought in and recognized. — Akbar-tidfnaf yol. ii. p. 371*

Khdn.” I told this . story to several persons. Three, days afterwards 'Abdu-lla, son of Mur&d Beg, brought in the heads of Kh&n-zamdn and Bahddur Khdn. The rumouf was started in Agra on the very day they were slain.^

Wlien the Emperor’s mind was relieved from all apprehension about his adversaries, he proceeded to Josi and Payag, and there rested two days. Some persons, who had deserted the royal army to join ’All KuU Khdn, were here brought in, and were handed over to keepers. He then proceeded to Benares.^ Every follower of ’All Kuli Khan who came forward and was sub- missive to the Emperor’s power was pardoned. From Benares he went to Jaunpdr, and remained three days in sight of that city. Some of ’AH KuH Khdn’s men, who had escaped from the battle-field and fled to Jaunpur, were all forgiven and kindly treated. From thence he went, attended by four or five persons, and, by rapid travelling, in the course of three days he reached the Ganges, at the ferry of Karra and Manikpur, where there was a camp. Crossing the river in a boat, he went and rested in the fortress. Then he wrote to Mu’nim Khdn Kh&n-khan&n, summoning him from Agra.

Several jdgmJdrs of the Eastern province paid their respects, and were dismissed with honour. Some men of ’AH KuH’s army, who were prisoners and always intent upon creating a disturbance, such as Khdn KuH Uzbek, Y&r ’AH and Mirz& Beg Kakshal, people of Majuun ’AH Khan, Kliushh&l Beg one of the guards of tho late Emperor HumS-yun, Mir Sh4h Badakhshi, and other malcontents, met with a terrible fate.^

1 Ab6^1 Fazl tells a similar story of his father. He says that while the Emperor was bn this campaign, the hopes of the disaffected rose to the highest pitch, and Mu*nim Khhn, who Avas iii charge of the capital, was sorely troubled. In his per- plexity, he consulted Shaikh Mubkrak, who predicted that the heads of the rebels would bo brought in. — Akbar-ndma^ vol. ii. p. 373,

^ The people of Benares had closed their gates, so orders were given for plundering tho city. — Akbar^idma^ vol. ii. p. 373.

• Trampled to death by elephants. — T, Alfu Bad&dni informs ns (vol, ii. p. 100) that K&zf Taw&lsi, the Eixzi of tho Imperial camp, gave it as his opinion that the execution of these prisoners and the seizure of thoir property was unlawful. For this independent judgment he was dismissed. ^

Mirzd B^flrak Bizwi Meshhedi, the vaUl of ^Ali KuU Khdn, who had fled from Court to join the latter, was taken prisoner on the day of battle, and was ordered to be cast under the feet of an elephant. But the elephant merely rubbed him with his trunk, and finally, in virtue of his being a saiyid^ his crime was forgiven.

Khan-khdnan, who had been summoned from j^Lgra, now waited upon His Majesty, and was invested with the care and govern- ment of the jdglrs of 'All Kuli Khdn and Bahddur Khan in Jaunpur, Benares, Ghdzipur, the fort of Ohundr and Zamaniya, as far as the ferry of Ohaunsa. He also received a present of a splendid robe, and of a horse. In the midst of the rainy season, in Zi-l hijja, 974, the Emperor began his homeward march, and in Muharram, 975, arrived at Agra.

It has been previously mentioned that Muhammad KuU Khan Birlds and Muzaffar Khdn were sent with a force against Sikan- dar, and went towards Oudh. On hearing of their approach, Sikandar took refuge in a fort.^ The royal forces came up and laid siege to the fort. Sikandar was already hard pressed, when the news arrived of the destruction of ’All Kuli Khan and Bahddur Khdn. This greatly dispirited the Uzbeks, and they sent men to ’AU Kuli and Muzaffiir Khdn, to treat for peace. Having thus engaged the commanders in negociations, Sikandar evacuated the fort by the gate towards the river, and embarked in boats. As he had all the boats, the Imperial generals were unable to cross the river. Sikandar again sent a message to them, declaring that he was quite ready to keep the engagement he had made, but his men were suspicious. He therefore re- quested that they would come out in a boat to the middle of the river, and ho would meet them with two or three persons and settle the terms. This would satisfy his men, and they would proceed together to Court. Muhammad KuU Khdn Birlds, Muzaffar Khdn, and Rdjd Todar Mai agreed to this proposition, And went out to the middle of the stream. Sikandar Khdn, on the other side, came out with two or three persons, and had the ^ TLe fort of Oudh.~Bad&&ni, vol. ii. p. 101.

interview.^ The amWn promised to sue for the pardon qf Sikan* dar, and swore that they would make no attack on the lives or . property of him or his men. Upon this agreement, they sepa- rated, and each party went to his own side.

Sikandar then made two days' march, and wrote to the stating that the rise of the waters had prevented his staying on the banks of the river. On hearing of his departure, the amir^ went after him. When they reached Gorakhpur, they discovered that ho had crossed the river and gone off. The country before them belonged to the Afghans, into which they could not enter without the order of the Emperor. They wrote a statement of the position to Court, and received an answer to the effect, that as Sikandar had left the Imperial territory, it was unnecessary to pursue him. His estates and /dgrirs were given to Muhammad Kuli Kh&n Birl&s. The amirs^ on being acquainted with tho contents of the letter, left Muhammad Xuli Xhdn, and returned to Court-

Many zaminddrs and rajas of Hindiist&n had become subjects of the Imperial throne. But BdnS, TJdi Singh, Raj& of M&rw&r, confident in the strength of his fortresses, and the number of his men and elephants, had thrown off his allegiance. Now that the Emperor had returned to the capital, with his mind at rest in respect of 'Ali Kuli Khan and other rebels, he turned his attention towards the capture of Chitor. He accordingly began to make preparations for tho campaign. The parpana of Bay&na was taken from H&ji Muhammad Kh&n Sist&ni, and given in jdgir to Ksb,{ Khdn, who was ordered to proceed thither, and collect provisions and materials for the army. The Emperor followed to the town of B&ri, with the avowed intention of

I Abd-l Fasl plaees this conference after Sikandar*s escape, and says that ho demanded the restoration of his jdgir and offices, and acted in a Yery false and unworthy manner. — AXitar^ndma, vol. ii. p. 377.

hunting,, and there killed a thousand animals in sport. Then he ordered his army to be brought up, and proceeded onwards to Md-raaid&na. When he reached the fort of Supar,^ he found , that, hearing of his approach, the men who garrisoned that fort for .R&i Surjan of Rantambhor, had abandoned it and fled to Rantambhor. The fort was placed in charge of Nazar Bah&dur, one of the Imperial adherents. From thence he went on to Kota, one of the parganas of that country, of which he made Sh&h Muhammad Kh&n Kandah&ri the governor. Next he marched to G&grun,® on the borders of Mdlwa.

MirzA Ulugh and Mirzd ShAh, sons of Muhammad SultAn MirzA, had fled from Sambal, and had come into these parts, where they had begun a revolt, which the Emperor deemed it necessary to suppress. He therefore appointed ShahAbu*d din Ahmad KhAn, ShAh Ridagh KhAn, Muhammad MurAd IChAn, and HAji Muhammad SistAni to jdgln in Maudd, and charged them with that duty. When the amirs reached Ujjain, which is one of the chief places in that country, they found that the MirzAs, on hearing of the Emperor's approach, had assembled together and fled to GujarAt, to Changiz KhAn, the ruler of that country, who had been one of the adherents of Sultdn Mahmud GujarAti. So the amirs obtained possession of Mandu without opposition.

When the Emperor marched from GAgrun, RAnA Udi Singh left seven or eight thousand men to hold Ghitor, under the command of a RAjpdt named Jai Mai, a valiant chief, who had fought against MirzA Sharafu-d din Husain, in the fort of Mirtha, as before related. The RAnA himself, with all his relatives and dependents, took refuge in the hills and jungles.

The fort of Ghitor is seated on a hill, which is about one kos in height, and has no connexion with any other hill. The length of the fortress is three hos^ and the width half a kos. It contains

» Or "Siwl-SApar.”— vol ii. p. 381. Sheopoor,” 120 miles S.W. of Agra.

^ 19 ear the junotion of the Ahd and Sind in Kota.

plenty of running water. Under His Majesty's or4ers, tine ground round the fort was portioned out among the different amirB.

The royal forces were ordered to plunder and lay waste the country, and Aisaf Khan was sent to Bampur,^ a prosperous town of the province. He attacked and captured the fort^ and ravaged all the neighbourhood. Husain Kuli Khdn was sent with a detachment towards X/dipur and Kombalinir,^ which is one of the chief fortresses in that country, and is the residence of the B4nd. He ravaged several towns and villages, but finding no trace of the Bdnd, he returned to the Imperial camp.

When the siege of Chitor had been carried on some time, the Emperor ordered the construction of sdhdts^ and the digging of mines. About 5000 builders and carpenters and stonemasons were collected, and began their work of constructing sdhdts on two sides of the fort. A sdhdt is a kind of wall which is begun at musket-shot distance (from the fort), and under the shelter of its planks strongly fastened together and covered with raw hides, a kind of way {kucha) is conducted to the fortress. The walls are then battered from it with guns, and a breach being made, the brave assailants rush into the fort. The sdbdt which was conducted from the royal battery {morchal-i hddshdhl) was so extensive that ten horsemen abreast could ride along it, and it was so high that an elephant-rider with his spear in his hand could pass under it.

While the sdbdt was in course of construction, the garrison kept up such a fire of guns and muskets, that more than 100 of the workmen and labourers employed in it were killed daily, although they covered themselves with shields of bull-hide. Corpses were used in the walls like bricks. In a short time, the sdbdt was completed, and carried close to the fort.

^ About fifty miles S.E. iVom Chitor. Asaf Ehfin had preyiously reduced tho fort of M&ndal (the *<Muiidalour” of Malcolm's map, ten miles, S.£. of GtigrfinF). — Ahhar^ndma^ Yol. ii»pp. 395, 396.

The iqiners also carried their mines to the foot of the walls, and having constructed mines under two bastions which were near together, they filled them with gunpowder. A party of men of well-known bravery, fully armed and accoutred, approached the^bastions, ready to rush into the fort as soon as a breach was made by the explosion of the mines. Fire was applied to both mines at the sauie time, but the match of one was shorter than the other, and that made the explosion first. The bastion was blown into the air, and a large breach was effected. The storming party at once rushed to the breach, and were about to enter, when the second mine exploded, and the bastion was blown up. Friends and foes, who were contending in the breach, were hurled into the air together, and those also on whom the stones fell perished. It is notorious that stones of 200 mans were carried to a distance of three or four 7co« from the walls, and bodies of men who had been burnt were found. Saiyid Jamalu-d din and * * * and a groat number of the Emperor’s attendants, were slain, and nearly 600 picked soldiers were killed by blows from the stones. A large number also of the infidels perished.

After this disaster, the pride and solicitude of the Emperor be- came still more intent upon the reduction of the fortress. A sdhdt which had been laid down in the battery of Shuja’at Khun was now completed. On the night of Tuesday, 25th Sha’ban, 975 h., the Imperial forces assembled from all sides, and the wall being breached, a grand struggle began. Jai Mai, commander of the fortress, came into the breach to encourage his men. The Em- peror was seated in a gallery, which had been erected" for him on the Mdt% and he bad a musket in his hand. The face of Jai Mai was discernible by the light which was cast upon the spot by the fire of the guns and muskets. The Emperor took aim %t him, and so wounded him that he died upon the spot. The garrison was disheartened by the fall of their leader, and each man hurried to his own home. They collected their wives and children, property and effects, in one place, and burnt them. This

proceeding, in the language of the infidels of Hind, .is called jauhar. The royal forces were now massed, and they assaulted the breaches in several places. Many of the infidels rushed forward to defend them, and fought most valiantly. His Majesty, seated on the adbat^ beheld the exertions of his men with an approving eye. Muhammad KandahS.ri * * ♦ ♦ and

others exhibited great valour and daring, and received great praise. All that night the fighting went on, but in the morning, which was a glorious morning, the place was subdued. The Emperor mounted on an elephant, and, attended by his devoted followers on foot, entered the fortress. An order for a general massacre was issued, and more than 8000 Bijputs who were in the place received the reward of their deeds.^ After noon the slaughter was stayed, and the Emperor returned to his camp, where he remained three days. Asaf Kh&n was appcdnted to rule this country, and His Majesty started for the capital, on Tuesday, the 25th Sha'bdn.

A curious incident in this siege was this*: A person was sitting near the battery of the author of this book, under the shelter of a tree, with his right hand placed upon his knee. As an oppor- tunity presented itself, he raised his thumb, covered with the stall usually worn by archers, and just at that moment a gun was fired from the fortress, and the ball passed within the length of a barley-corn from his thumb, and did him no harm.

When the Emperor started to effect the conquest of Ohitor, he vowed that if he were successful, he would make a pilgrimage to the tomb of Khwdja Mu’inu-d din Chishti, which is at Ajmir. In performance of this vow, he set off for Ajmir, . and walked all the way on foot. On Sunday, the 7th Bamaz&n, he reached Ajmir. He performed all the observances of the pilgrimage, and made the poor and needy glad with his alms and offerings. He remained there ten days, and then departed for the capital.

Abti-1 Fazl states that the number of the slain amounted to near M Msdr (30,000) ; but perlmjps sih hazdr^ 3000, is vol. ii. p. 407. See

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 14th ,Eamazan, 975 h. (14th March, 1568)'. At the beginning of this year the Emperor left Ajmir, and proceeded by way of Mew&t towards Agra. On his journey, he passed a jungle which was the abode of lions (sher) and tigers {bahar). A terrible tiger {shery came out, and His Majesty'*s followers, who were con- stantly in attendance upon him, discharged their arrows and stretched him in the dust. His Majesty then gave orders, that if a like thing should occur again, they were not to shoot until he directed them. As they went on, another tiger {eher)^ larger and fiercer than^the first, came out and made towards the Emperor. No one of the attendants dared to fire without orders. The tiger-hunting King alighted from his horse and levelled a musket at the beast. The ball grazed the animars face, inflicting a slight wound, which caused him to rush frora^ his place towards His Majesty. The Emperor fired a second time, and brought hhn down. At this juncture, ’Adil Muham- mad Eandahdri, boldly placed an arrow to his bow, and faced the animal, which then turned away from the Emperor and attacked him. It brought him to the ground, and was about to take his head in his mouth. That brave fellow, in this supreme moment, thrust his hand into the animals mouth, and sought to draw his dagger to stab him in the belly. But the handle of the dagger stuck in the sheath, and the beast gnawed the flesh and skin of the hand which was in his mouth. Not- withstanding this, ^A^dil managed to draw his dagger, and in- flicted some deep wounds in the animaUs belly. Brave men gathered round on all sides and finished him. ’Adil Muhammad received a sword-cut besides the wounds the tiger had given him. He lay for some time on the bed of pain before he died of his wounds.

After the tiger hunt the royal camp moved towards Alwar, and

^ It was in all probability a tiger, altbough tbe author wSuld seem to use the words 9h$r and hahar distinctively.

directions were given that it should proceed thither, wl^ile the Emperor himself went to pay a visit to Shaikh Niz&m Narnauli. He then returned to the camp, and proceeded with the army to the capital.

After a stay of some months at Agra, the Emperor resolved to attack the fort of Eantambhor, renowned as one of the stron<rest and hi^rhcst fortresses of Hindust&n. An order was issued for the assembling of those troops which had not been engaged in the siege of Chitor. Ashraf Kh&n Mir-mumhi and Sddik Khcin wore sent on this service with a large portion of the Imperial army. When these amirs had marched several •stages, intelligence reached the Emperor of disturbances created by the sons of Muhammad Sultan Mirzd, who had escaped from the hands of Ghangiz Khan, in Gujarat,^ and had laid siege to the fort of Ujjain, in Mdlwa. The Emperor then directed that Kalij Khan, with the amirs and the army that had been sent •to Rantainbhor, should undertake the repression of the revolt of the Mirzas. ^

The two forces united according to the order. On approach- ing Sironj, Shahabu-d din, the ruler of that sarkdr^ came forth to meet them. Ho joined them and marched on with them. When they encamped at Sdrangpur, Shah Bidagh Kh&n joined them with his forces. The army had now grown very large. When the Mirzds were apprised of its approach, they raised the siege of tTjjain, and went off towards Mandu. Mu- hammad Murad Khau and Mirz4 ’Azizu-lla, who had been besieged ip Ujjain, being thus released, came out and joined the amirs. All marched together in pursuit of the Mirzas, who fled before them from Mandd to the banks of the Nerbadda, They crossed this river in such confusion that many of their men were drowned. Just at this time Jajh&r Kh&n Habshi murdered Ghangiz Kh&n, the ruler of Gujar&t, in the tirpaiiUya maiddn of Ahmaddbdd. When the Mirz&s hwd of this, they

' The Mirz&s did not got on amicably with Changfz Ehhn, and were tyrannical in their ydyb'«, so they fled from him." — Badhdnl, ?ol. ii pp. 106, lOOt

seized tjie chance which it afforded, and fled to Gugav&t. The Imperial amin turned back from the river Nerbadda, and the jdgirddn of Mandu returned to their Jdgirs. Kalij Xh&n and the other amirs proceeded to Court, and were received witli royal favour. On reaching Gujarat, the Mirzds first seized upon the fort of Chdmpanir,^ and then marched against Broacli, to which they laid ^eige. After a while, they by stratagem got into their power Rustam Khdn Rumi, who was besieged in the fort, and put him to death.^ The remainder of this transaction will be told in its proper place.

In the course of tliis year Mir Muhammad Khdn-i kaldn, Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khdn, and Kaindl Khan Ghakar, jdginidrs of the Panjdb, were summoned to Court. They hastened to obey, and in Rabi'u-1 awwal, 976 h,, they arrived and made their offerings. Husain Kuli Khdn and his brother lama’il Klidn were summoned from Ndgor, and sippointod to the government of the Panjdb instead of them. The jdgir of Muhammad Khdn-i kaldn, in the sarkdr of Sairfbal, became a iankhwdh. When the Emperor mai’ched to conquer Rantambhor, Husain Kuli Khdn was his personal attendant in the campaign. But after the reduction of Rantambhor, and the return of His Majesty to Agra, Husain Kuli Khan and his brother Tsma'il Kuli Khan took leave and departed to the Panjdb. On the 1st Rajab, the Emperor marched from Agra against Rantambhor. Proceeding to Dehli, he stayed there some days and went out to dit^kamurgha hunt, in, the neighbourhood of Pdlam, whore four or five thousand animals were killed.

The beginning of this year agreed with 6th Ramazdn, 976 H. (22nd February, 1669). The Emperor marched at the opening

^ And Surat.*’. — Akbar^ndma, yoI. ii. p. 418.

The fort Yras held by Eustam Kh&n, a Turki slave, in whoso house the sister of Changiz Kh&n had taken refuge. He fought bravely, and held out for two years; but being left without help, he was at length obliged to surrender, and was then ** in a base and dastardly manner put to death,** ^Akbar-ndma, vol, ii. p. 418.

of the year towards Bantambhor, and in a short periocLamved at the foot of the fort. The place was invested, batteries raised, %dbdtB constructed, and several breaches were eflfected by batter- ing with cannon.

Rdi Surjan, the commander of the fort, when he observed the progress of the siege, was brought down from the pinnacle of his pride and insolence, and ho sent out his. two sons, Dddh and Bhoj by name, to ask for terms. His Majesty received kindly the two young men, who had come to seek his mercy, and pardoned their transgressions. He sent Husain Kuli Khdn, who had received the title of Khan-jah&n, into the fort to give assurances to Rdi Surjan. He did so, and brought the R4i to wait upon the Emperor, when he made a frank submission, and was enrolled among the royal servants.^ On Wednesday, 3rd Shawwdl, the conquest of the fortress was accomplished, and on the next day the Emperor went in to examine the place. He placed Mihtar Khdn in command of the fortress, and then pre- pared to return to the capital. Leaving the army under the command of Khwdja Aminu-d din Mahmud, who was entitled Khw&ja-jahdn, and Muzaffar Ehan, the Emperor left them to conduct the army back to the capital, while he made a hasty journey to pay a visit to the tomb of Fdizu-1 anwdr Khwdja Mu’inu-d diu Chishti, He remained there a week, and then departed for Agra, where he arrived on Wednesday, 4th Zi-1 ka’da, 976. Darbdr Khan, one of his personal attendants, had been compelled by sickness to continue with the army, and he died before His hfajesty reached Agra. Upon his return His Majesty went into the Khdn’s dining-hall, and made a princely provision for his family.

The Emperor had several sons born to him, but none of them had lived. Shaikh Salim Ohishti, who resided at the town of Sikri, twelve kos from Agra, had gladdened him with the ^ See Blochmann’e AHari, toI. i. p. 408.

promise of a son. The Emperor went to visit the Shaikh several times, and remained there ten or twenty days on each occasion. He commenced a fine building there on the top of a hill, near the Shaikh’s monastery. The Shaikh also commenced a new monastery and a fine mosque, wliich at the present day has no equal in the world, near the royal mansion. The amirs also built houses and^ mansions for themselves. Wlien one of the Emperor’s wives became pregnant, ho convoyed lior to the dwelling of the Shaikh, and left her there. Sometimes he stayed there himself, sometimes at ^gra. He gave the name of Fathpfir to Sikri,^and built a hdzdr and baths there.

This is a strong fortress, and many former Sultans had been ambitious of taking it. Slier Khdn Afghfi,n (Slier Shdh) besieged it for a year, but was killed in the attempt to take it, as has been narrated in the history of his reign. During the inter- regnum of the Afglidns, Rdjd Earn Oliandar^ had purchased the fort at a high price from Bijilli® Khdn, the adopted soti {pisar4 khtcdnda) of Bihdr Ehaii Afghdn. Tlio renown of tho conquest of tho forts of Ohitor and Eantainbhor spread through the world, and the men of the Imperial army who hold jdglrs in the neighbourhood of Kdlinjar were constantly forming plans for the capture of that fort, and were anxious to begin tlie war. Edjd Earn Ohandar was a prudent and experienced man, and considered himself an adherent of the Imperial tlirone. Ho sent by his envoy the keys of the fortress and sujy^able offerings, with congratulations for the victories achieved, to the Emperor, On the same day the custody of the fortress was given into the cliarge of Majnun Khdii Xdkshdi, one of the jdglvMrs of that quarter, and a friendly farmdn was sent to Edjd Edm Ghandar. The fortress came into tho possession of the Ernporor in the month of Safar, 977 h., in the fourteenth year of liis reign.

1 “ R&jfi. of Banna.*'— r. Alfi. See Blocbraann’s Ain^i AJehari^ vol. i. p. 400,

• << Ali Kh&n, the reputed son of Bih&r Khhn 'Azam llumhyt&n, and son-in-law of Sher KhOn [Sher Shfiih].'— J*. Alfi.

On Wednesday, 18th of Eabi^u-1 awwal, 977 h., and the four- teenth year «f the reign, when seven hours of the day had passed, the exalted prince Sultdn Salim Mirzd was born in the house of Shaikh Salim Ohishti, in the town of Fathpur. The Emperor himself was in i^gra at the time, and the joyful tidings was convoyed to him by Shaikh Ibr&hfra, son-in-law of Shaikh Salim, who was right royally rewarded. In thanksgiving for this happy event, gifts wore distributed among the people, prisoners were set free, and great feasts were held, which were kept up for seven days with great pleasure and rejoicing. * The date of the birth is found in the words Shdh-i dl i Timm\ Khwfija Husain composed an ode, of which the first lino contained the date of the Emperor’s accession, and the second the date of the prince’s birth. The Khw4ja received a present of two lace of tankas for this ode, and several other poets received rewards for their productions. The Emperor made Fathpur^ a royal abode, raised a stone fortification round it, and built some splendid edifices, so that it became a great city. Before the prince was born, the Emperor had resolved in his own mind, that if the Almighty granted his wishes, he would go a pilgrimage on foot to the shrine of Miirddu-l anwar Kuthu-l wdsilin Kliwdja Mu’inu-d din Ohishti. Having prepared his offerings, on Friday, the 12th Sha^ban, 977, he started on foot from Agra for Ajmir. Every day he travelled seven or eight kos. He visited the shrine, and performed the usual observances immediately upon his arrival. He passed some days there, and then left Ajmir for Dehli, where he arrived in llamazan, 977.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Saturday, the 6th Shaww&l, 977 h. (14th March, 1670). * * * On Thursday, the 3rd Muharram, 978, the star of good fortune shone, and the

^ Now known as FatbptSr-Sikri. Seo p. 333.

Emperor had another son, Prince Mur&d, homo to him in tho house of Shaikh Salim. ^ In gratitude for this blessing, he opened the hand of liberality, and gave away many munificent gifts, and men were enriched by his bounty. Tho nobles and officers of the Court presented offerings suitable to their respective ranks, and received robes of honour. MaulaiiA Kdsim Arsldn on this occasion wrote a couplet, of which the first line contained tho date of tho birth of Prince Salim, and tho second tliat of Prince Murad.

The Emperor was accustomed, wherever he might be, to pay a visit every year to the tomb of Mu'inu-1 Iiakk wau-d din Hasan Sanjari at Ajmir. In this happy year, on tho 8th llabi’n-l dkhir, 978, he started for that place, in order to show his grati- tude for tho boon granted to him. IIo stayed twelve days at Fathpur, in order to make some necessary arrangements for Ins journey. He arrived at Ajmir in duo course^ To*show his favour, and to improve the condition of tlio place, Iio ordered a strong wall to bo built round it, and a palace to bo erected in it for his own X’osidence. Tlio amirs and Ichdm, and attendants of the Court, vied with each other in erecting dwellings there. lie distributed the villages and lands and houses of Ajmir among his amirs^ to enable them to pay tho expenses of the new buildings. On Friday, 4th Juinada-1 dkhir, ho left Ajmir, and arrived in sight of Nagor on the IGth. Here there is a largo tank, wliicli he ordered liis soldiers to dig and fill with water. Iio himself inspected the tank, and gave it the name of Shuhr taldo. While lie was thus staying at Nugor, Cliandar Sen, son of Bdi Malcleo ' came to pay his allegiance, and make his offerings. Rajd Kalydn Mai, the Rdjd of Bikanir, also came with his son, R&i Singh, to wait upon His Majesty, and present his tribute. The loyalty and sincerity of both father and son being manifest,

1 Ruler of M&rwfiir.*'— Badiiiini, vol. ii. p, 133.

the Emperor married Kaly&n Mai’s daughter. For fifty days he shed the light of his justice and equity upon the poor people of Nagor. From thence he proceeded to Xjodhan, to pay a visit to the tomb of Shaikh Faridu-d din Mas’ud Ganj-i shakar. Ealydn Mai, who was so fat that he could not rido on horseback^ now received permission to return to Bikanir ; but his son was ordered to remain in attendance upon His Majesty^ in which ho received high promotion, as will be related in the proper place.

There were many wild asses (gor-Ichar) in this desert country, and His Majesty, who had never hunted this animal, was desirous of doing so. One day as he was journeying on, the scouts brought information that there was a herd of wild asses in the vicinity of the camp. He immediately mounted a fleet courser, and after a ride of four or five kos, came in sight of the herd. He got off his horse, and commanded all his followers to remain quiet. He himself, with four or -five Biluchis, ^who ivere acquainted with the country, approached the herd with guns in their hands. At the first shot he struck an ass, and the remainder of the herd, being frightened by the noise, dispersed. His Majesty cautiously approached, and struck another, and so on, until sixteen asses fell by his hand. That day he travelled nearly seventeen kos in hunting, and at the close returned to the camp. By his order the sixteen asses were brought to the camp in carts, and their flesh was distributed in front of the royal tent among the amirs and courtiers. Then he proceeded towards Ajodhan ; and on arriving in sight of the place, he went on immediately, and performed all the ceremonies of pilgrimage, and distributed his bounty among the poor. * ♦ *

From thence he proceeded towards Lahore, and when he arrived at Dipdlpur, the jdgirddr of that imrgana^ Mirzd ’Aziz Muhammad Kokaltdsh, who bore the title of ’Azam Khdn, and was well known as Mirzd Eoka, prepared an entertainment, and begged him to stay there a few days and rest. His Majesty graciously consented, and remained there. For some days

feasting went on, and upon the last day splendid offerings wore presented to him, Ara}) and Persian horses, with saddles of silver; huge elephants, with chains of gold and silver, and housings of velvet and brocade ; and gold and silver, and pearls and jewels, and rubies and garnets of great price : chairs of gold, and silver vases, and vessels of gold and silver ; stuffs of Europe, Turkey, and China, and other precious things beyond all conception. Presents of similar kind also wore presented for the young princes and the Emperor's wives. All the ministers and attendants and dignitaries received presents, and every soldier of the army also participated in the bounty.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 17tW *Shawwdl, 978 ii. (13th March, 1571 a.d.)

At the beginning of this year His Majesty departed from Dipdlpdr for Lahore, and Hasan KuU Klidn, the governor of that city, hastened forth to receive him. Leaving his camp at Malkapiir, the Emperor went on speedily to Lahore. Ho passed that day and night in the house of Hasan Kuli, and next day the Khdii presented his gifts. On the following day tlie Emperor returned to the camp, and after spending a few days in tlie vicinity of Lahore, he set off for Hisdr-Firozah, on a visit to the shrine of Khwaja Mu'inu-d din.

Ndhid Begam was wife of Muhibb 'All Khan son of Mir Khalifa, and her mother was wife of Mirza ’fsa Tarkhan, tho ruler of Thatta. Mirzd ’I'sd being dead, Naliid Begam had received leave from His Majesty about a year before this date to go to Sind, to see her mother, and bring the dauglitcr of Mirzd 'l^sd to pay homage to the Emperor. Muhammad Baki Tarkhan now occupied the seat of his father, and would have nothing to do with Hdhid Begam. She therefore returned in anger to the Emperor, and made a statement of tho harshness and tyranny of Muhammad Baki, and of the disrespect he had shown to the Emperorfs servants. She said that if tho Emperor

would permit and support her husband Muhibb ^Ali Eh&n, he could easily effect the conquest of Thatta. As N&hid Begam was returning from Thatta, she had some conversation at Bakar with Sultan Mahmud Bakari, who was 4)ne of the officers of Mirzd Shah Husain Arghdn, and his hoka ; and, after the death of Mirz& Sli^h, Bakar remained in his possession. This Sult&n Mahmdd Salai Samarkand! told N&hid Begam that if Muhibb ^Ali Khan would undertake the conquest of Thatta, he would join and assist him, and that he would have no need of ^r,ny further support. In consequence of this promise, N&hid Begam was very desirous of going to Sind. Muhibb *Ali Kh&n had for a long time given up the military life, so the Emperor granted him a banner and a kettle-drum, and lie gave hi|^ ^ ^gir of fifty lacs of tankas in the sarkdr of Multdn, towards. expense of the campaign. He also sent with him his daugl^ter’s son Mujihid, a young man of resolution and courage, and he wrote a farmdn to Sa’id Khdn, the ruler of Multdn, directing him to support Muhibb 'All Khdn.

When the Emperor left the Panj&b for Fathpur his /royal residence (tldru4 khildfat\ he sent Muhibb ’AU on his Expedi- tion. Upon arriving at his Jdgir in Mult&n, Muhibb / All- set about collecting men, and got together nearly 400 horse^ Rely- ing upon Sultdn Mahmud Bakar!, ho wrote letters toihim, and began his march. But Sultan Mahmud was advoitse to the entrance of any Imperial forces into his territory, so, disregarding the promises he liad made to N&h!d Begam, he sent to say that he would not allow Muhibb ' AU to pass through his country ; but that if Muhibb 'AU would march by way of tTesalmir, he would send his army to him, and render him all the assistance he could. ^

Muhibb 'Al!, and his grandson Mujdhid, took p bold course, and proceeded towards Bakar. Sultdn Mal]).mud sent his whole army to oppose them, but his men we.ve defeated, and obliged to seek refuge in the, fort of Mdnilai Mujdhid and Muhibb 'Al! Khdn besieged the fort for six months, and at

length obtained possession of it by capitulation. At this time Mub&rak Eh&n, a slave of Sult&n Mahmud's, ivho acted as his vakil^ being aggrieved with his master, went and joined Muhibb 'All, The latter having increased his force, laid siege to Bakar. Sultdn Mahmud sent out his army, amounting to nearly 2000 horse and 4000 foot, archers, and gunners. They were defeated in battle and driven back into the fort. For three years Sultdn Mahmud sometimes daily, sometimes every two or three days, sent out armed ships and ghrdba to fight. Three times he sent out his whole army, horse and foot, to fight a regular battle, but each time he was defeated. In consetjuDuco of the large number of men which he had crowded into the fort, pestilence and sick- ness^ broke out and became very fatal, so that 500 to 1000 persons died daily. At length, in the year 983, Mahmud him- self died, and the fort came into the possession of the Emperor^s adherents.

When the Emperor left the Panjab and proceeded to Fathpfir, Mun’im Khan Khaii-khdndn came from Jaunpur, bringing Sikandar Klidii with him. The offences of Sikandar Khdn wore pardoned, and the jdgir of Lucknow was conferred upon him. Khdn-khdndn quickly returned to secure his Bengal frontier. Sikandar Khan also took his leave, and was sent along with Khdn-khanan to his jdgir. Each received a jewelled sword- belt and four horses with golden saddles. Soon after his arrival at Lucknow, Sikandar Kiidu fell sick, and died on the 10th Jumdda-1 awwal, 979 ii.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday, 25th Shawwdl, 979 h. (11th March, 1572 a.p.)

In the Court of the Emperor conversation continually turned upon the state of affairs in Gujarat, and information was often

' ufhiat 0 bltndri* Bad&fini (voL ii. p. 135) calls it “ wabd,**

• ** Gujar&t had for a long time had no legitimate master, and its amirs were quarrel-

brought about the oppression and wilfulness of its petty rul0jrs, and about the ruin of its towns and cities. Now that His Majesty's mind was set quite at rest by the suppression of rebels, and the reduction of their lofty forts, he turned his attention to the conquest of Gujar&t. The order was given for the as- sembling of the array, and on the 20th Safar, 980, in the eighteenthly ear of the reign, the Emperor started and pro- ceeded, enjoying tho chase on his way, to Ajmir. On the 16th Rabi'u-l awwal, he paid a visit to the tomb of Khwfija Mu'inu-d din Ghisliti, and gladdened the hearts of the shaikhs and atten- dants with his munificent gifts. Next day he made a visit to the tomb of Saiyid Husain Kh4ng-saw4r, a descendant of Zainu-l 'abidin, which is on the top of a hill at Ajmir. Next day, Mir Muhammad Khdn Atka, better known by the title of Khan-i kal&n, was sent on in advance with 10,000 horse, and His Majesty followed on the 22nd Rabru-s sani.

Two stages from Ndgor, messengers brought him the news that in the night of Wednesday, 2nd Jumdda-l awwal, a son was born to him [at Ajmir].^ He spent several days in rejoicing, and made many happy by liis munificence. As the child liad been born in the house of Shaikh Ddniyal, one of the most pious and celebrated shaikhs of the time, he gave the prince tho name of Ddniydh After, the rejoicings were over, he again marched ^and arrived at Nagor, on the 9th Jum&da-l awwal. Tliere he remained fourteen days employed in arranging for tho supply of his army.

From thence he marched to Mirath, and there he .was in- formed that when Mir Muhammad Khan came near to Sirohi, the R&jd of that place professed subjection and obedience, and sent some Rdjputs as envoys to wait upon tho Mir. The envoys arrived and delivered their message. Mir Muhammad

ling with each other, and oppressing the peasants. ’Itimad KhCin was minister of tho country, but was not able to keep it in his grasp, and e&ch chief in his own city considered himself supreme ruler of Gujarht.*’ — Tdrikh^i Alfl,

Kh&n gave them an appropriate answer and fine robes, and then, according to the etiquette observed among the people of India, he dismissed them with his own hand.^ One of those desperate envoys at that moment stabbed the Khan in the breast, and the weapon pierced through to his back under the shoulder. Bali&dur Kh&n, a young man and a servant of the Kh&n, who was standing behind Sher Khan, but now has his place among the nobles, rushed forward, and seizing the Eajpiit, dashed him to the ground. Muhammad Sddik Khdn, who was seated by the side of the Khan, arose and despatched the accursed wretch with his dagger. When this intelligence reached the Emperor, on the same day he sent Laslikar Kh&n Mir-hahhshi to inquire after Mir Muhammad Kh4n, and next day he marched forward him- self. Sddik Muhammad Kli&n and the other amin called in surgeons, who dressed the Kh4n^s wounds, and by the Emperor‘*s good fortune the severe wound was cured in fifteen days, and the Khan mounted liis horse with his quiver girt upon his loins.

The Emperor continued his notarch, and on the 8th Jumdda-s s&ni formed a junction with the advanced force. When he reached Sirohi, eighty E&jputs in a temple and seventy in the Rdj&’s house, stood ready to perform the vow they had made to die. In a few monients they were all despatched. Dost Mu- hammad, son of Tdtdr Khdn, perished in the R&jd's house. At this stage His Majesty resolved to send ono of his oflicers to make sure of the territory of JoudhpAr, and keep the road to Gujardt open, so that none of the Bdnds might be able to inflict any loss. This duty was imposed upon Rdi Singh Bikanirl,* who was sent with a strong force of Imperial troops. Farmdm

I “When the envoy was taking leave, according to the custom of the country, ho asked tox^fdn, and the £hkn taking some in his hand, called him forward to givo it to him. The envoy then drew a ^gger {jamdhar) from his bosom, and stabbed ihc Kh&n in the breast. ♦ • • The, attendants of the Khkn killed all the follower of the ambassador, although they denied any complicity in the shameful deed.’* — T. AlfL

• “ B&i Singh of Bikanir was sent to Joudhpdr to keep the road to Gujar&t open, and to prevent any annoyance from Bknk Kfka, chief of Kokanda and Eombalmir/* — Bad&dni, vol, ii. p. 146. ^

were written to the amin and jdglrddrB of that province direct- ing them to render Rai Singh every assistance he might require.

At this stage Ydr ^Ali Turkom&n, with an escort of Turko- mdns, came as an ambassador from Sultan Muhammad Mirzd, and from Shdh Tahmdsp, King of Khurdsdn, bringing with them Arab and Persian horses, and other presents. They were received by His Majesty with all due state and honour. The Emperor then marched from Sirohi to Pattan Nahrwala, and when he arrived near the fort of Disa, which is twenty kos from Pattan, intelligence was brought that the sons of Slier Khdn Fulddi had taken off their troops and families towards Ydar. The Emperor sent Rdjd Man Singh in command of a detach- ment after them. On the 1st Rajah, 980, the army arrived in sight of Pattan, and rested there for a week. The government of the country was conferred upon Saiyid Ahmad Khdn Bdrha, a man of courage and resolution, who had numerous friends and allies among the Saiyids of Hinddstdn. At this halt Rdjd Mdii Singh returned, bringing in a large booty, which he had taken from the remnant of the Afghdns.

The Emperor then marched towards Alimaddbdd. Sher Khdn Fulddi had been engaged for six months besieging Alimaddbdd, which was held by ’Itirndd Khdn but when he heard of the Emperor’s approach, ho took to flight. The Emperor had hardly advanced two stages from Pattan, when Sultdn Muzaffar, son of Sultdn Mahmud Qujardti, whom ’Itimdd Khdn had kept continually in confinement, came with a great display of respect to meet the Emperor, and on Sunday,^ the 9th Rajab, was admitted* to an interview. Next day, ’Itimdd Khdn, the ruler of Alimaddbdd, Mir Abu Turdb, Saiyid Ahmad Bukhdri, Ikhti- ydru-1 Mulk, Malik Ashraf, Wajhu-1 Mulk, IJlugh Khdn !|^abshi,

^ The slave and prime minister of Solthn Mahmdd Gujar&ti.*’— Bad&dni, vol. ii. p. 141. He was originally a Hindu slave, ^ee Ain^i Akbari, vol. ii. p. 385. *

^ According to Abd-l Fazi, Sultan Muzaffar separated from Sher Khhn Ful&di, and wandered about without aim or purpose. Akbar sent a party to search for him. He was found hiding in a corn-field, and was brought to the Emperor, who treated him very kindly. — Akbar^ndtm, {There is here a lacuna of about months in the Zueknow edition of the Akbar^ndma.) ^

Jajh&r 5h4n Habsh!, and other amirs and chiefs of Gujar&t, too numerous to mention, came in to wait upon the Emperor, and make their offerings. ’Itim&d Kh&n presented the keys of Ahmad&b&d, and showed every sign of submission.

Thr of&cers of the Court were suspicious of evil designs on the part of the Hdbshis (Abyssinians), and brought the matter to the notice of His Majesty, and although he desired to act generously and royally towards them, as a precaution he committed them to the charge of some of his attendants. The Emperor then marclied pn, and on Friday, 14th Bajab, pitclied his camp on the banks of the river of Ahmadabad. The hhutba was read in the name of the Emperor, and all the people of the city and environs came to offer congratulations and thanksgivings. On the 20th Bajab, Saiyid Mahmud £h4n B4rha and Shaikh Mu- hammad Bukhari brought their wives into the royal camp. On the same day Jal41 Xh&n, who had been sent on an embassy to a B&n&, returned.

Ibrdhim Husain Mirz& and Muhammad Husain Mirzd hold Broach, Baroda, and Surat ^ in defiance of the Emperor, so he resolved to free the country of Gujardt from their rebellious power. On Monday, 2nd Sha’bdn, he started from the river of Ahmaddbdd, and marched towards Kambay. ’Itimdd Kbdn and other of the Gujarat amirs were, at the request of somo of the great officials, allowed to remain behind in Ahmadabad for a few days to arrange their affairs. Seizing this opportunity, Ikhtiydru-1 Mulk, one of the chief nobles of Gujardt, fled on the 4th Sha’bdn from Ahmaddbdd to Ahmadnagar. As no reliance could be placed on the nobles of Gujardt, ’Itinidd Khdn was given into the custody of Shdlibdz Khdn Kambd. On the 6th the Emperor reached Kambay. He went to look at the sea, and leaving Kambay on the 12th, he reached Baroda on the 14th. After reflecting upon the best means of guarding and governing the country of Gujardt, he appointed Miraa "Aziz Muhammad «

^ Ibr&bim Mirzb held Baroda, Muhammad Husain Mirah bold Surat, and Shah Mir2& had Ch&mpanir, — Ahbar-tuim*

Kokalt&sh the KJidn-i ^azim to be the governor of the eountry, and especially of its capital Ahmadab&d.

After the departure of the '"Azam-khdn, the Emperor deter- mined upon attacking the fortress of Surat, which was the home and stronghold of the Mirz^s. To effect this purpose he sent Saiyid Mahmud Kh&n Bdrha, Shah Kuli Khan Mahram Kh&n-i ^dlam, Rdja Bhagwdn D&s, Kunwar Mdn Singh ♦ * * and several others, to overpower Husain Mirz-5,, who was in Surat. Next day, 17th Sha’bdn, when one watch of the night was passed, intelligence was brought in that Ibrdhlm Mirza Khan, having heard at Broach of the Emperor’s advance, had murdered Bustam Khdn Bumi,^ and then left the town, intending to pass about eight kos distance from the Emperor’s camp, and to raise disturbances and rebellion elsewhere.

On hearing this, the Emperor’s wrath was kindled. He instantly gave orders that Khwdja-jahdn, Shuj&’at Khan, Kalij Kh&n, and Sadik Khdn should take charge of the young prince Salim, while lie went to chastise Ibrahim Mirza. He took with him Maliku-sh Shark Grujardti, who was well acquainted with the roads, and he sent Shdhbdz Kh&n Mir Bakhshi in all haste, to Recall to his side Saiyid Muhammad Kh&n, and the forces which had marched against Surat.* The remainder of that night, and the greater part of the next day, he kept up the pursuit for a long distance. When night came on, he arrived with forty horsemen on the banks of the river Mahindri.* Ibr&him Husain Mirz& was in the town of Sarn&l, on the other side of the river. When they heard this, the Emperor’s followers endeavoured to conceal themselves.

At this crisis, Saiyid Mahmud Kh&n B&rha, KuH Kh&n Mahram Kh&n-i ’&lam, Baj& Bhagw&n D&s, Kunwar Man Singh,

^ 1 « 'Wlio was desirous of returning to his allegiance.*’ — Ahhar^ndma,

’ The force he took with him numbered about 2000 mNL,^Akbar^ndma*

3 Ahd-l Fazl calls the river also “ Sak&nir.*’— JA Thero is a “Sinnole” on the Maujam river, thirty miles south-east of Ahmaduagar.

the son of Surjan, and others of the force sent against Surat, by a forced inarch came up and joined the Emperor. Kunwar Mdn Singh, at his own solicitation, was placed in command of the advanced guard. Although the whole of his followers did not number more than 100 mcn,^ the Emperor, without hesitation, determined to attack. They dashed into the river and crossed over.

Ibrdhim Husain Mirzd, who had with him about 1000 liorse- men, on perceiving this bold movement, went out of the town of Sarndl by another road, telling his men that ho intended to give battle in the open. Tlie road between the river and the fort was very broken, so Kunwar Mdn Singh, and the advance under his command, took another road, and the Emperor passed by a road to the gate of the town by the water-side. Some of tlio enemy, whose blood was up, made a stand in the street, and showed fight. Makbul Khan, a Kalmuck slave, who on that day went in front of the Emperor, cut one of them down, and wounded several others.

It was now discovered that Ibrdlum Husain had quitted the town, and the Emperor gave orders for the pursuit. The troops accordingly left the walls and went out into the plain, and there the two parties confronted eacli other. Ibraym Husain made an attack upon Baba Kh&n Kdkshal, who had been sent forward with a party of bowmen. Although these made a stout resistance, they were driven back a short distance. But every man of the Imperial force fought desperately, and killed a great many of the enemy. Bhupat, son of lldjd Bihar Mai, a very brave young man, made a charge upon the enemy, and fell. Emboldened by his fall, the enemy renewed his attack. But the royal forces were in a contracted spot, where three horsemen could not pass abreast, as it was all hedged in with thorns. The Emperor had, with great courage, gone to^the

^ The text says distinctly that the whole of the Emperor’s men did not exceed one hundred. Firishta makes them 156. Badhdni (vol. it. p, 142) » however, states that Mhn Sing crossed the river with 100 men. Sco Extract from Alsbar^ndmaj wfrd.

front, and Bhagw&n D&s had kept with him. T^hree of the enemy’s horsemen now charged them, and one of them attacked the B&ja. As his adversary was entangled among the thorns, Bliagwdn Dds hurled his spear at him and severely wounded him, so that he withdrew. The other two assaulted His Majesty, who received them so valiantly that they wore obliged to make off.

At this time, Makbdl Elian Ghuldm and Surokh^ Badakhshi joined His Majesty, and he sent them in pursuit of his assailants. The royal forces, seeing the danger in which the Emperor had been placed, were roused to desperation, and made a fierce onslaught upon the enemy. Ibrdhim Husain Mirzd was dis- heartened, and took to flight. Some bravo men pursued him, and cut down several men on their way. But the night came on darker than the fate of that band, so the Emperor gave orders to stop the pursuit. Ibr&him Husain Khan, glad to save his life, made off with a few persons by the Ahmadnagar road to Sirohi. The Emperor went into the town of Sarndl, and offered thanks for his victory. Every man who served in this engagement received his reward in increased rank and in jdgira.

Next day the Emperor started on his return to the royal ca^p, but he sent on in advance Surokh Badakhshi, whose con- duct in this affair had gained the royal approbation, to carry news of the victory to the princes. When the news arrived, the princes and the ladies of the harem^ and the amirs and the officials, were filled with joy sufficient to last them their lives. On Wednesday, the 18th Sha’ban, when one watch of the night was passed, ..the Emperor rejoined his camp at Baroda. Next day he conferred a banner and a kettle-drum on B&j4 Bhagw&n D&s, who had so greatly distinguished himself in this action.

The fortress of Surat is small, but exceedingly strong and secure, and remarkable among fortresses. It is said, that a slave ^ One MS. invariably calls him

of Sult&n Mahmud Gujar&ti, Safar Mkk hy name, who received the title of Khudawand Kh&n, built this foi*tress on the sea- shore^ in the year 947, in order to resist the attacks of the Europeans, for before the fort was built, the Europeans did all kinds of mischief to the Musulmdns. When Khudawand Kh&n was engaged in the erection of the fort, the Europeans several times fitted out ships to attack it, but could not succeed in their object. Khuddwand Khdn then called for his architect, a very clever man, to provide for the security of the fort. After a little reflection, the careful builder determined on his plan. On the two sides of the fort which face the land, he formed ditches reaching to the water, which were twenty yards (dard) * wide, and filled with water ; they were built of stone, chunam, and burnt bricks. The thickness of the double walls ^ is five yards, and the height twenty yards, and these are likewise built of stone, chunam, and burnt brick. The thickness of the four walls is fifteen yards, and the height twenty yards. It is a remarkable circumstance that each stone is firmly fastened to the next with cramps of iron, having molten lead poured into the interstices. The battlements and embra- sures are formed of stone, and are formidable to look at. On the top of the tower there is a chaukandi^^ which, in the opinion of Europeans, is an invention of the Portuguese. When the Europeans were unable to prevent the erection of the fortress by force of arms, they ofiered largo sums of money to prevent the raising of this structure. But Khud&waiid Kh&n, in con- tempt of the Europeans, rejected their application and raised the structure.

After the death of Changiz Khdn, the fortress came into the

^ “ On tho shore of the Persian gulf,” but it is really on the river T&ptf, twenty miles from tbe s^a.

• Bad&dnf (vol. ii. p. 146) uses **gaz” as tbe equivalent of <‘dara’.”

^ This word is used for tbe howda of an elephant, and so by inference may mean a watch tower or a cupola ; or perhaps it was something in derision of Christianity. Bad&dni uses the word ^^ghurfa, upper room,” as an equivalent. See Sir II.£lliot*s note in the Extract from Badhdni, infra.

possession of the Mirz&s. When the Emperor marched into Gujar&t, the Mirzas placed all tlieir soldiers in the place, and left it under the command of Ham-zab&n, who had formerly- been one of the orderlies {korcMdn) of the Emperor Hum&yun, but had fled from the Imperial Court, and joined the rebels.! The Mirz&s themselves did their best to stir up war and strife outside.

When Ibr&him Husain Mirzd was defeated and put to flight at Sarnal, the Emperor returned to Baroda, and renewed his design of conquering Surat. Ho sent forward Sh&h Kuli Khdn and Sadik Khdn, with instructions to invest the fort so that no one could get out. Upon this movement becoming known to the garrison, Gulrukh Begam, daughter of Prince Kamrdn and wife of Ibrdlnm Husain Mirzd, took her son MuzafFar Khdn Mirzd with her, and fled to the Dekhin before the arrival of the Imperial forces. When the amirs heard of her escape, Shdh Kuli Khdn Mahram pursued her for fifty Im, and returned unsuccessful, but some of the Begam’s servants fell into his hands. Some days afterwards the Emperor sent Rdjd Todar Mai to examine and ascertain precisely the inlets and outlets of the fortress. After a week he returned and made his report.^

His Majesty, relying on the help of the Almighty, left Baroda on the 2dth Sha’bdn, and encamped at the distance of a Jeos from Surat on the 18th Ramazdn. On the same night ho went up and reconnoitred the fort. He distributed the batteries among his amirs, and three days afterwards he moved his camp, and pitched his tent so near the fortress that cannon shot and musket balls could reach it. But the chief carpet^spreader brought to his knowledge through the amirs that there was near at hand a tank called Goli-tdldb, and although the bank of the tank was close to the fort, the uneven ground and the trees would prevent balls from reaching it. So the order was given for the removal of the royal tents to this spot.

^ He considered its reduction an easy matter, not requiring the presence of the Emperor. — Akbar^ndma, Bad&dni, vol. ii. p. 144.

The siege was pressed on, and in a short time the way for drawing water was closed. After it had gone on for nearly two months, the besiegers advanced their batteries, so that every way of ingress or egress was closed. (The soldiers and the followers of the amirs collected a vast quantity of earth, and raised a high mound, which commanded the fort. And the gunners and musketeers stationed upon the mound kept up a fire that greatly harassed the g^rison, and prevented the men from moving about or bringing anything up. JEvery hole big enough for a mouse was closed. The miners pushed their mines under the bastions, and made such progress that the capture of the place was a mere matter of to-day or to-morrow. * Wlien the garrison perceived the state of affairs),^ they were reduced to the greatest alarm and distress.

Tlie wretched disloyal Hain-zab&n and all the people in the fort sent out Mauldna Nizamu-d din L&ri, who was a student and an eloquent man, to sue for quarter. The Maul4n& was conducted to the royal tent, and made liis plea for mercy through the amirs and ofiicials. The chief amirs reminded His Majesty that the batteries had been advanced very forward, and when they saw that he was inclined to mercy, they remarked that the garrison had resisted and fought with all their niiglit so long as they had any power ; and now that they saw that the fall of the place w'as imminent, they were ready to bog for mercy. His Majesty, in his gentleness and humanity, granted the petition. Mauland Niz&mu-d din Ldri was allowed to pay his homage to the Emperor, and, being dismissed, he returned to the fortress with the glad news of quarter having been conceded.

A royal order was then issued for Kdsini 'Ali Ehdn and Ehwdja Daulat Hazir to proceed into the fortress with the