6. Volume 5 — part 6

^ The passiige in parenthesis is not given in the MS. of the E. I. Library, hut is found in Ihe^inargin of tho Nawab of Jhajhar's copy, from which Sir H. £lliot*s was transcribed. It is written in a different hand from that of the MS., and docs not fit in very well with the context ; but it is found in Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 144). There are other similar additions, which are in accord with Dadhdni, and the probability ia that they have been borrowed from his work.

Maul&nd, to give assurances to Ham-zab&n and the men of the garri[son, and to bring them out with them. An order was^also given for a party of trustworthy clerks to be sent in to* seize upon all property, live stock and dead stock, and take care that nothing was lost. The names of all the people in the place were written down, and the list was presented to the Emperor. Kasim 'AU and Khwdja Daulat N&zir, by order of His Majesty, brought Ham-zabdn and all %ho men before him, and Ham- zaban, for all his fluency, hung down his head with shame, and could not speak. In gratitude for the victory, the Emperor pardoned the common people and inhabitants of the place, but Ham-zaban and some others, who were the instigators of all the strife, were punished and kept in custody.^ This conquest was efiected on the 23rd Shawwal, in the year 980.^

Next day the Emperor went in to inspect the fortress. After much consideration and examination, ho gave orders for the necessary repairs and improvements. During his inspection some largo mortars (deg) and guns (zarba-zan) attracted his attention. Those mortars bore the title of Sulaiinanl, from the name of Siilaiman Sultdn of Turkey. When he made his attempt to conquer the ports of Gujarat, ho sent these mortars and some guns,^ which are in the fort of Junagarh, with a large army by sea. As the Turks were unable to overcome the diffi- culties and obstacles they encountered, and were obliged to return, they left those mortars and the gun which is now in Junagarh on the sea- shore, and returned to their country. The mortars remained upon the sea-shore until Khuddwand Kh&n built the fortress of Surat, when ho placed them in the fort. The one which was left in the country of Surath^ was taken to

^ The tongue of Ham-zah&n was cut out. — Akbar-ndma of Ab<i-1 Fazl and Faizl.

^ The siege having lasted one month and seventeen days. — Akhar-ndma,

^ The plural is here used, but it would seem that only one gun was taken to Junagarh.

• The names “ Surat ” and “ Sdrath ” are identical, both being derived from the Sanskrit Surdshtra; but as they belong to very different places, a distinction in spelling has been maintained. ** Surat ** is the city ; Sdrath ” is a prdnt or district of Kattiwhr, of which J’un&gorh is the chief town.

the fort of Jun&garh by the ruler of that country. As there was no great necessity for these mortars in the fort of Surat, the Emperor gave orders for their being removed to Agra. On the same day he placed the custody of the fort and the government of tlie country in the hands of Kalij Eh&n. On the last day of the month Rajd Bih&r Ji6, of the country of BaglSna, captured and sent to His Majesty’s presence Sharafu-d din Husain Mirzd, who for ten years past had been engaged in various turbulent and rebellious proceedings. His Majesty’s anger had been roused by the disturbances of the country's peace, so ho censured the Mirza and placed him under restraint.

When the Emperor had settled to his satisfaction all the affairs of the province, on Monday, 4th Zi-1 ka’da, 980, he marched towards Ahmad&b&d. When he came to Broach, tho mother of Changiz Khdn complained to him that Jajhar Kh&n Habshi had unjustly killed her son, and the order was given for Jajhar Khan^s being brought up to answer the charge,^ Upon being questioned, Jajhar Khdn acknowledged the deed, and tho Emperor, in his indignation, ordered him to be cast under the feet of an elephant.

Variom Hcents that ocdiirred during the Siege of Surat.

While the Emperor was engaged in the siege of Surat, several events occurred. Among them was the journey of Ibrahim Husain Mirzd to Hindustan, for the purpose of raising disturb- ances. After his defeat at Sarndl, Ibrahim fled to the neigh- bburhood of Pattan, where ho joined Muhammad Husain Mirza and Shdh Mirzd, and informed them of his escape, and of the siege of Surat. After consultation it was resolved that Ibrahim Husain Mirza should go into Hindustdn and create disturbances, while the other two Mijzds, along with Sher Khdii Fulddi, laid siege to Pattan : their expectation being that the Emperor, on receiving intelligence of these proceedings, would abandon the siege of Surat, and fall back upon Ahmaddbdd, to repress these ^ He was tried and found guilty. — Akbar^ndma^ vol. iii. p. 6.

two outbreaks.^ Having induced Sher Kh&n Fulddi to join them, they invested Pattan. Saiyid Ahmad Khdn B&rha (the governor) put the fort in order, and shut himself up. He sent an account of the investment to the Emperor, who, on hearing it, issued orders that Kutbu-d din Muhammad Kh4n and * ♦ * all the jdgirddr^ of Malwa, Eaisin, and Ohanderi, and all the other nobles and adlierents of the Imperial throne, such as * * *, should assemble under the command of ’Azam Khan to repress this rebellious attempt.

The nobles accordingly joined ’Azam Kh&n and mai'chcd to Pattan. When they werer five /cos distant from Pattan, Muham- mad Husain Mirza and Sher Khan Fuladi came forward to meet them The Mirz&s fell upon the advance and defeated it. They then attacked the right, which w^as under Kutbu-d din Muhammad Kh&n, and defeated it also, Sh&h Muhammad Atka received a wound and fled. These two divisions being broken, fled towards Ahmaddbad. Kutbu-d din’s camp was plundered, and Shaikh Muhammad Bukhdri ® was killed. When ’Azam Khan saw the defeat of his right and left, and the fall of Muhammad Bukhari, he resolved to make a bold attempt to retrieve matters, and to dash into the fight. But Biddgh Khan, who was himself a man of war, hold his bridle, and would not let him go. When the enemy’s men dispersed in search of plunder, and there remained but few in array, ’Azam Khdn, with Bidagh Khdn, formed his ranks and fell upon the enemy’s centre. By God’s help, victory declared in their favour, and the foe was scattered on eveiy sido.^ Sher Khan Fulddi, in a forlorn and helpless state, went to Amin Khdn, the ruler of Jundgarli^ and there found refuge. Muhammad Husain Mirzd

^ Aba-1 Fazl's view is different. He says that Ibrhhfm, who was as able with the sword as he v/hs wanting in sense, quarrelled with his brothers, and left them with the crude design of making an attempt on the capital. — Akbar^ndmd,

^ Abfi-1 Fazl and Faizl state that the rebels endeavoured to treat and gain time for the arrival of expected reinforcements. — Akbar^ndma,

^ Abd-1 Fazl attributes the victory to Kutbu-d din, who rallied his broken forces, and led them again to the fight.

fled to the Dekhin. This victory was won on the 18th Rama- zdn, 980.

’Azam Khan, afte^ setting things in order at Pattan, left Saiyid Ahmad Khdn Bdrha in command as before, and went to the Emperor, whom he joined under tho fort of Surat, on the 20th Shawwdl, and reported the devotion and bravery of the amivB and all the troops. On his way back, he sent Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khdn and some other amln to Ma’murabad, in order to ' chastise Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk ^ and the defeated troops who were scattered in the jungles and forts. Kutbu-d din drove Ikhtiy&ru-l Mulk and the other Habshis out of the jungles, took possession of the forts, and left his own garrisons in them. When the Emperor departed from Surat for Ahmadabdd, Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khan, and the amirs who had taken part in his campaign, joined him on the road at the town of Mahmud&b&d.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Wednesday, 6th Zi-1 ka’da, 980 (11th March, 1673). The Emperor arrived at Ahmad&bad on tho last day of Zi-1 ka’da, and there he entrusted the government of Gujar&t to Kh&n-i ’azam (Mirza Koka).^ On the 10th Zi-1 ^ijja, the ^Td-zuha^ he commenced his journey to the capital. On the 18th Zi-1 hijja, at the town of Haibatptir, one of the dependencies of Pattan, ho gave fine robes and horses to ’Azam Kh&n and the other amirs^ and dis- missed them to ihQivjdgirs. At the same place, Muzaffar Khdii (late King of Gujar&t) received the Imperial, bounty. The sarkdrs of S&rangpur and Ujjain in Malwa were taken from the R&ni and granted to him, with fifty lacs of tankas mjdgir? He

I He had escaped from prison at Ahmadnagar.— Badadni, vol. ii. p. 149.

Pattan was. given to Mir Muhammad Eh&n-i kal&n ; Broach to Kutbu-d din Muhammad; and Ddlaka and Handdka to Saiyid H&raid Bukh&ri.— vol. iii. 6, and MS.

a Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 149) says, “Two and a half hrora injdgir, St,rangpdr, Ujjain, and the whole of Mklwa.'*

was then sent to his jagir. The Emperor continjied his journey by J&lor towards Fathpdr. At one stage from Ajmir, he received a communication from Sa’id iSlhdn^ the governor of Mult&n, to inform him of the death of IbrAhim Husain MirzA When Ibr&him Husain Mirzd hurried off from Gujar&t, .he proceeded to the town of Mirtha.' At eleven Aos from that place, he plundered a caravan which was on its way from Grujar&t to Agra. Upon reaching Ndgor, Farrukh Kh^n, son of Khan-i kalan, who governed there On behalf of his father, withdrew into the fort,^ and the Mirzd, after plundering the houses of the poor people in the environs of tlie city, went on to Ndrnaul. Rdi Rdm and Edi Singh, whom the Emperor had left at Joudh- pur with about 1000 horse to keep open the communications when he marched into Gujarat, gathered their men and pursued the Mirzd. On reaching Ndgor, they joined Farrukh Khdn, and continuing the pursuit, they came up with the Mirzd one evening at the village of Katholi,® twenty Aos from Ndgor, but he took the alarm, and managed to make his escape.

On the 2nd Eamazdn, 980, the troops halted on the banks of a great tank, when the Mirzd, who was only a little in advance, turned back and attacked the troops which were in pursuit of him. The troops held their ground and defended themselves. Three times the Mirzd, forming fiis men in two divisions, at- tacked them on two sides, md showered arrows upon them. Finding he could make no impression, he again fled. One division got separated in the darkness, and the men were scat- tered in the neighbouring villages, where they were taken prisoners, and many of them were put to death. Nearly 200 fell alive into the hands of Farrukh Khdn and the amirs of Joudhpdr.

1 He had with him his youngest brother, Mas*dd Husaiu Tol. iii. p. 8. Faizf Sirhindi.

^ The Mirzh besieged the fort, and was near upon taking it. — Ahbar^ndtmy Tol. iii. p. 8. Faizi Sirhindf. . ^

® “Kahtoli.*' — Bad&dni, toI, ii. p. 160. Eahntoni.” — Akhar^ndma^ vol. iii,

The^Mirad, with about 300 men who accompanied him, plundered the villages and places in their road, -and crossing the Jumna and Gf^anges, he proceeded to the pargana of ’Azam- ptir, in the district of Saihbal, which had been his jdglr while he was loyal to the Emperor. He stayed there five or six days, and then started for the Panjdb, He plundered Pdnipat, Sonpat, Earndl, and other places on his route. Many plunderers and adventurers joined him, and inflicted great wrongs upon the people.

When he reached the Panjdb, Husain Kuli Khdn Turkomdn, Amiru^l umard of the Panjdb, was engaged with the forces of his province in besieging Kangra, well known as Nagarkot. On hearing of the Mirzd’s arrival, Husain Kuli Khdn sot off with his brother Isma’il Khdn * * * and other amin^ and by forced marches came up with the Mirzd near the town of Tulanibha, forty hos from Multdn. He was returning from hunting free from apprehension and in disorder, when ho was attacked. His men were dispersed, and were unable to reach him. His brother Mas’iid Husain Mirzd, who had come up before him, attacked the troops of Husain Kuli Khdn, but was taken prisoner. Ibrd- him Husain Mirzd, being unable to do anything, made off. Upon arriving near Multdn, he wanted to pass the Gdra, which is the name of the river formed by the junction of the Biydh and Satlej. But it was night, and' he had no boats, so he rested on the bank. A party of Jhils^ who are fishermen dwelling about Multan, made an attack upon him in the night, and the Mirzd received a wound in his throat from an arrow. Seeing no other means of escape, he quickly changed his clothes, and separating from his people, endeavoured to get away. But some of the people of that country recognized him, took him prisoner, and carried him to Sa'id Khdn at Multdn, and In the custody of the Khdn he died.^

On the 12th Muharram, 981, in the eighteenth year of the

^ He had received a severe wound, and died soon after his capture. — Ahhar^n&ma^ vol. iii. p. 12. Bad&tini, vol. ii. p. 159.

reign, the Emperor paid a visit to the tomb of Khwija B^Mnu-d din Ghishtl, and observed the usual ceremonies, and dispensed his customary gifts. He remained there \wcek, and every morning and evening paid a visit to the tomb, showing strict attention to all the observances. From, thence he started :^r the

capital, and on reaching Sangdnir, he left his camp and went on express with a few attendants to Fathpur. In. two nights one day he reached the town of Bachuna, twelve kos from Fat^-:^ To secure an auspicious time, he remained there three on the 2nd Safar he arrived at Fathpur. Ijf the

March of Husain Kuli Khan against Nagarkot.

(There was a brahman named Brahma Dds, a bard (bad^' farosh)^ who was distinguished above all his compeers for his skill in celebrating the achievements of great men, and he used to make excellent Hindi verses. He was some years in the service of the Emperor, and was admitted among the number of his private attendants, when he received the title of Kab Kai, chief of poets). ^

When the Emperor’s favour was alienated from E&ja Jai Ohandar, K&ja of Nagarkot, ho issued orders for putting him in confinement. The Kajd^s son, Badi Chand^ although a minor, assumed the place of his father, and deeming him as dead, broke out in revolt. The Emperor 'having given to Kab R&i the title of Eajd Birbal,® bestowed upon him tlie country of Nagarkot, hereupon farmdns were sent to Husain Kuli Khdn, and the amirs of the Panjab commanding them to take Nagarkot from Badi Ckand, and place it in the possession of llaja Birbal.^ Birbal in Hindi signifies courageous and great, so his title means “ Brave and mighty Rajd.”

1 This passage is another marginal addition apparently taken from Bad&dni.

® In the MSS. the name is more frequently written “ Bfrbar**; but the more familiar form has been here adopted.

3 Abd-1 Fazl places this transaction in the seventeenth year of the reigm-^^dar- Mo'wa, vol. ii. p. 426,

Wh^^pl the Rdjd arrived at Lahore, Husain KuU Kh4n, * * * and other ’ of the Panj&b, set out for Nagarkot. On reaching DaAinari, the holder of that place, whose name was Ohotoj and who was a relative of Jai Ohand, relying on the ^ security of his fort which he had strengthened, kept himself in '•private, and sent two vakih with his offerings. He also sent ^essage excusing himself from attending in person, on the . ground of his fears and anxiety, but he undertook the duty of keeping the roads clear. Husain Kuli Khan presented the mldU with robes and sent them back. Leaving a party of men at a village situated near the opening of the road^ he wont onwards.

On arriving at the fort of Kutila, ho pitched his camp. This fort is a very high one. It formerly belonged to Raj& Ram Chandar, of Gwalior;' but R4j4 Dharm Ohand and Raj& Jai Ohand had obtained possession of it by force.

The officers left in charge of tlie fort by Raja Jai Ohand discharged muskets and arrows and stones against the troops who had dispersed in search of plunder, and inflicted some damage. Upon hearing of this, Husain Kuli Khan mounted his hqfse with the otlior amin to reconnoitre the place. He ascended a hill which is opposite to the fort, and commands it. With great labour |^ome guns were brought up the hill, and fire was opened upon the fort. Its cracked masonry was shattered by the balls. A large number of men stood under the walls, and * great loss was suffered. As evening approached, ho returned to the camp, leaving a force in charge of that position. During the night, the Rdjputs who were in the fortress, and were terri- fied by the cannonade, made their escape. In the* morning Husain Kuli Kh&n, beating his drums, marched into the fort of Kutila, which he delivered over to the Rajd of Gwalior, to whose ancestors it had formerly belonged^ but he left a garrison of his own there.

Continuing his march, he came to a thickly wooded country, through which it was difficult even for an ant or a snake to The Gwalior in the hills. See Yol. IV. p. 494.

creep ; so a party of men was set to cut a road through th#»'jungle. On the 1st Eajab, 990, he encamped by a field of maize near I^^agarkot. The fortress [hisdr) of Bhfin, which is an idol temple of Mahamdi^ and in which none but her servants dwelt^ was taken by the valour and resolution of the assailants at the first assault. A party of Edjputs, who had resolved to die, fought most desperately till they were all cut down. A number of Brahmans, who for many years had served the temple, never gave one thought to flight, and were killed. Nearly 200 black cows belonging to the Hindus, during the struggle, had crowded together for shelter, in the temple. Some savage Turks, while the arrows and bullets were falling like rain, killed these cows one by one. They then took off their boots and filled them with the blood, and cast it upon the roof and walls of the temple.

The outer fortifications having fallen, the buildings were destroyed and levelled to make a camping ground. After this the fort was invested. Sdbdts were formed, and a mound com- manding the fort {sar-kob) was raised. Some largo guns were also placed upon a neighbouring hill, and were fired several times a day upon the fort and the residence of the One jjay the

commander of the artillery fired a largo gun upon a place which the Edjd had thought to be safe, and in whi^i he was sitting at meat. The ball struck the walls, and killed nearly eighty people who were within the building. Among them was Bhuj deo, son of Eaj& Takhat Mai.

In the beginning of Shaww&l, letters came from Lahore with the intelligence that Ibrdhim Husain Mirzd had crossed the Satlada., (Satlg), and was marching upon Dipdlpur. Husain KuU Khdn held a secret council with the amirs about the course necessary to be pursued. The army was suffering great hard- ships, and the dogs' in the fortress were anxious for peace, so Husain Kuli Xhdn felt constrained to accede.^ The infidels

1 Husain Kuli required each of the amirs to give him a written opinion, signed and sealed, in favour of granting a capitulation. Abti-1 Fazl gives a somewhat dilTerent version of the terms. 1. The K&jh was to send his daughter to the

uadertcwt to pay a large tribute : five wans of gold, Akbarsh&hi weight, and various kinds of stuffs for His Majesty. A mosque was founded in front of the palace of Edjd Jai Chandar, and after the completion of the first arch a pulpit was raised, and Hafiz Muhammad Bdkir read the khutba in the name^ of the Emperor on Friday, in the middle of Shawwal, 980. As he repeated the titles of the Emperor, gold was showered upon his head. When peace was concluded, the khutba read, and the coins stamped with the Emperor’s name, Husain Kiili Khdn marched away.

He then proceeded against Ibrdhim Husain Mirzd. At the town of Jamdri ho paid a visit to the holy Khwdja ’Abdu-sh shahid, who presented him with his garment, and sent his blessings with him. When ho reached Tulambha, he achieved the victory, which has already been described. Upon His Majesty arriving at Fathpdr after his campaign in Gujardt, Husain Kuli Khdn took Mas‘*ud Husain Mirzd with him, and went to wait upon the Emperor. The other prisoners, nearly 300 in number, were presented to the eyes of the Emperor with cow-hides placed on their necks in a strange fashion.^ TJie eyes of Mas’dd Husain Mirzd were sewed up, but the Emperor in his kindness ordered them to be opened. Several of the prisoners were liberated, but some, who had taken a leading part among the rebels, were kept in custody. On the same day Sa’id Khdn arrived, bringing with him as an offering the head of Ibrdhim Husain Mirzd, and he received distinguished marks of favour.

When the Emperor returned from Gujardt, there remained

Emperor’s harem. 2. To pay a proper tribute. 3. To give his children and some relations as hostages for the surrender of the fort, if the Emperor refused to ratify the peace. 4. To compensate Birbal for the loss of his j&fflr, — Ahhar^ndma^ vol. ill. p. 10. Faizi Sirhindi incorporates the versions of the Tabahdt and Akbar-- ndma, ^

^ ** Charmhde gdo dar galk cmddkhtah** Such are the words in the text and in Faizf. CharmA gdo means a thong or lash, the American ** cowhide ” ; but Abh-l Fazl makes the matter clear. He says, The prisoners were brought in cow-skins, from which the horns had not been taken mo.^**--Akbar^d>naf vol. ill. p. 14.

no resistance in that country, all the forts were in tho l^nds of his servants, and such of his troops as had not served on the campaign were sent to strengthen ’Azam Kh&n. But he had hardly been six months in his capital, when news of fresh out- breaks came in time after time, and ‘’Azam Khdn himself wrote for reinforcements.

When the Emperor had settled the affairs of Gujar&t, and had returned tn his capital, the disaffected and rebellious men, who had crept into corners and hidden tliemselves in dread of the royal forces, once more raised their heads. Having assem- bled round Ikhtiydru-1 Mulk,^ they got possession of Ahmad- nagar and the surrounding territory.

Muhammad Husain Mirza left the Dekliin® with the intention of attempting the recapture of Surat. Kalij Khan, who was- jdglrddr of the fort, made it secure, and prepared for a siege ; so Husain Mirza gave up the project, and made a rapid march upon Kambdy.^ Hasan Khdn Karkarah, the shikkddry being unable to make any resistance, fled to Ahmaddbdd.^

Khdn-i ’azam sent Naurang Khkn and Saiyid Ahmad Bukhdri against the Mirza, while he himself marched to Ahmadnagar and Tdar against Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk, When Naurang Khan and Saiyid Bukhdri approached Kambdy, Muhammad Husain Mirzd came out to meet him. Sharp fighting went on for several days, and Saiyid Jaldl, son of Saiyid Bahdu-d din Bukhdri, was killed. At length the Mirzd was worsted, and fled to join Ikbtiyd^-1 Mulk. ’Azam Khdn, who had marclied against Ikhtiydru-1 Mulk, took a position near Ahmadnagar. He several times attacked him, and fighting went on for several days between Ahmadnagar and fdar with no decisive result.

^ He -v^as in tho neighbourhood of Tdar, and was supported by Harbin, the mminddr of that place. — Ahbar^ndtna, vol. iii. p. 13.

^ The neighbourhood of Daulatbbb^— ZA p. 14.

® He got possession of Broach on his way.— Zd. p. 13.

^ Abh-1 Fazl imputes negligence to Hasan £hbu.— ZA p. 13.

Intell^ence now came that the sons of Sher Khan Ful&di, the son of Jajhar Kh&n, and Mirz& Muhammad Husain had joined Ikhtiy&ru-l Mulk, and had formed the plan of making a rapid march by a different road to Ahmad&bad. On being informed of this, Kh&n-i ^azam marched for that city, and when he reached it he sent a messenger to summon Kutbu-d din Muhammad Kh&n from Broach, who accordingly marched and joined Khan-i ’azam at Ahinaddb&d. Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk and Muhammad Husain Mirzd, and the other insurgents, got together a force of 20,000 men — Mughals, Gujar&tis, Habshis, Afgh&ns, and R&jputs — around Ahmad&bad. The BAja of Tdar also kept upi a connexion with them.

Khdn-i 'azam and Kutbu-d din, being unable to depend upon some of their men, shut themselves up in the town, but sallied out every day and fought under the walls. One day FAzil KhAn, son of Khan-i kalAn, went out and made a bold attack upon the enemy, and killed several men ; but he was slain by a thrust from a sptar. KhAn-i 'azam daily sent off despatches to tlio Emperor, calling for assistance. The Emperor therefore resolved once more to raise his banner in GujarAt, to clear the country of the rebels, and to uproot their families.

The Emperor summoned his clerks and officials, and gave them directions to provide for the outfit ctf an army. The former campaign had lasted a year, and the men through the length of the march were without accoutrements. After re- turning they had not had sufficient time to get money from their jdgirs to replace their necessaries. His Majesty therefore issued money from the public treasury to the soldiers, and made liberal grants for procuring the materials of war. He sent SliujA'^at KhAn^ on in advance with his camp equipage, and he sent with it his horses under the charge of KhwAja AkA KhAn. He personally enjoined the jdiwdni officers to use the greatest despatch in outfitting the army. To expedite matters he on the

^ B6j& Bhagw&n Das and B&i Singh were sent with him. — Akbar-ndma^ vol. iii. p. 18.

same day sent the men of his advanced guard out of th^ city to join his camp equipage. He frequently said that although he was exerting himself in the organization and despatch of the army, no one would be ready sooner than himself to take his part in its work.

When several amirs with their troops had been set in motion for Gujar&t, he bestowed the title of Khan-jahdn upon Husain KuU Khan, who had rendered good service, and he increased his Jdgirs and allowances. He confirmed to him the government of Lahore and the sarkdr of the PanjSb, and then dismissed him io his duty. Each person who sought for an increase of dignity, or for an increase of his allowances, met with a favourable hearing. Eaj4 Todar Mai was ordered to join Khdn-jahdn Husain KuU Khdn, and to give him and the amirs of the Panjab the benefit of his experience and advice in the management of the province. All the amirs of the Panjab took their leave with Khdn-jahdn, excepting Mirzd Yusuf Khdn. The Mirzd and Muhammad Zamau, who exhibited great intelligence, we» to accompany the Emperor. SaTd Khan, the ruler of Multan, was sent to his jdgir^ taking with him his brother Makhsus Khdn, who had been promoted.

In the early morning of Sunday, 24th Kabi^u-1 akhir, 981, tho Emperor, with his companions and attendants, mounted swift she-camels,^ and took their departure. On that day he rode to the town of Toda® without drawing rein. There he ate what he could get, and continued his journey. On the morning of Monday, he took a short rest at Hans-mahdl, but quickly resumed his journey. One watch of the night of Tuesday had passed, when he reached the village of Mu*iz&b&d.® He was

^ AbC-l Fazl (vol. iii, p, 18) agrees. The words used are jumindsa and ndka ; and the annotator of the A&bar-ndma gives as an explanation the Hindi sdndnu According to Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. ] 65), the animals were bukhtU^ or two-humped camels. Faizf uses both ixxmBfjummdza and bukhtL

• About seventy miles W. by S. from Agra. “ He proceeded by way of Bas&war and Toda, and accomplished 100 koa in two days. On the 26th he arriv^ at Ajmir.*’ — Bad&dni, vol. ii. p. 165.

»riiow fatigued/ and several of his attendants had dropped behind, so he stayed a few hours to take rest. After his attendants had come up, he mounted a fast-going cart/ and travelled all night. On Tuesday he reached the tomb of Khwfija Mu’inu-d din Ohishti (at Ajmir),® where he went through the usual observ- ances, and bestowed his gifts upon the poor. He rested for a while in tho palace, which he had built for his own use, but towards tho end of tho day he mounted his horse, and continued his journey. Among his attendants when he started were Mirzd Khan, son of Khdn-khdndn Bairam, Asaf Khdn Koka, Zain Khdn Koka, and * * *. The night was bright moonlight. In the morning they joined Shdh Kuli Khdn Mahram, and Mu- hammad Kuli Khdn Tiighhdni^ who had been sent on in advance from Fathpur. The intelligencers now brought tho information of the royal army having marched. His Majesty alighted at tho town of Pali,^ which was near at hand, and then, having chosen Khwdja 'Abdu-lla, Asaf Klian Bakshi, and Rdisdl Bar- bar!^ he took thorn along with him. On the 2nd Jumdda-1 awwal, 981, he reached the town of Disa, twenty kos from Pattan, in Gujardt, where tho shikkdar * * came forth to meet him. His Majesty now sent Asaf Klidn to Muhammad Khdn, directing him to collect his forces, and join the party at tho town of BdHsdna, five kos from Pattan. In the middle of the night His Majesty started from Disa for Bdlisdiia, and turning aside from Pattan, came in sight of Bdlisdna® in the morning, and there halted. Here he was joined by Mir Muhammad

^ According to Faizf, his limbs had to be anointed with oil, to assuage the effects of the friction.

2 Here the T» Alfl says they rode on swift female camels, but Abd-l Fazl agrees as to the carriages. — Akbar^ndma, yol. iii. p. 19.

3 Distance 140 kos. — Faizi. ‘‘ 228 miles.*' — Thornton,

• The route from Ajmlr was by Mirtha, thirty miles to the N.W. Jit&ran forty- five miles S.W. Thirty miles farther to Sojhat, and from thence twenty to Phil, From thence to Bhagw&npdr. He now wished to take the shortest road by Sirohl ; but as that route was dangerous, his attendants were in favour of Jfilor. guide pretended to lose the way in the night, and they wont to J61or, and so on to Pattanw6l. — Akbar-ndma^ vol. iii. p. 20. Faizi.

fi About five miles south-east of -Pattan.

Khdn with his army and all his amirs and attendants^ such as» * * * and a party of the principal Rajputs, such as Khang&r, the nephew of RSja Bhagwdn Dds, who had previously marched from Fathptir to support Khdn-i ’azam, but whom caution had restrained from advancing beyond Pattan.

An order was now issued for all Jblie troops to appear fully armed and accoutred. The amirs accordingly brought out their men, and the Emperor reviewed them. Although he had full trust and hope of heavenly assistance, he neglected no material means of success. He gave the command of the centre, which is the place of the Sultan, to Mirza Khdn, son of (the late) Khan-khandn Bairam Khdn, a young man of groat parts and promise. Ho also appointed Saiyid Muhammad Khdn Bdrha, a man of great bravery, and Shujd’at Khdn and Sddik Khan to tho centre. • The command of the right was given to Mir Muhammad Khdn-i kalan, and that of the left to Wazir Khdn. The advance, composed of a number of brave fellows, was placed under tho command of Muhammad KuU Khdn and Tarkhdn Diwdna. His Majesty kept under his own immediate direction 100^ horsemen, men who had been picked out from a thousand thousand — a reserve intended to support any division which might be hard pressed. Strict orders were issued that no man was to stray from his place.

Although the horsemen under his colours were only 3000 in number, and the enemy had more than 20,000, he put his trust in God, and in the latter part of the day marched from Bdlisdna towards Ahmaddbdd. A messenger was sent to apprise Khdii-i ’azam of , his approach. He marched all night, and on Tuesday, 3rd J um&da-l awwal, he reached Kari, a town twenty Izos from Ahmaddbdd. The scouts now brought in the intelligence that a large force of the enemy had come out of the fort to give battle.2 Orders were accordingly given to attack them, and

^ This is tho number given by Ab6-1 Fazl, Badhdni (vol. ii. p. 166), and Firishta; but one of our MSS. has ** 600.’*

^ Under the command of Eoliy&, an officer serving under Sher Khhu Ful&di. — Akbar^ndma^ vol. iii. p. 23.

^dnv© from tli© ro©id^ but not to incur uiiy ©mbskrrdtssmcut by attacking th© fort. This was accomplished in th© twinkling of an ©y©, and those- of th© enemy who escaped th© sword, threw themselves into the fort. Leaving the fort untouched, in obedience to orders, the army marched five koB from Kari, where it rested till dawn. 0

As soon as it was light, the hakhshk drew up the forces, and marched on without drawing rein to a place about three koB from Ahmaddbad. Orders were given for ovory man to arm himself, and the royal armoury was opened, so that every man who had lost or damaged a weapon might choose one to suit him. Asaf Kh&n was sent to Kh&n-i 'azam, to inform him of the proximity of the Emperor, and directing him to effect a junction. Thus, in nine days, the Emperor marched from Fathpur to the outskirts of Ahraad&bdd, a feat which it is difficult for the pen to describe.

It was now discovered that the enemy, drunk with wine,^ were asleep on the bed of heedlessness, quite unaware of the approach of the royal army. The feeling ran through tho royal ranks, that it wjis unmanly to fall upon an enemy unawares, and that they would wait till he was roused.^ When the blast of tho trumpets was heard, the enemy, in amaze and alarm, rushed to their horses.^ Muhammad Husain Mirza advanced with two or three horsemen to tho bank of the river to ascertain the truth, and it so happened that Subhan KuU Turk had also gone down to the river with two or three men from our side, Muhammad Husain Mirza called out to Subh&n KuH, inquiring whose army it was, and he was answered that it was the Emperor, who had marched from Fathpur to punish traitors. The Mirzd replied, “ My spies have informed me, that fourteen days ago the Emperor was at Fathpdr 5 and if this is tho Imperial army,

1 This is probably figurative. Bad&dnS (vol. ii. p. 166) employs a more common simile, ** the sleep of neglect.**

• The battle was fought on the 6tb Jurabda-l awwal.--^Ardar-«d»f«, vol. iii. p. 26.

» Some thought a reinforcement had arrived for themselves, and others that it was a force come from Pattan to support Khim-i kalOn. — Akbar^n&tm^ vol. iii. p, 26,

where are the royal elephants which always accomps^y it ? ’’ Subhan ’AU said, “ How could elephants have travelled with us 400 kos in nine days P ” Muhammad Husain Mirzd returned amazed and troubled to his army, and drawing out his forces, he prepared for battle. He directed. Ikhtiyar Khdn to take 6000 horse, and preunt Khdn-i 'azdm from sallying out of the city.

When the time for delay drew to an end, the Emperor directed the advance to cross the river, and that Wazir KhAn also should cross with the left. This being done, he himself crossed over at the head of his chosen men. Some little confusion occurred in the passage, but the troops all got over together, and advanced a short distance on the other side, when a strong force of the enemy came in view. Muhammad Husain Mirza, with 1500 Mughals,^ all devoted men of his own, came up and fell upon the advanced force under Muhammad Kuli KhAn and TarkhAn DiwAna. Simultaneously the Habshis and AfghAns attacked Wazir KhAn, and then the fight grew close and warm.

The Emperor perceived some signs of weakness and distress in the advanced force, so he gave the word, and charged the enemy like a fierce tiger. Another body of the royal forces came up and took them in flank. Saif KhAn Koka made a rash charge and was killed. Muhammad Husain MirzA and ShAh MirzA struggled manfully, but ill-luck attended them, so they turned and fled. The royal troops advanced and cut off some. His Majesty with several of his men drew up and stood fast. Muhammad Husain MirzA had received a wound, and in his haste to make his escape, he put his horse at a thorn hedge, but the animal fell. One of the royal troops, a Turk named GadA ’AH, who pursued him, threw himself from his horse and made him prisoner.

Wazir KhAn on the left fought well and bravely, but the Habshi and GujarAti troops made charge after charge, until they became acquainted with the defeat of Muhammad Husain MirzA ^ The name is generally spelt <‘Mughtll*’ in this work.

and Sh^li Mirz&. ■ Then they also turned their backs, Mir Muhammad Kh&n on the right drove hack the sons of Sher Kh&n Ful&di, and put many of their men to the sword. Victory now declared itself on every side, and His Majesty returned triumphant to his couch, which* was placed at the edge of the battle-field, and there he offered up his thanks for the victory vouchsafed.

Gadd *AU Badakhslii and a servant of Kli&n-i kaldn now brought in the wounded Muhammad Husain Mirzd a prisoner, each laying claim to the honour of capturing him. Rajd Birbal asked him who made him prisoner, and ho replied, “ Ingratitude to His Majesty ; and he spoke the truth. His Majesty spoke a few kind words to him, and gave him into the custody of Rdi Singh. Among the prisoners taken was a man named Mard Azmdi Shah, who declared himself the Koka of Mirzd Ibrdhim Husain. His Majesty struck him to the earth with a spear, and the attendants out him to pieces with their swords. It was afterwards found out that he had killed in the battle of Sarndl, Bhupat, brother of Rdjd Bhagwan Dds.^

An hour after the victory was won, another large division of the enemy® made its appearance, and the vedettes brought the information that it was Ikhtiydru-1 Mulk Gujarati. He had been charged with the duty of closing the road against ’’Azam Khdn, but when he heard of the defeat of the Mirzds, he left the city roads and came out into the field. His Majesty ordered a force to advance and assail him with arrows. When ho came in sight, some fierce horsemen charged and overthrew the troop which preceded him. Ikhtiydru-1 Mulk in his fright cast a look upon the hill whereon the royal standard was planted, and he (and his men) ran off on both sides of it, in such disgraceful panic that the royal troops pulled the arrows out of the quivers of the fugitives, and used them against them. A Turkomdn

^ According to Abd-1 Fazl, it was the knowledge of this &ct which induced the BSmpeTor to kill him.”-~ji Aftor-ndwa, vol, iii. p. 36,

• “ More than 6000 in number." — Akbar-ndma^ vol. iii. p. 37 ; Badhhni, vol. ii.

named Sahr&b Beg now recognized Ikh4ijdru-1 Mulk, ^d pur- sued him. Coming to a thorn hedge, the fugitive endeavoured to make his horse leap over, but the animal threw him. Suhr&b Beg dismounted and took him prisoner. Ikhtiy&ru-l Mulk said, “You look like a Turkom&n, and the Turkom&us are followers of * AH. I belong to the Saiyids of Bokhara, do not kill me.^' Suhrab Beg replied, “I recognized you and pursued you. You are lkIitiyaru-1 Mulk.’’ Thus having said he cut oif his head and returned to mount his horse, but some one had taken it, so he wrapped the head in the skirt of his garpient and walked back. At the time that Ikhtiydru-1 Mulk advanced towards the hill on which the Emperor was standing, the Rajputs of Rai Singli, who had charge of Muhammad Husain Mirzd, cast the Mirzd oflf an elephant to the ground, and despatched him with a spear.

After the victory, ’Azam Khdn and the other officers who had been besieged in the city came out to the Emperor, who be- stowed upon the Khan many marks of his approval. To every one of the Khdns he gave promotion or other distinctions, and he had hardly finished with them, when Suhrab Bog Turkoradn came up and threw down thejiead of Ikhtiyaru-1 Mulk. When the Emperor saw it, he praised him and liberally rewarded him ; and then he ordered that a pyramid should be raised of the heads of the rebels who had fallen in the battle, and these were more than 2000 in number. After this he proceeded into AhmadabAd, and occupied the royal abode, which is in the citadel. The men of the city of all ranks waited upon him with their offerings and congratulations. He rested five days in the citadel, and then he removed to the house of ’Itim&d Khan, in the middle of the city. ,

His first act was to see that all those who had rendered good service in this campaign, especially those who had distinguished themselves in the battle, should receive their due reward in advanced rank and increased allowances. Eloquent scribes were employed to write despatches of the victory, and the heads of

Muhamimd Husain Mirid and Ikhtiydru-l Mulkwere sent to be hung up over the gates of XgrsL and Fathpdr.

. After attending to the wants of the poor people of Ahmaddb&d, he sent Eutbu-d din Muhammad Khdn and Naurang Khdn to Broach and Champdnir, to uproot the power of Shdh Mirzd. Bdjd Bhagwan Dds, Shah Euli Mahram, Lashkar Eh&n Mir- bakhshi, and several others, were sent to fdar, to ravage the country which B^nd l/di Singh had abandoned. The govern- ment of Fattan was again confided to Mir Muhammad Ehan (Khdn-i Kalan), Wazir Kh&n was appointed to Dulaka and Danduka, and he was to support Ehdn-i ’azam.

When the Emperor, had made all his arrangements, he re- solved to return home, and on Sunday, 16th Jum&da-l awwal, he left Ahmaddbdd for Mahmuddbdd, and rested in the lofty and fine palace of Sultdn Mahmdd of Gujardt. Khwdja Ghiydsu-d din *A\i Bakhshi, who had rendered good service in this campaign, received the title of Asaf Khdn, and he was appointed diwdn and bakhshi of Gujardt, so he remained behind with Ehdn-i ^azam. The Emperor travelled by night from Dulaka to Eari, and from Eari also by night to Sitdpur. Here a despatch was received from Bdjd Bhagwdn Dds, and Shdh Euli Mahrara, reporting the capture of the fort of Barnagar^^ and a letter of thanks was returned. He made no other halt till he reached Sirohi, where he gave Sadik Ehdn a commission to chastise rebels and robbers. On Wednesday, 3rd Jumdda-1 awwal, 981, he reached Ajrair, and immediately went to visit the tomb of Khwdja Mu’inu-d din Ghishti, and made liberal donations to the poor. Next day he departed, and marching night and day, he reached the village of Puna, three kos from Sdngdnir, in the jdgir of Bdm Das Kachhwdha. Here Bdm Dds had prepared an entertainment for His Majesty and all his attendants.

At this station Bdjd Todar Mai, who had been directed to ^ About thirty miles east of Pattau.

fit out a thousand boats {kisMt) an^ ghrahs at had an

interview with His Majesty. The revenues of Gujardt had not been paid up satisfactorily, so the Bdjd was sent to ascertain and settle the assets, and draw up an account of them for the royal exchequer. The Emperor stmtod again at midnight, and rode to Toda, which he reached on the morning of the 6th, and, after resting for a while, he again mounted and reached Basawar in the middle of the night, where he was met by Khwdja-jah^ and Shahdbu-d din Ahmad Khan, who had come out of Fathpdr to meet him. At dawn he again started and went to the town of Bajdna, where ho remained till the following day. He then ordered his attendants to march into Fathpdr with spears in their hands. Ho himself followed, riding upon a gray horse, and holding a spear in his hand. Thus he reached Fathpdr on Saturday, 7th Jumdda-1 dkhir, having been absent forty-three days.

Ecenta after the Emperor’s Return to Fathpiir.

On the 25th of Jumdda-1 dkhir, the ceremony of circumcising the young princes was performed, .amid great rejoicings and congratulations. The time was now arrived for beginning the education of Prince Salim, so on the 22nd Bajab His Majesty appointed Mauldnd Mir Kalan Harawi to be his tutor, and to instruct him in the creed and the Kurdn.^

MuzaiFar Khdn, who had been formerly appointed to the government of Sdrangpdr, in tho territories of Ahmaddbdd, was summoned to Court, and on the 4th Bajab he was appointed wazir or prime minister of Hinddstdn, and received the additional title of Jumlattt-1 Mulki. The general management of the afi^urs of the country was committed to his hands.

The debts of Shaikh Muhammad Bukhdri, who was killnd at the battle of Pattan, and of Smf Khdn Koka, who fell in the second campaign of Ahmaddbdd, were ordered to be paid out of the public treasury. The total amounted to one he of Akbar- > The tranalatioa of this and other luumportant paesagee of this section is abridged.

sli&lii rupees, equal to 2600 tumam of ’Irdk, Such a fact has not been recorded of any king in books of history.

Todar Mai, who had been sent to settle the revenues of Gujar&t, having made the necessary arrangements, now re- turned, bringing the accounts of his settlement, and suitable presents for His Majesty. He was highly applauded. After a few days the Emperor gave him one of his own swords, and sent him along with Lashkar !^lh&n Mir-baklishl to servo under Khan-kh&n&n Mu’nim Eh4n, and assist in the conquest of Bengal.

Mir Muhsin Rizwi, who had been sent on a mission to the rulers of the Dekhin, returned, bringing with him the presents they had sent to His Majesty.

On the 16th Shaww&l the Emperor went to pay a visit to the tomb of Khwdja Mu’inu-d din at Ajmir, for although ho had visited it this year on his return from the second campaign in Gujardt, ho had now determined upon an invasion of Bengal ; and as this campaign might last longer than a year, he might be prevented from making his usual pilgrimage ; so ho determined to proceed thither at once, and offer up his prayers for divine help in his war against Bengal. He accordingly sot out on the 16th Sliawwdl, 981, and remained till the 20th in the village of Ddir.^ * * * At this place Hildwar Khdn, assisted by tJio Emperor’s orderlies (f/asdtvais), was directed to protect the cultivated land in the vicinity of the camp; and besides that, trustworthy men were appointed to tsarefully examine the land after the camp had passed, and were ordered to place the amount of any damage done, against the government claim for revenue. This practice became a rule in all his campaigns, and sometimes even bags of money were given to those inspectors, so that they might at once estimate and satisfy the claims of the raiyats and farmers, and obviate any interference with the revenue collec- tions. Continuing his journey, and hunting as he proceeded, ho arrived at a spot seven kos from Ajmir, on the 12th Zi-1 ka’da.

1 « Four Jm from Fathpiir.” — ^Bad&.<lui, vol. ii. p. 171.

Next day he went on foot to pay his visit to the tomb, fcom thence he repaired to his palace in Ajmir. There he remained twelve days, visiting the tomb every day, and enriching the poor with his bounty.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 17th ZH ka*da, 981 h. (11th March, 1674 a.d.)

After paying his visit to the tomb of the holy £hw&ja, who is the helper and protector of kings, the Emperor started on his return from Ajmir on the 23rd Zi-1 ka’da. Hunting as he went along, he arrived at Fathptir on the 17th Zi-l hijja.

Sulaira&n Kirani, one of the amirs of Salim Kh&n Afgh&n [Salim Sh&h], and ruler of Bengal and Bih&r, who had always in his letters acknowledged himself a vassal of the Imperial throne, died while the Emperor was engaged in his Surat campaign, in the year 981 h. His eldest son B&yazid succeeded, but he was murdered by the amirs^^ and the younger son D&ud was raised to the throne. The Emperor was informed that D&ud had stepped out of his proper sphere, had assumed the title of king, and through his morose temper had destroyed the fort of Patna, which Kh&n-zam&n built when he was ruler of Jaunpdr. A farmdn was immediately sent to Kh&n-kh&ndn, directing him to chastise Ddud, and to conquer the country of Bihdr.

At that time D&ud was at Hdjipdr, and his chief noble, Lodi, who was in open hostility to him, was in'^he fort of Rohtas, and set up a claim to independence. Eh&n-kh&n&n Mu'^nim Kh&n marched with the Imperial forces against Patna and H&jipdr. Lodi, knowing the destruction of the Afgh&ns to be certain,

^ “ In consequence of his evil conduct/’ — Bad&uni, vol. ii. p. 173. According to Abd-l Fa^l, the nephew and son-in-law of B&yazfd, whose name was HtosU, took an active part in his removal. He in his turn was killed by Lodi, and D&Cd was placed upon the throne. — Ahhar-inAma^

notwithalanding his hostility towards Dddd, made a sort peace with Eh&n-kh&ndn. The old friendship and respect which Khdn-khdn&n had for the late Sulaimdn Kirdnf led him to agree that, upon the payment of two hcs of rupees in money and one ho in stuffs as a tribute, the Imperial forces should be with- drawn. Then having sent Jaldl Ehdn Krori, he entered into a peace with Ddud.

But Ddud was a dissolute scamp, and knew nothing of the business of governing. At the instigation of Katlu Khdii, who had for a long time held the country of Jaganndth and of Sridhar Hindu Bengdli, and through his own want of judgment, he seized Lodi his amkru-l umard^ and put him in confinement under the charge of Sridhar Bengdli. When in prison, Lodi sent for Hatlu and Sridhar, and sent Ddud this message, '' If you consider my death to be for the welfare of the country, put • your mind quickly at ease about it ; but you will be very sorry for it after I am dead. You have never given me any good wishes or advice, but still I am willing to advise you. Act upon my counsel, for it will be for your good. And this is my advice : After I am killed, fight the Muglials without hesitation, that you may gain the victory. If you do not do so, the Mughals will attack you, and you will not be able to help yourself. Do not be too sure about the peace with the Mughals, they are only biding their time.''

The power of Ddud and of all the Afghdns was on the wane : it was God's will that they should fall, and that the power of the Emperor should bo established over the country of Bengal. So Ddud resolved to put Lodi out of the way, and by so doing to establish his authority to his own satisfaction. Katlu Khdn and Sridhar Bengdli had a bitter animosity against Lodi, and they thought that if he were removed, the offices of vakil and wazir would fall to them, so they made the best of their oppor^ tunity. They represented themselves to Dddd as purely dis- interested, but they repeatedly reminded him of those things which made Lodi's death desirable. Dddd, in the pride and

iiftoxication of youth, listened to the words of these,? sinister counsellors. The doomed victim was put to death, and D&iid became the master of his elephants, his treasure, and his troops. But he was puffed up with conceit and folly, and took no pre- cautions for combating his enemies, and relying upon that unsatisfactory peace which Lodi had concluded,* he banished all care.

When the death of Lodi was reported to Khdn-khdn&n and his circle, which was full of amirn of renown, he at once set his heart upon the conquest of Bengal and Lakhnauti, and marched against Patna and Hdjipur. In high spirits he arrived in the vicinity of Patna, Ddud now deeply regretted the murder of Lodi, who, by his wisdom, and judgment, and devotion, had kept the affairs of Bengal in order. He marched towards Patna, and was at first resolved upon battle ; but he afterwards recoiled from trying an action, and resolved to take shelter in his fortifi- cations. Ehdn-khdndn was delighted when he was informed of this resolution, and he already foresaw the conquest of Patna and Hajiptir. Ddud, without drawing a sword or shooting an arrow, retired precipitately into the fort of Patna, and set about repairing the works.

Khdn-khdndn, with the concurrence of the amir%^ proceeded to invest Patna. Upon hearing this, tlie Emperor determined to personally direct the operations against* Patna and Hdjipur. After resting for a few days at Fathpur, he sent off his camp and elephants by land under the command of Mirzd Tdsuf Khdn Eizwi one of his chief amirs. He placed Agra in charge of Shahdbu-d din Ahmad Khdn Kaishapuri, and embarked on board a boat On Sunday the last day of Safar, Q8i h. The young princes went with him. The boats carried all his equip- ments and establishments, armour, drums, treasure, carpets, kitchen utensils, stud, etc., etc. Two large boats were specially prepared for his own accommodation, in which he embarked with his attendants. The boats required by the amirs for themselves and their establishments were in the rear of the royal boats,

and so they started. On arriving at the village of Ratambh, one of the dependencies of j^gra, he stopped and sent a letter to B^&n-khdn&n Mn’nlm Khdn, to give information of his approach. .On the 1st Rabi’u-l awwal the expedition proceeded. Every day he left the boat and went hunting on shore.^ Every day he was joined by fresh parties of troops. \Punkhment of a brahman guilty of incest with hk daughter

On the 23rd of the month the Emperor reached Illahabds, which is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna. This is a great place of pilgrimage for the Hindus, and contains some fine buildings. It is celebrated in all parts of the world as a holy place of the Hindils, who resort thither from all parts. On the 2dth he reached Benares, from whence he sent on Sher Beg Tawdchi in a boat to Kh&n-kh&n&n Mu'^nlm Kh&n, to apprise him of the Emperor’s arrival at Benares. At that city he remained three days taking rest. On the 28th he reached the village of Kori, a dependency of Saiyidptir,® at the confluence of the Gumti® and Ganges, and there anchored.^ Here he was waited upon by Mirza Yusuf Kli&n, who had brought down the army by land. He now determined that until he received accurate intelligence from Kh&n-khandn, ho and the young prince and his wives would go and stay at Jaunpur.® So he left the army at this encampment, and went up the Gumti in boats to Jaunpur.

On the 2nd Rabi’u-s s&ni he reached the village of Yahy&- pur, a dependency of Jaunpdr. Here a despatch arrived from Eh&n-khan&n, urging him to inarch on with all speed. So on the 3rd he sent on the young prince and ladies to Jaunpdr, and

^ ** Ie the evening they cast anchor, and the Emperor engaged in discusBlons upon science and poetry,’* etc. — Badhdni, vol. ii. p. 176.

2 Bad&dni for Saiyidpdr has Jaunpdr, and is probably right.

» Here called in the MS. “Gfida” and ‘*Gdri ’’ ; by Badddnf “ Gddi,” and by Abd-l Fazl « KddL”

• The expedition encountered three violent storms, and several boats sank.— » Akhar^ndmUf voL iu. p. 64.

^ The 2V Mfi wiites the name indifferently “ Jaunpdr ” and “ Jhnipdr.”

then departed on his campaign against Bengal;^ On, the i4lh the-b9ats fell down the Gumti to the Ganges, and Mirz& Ydsuf Rhdn, the commander of the army, waited on His Majesty. It was now arranged that the army should keep within sight of the royal flotilla. On the 6th it encamped in the plain of Ghdzipur, and the Emperor went hunting. * * * On the 7th he halted at Gangaddspur, and here he was met by the eunuch ^Itimdd Khdn, a distinguished noble, who had been rendering good service in the siege of Patna, and who now made a full report of all the occurrences to His Majesty, and urged him to hasten forward. His Majesty thereupon directed Saiyid Mirak Ispahdni, one of his principal attendants, who was learned in charms, to seek an augury in his books by sortilege. The augury was favourable, and a few days proved its truth.

On Tuesday, the 8th Rabi^u-s sdni, ho encamped at the ferry of Chaunsd, and here a despatch arrived from Khdn-khdndn, reporting that ’I'sa Khdn Nidzi, an Afghdn renowned for his courage, had made a sortie with elephants and a large force from Patna, and had attacked the besiegers, ^fsd Khan was slain by Lashkar Khdn, one of the Emperor^s men, and a great number of Afghdns fell. This news was sent on to the princes.

On the following day Dildwar Khdn was ordered to transport the army over at the ferry of Chaunsd, and on the 10th the army encamped at the village of Domni, belonging to Bhojpur. ^^sim ’All Khdn, was now sent to inform Khdn-khdndn of the^pear approach of the Emperor, and to inquire what he advised done. The Khdn advised the Emperor to advance as hitherto, himself by boat and his army by land ; and he requested, some horses might be sent to replace those that had beeh rendered useless by the rains.® Horses and arras were ac^rordr

1 « News arriyed on this day of the conquest of Bhakar." This.^li^the. texi^ lias been placed here os a note. Bad^dni’s yersion is, News arrir|i^Qf,th%vdfinib 0f . Sult&n Mahmdd of Bhakar, and of Muhibb 'All Kh&n’s obtaining p<:fsses8jiptij|^i^.fi^t country.** ^

^ * The weather continued yery stormy ; heavy rains fell, and the watoii ^uiph

ingly sent. Kh&n-kh&n&n and the other amirs advanced two Aos from Patna to meet His Majesty, who, on the 16th Rabi’u-s adni, reached his destination, and took up his abode in the tents of Kh&n-khanan. Great rejoicings followed, and rich offerings were made.

On the 17th Akbar called a council of war in the tents of Hh&n*kh&nan, when he observed that the siege had now lasted a long time, that he was resolved upon reducing the , place, and upon crushing the defenders, so that they should be unable to make any further resistance either in the city or in the country. He thought that the best course to pursue was to first reduce the fort of H&jipur,^ which rendered very material assist- ance to the garrison of Patna, and that their operations must be directed to that object. The Kh&ns greatly applauded this scheme. At that same council Kh&n-^&lam was sent off with three thousand men in boats, with the materials required for a siege. R&jd Gajpati, the zaminddr of that country, who had many armed adherents, was directed to support Khdn-'dlam. .

Next day, the 18th, Khdn-^dlam crossed the river, embarked immediately, and went to lay siege to H&jipur, while tho troops marched by land.* In order to see tho field, His Majesty mounted a battery of Shdham Khdu Jaldir, which was upon a hill on the bank of the Ganges, and from which H&jipur was visible. As, however, he could get no certain information of what was passing, in tho evening he sent a party of men in three bqibs toward H&jipur to gain intelligence. When the enOmy " saw these boats approaching, they sent eighteen boats full of ' fitting men against them. But the three Imperial boats pre- sented them from advancing, and by hard fighting cut their W&y through, and joined Eh&n-’&lam. Victory now declared in ;|a|Qur^ of Emperor,® Path Kh&n B&rha, commander of

stood opposite to Patna; the Ganges, about two Aroa in width,

' IH^gf'botWeett them.” — Akbar-ndma, vol. iii. p. 73.

;?;^A|fejyeutup the Gandak. — Akhar^ndmaf'^oX, iii. p. 75.

follows this account; but Abd-1 Fazl’s version is ^me^t , difetoht. 8eew/r<2. ,.,4 s

H&jipdr, and many Afgh&ns, were slain, and the place ftll inW the hands of Kh&n-’&lam» The head of Fath Kh&n Bdrha and the heads of other Afghdns were thrown into boats, and sent to the Emperor. After oflTering his thanksgiving for this victory, he sent the heads of Path Khdn and of the others to Dddd, that he might see with his own eyes what had befallen his officers, and might bo led to reflect upon his own position. When Ddud’s eyes fell upon these heads, he was plunged into dismay, and set his mind upon flight.

On the same day, the 16th, the Emperor went out upon an elephant to reconnoitre the fort and the environs of the city, and he ascended the Panj-pahdrl, which is opposite the fort. This Panj-pahdri, or “ Five domes,^^ is a place built in old times, by the infidels with burnt bricks in five stages. The Afghdns, who were on the walls and bastions of the fortress, saw the Emperor and his suite as he was making his survey, and in their despair and recklessness they fired some guns at the Panj-? palidri, but they did no injury at all to any one.

When Ddud saw the Imperial forces swarming in the plain, and when he was informed of the fall of Hdjipur, although he had 20,000 horse, abundance of artillery, and many elephants, he determined to fly, and at midnight of Sunday, the 21st Babi’u-s sdui, he embarked in a boat and made his escape. Sridhar the Bengali, who was Baud’s great supporter, and to whom he had given the title of Bdja Bikramdjit, placed his valuables and treasure in a boat and followed him.

Gujar Khdn Kirdni, who was Baud’s minister,^ brought the elephants out, and fled by the rear of the city. On that dreadful night, a foretaste of the day of judgment, the inhabitants were in a state of bewilderment and despair. Some endeavoured to escape by the river, but through the crowding and struggling many of them wore drowned. Others endeavoured to fly by land, but were crushed under the feet of elephants and* horses ill the narrow lanes and streets. Some in their despair cast ^ His title was ** EukuU'd daula.'* — Bad&dn£, vol. ii. p. ISl.

tliemsel^es down from the WAlIsi and othors perished in the moat. When Qdjar Kh&n came to the Punpun^ river, ho passed his elephants over the bridge ; but the fugitives in his I’oar so pressed and crowded upon the bridge that it broke down, and numbers were precipitated into the water. Those who came up afterwards threw away their arms and clothes, and cast themselves naked into the river.

Late at night, when the flight of D&ud was rop1)rted, the Emperor gave thanks to heaven, and as soon as it was light Kh&n-khAuAn having assured himself of the fact, the royal forces entered the city with great display. Fifty-six elephants, which the enemy had been unable to carry off, were found in the city and paraded before His Majesty. The date bf the fall of Patna, which was indeed the conquest of Bengal, is found in this line, Mulk-i Sulaimdn zi Baud raft (983).

The Emperor remained in the city till four hours of the day had passed, and having made a proclamation of amnesty to the inhabitants, he left Kh&n-klidn&n in command of the army, while he himself dashed off with a detachment in pursuit of Gujar Kh&n and the elephants. When he reached the Punpun, he swam over on horseback, and the amirs and soldiers followed his example. Then he gave orders for every officer and man to press on with all his might in, the pursuit of the enemy, and ho himself spurred forward- The amirs^ driving Gujar Khdn before thorn, secured Ddud’s elephants, and brought thorn to His Majesty. On reaching the pargana of Darydpfir,® twenty-six ko8 ® from Patna on the banks of the Ganges, they drew rein, and it. was found that nearly 400 elephants ^ had been taken. His Majesty halted at Daryfipdr, but ordered Shahb&z Kh&n Mlr^bakhshi and Majndn Eh4n K&ksh&l to continue the pursuit. They went on to the river Balbhdnd, seven kos from Darydpdr.

^ A i^ver which runs from the south, and falls into the Ganges near Patna.

» On the right ban.h of the Ganges, sixty mUes east from Patna.

• Aba«l Fazl makes it thirty }co^^A.hhci,Tindmai voL iii. p. 78«

• “ Twq hundred and sixty-fiLve.**— r J<5.

There tjiey learned that Gdjar^ worn out and fialf d^d, had jj^sed oyer the riyer, and that some of his men had been lost in the water. Shahbdz Eh&n and Majnun Eh&n then returned.

^ On Monday, the 21st, Ehdn-kh&ndn, according to orders^ came by water to wait upon His Majesty, bringing with him the royal "boats and attendant establishments. The Emperor stayed at Dary&pdr six days. He appointed Khdn-khdn&n to the govern- ment of Bengal, and left him an additional force of 20,000 horse. He increased his military allowances twenty-five or thirty per cent., he gave him all the boats which he had brought do^n from iifgra, and invested him with full power and authori^^. Then lie raised the standard of return, and dismissed l^hdh/ khdndn and the other amin. Next day he marched to the town of Ghiydspfir on the bank of the Ganges. There he rlsted four days, , employed in the pleasing occupation of viewii% the elephants captured from D&ud and his Afgh&ns, From thence he detertnined to go on to Jaunpdr rapidly. Leaving the com- mand oFthe army as usual with Mirzd Yusuf Eh&n, he started at" midnight of the 2nd Jum&da-l awwal, 982, mounted upon an el,ephant. Ih the morning he halted at an encampment of the royal forces between Darydpur and Ghiy&spur, where he wit- nessed some elephant fights.

At this stage Muzaffar Khdn,^ who was formerly a clerk, but now an amir of reputation, was sent along with Farhat Khan, one of the late Emperor's slaves, and now enrolled in His Majesty's service, to besiege the fortress of Roht&s, a very lofty and strong place. And he gave orders that after its capture it {Should be placed under the command of Farhat Kh&n, and that Muzafiar Kh&n should return to Gourt. On Friday, 3rd Jum&da-l awwal, he proceeded to Patna, and spent a short time

^ MuzaffSar Kb&n, -who was appointed prime minister (see st(pra)jMi^ad been since remoyed from office, for reasons which will appear in an Extract from the ' Akbar-^idma, infrd, Abd-1 Fazl says he was sent on this campaign to Roht&s in disgrace.— AA'dar-ndma, vol. Ui. p. 81. ^ .

in examining tlie buildings of D&dd.^ From thence he started to make the best of his way, and on Saturday, the 4th, hir .peached the village of Fathpdr Sahina, which is twenty-otie lbs distant, and on Monday, 6th Jumdda-1 awwal, at mid»day, he arrived at Jaunpur. Mirzd Yusuf Kh&n arrived with the army on the 7th. The Emperor remained at Jaunpdr thirty-three* days, devoting his time to making arrangements for the arm^ and tlie government of the country. He placed* Jaunpur, Benares, the fort of Ohun&r, and sundry other ma/idls and par-> ganas directly under the royal exchequer, and he gave the me>uagement of them to Mirzd Mirak llizwi and Shaikh Ibrdhim .On the 9th Jumdda-s s&ni, 982, he departed froni Jaun- pdr,, ^d went to Kh&npur, where he stayed four days^. Hbre he oyas waited upon by Kdzi Niz&in Badakhshi, wbo ;[6c/wgr gractouslg received and appointed to office'\ afterward3 acuiQved a high position among the nobles. ^

A despatch now arrived from Kh&ii-khdndn^ reporting the capture of the fort of Garhi.® When Ddud fled from Patue*, he went to Garhi. Leaving some trusty men there, he proceeded to the town of Tdnda. He made such efforts to strengthen the^ ^ fort of Garhi that in his vain idea it was impregnable. Kh&n- kh&ndn marched against Tanda, and arrived near Garhi.® . As soon as the eyes of the terrified Afghdns fell upon his army^ they filed and abandoned the fort, so that ho obtained possession of Garhi without striking a blow. This intelligence greatly pleased the Emperor, and he sent letters of commendation to Khdii- khdndn and the other amirs. Continuing his journey, and hunting as he went, he arrived, on the 8th Jumdda-s sdni, at the town of Iskandarpdr, where he received intelligence of the fall of T&nda. After taking possession of the fort of Garhi, the Imperial

1 It is a curious fact that in this place there arc thatched houses colled chhappar^ handy which, although they are covered only with wood {chobpoah)^ are worth 30,000 or 40,000 rupees each.** — BadftOni, vol. ii, p. 182.

» SeeVd. IV.p.367. Also Extract from respecting Garhi and Thnda.

3 He had previously made himself master of Surajghar, on the Ganges, about eighty miles from Patna ; of Mongir, with the help of RSijS. SangrCim of GorakhpOr " and Pdran Mai Rhjh of Kidhdr ; and of Bh&galpur.— vol iii, p. 84.

forces marched on towards Tanda, which is the capita^ of the kingdom (of Bengal), Khdn-kh&ndn’s explorers at first reported that D&dd intended to make a stand there, and hsj^d .made his dispositions. Khdn-khdndn thereupon summoned his amirs^ and took every precaution for the security of his array. Next day he marshalled his forces, and advanced in great force against T&nda. When Dddd’s spies carried him the intelligence of Kh&n-kh&ndn’s advance, he and his associates thought of the black night of Patna, and fled in dismay, abandoning the town. Thus on the 4th Jumdda-a sdni, the capital of Tdnda was won for the Emperor without fighting, and a proclamation of protec- tion was issued to the people.

Again the Emperor was delighted with this goo^ news. He determined to go on to Dehli, and ho arrived there on the 1st Bajab. He made a pilgrimage to the tombs of the saints and holy men ; he also visited the tomb of his father, and he dis- pensed his bounty among the needy, and offered up prayers suitable to his position. To give his escort rest he remained at Dehli some days, and employed himself in hunting. In the ► beginning of Sha’bdn he started for Ajmir, and hunted as he went. At the town of N&rnaul he was waited upon by Khdn- jahdn, who came from Lahore to see him. The Emperor was much pleased to see the Khdn, and gave him some princely marks of his approval. A few days afterwards ’Azam Khdn also came from Ahmaddbdd expressly to offer his congratula- tions. In the beginning of Ramazdn, the Emperor reached Ajmir, and hastened immediately to pay his visit to the tomb. Out of the spoils of Bengal ho presented to the nakdra-khdm of the Khwdja a pair of djcuins which had belonged to Ddud. He also dispensed the usual gifts.

It now came to his knowledge that Chandar Sen, son of Mdl Deo, was oppressing the raiyatB in the neighbourhood of the forts of Joudhpur and Siwdnah, and was creating disturbances.^ His

This intelligence was brought from Siwhnah by Rhi Singh. — Akbar-- ndma, vol, iii. p. 87. Siwhnah is about sixty miles S.W. of Joudhpur.

Majesij sent Tayib Kh&n, son of T&liir Kh&n Mir-i fardghat the governor of Dehlf, and Subhdn Kuli Turk, with a suitable force, to chastise him. When they approached, the rebel with- drew with his followers ^ into dense jungles and places hard of access. But some of the fugitives were caught and put to the sword, and the royal troops returned with considerable spoil. In the middle of Ramaz&n the Emperor started on his return to the capital, and on the same day Khdn-i ’’azam departed for Gujar&t. The Emperor arrived at Fathpdr on the last day of Bamaz&n.

It had become manifest that much of the cultivable land of Hindustan was lying uncultivated j and to encourage cultivation, some rule for dividing the profits of the first yoar between the Government and the cultivator seemed to be req^uired. After careful consideration, it was arranged that the various parganm should be examined, and that those which contained so much land as being cultivated would yield a Aror of tanka.% should be divided off and given into the charge of an honest and intelligent officer, who was to receive the name of krori. The clerks and accountants of the Exchequer were to make arrangements with those officers, and send them to their respective districts, where, by vigilance and attention, in the course of three years the uncultivated land might be brought into cultivation, and the revenues recovered for Government. To carry out these views, a number of the most honest and trustworthy servants of the State wore selected, such as * * and appointed to the office of krori. The amivB also were called upon severally to appoint kroris^ who were sent into the country upon their responsibility.

. At this time Shfih Kuli Kh&n Mahram, Jal&l Khan Korchi, and some other amirs^ were sent to effect the reduction of the fort of Siw&nah, belonging to the son of Rai M&l Deo, ' The fort was besieged for a long time, and Jal&l Kh&n Korchi, one of the officers of the Court, was killed there. After that Shahbfiz Kh&n Kambfi was sent there, and he took the place in a very short time.

' by way of R&mpfir.”— R&mpCir ia Tonk, seventy miles S. from Jaipdr.

A statement was now received from the ministers (tfuJcatk) of Sult&n Mahmud of Bakar, reporting that Sultdn Mahmud was dead, and that they had no confidence in Muhibb ^AU Kh&n and Muj&hid Khan. If, therefore, his Majesty would send one pf his oflB.cers, they would render up the fort into his charge, iffis Majesty accordingly sent Mir Kisu BakdwaUhegi^ who had received the title of Kisti Khdn.

In this year a great pestilence {wahd) and famine occurred in Gujar&t, and lasted for nearly six months. From the severity of these calamities, the inhabitants, rich and poor, fled the country, and wore scattered abroad. For all this, grain rose to the price of 120 tankas per man} and horses and cows had to feed upon the bark of trees.

Khwdja Aminu-d din M.dhmAdKfmdja-jahdn^ who was waztr^i mnstakill of the territories of Hindustdn, died at Lucknow.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Monday, 29th Zi-1 ka^da, 982 h. (iSth March, 1575).

After the conquest of Tanda and the flight of Baud to Orissa, Khan-khdnan devoted his attention to the settlement of the affairs of the country. Then he sent Bdjd^Todar Mai with some other amirs towards Orissa, in pursuit of Ddud. He ap- pointed Majnun Khan Kdkshdl to the government of Ghora- ghat. When the Khdn proceeded to Ghora-ghdt,^ Sulaimdn Mangali, the jdgirddr of the place, and one of the bravest of the Afghdns, collected a force to resist his taking possession. Some sharp fighting followed, and Sulaimdn was killed, and the wives and children of him and of other AfghdnsAwere made prisoners. Immense booty fell into the hands of the Kdkshdls. Majndn Khdn married Sulaimdn^s daughter to his own son

• to the price of 120 black tankm per man.'*— Bad&tiiii, vol. ii. p. 186.

Jabb&ri«^ He then went on to Ghor&-gli&t, send after diviHiug the whole of the country among the Kdksh&ls, he made a report to Khdn-khdn&u* ^

Rdjd Todar Mai, who had been sent in pursuit of Dddd, when he reached Maddran,^ was informed by his scouts that Ddud was engaged collecting men in Din-kasdri, and that his forces were^ daily increasing. Todar Mai stopped at Maddran, and wrote a full report from thence to £hdn-khdndn. On receiving, it, the Khdn sent Muhammad Kuli Hhdn Birlds * * with reinforce- ments for the Edjd. Upon their arrival, all the chiefs concurred in the expediency of marching to Gowdlpdra, ten kos from Din- kasdri, with all speed. When Ddud heard this, he did not fly, but stood his ground at Dharpur.®

The spies now brought in information that Junaid, son of Dadd’s uncle, a man of high repute among the Afghans for bravery and resolution, who had formerly come into the service of the Emperor, but fled from A!gra to Oujardt, and afterwards earn© from Gujardt to Bengal, was now at Din-kasdri, seeking to form a junction with Ddud. Edjd Todar Mai, with the approval of the other amirs, sent Abu-1 Kdsim Ifamaki and Nazar Bahddur to attack Junaid. These men, making light of the matter, neglected the precautions necessary in warfare, and were defeated by Junaid, thus bringing disgrace upon themselves.

Edjd Todar Mai, on receiving the news, with the approval of his amirs, marched against J unaid ; but before he could arrive, Junaid had fled into the jungles. Todar Mai therefore stopped at Midnapur. Muhammad Kuli Khdn Birlds died hero after a few days’ illness. He was an able man, and his loss was a great cause of weakness in.the Imperial forces.

In concurrence with the remaining amirs, Edjd Todar Mai returned from Midnapur to Maddran, Hero Kiyd Khdn Gang,

» In tlio HfigU district between Bardwan and Midnapfir. See Bloclimatin’s Ain^i Akbarif vol. i. p. 376.

. » “ A place lying between Bengal and OriBsti^^^Jkbar^ndma, vol, iii. p. 99.

bein# oflFended with the other amirs^ without reason, went off into the jungle. Todar Mai reported the fact to Khdn-khandn, ^nd remained for some days in Maddran. Hereupon Kh&n- khdndn sent Shdhani Klidu Jaldir and * * * to support Rdjd Todar Mai. When tliey joined the Rdjd at Bardwdn, the Rdjd left thorn, and went out into the junglo after Kiyd Khdn, and having pacified him, brought him back with him. From Madd- raii they inarched to Jitura. There they were informed that Ddud, with his forces, had gone into the fort of Katak Baiidras,® and was engaged in preparations for war.

Rdjd Todar Mai halted, and sent swift messengers to inform Khan-khdndii of the position of affairs. Klidn-khdndn then left Tdnda to march against Ddud, and he formed a junction with Rdjd Todar Mai. Ddud had organized his army and now advanced to meet him. The Afghans entrenched their camp.

On the 20th Zi-l ka\la, 982,^ the armies met.'* After the array was formed, the Afghdns advanced ^rapidly and boldly to the attack. Khdn-khdndn ordered fire to open upon them from the swivels {zarb^an) and light guns {zamburak)^ which were mounted on ardbas in front of his lino. The fire of the guns drove back the elephants which were placed in front of the Atghdn attack, and the musketry mowed down tho Afghdns who were in the advance. Gujar Khdn, with his division in

^ With Kh&u-lshhiifin in particular. — AMar-n&ma, voL iii. p. 98.

• Attock and Cuttack, at tlio two extremities of the Empire, boih*have the word Bankras (Benares) added to their names iu tho TabaJedt,

3 This date shows that AbCi>l Fazl is right in placing the battle in the nineteenth year of the reign. Several lines are occupied with the names of the amin in com- mand of tfie various divisions of the two armies.

4 at Bajhora,” — Bad&dni, vol. ii, p. 194. The MSS. of tho Ahbar-ndma have “ Takaroi.’* The name is not given iu the MSS. of the TabaMt, nor in the Akbar^ n&ma of Faizi Sirhindi. Mr. Blochmann finds the locality of the battle in tho Trigonometrical Map of Orissa, in two places called ^fughulmhri (MughaVs fight), and “ Tookaroe,” a vUlago about seven miles southwards, half way between Mughul- mS-ri and Jalcsar (Jellasore), and two miles from the left bank of the Soohanroeka river, lat. 21* 63\ The battle extended over a large space. Bad&dni (vol. ii, p. 195) speaks of three or four koSf ue. about six miles.” — See Ain-i Akbarl^ vol. i, p. 375.

excclldht order, now came up boldly, and drovo back Kli&u- kban&n’s advanced force upon the AUamsh} Khan-i 'alain, wlio commanded the advance, hold his ground, and was killed. The AUamsh division was next defeated and driven back upon the centre, which in its turn was in great diflSculty. Khan- khanan did all in his power, but could not restrain his men. At this time, Gtijar Khan attacked and wounded Khan- khanan, and as the latter had no sword, ho returned Giijar Khan^s cuts with slashes of his whip. In this conjuncture KliAn-khdndn’s horso took fright ; and although his rider was anxious to stop him and rally the fugitives, he could not restrain him. The Afghans pursued KhAn-khan&n for half a Acs, when Kiy& Khan Gang attacked the Afghdns, and showered arrows upon them. The AfgMns were exhausted by their long ride, and could not move. Then Khan-khan&n got his horse under control, and rallying his men, led them back to the field. They discharged showers of arrows, and by the guidance of fate, an arrow struck G ujar Khdu, and brought him down: When the Afghdns saw tlieir leader fall, they turned their backs and fled ; but many of thorn were cut down in their flight. Kaja Todar Mai, Lasldcar IChdn, and others who were upon tho right, now charged tlio left of the enemy. Shaharn Kh&n and others, who were on the left, also attacked their opponents of the right, defeato,d them, and drovo them back upon Daud. Ilis elephants, being worried by tho arrows, turned round upon tho body of his army, and the stone of dismay was cast among them. The banner of Kban-khAnan now became visible, and the death of Gujar Khan came to the knowledge of D&ud. This shook his resolution, and he turned

and fled. Immense booty fell into the hands of the victors, and Khan-kh&n&n encamped victorious on the battle-field. lie remained there a few days, to have his wounds tended, and sent a report of the victory to the Emperor. All the prisoners taken were put to the sword. Lashkar Khan Mir-hakhsM, who had *

^ AUamsh is a Tiirki word mcaninf? “ sixty,” and it is applied to a force placed at the head of an array between tfic advanced guard and the general. — See suprd^ p. 364.

rendered such good service, died of fais wounds before tho* army moved.

Conclmion of peace with DdM. Sis interview with Khdn~khdndn,

After his defeat, Dddd fled to.Katak Ban&ras (Cuttack), in the centre of Orissa, and Khdn-khandn, who remained stationary on account of his wounds, held a council, in which he and his amirs determined to pursue Ddud.^ Rdjd Todar Mai and * * * were directed to proceed after him, and it was agreed that Khdn- khdnan himself would follow as soon as his wounds permitted. The Rdja and his amirs accordingly started, and did not halt until they reached Kalkal-ghati.^ After resting there a while, the scouts brought in the intelligence that Baud and the Afglidns, with their wives and children, were shut up in the fort of Katak Bandras. Reduced to extremities, and having no other refuge, tlie men were resolved upon fighting, and fugitives from the field of battle daily gathered round thorn. Rdja Todar Mai sent a report of the state of affairs to Khan-kh&ndn,®. and the Khan set out for Katak Banaras, never resting till he came within two kos of that place. Then he held a council with his amii% and having pitched his camp on the banks of the Maha- nadi, which is half a kos from Katak, he began to collect msCterials for a siege.

Ddud had suffered several defeats in succession, and Giijar Khan, his mainstay and support, was slain. Death stared him in the face ; so, in his despair and misery, he sent a messenger to Kh&n-khdndn with a message to this effect ; “ The striving to crush a party of Musulmdns is no noble work. I am ready to submit and become a subject ; but 1 beg that a corner of this

^ A large number of Afgb&n prisoners were put to death by order of Kh&n- kb&n&n.*»— r. Alfi.

® Abd-1 Fazl calls the place “ Bhadrak.” The “ Bhndruck” of Thornton, north of Cuttack. Badkdni and Faizi Sirhindi follow the Tabakdt, and have Kalkal- ghkti.”

3 According to Abd-1 Fazl, the Rkjk's men were despondent, and he was obliged to call for support, — Akbar^ndma, yoI, iiL p. 107.

wide cpuntry of Beng&l sufficient for my support may be assigned to me. Tf this is granted, I will rest content, and never after . rebel,” The amin communicated this to Khdn-khandn, and after considerable discussion, it was determined to accept the proposal, 1 upon the condition that Dddd himself should come out to meet Kh&n-kh&ndn, and confirm the agreement by solemn binding oaths.®

Next day ^ Khan-khandn ordered a grand Court to be held, and all the nobles and attendants to bo present in their places in fine array, and the troops drawn up in arms in front of the ^ tents. Ddud came out of the fort, attended by his Afglidu nobles and officers, and proceeded to the tent of Khan-khdndn, When ho approached it, Khdii-khanaii, witli great courtesy and respect, rose up and walked half-way down the tent to meet him. When they met, Daud loosened his sword from tho belt, and holding it before him, said, ‘‘I am tired of war since it inflicts wounds on worthy men like you.” Khdn-khdndn took the sword, and handed it to one of his attendants. Then gently taking Ddud by the hand, he seated him by his side, and made the most kind and fatherly inquiries. Food and drink and sweetmeats were served, of wliicli the Khdn pressed him to partake.

After the dishes were removed, the terms of peace came under discussion. D&ud protested that he would never take any course hostile to th^ Imperial throne, and ho confirmed his promise by the most stringent oaths. The treaty of peace was drawn up, and then Khau-khanan brought .a sword with a jewelled bolt of great value out of his stores, and presenting it to D&fid,

1 R&jA To(iar Mai, who well understood tho true position of affairs, though he wrung his hands and stamped his feet (to prevent the armistice), met with no support." He refused to take any part in the .settlement.— vol, iii.

» The terms were that D&fid was to do homage of service, to surrender his best elephants, and pay up his tribute. Eventually ho was to go to Court and do homage in person, but for the present some relations wore to bo sent as hostages. His nephew Shaikh Muhammad was the hostage.— vol. iii. p, 108.

3 IstMuharram, 983 (I2th April, 1675). — AJebar-ndma^ vol. iii. p. 108.

said, “You have liow become a subject of tha Imperial .thl’ohe, and have promised to give it your support. I have therefore requested that the country of Orissa may be settled upon you for your support, and I feel assured that His Majesty will confirm my proposition — granting this to you as my tankhwdh has been granted to me. I now gird you afresh with this war- like sword.'' Then he bound on the sword with his own hands ; and showing him every courtesy, and’ making him a great variety of gifts, ho dismissed him. The Court then broke up, and Eh&n-khan^n started on his return.

On the 10th Safar, 983, he reached Tdnda the capital, and^, sent a report of his arrangements to the Emperor, who was greatly delighted and satisfied with the conquest of Bengal. Splendid robes and jewelled swords, aiid a horse with a golden saddle, were sent to Khan-khdndu, and all the arrangements he had made were confirmed.

While Khdii-khdiidn was occupied at Katak Banaras, the sons of Jalalu-d din Sur, in concert with the zaminddrs of Ghord- ghdt, attacked and defeated Majnun Khdn, drove him to the neighbourhood of Tdnda, and captured the fort of Gaur. Mu'iii Khdn and Majuun Klidn provided for the security of Tanda, and awaited intelligence of Khdn-khdnan's success. When his return became known, the insurgents scattered and hid themselves in the jungles.^

The Emperor had from his early youth taken delight in the society oriearned and accomplished men, and had found pleasure iii the assemblies of men of imagination and genius. He always treated them with the greatest respect and honour, and frequently graced their heavenly meetings. He listened to their discus- sions of nice points of science, of the ancient and modern history of religions and people and sects, and of all matters of worldly

^ Abd-l Fazl says that Mu’nim Kh&n went to Ghor&-ghht, and sui)pressed the iii6urrcctioi].->^A^ar-naf//7(;, vol. iii. p. 140.

interest ; and he profited by what he heard. His great favour for such men, led him at the time of his return from Ajmir in the month of Zi-1 ka^da, 982, and in the twentieth year of his reign, to issue his commands for skilful architects and clever builders to erect in the gardens of the royal palace a refuge for and a home for holy men, into which none should be allowed to enter but saiyids of high rank, learned men (^ulamd)^ and shaikhs. In obedience to the Imperial commands, skilful architects planned a building, containing four halls {aiwdn)^ and in a brief period completed it. When this happy abode was finished, the Emperor used to go there on Friday nights and on holy nights, and pass the night until the rising of the sun in the society of distin- guished men. It was arranged that the western hall should be occupied by saiyids^ the south by the learned (^tilamd') and the wise, the northern by shaikhs and men of ecstasy (arhdh4 hdl) ; all without confusion or intermixture. The nobles and officers of the Court, whose tastes were in unison with those of men of greatness and excellence, were to sit in the eastern hall. His Majesty graced each of tlie four halls with his presence, and enriched those present with his gifts and bounty. The members of the assembly used to select a number of tho most ^orthy among those present to be presented to Ilis Majesty, and to receive frqm him handfuls of adirafis and rupees. Those, who from evil fortune did not participate in the royal bounty in the evening, used to sit down in rows before tho HhddaUkhdna on Friday mornings, and receive handfuls of ashrafis and rupees from His Majesty’s own hands. This assemblage used fre- quently to last beyond mid-day on Fridays. Sometimes, when His Majesty was tired, one of the attendants of tho Court, in whose kindness and gentleness he had confidence, was deputed to perform this duty. * *

In this year Gulbadan Begam, daughter of the Emperor B4bar, and aunt of Akbar, piously undertook the journey to Mecca. When Gujardt was annexed to the Imperial dominions, he determined that every year one of tho ofldeers of his Court

should be appointed Mfr Hdji, or Leader of the Pilgrims, to conduct a caravan from Hinddstan, like the caravans from Egypt and Syria, to the holy places. This design was carried out, and every year a party of enlightened men of Hind, of M&war&u-n nahr, and Khur&sdn, received provision for their journey from the royal treasury, and went under the appointed leader from the ports of Gujardt to the holy places.^ Never before had any monarch provided for the annual departure of a caravan from India, nor had any one furnished means to the needy, to enable them to perform the pilgrimage. Gulbadan and Salima Sultan Begam® now obtained the Emperor’s permission to go the pilgrimage, and received from him a sum of money for the expenses of the journey. All the pious poor who desired to join in the pilgrimage obtained the means of travelling.

Mirzd Sulaimdn had been ruler of Badakhshdn since the time of the Emperor Babar. He had a son, Mirzd Ibrdhim, a fine intelligent young man, who was taken prisoner in battle and killed by the adherents of Pir Muhammad Khdn Uzbek, in the year that Mirzd Sulaimdn invaded Balkh. Mirzd Ibrdhim left a son, Shdh Rukh by name, whom Sulaimdn carefully brought up, and to whom, in spite of his tender age, he gave several districts of Badakhshdn.

When Shdh Rukh arrived at years of discretion, and Mirzd Sulaimdn grew old, some designing people incited the youth with stories of his rights. But the Mirza’s wife was a clever woman; she kept a sharp watch over Shdh Rukh, and pre- vented any outbreak. But when she died, these same people stirred up Shdh Rukh’s ambition to be ruler of Badakhshdn. He came from Eunduz to Eoldb, and being supported by his

' “After five or six years, this arrangement was set aside.”— Bad&i^ni, voL ii. p. 213.

® “Daughter of Nnru-d din Muhamfnad Mirzh, who was married to Bairhm Kh&n ” (see p. 256). — Bad&dni, vol, ii. p, 213.

party, die whole of Badakhshdn, from His&r Sh&dmdn.to Kdbul, fell into his hands, and he wanted to send his grandfather to join his father.

Mirzd Sulaim&n fled in great distress to seek assistance from Muhammad Hakim Mirzd. But be did not meet with the reception he expected, so ho begged to be sent on to the Indus. Hakim Mirzd did not comply with this trifling request. Ho sent him a party of pretended guides, who left him at the first stage and fled to Kabul. But Mirza Sulaimdn, trusting in God, continued his journey,^ and although he was .sometimes opposed by the Afghdns, and had to fight his way, and was wounded by an arrow, he at length reached the Indus. Thence he wrote to the Emperor, who sent him 50,000 rupees, horses, and neces- saries, by the hand of Khw&ja Ak& Khan, * * * and after some days Bhagwan Das^ came to the Indus with an escort,

At this time a farmdn was sent to summon ’Azam Kh&n from Gujar&t, and he arrived at Court® with speed and alacrity. Sdme cavillers and fault-finders made insinuations about Iiis management of affairs,^ and the Kh&n, in defending himself, passed the bounds of prudence and respect, and made ^se of unseemly words, which brought upon him the displeasure of the Emperor. Thereupon the Kh&n, forgetful of his duty, retired to his garden at Agra, shut himself up alone, and refused admis- sion to everybody,

Mirzd Sulaim&n, after staying a few days at Lahore, started for Fathptir. On reaching Mathdra, twenty kos from Fathpur, the Emperor sent * * several nobles to meet him, and to arrange for his meeting the Emperor on the 15th Bajab, 983. All the nobles and ofideers were sent out to the distance of five kos from

1 He had his daughter with him. — BadhdnS, vol. ii. p. 214.

• Then ruler of Lahore. — Bad&dnS, vol. ii. p. 214. ® On the 4th Eajab, 983 h.

4 Abd-l Fazl (ABar^ndma, vol iu. p. 126) says the charge was about the branding of the horses ; but Bad&dni (vol. iL p. 214) states that there were complaints also .against his revenue, military and general administration. They agree that he was sent into retirement.

Fathpur to receive him. And when intelligence of his# having left this stage was brought, the Emperor* himself went out on horseback to meet him. Five thousand elephants, with housings of velvet and brocade, with gold and silver chains, and with white and black fringes on their necks and trunks, were drawn up in lines on each side of the road to the distance of five has from Fathpur. Between each two elephants there was a cart (ardba\ the chltas in which had collars studded with gold aad housings of fine cloth ; also two bullock-carts, which had animals that wore gold-embroidered headstalls.

When all the arrangements were made, the Emperor went out with great pomp and splendour. Upon approaching, the Mirzd hastened to dismount, and ran forward to His Majesty; but the Emperor observing the venerable age of the Mirza, also alighted from his horse, and would not allow the Mirzd to go through the usual obseiwances and ceremonies. He fondly embraced him ; then he mounted and made the MirzS, ride on his right hand. All the five kos he inquired about his circum- stances, and on reaching the palace ho seated him by his side" on the throne. The young princes also were present, and were introduced to the Mirza, and after a great entertainment, he gave the Mirzd a house near to the royal palace. On this occasion an order was issued to Khdn-jahan, the ruler of the Panjdb, to take 5000 horse and proceed to Badakhshan in attendance on the Mirzd, to recover the country and restore it to him, and then to return to Lahore.

When Khdn-khdnan, with his mind at ease about Ddud, re- turned to Tdnda, the capital of the country, under the influence of his evil destiny, he took a dislike to Tdnda, and crossing the G-anges, ha founded a home for himself at the fortress of Gaur, which in old times had been the capital of Bengal,' and he ordered

' Ho was influGneed by two reasons. It was on tho side of the river nearest to Ghor§i-gb£Lt, the seat of the rebellion, and it contained many handsome and oonvenienli buildings.— voL iii. p. 140. FaizC Sirhindi.

that all. the soldiers and raiyats should remove from T&nda to Gaur. In the height of the rains the people were involved in ,, the trouble of expatriation. The air of Gaur is extremely un- healthy, and in former times, tho many diseases which distressed its inhabitants induced the rulers to abandon the place, and raise the town of Tdnda. Sickness of many kinds now broke out among the people, and every day numbers of men departed from Gaur to tho grave, ^ and bade farewell to relatives and friends. By degrees the pestilence reached to such a pitch that men were unable to bury tho dead, and cast the corpses into the river,® Every day the deaths of many amirs and officers were reported to Khan-kliAnAii, but he took no warning, and made no resolu- tion to change his residence. Ho was so great a man that no one had the courage to remove the cotton of hoedlessness from his ears, and bring him to a sense of the actual position. His own health became affected, and he grew worse, and at the end of ten days, in tho month of Safar, 983, he departed this life. His nobles and officers, who had so often met to congratulate him, now assembled to lament him. They placed Sliaham Eli&n Jalair in command,® and made a report of the facts to tho Em- peror. Kh&n-kh&uan had no son, so all his property escheated to tho royal exchequer, and an account of it was made out. When the despatch reached His Majesty, ho appointed Kh&n- jahdn, who had been supreme governor of the PanJAb, to be governor of Bengal. He raised him to tho dignity of amiru4 umard, commended the raiyats and people to his tender care, bestowed upon him gifts of embroidered coats, jewelled swords, and a richly-caparisoned horse, and dismissed him to his government. Khdn-jah&ii, furnished with full credentials, then departed to assume his authority.

^ As gaur ha gor : the two words being written exactly alike. A neat tbougli misplaced pun.

• “ Oiyi of tbe many thousand men that were scut to that country, not more than a hundred were known to have returned in safety.* ’--BadSLdnf, vol. ii. p. 217.

• Upon this appointment, Badhdnf, in his caustic way, quotes the proverb — “ In the treeless land the shrub Tahm Chriati is a tree.’*

The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 9th Zi-1 hijja, 983 h. (lltli March, 1676 a.d.)

• • The Emperor had determined that Kh&n-jahan should march with the army of the Panj&b to recover the country of Badakhsh&n, but fate ruled otherwise. Khdn-khandn, the ruler of Bengal, was removed by death, and the Emperor deeming the retention and administration of that country more important than the conquest of Badakhshan, sent Khdn-jahdn thither. Wlien Mirzd Sulaimdn saw this change of fortune, he sought leave of the Emperor, through the officers of state, to go on the pilgrimage. The Emperor complied with his request, and fur- nished him with 60,000 rupees in cash, besides other things required for the journey. He sent with him, to attend upon him in his journey to the coast, Muhammad Kalij Khdn, one of the chief nobles, who had been appointed governor of Surat. When the Mirzd went on board ship, twenty thousand rupees more were given to him out of the revenues of Q-ujardt. The Mirzd per- formed the pilgrimage in the same year, and afterwards returned and recovered his kingdom of Badakhshdn.

On the 7th ZI-1 kaMa, 984, the Emperor set off on a visit to Ajmlr. He hunted as he went, and on the 4th ZI-1 hijja he en- camped at ten kos from Ajmlr. He afterwards, as usual, walked five kos on foot to the tomb of the saint, and after going through all the observances of the pilgrimage, he gave away two thousand rupees in charity.

The beginning of this year corresponded with the 20th ZI-l hi^ija, 984 h. (11th March, 1677 a.d.).

While the Emperor was encamped at Ajmir,.the intelligence was brought to him that Dddd Afghdn had flung away the treaty

which hi had made with Zhan-kh&nSn, had risen against the royal authority, and Had marched against Tdnda, The Imperial ‘‘officers in that quarter, having no chief among them on whom they could rely, had abandoned the country, and retired to Hfijiptir and Patna. All this coipmotion had arisen because Zh^n-jah&n had taken his time in going there in consequence of his army being at Lahore. Upon receiving this intelligence, the Emperor sent a letter by Subhdn Kuli Turk to Khdn-jah&n, directings him to take with him all the amirs and jdgirddrs who had abandoned Bengal, and to march^ against Daud. In twenty-two days Subhdn Kuli travelled nearly a thousand ios,’ (!) and delivered ih.Qfarman to Khdn-jahdn. The Khdn took the field, and ad- vanced into Bengal. He had an action with three thousand men whom Ddud had left in charge of Garhi, and took the place. Nearly fifteen hundred of the enemy were slain, and many chiefs were made prisoners.

Whilst the Emperor was staying at Ajmir, he sent Kunwar Mdn Singh, a brave and able man, with five thousand horse, against Rdnd Klkd.* He also sent Kazi Kh&n Badakhshi, * * * andr other ambitious young men with him. Asaf Khdn was appointed Mir-bakhsM of this army. His Majesty presented Kunwar Mdn Singh and all the amirs and sarddrs of the army with robes and horses. After fitting gut this army, he started to return home on the 20th Muharram, and reached Fathptir on the 1st Safar, 985 h.

After his arrival at Fathpur, messengers arrived with the in- telligence that Kh&n-jah&n, after the capture of Garhi, had advanced to the vicinity of T4nda. There he found that Ddud had evacuated T&nda, and had taken up a position in the village of Ak.^ On one flank was the river, on the other a mountain,

lad&tiiif (yoL ii. p. 227) confirms this.

^ Against Kokanda and Eombalmir, the territory of Rhn& Kikk.**— Bad&t^nf, Tol ii. p. 228. Eombalmir is in the Arkvalli mountains, about forty miles north of Udipdr.

« Or “ Ak-mahkl" or Agk-mahkl, afterwards called “ Rhj-mahtil” by E&j& klhn Singh, when goyemor of Bengal, The ancient name was B&jh-griha.

and ho had thrown up entrenchments to secure his .J)dsition. Kh&n-jahan marched against him, and sharp fighting followed. One day Khwaja ’Abdu-lla, one of the Imperial officers, ad- vanced from his battery to the edge of the Afghdn entrenchment. The. enopiy sallied forth and attacked J[iim, and he fell, fighting bravely. On hearing of his fall, the Emperor’s anger was roused, and ho sent an order to Muzaffar Khdn, the governor of Patna and Bihar, to assemble all the troops in his province, and to march to the assistance of Khdn-jahan. In a few days, a letter arrived from Khan-jahan, with the news that there had been a battle with the enemy, in which the royal troops had fouglit bravely, and had won a victory, in which they killed the commander of the enemy’s army, who was called Khdn- khaiian.

Defeat of Rand Kikd hy Kimtoar Man Singh.

Rdhd Kika was chief among the Rdjds of Hindustdn. After the conquest of Ohitor, he built a town called Kokanda,^ with fine houses and gardens, in the mountains of Ilinduwdra, There ho passed his days in rebellion. When Kunwar Mdn Sing® drew near to Kokanda, Rand Kikd called all the Rdjds of Hindu- wdra to his aid, and came out of Ghdti Haldoo ® with a strong force to oppose his assailant. Kunwar Mdn Singh, in agreement with his amim^ put his troops in array and marched to the battle- field. Some desperate charges were made on both^ sides, and the battle raged for a watch with groat slaughter. The Rajputs in both armies fought fiercely in emulation of each other.^ Nearly 160 horsemen of the royal army were killed, and more

^ This is the spelling of our MSS., of Bad&hni and of the Lucknow edition of the Ahbar-ndma, Todd calls the place “ Gogoonda,” Blochmann {Ain-i AJchari, vol. i. p. 339) writes it “ Gogandah.” •

^ M&u Singh was supported by Asaf Khan, and marched from Ajmir by way of Mhndalgarh. — Badhdni, vol. ii. p. 230.

^ The H&jpdts of the royal army were commanded by Il6j& Lon Karan of Shm- bhar. — Badhdni, vol. ii. p. 331.

than 500 Rajputs of the enemy^s army were sent to perdition.^ The enemy lost Rdmeswar Gwalidri and his son,® and the son of -Jai Mai. On that day Rdnd Kikd fought obstinately till he received wounds from an arrow and from a spear 5 ho then turned to save his life, and loft the field of battle. The Imperial forces pursued the Rajputs, and killed numbers of them. Kunwar Mdn Sing wrote an account of his victory to the Emperor. Next day he went through the pass of Haldeo, and entered Kokanda. He took up his abode In the house of Rdnd Kikd, and again returned thanks to the Almighty (sic). Rdnd Kikd fled into the high hills for refuge. Tlio Emperor rewarded Kunwar Mdn Sing and his amirs with robes and horses.

When the battle fought by Khaii-jahdn became known to the Emperor, he sent five lacs of rupees by ddh->chauld towards defraying the expenses of the army. Orders were given for the despatch of boats laden with grain from Agra, for tiie use of the army. * * *

Gajpati was a zaminddr in tho neiglibourhood of Hdjipur and Patna, who had been enrolled among the partisans of the Emperor. When Muzaffiir Khdn went with reinforcements to Khdn-jahan, leaving this country void of troops, he collected a party and attacked Farhat Khdn and his son Mirak Rdwi, who were at the^ station of Arab. In the fight which ensued Farhat Khdn and his son were killed. Great disturbances followed, and the roads were closed.

1 Bad&tSni was in tWs battle, and gives a detailed account of it, Tbc Imporijdists had a hard victory, and were ranch indebted to tbeir Ilindd auxiliaries on this, as on many other occasions. But notwithstanding this and tho enlightened policy of the Emperor, the Musulraan generals could not repress their contemptu<»us hatred of the infidel. Badhiini (vol. ii. p. 231) relates that ho Avaa with a party of the advanced force, and in the middle of the fight he asked Asaf Khfin how they were to distinguish between their Rfijpiit friends and foes. They were told to shoot at a venture, let the consequences bo what they might, ** So,” says he, we kept up tbc discharge of arrows, and our aim at that mountain-like mass (of men) never failed.”

» Named SfilibahSin” (Badkdni, vol. ii. p. 233).' The Jai Mai referred to was tho hero of Chitor,

When intelligence of this reached the Emperor at Eathpdr, on the 26th Rabru-1 dkhir he set ofF. At five kos distance he made a halt, and issued orders for the assembling of troops, and for the preparation of boats and artillery. Here he was waited upon by^Abdu-lIa Khan, whom ho had sent as a messenger to Kh&n-jalidn, and who now returned to cast the head of Uddd at the foot of the Emperor’s throne. Rejoiced at the victory, he returned to the capital.

Saiyid ’Abdu-lla Khan thus rehearsed the story of the victory* Muzaffar Khan arrived with the forces of Bihdr, Hdjipdr, and Patna, amounting to nearly 5000 horse, and joined Khan-jah&n. On tlie 15th Rabi’u-1 dkhir, 984, they drew out their forces and attacked the enemy. Dadd also, supported by his uncle Junaid Kirdni and other Afghdn chiefs, made his dispositions. J unaid was struck by a cannon-ball. Ilis leg was broken. After a while the armies closed with each other, and the enemy was defeated. Dddd being left behind, was made prisoner, and Khdn-jahdn had his head struck oft*, and sent it to His Majesty. Great spoil and many elephants fell into the hands of tho„ victors. ♦ * * ^

At this time, Sultdn Khwdja was appointed Mir Haji, and a sum of six lacs of rupees in cash and goods was assigned for the benefit of the poor people about to make the pilgrimage to " the holy places, and given into his charge. He was directed to furnish what was necessary to any one desirous of being a pilgrim, and many benefited by this liberality.

[The annual pilgrimage to the tomb of Khwdja at

It has already been related how Rdj& Mdn Singh defeated Ran& Kika, and occupied his country — how the RdnS fled into the high hills, and how the army penetrated to Kokanda, which , was the R&na’s home. The roads to this place were so difficult that little grain reached it, and the army was nearly famished. The order was given for Mdn Singh to fall back quickly, and he very soon arrived at the Emperor’s tlirone. When the distress

of the, array was inquired into, it appeared that, although the men were in such great straits, Kuuwar M&n Singh would not suflFer any plundering of Edna Kikd’s country. This caused the Emperor to be displeased with him, and he was banished from Court for a time.^ After a while he was forgiven, and was sent at the head of a force to ravage the Band’s country. It must be understood that in the language of Hind “ Kuiiwar ” signifies ‘^son of a Eajd.” On the 19th of tlie month the army marched from Ajmir towards the Edna’s country.

Shah Mansur, a Shirdzi clerk, at the beginning of his career was employed in the royal perfumery department. But Miizaffar Khdn was tlien in power, and he caused him to bo first im- prisoned, and afterwards banished from Court. He then entered the service of Khdn-khdndn Mu’nira Khan at Jaunpur, and rose to be his diwdn. The conversation of the Khdn made his abilities known to the Emperor, and after Khdii-khdndn^s death, Mansdr was summoned to Court, and appointed to the office of diwdn in chief.*

Sultdn Khwaja had been appointed Mir Haji, or Loader of the Pilgrims, and as the road to Gujardt vid Kokanda was nearest,* ^ Kutbu-d din Khdn * * and the other amirs were ordered to escort the caravan through Kokanda. Tlioy were directed to . plunder and lay waste the country of Ednd Kikd, and to follow “him up, and harry him wherever they might hear of him. When Sultdn Khwaja was about to depart on the pilgrimage, the Emperor, acting after the manner of pilgrims, stripped him- self, put on the ihrdm or pilgrim’s garment, and went soin6 steps after the Khwaja.* A cry arose from those present, and their voices were raised in benediction and praise.

1 Badfiiiini (vol. ii. p. 240) tells us that Asaf Kh&n fell into disgrace along with the Kunwar ; hut that the? others, including Badfitini himself, received rewards and promotion. ® Abridged translation.

3 According to the Akbar^ndma (vol. iii. p. 165), the Emperor had a strong desire, to go on the pilgrimage, but was dissuaded by his friends and counsellors.

When His Majesty, reached the pargana of Mohi,' news came in from the front that Kutbu-d din Kh&n and the other amirs^ on arriving at Xokanda', found that the K&na had fled into the hills. Orders were then given for Kutbu-d din and E&jS, Bhag- wdn Das to remain at Kokanda, and for Kalij Kh&n and the other amirs to accompany the caravan of pilgrims as far as I'dar. The^mirs were to stop at I'dar, and lay^siege to it ; but they were to send on an escort with the caravan as far as Ahmaddbad, forty-eight kos from fdar. When Kalij Khan arrived there, he found that the Rdjd* had fled into the hills, but that a party of Edjputs remained in the temple resolved upon death. They were all killed in a short time. Next day Kalij Khdn sent on Timur Badakhshi with the caravan to Ahmadabdd. Here Shahdbu-d din Ahmad * * * and other jdgirddrs of Malwa came in to pay their respects.

When the Emperor reached l/dipur, a despatch arrived from Sultdn Khwdja, the Mir Haji, from the port of Surat, reporting that, owing to no pass {kaul) having been obtained from Jlie Europeans, the ship was useless. The Emperor directed a mes- senger to be sent to Kalij Khdn to bring him quickly to Surat, in order to secure the departure of the vessel. During Kalij Khdn’S’^ absence, Asaf Khdn was to have the command of his army.

Kutbu-d din Khan and Rajd Bhagwdn DdsM’eturned from Kokanda, and waited upon the Emperor. Shah Fakhru-d difi and Jagannath were loft in l/dipur, and Eajd Bhagwan Das and Saiyid *Abdu-lla Khan were left in Dhauli-ghati of l/dipur. Wheft His Majesty came into the territory of Banswdla (Bdnswdra) and Dungarpur, the Eajas and zaminddrs of the country came to wait upon him with their offerings, and were right royally received.® Here also Bdjd Todar Mai came frqqa

® “N&r&in D&s*^ by name.— Badidnf, vol. ii. p. 241.

® Abd-1 Fazl specifies “ llkwal Partfib, chief of Bhnswfira, and B&wal Askaran, chief {fnarzbdn) of Dfmgarptir.** — Alcbar^ndmOf vol. iii. p. 169.

Bengal, to wait upon him, bringing nearly 500 elephants from the spoils of Bengal, with other prcsonts and offerings. Kalij Khdn also arrived to attend upon him, and was sent to Surat to despatch the ships. He went along with Kalydu Rdl, a merchant {hakkdl) ; and having got passes (kaul) from the Europeans, he sent off the ships. He quickly returned, and waited upon His Majesty, while he was in Mdlwa. After arranging his posts {fhdmjai') to his satisfaction, and securing the loyalty of the zaminddrs^ ho hutered Mdlwa.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday, the 2nd Muharram, 986 h.^ (11th March, 1578).

The festivals of the Nau-roz and of the Emperor's accession were celebrated in tho pargana of Dipalpur, a dependency of Mdlwa. The Emperor devoted his attention to measures for increasing tho prosperity of this country, and tho raiyats waited upon him in parties, and made statements of their circumstscnccs. He paid the kindest attention to every one's case, and made a satisfactory settlement of tlie affairs of the province. Many zamznddrs became submissive and obedient to his will.

]iaj& 'All Khdn, the ruler of Asir and Burhdnpur, had not been duly subordinate, and it being deemed necessary to chastise him, several amirs^ such as Shahdbu-d din Ahmad and * *, with other jdgirddra of Mdlwa, were sent against him. Shahabd-d din was appointed commander. Shahbdz Khan, the Mir-bakhsM^ was to check the brands (of the horses) and the muster of the army. The other amirs were %o exercise their diligence, and’ secure the speedy departure of the force.

At this same place Rdjd Todar Mai was commissioned to *

The MS. has 985, but this is a maiiifest error. The Akbar-ndma (vol. iii. 203) is correct. The twenty-second year began (mprd, p. 39G) on the 20th ZM hijja, 984, and being a solar year, it extended over the whole of Hijra 986, and ended oft the Ist day of 986. The oversight of this fact has given rise to some confusion in the dates about this period, and the events hero recorded as having occuiTcd in the tweaty-third year of the reign are placed by Ab(i-l Fazl in the twenty-second. See Table, p. 246 suprd.

settle the revenue and other aflFairs of the province of Gujar&t. News also was brought from the force at fdar, that a battle had been fought with Eajd Ndrdin D£s and a victory gained. The particulars of the occurrence were these: When Muhammad ^ Kallj Kh&n, in obedience to orders, repaired to the Imperial camp along with ^AK Murdd Uzbek, the army was left under the command of Asaf Khan. Intelligence came in that the Eajd of Tdar, with a number of Eajputs who had been driven from their homes, together with* some zaminddrs of the country, and supported by Eajd Kikd, had gathered a force which was posted ten kos distance, and contemplated a night attack. When this intelligence was confirmed, Asaf Khdn and * * * held a council. About 500 men were left to secure the camp, and the rest of the force was called out at midnight, and marched towards the enemy. On the morning of the 4th Zi-1 hijja, after marching seven hos^ they encountered the foe, and a battle began. Mirza Muhammad Mukim, who led the advance, was killed ; but the enemy was defeated. Eaja Narain Das fled, and the chiefs of the royal army obtained the victory, Asaf Khan^s despatch gave His Majesty much pleasure, and he ordered letters* of thanks to be written to the amirs and officers of the army.

When His Majesty had arranged the affairs of Malwa, and settled the matters of the amirs of Asir and Burlidnpur, he turned homewards ; and, hunting as ho went, ho arrived at Fathpur on Sunday, 23rd Safar. After three months, troubles arose in Gujardt, through the coming thither of Muzaffar Husain Mirzd, son of Ibrdhim Mirza, who was son of the daughter of Kamrdn Mirzd. The circumstances of his case are these: When the Emperor was engaged in the siege of Surat, Gulrukh Begam, daughter of Kamran and wife of Ibr&him, carried off her child Muzaffar Husain, as has been related in the account given of the conquest of Ahmadabdd. A disaffected man named Mihr ’All, a servant of the late Ibrahim Mirzd, who accompanied Gulrukh Begam when she fled from Surat to the Dekhin, now stirred up the ambition of Muzaffar Husain, who was fifteen or

sixteen years of age. He induced him to leave the Dekhin, and collecting a number of adventurers from all directions, he entered Gujardt intent upon insurrection.

At this time Rajd Todar Mai was in Pattan, engaged in the settlement of the revenue. The insurrection spread, and tlie disaffected were everywhere raising their heads. Wazir Kh&n, the ruler of Gujardt, had 3000 horsemen, but there were amongst them many adventurous men upon whom he could not rely, so he retired into a fortress, and sent an account of the occurrences to Rajd Todar Mai. Before the Rajd came to his assistance, Bdz Bahadur, son of Sharif Khdn, and Bdba Gaddi, the diwdn of Gujardt, attacked Muzaffar Husain in the par g ana of Nan- durbdr,' and were defeated. Muzaffar Husain then went to Karabay,^ and after staying two or three days, he wont off towards Ahmaddbdd. Raja Todar Mai turned back from Pattan, and arrived at Ahmaddbdd.

When the insurgents heard of this, they fell back, and went towards Dulaka. The Rdjd and Wazir Khdn pursued them, and coming up ^ith them at Dulaka, a battle ensued, in which thrf royal forces were victorious, and the enemy drew off to Jundgarh. Rdjd Todar Mai then departed on his return to Court.

Muzaffar Husain, as soon as he heard of the Rdja's depar- ture, came back and besieged Wazir Khdn in Ahmaddbdd ; for although Wazir Khan^s force was large, it was not trustworthy, and so he was obliged to seek the shelter of the fortress.® Mihr 'All, the vakil of Muzaffar Husain, and tlie great prop of the revolt, brought forward scaling-ladders to attempt an assault, but he was sent to helH by a bullet from the fortress. When he

1 In KMndesli. This is written Nadarbar and Naryadaba in the MSS. BadhiSni has “ Patlad.’^

® Bttt failed to gain possession of tho fort. — Ahhar^nd^m^ vol. iii, p. 181.

• The rebels had a number of partisans in the city also, who acted in concert witli- thein. — Ahhar^ndmaf vol. iii. p. 187.

• This charitable expression, though commonly used for the deaths of infidels, is not reserved exclusively for them.

was removed, Muzaffar Husain withdrew, and went towards Sultdnpur, So the insurrection came to an end.

Arrival of the amirs with an Imperial army at Asir and Burhdnpur.

It has been mentioned above, that Shahdb Eh&n and other amirs were sent with 10,000 horse against jS^sir and Burhdnpur, When ’Ali Kh&n heard of the approach of this force, he drew in his horns and crept into Ms fortress. The amirs entered the country, and did not stop till they reached Bijanagar.^ Great dissension arose in the country of Asir, and 'AU Kh&n was reduced to beg pardon for his offences. He promised the amirs to send suitable tribute and some elephants in charge of his people to the Emperor’s Court. At this time, Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khan separated from the other amirs^ and went off to Nandurbar and Sultdnpur, in consequence of disturbances which had .arisen in his jdgirs of Broach and Baroda, through the pro- ceedings of Muzaffar Husain. The disorders in Asir and Bur- hdnpur which the amirs had been sent to settle being ended, by the submission of B&ja ’Ali and his payment of tribute, the amirs retired to their respective jdgirs. When Hakim ’Ainu-1 Mulk, who had gone on an embassy to ’Adil the ruler of the Dekhin, returned, he was sent with the elephants and the tribute to the Imperial Court.

The Emperor, on his return journey, when he reached the neighbourhood of Ambir,^ ordered a fort and town to be founded in the village of Mulath&n,^ one of the dependencies of Anibir, on the site of an old city which had been in ruins for some thousand years. Walls and forts, and gates and gardens were allotted out among the amirs.^ and injunction| were given for the completion of the work. So a building {^imd,rat\ which might

• “ Bijagark,” about seventy miles of Burhknptir ?

^ Or as Bad&t!ini (vol. ii. p. 251) writes the name ** Multhn.'

have taken years for its completion, was finished in twenty days. Orders were then given for raiyats and all sorts of mechanics to be collected from all the parganas of that province, to populate the fortress {hisdr). The land, of this place was an ancient possession of Rdi Lon Karan, ^ and his son, who was young and- was being brought up with the princes, was named Manohar, so the town was called Manohar-nagar after that child. This ehild has now grown up a clover young man, and composes poetry under the takhaUus {nom deplume) of Tdusani.®

At this period, at the time of evening prayer, a comet appeared in the sky towards the east, inclining to the north, and con- tinued very awful for two hours. The opinion of the astrologers was, that the effects would not be felt in Hindustan, but pro- bably in Khurds&n and Tr&k. Shortly afterwards, Sh&h Isma’il, son of Shdh Tahmasp Safawi, departed this life, and great troubles arose in Persia.

On arriving at Ndrnaul, the Emperor paid a visit to Shaikh Niz&m NdrnauU. * * From thence ho proceeded to Delili, and encamped near the Hauz4 Khds^ and paid a visit to the tomb of his father with due ceremony. Then he visited the tombs of the holy men who sleep at Dehli and dispensed large charities. He next halted at the sardi of Bawali, and here he was waited upon by Haji Ilabibu-lla, who had visited Europe, and had brought with him fine goods and fabrics for Ilis Majesty’s in- spection. He started from thence, and passed through the pargana of P&lam. He passed the night in the house of the

1 “ Uuler of Sambhar.*’— Bad&tini. ® The celebrated mt and poet,