7. Volume 5 — part 7

3 Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 240) places the appearance of this comet in the twenty- second year of the reig^n. He also records a joke of the time. Sbhh Mansdr, the diurdn^ used to wear a turban with the end hanging down bis back ; so he got the name of ** The Comet,*' or “ Long-tailed Star,” Abd-1 Fazl likewise places this comet i;|L the twenty-second year of the reign, or 1677 a.d., and according to Fergusson, the comet passed its perihelion on the 26th October, 1677 {Ferguaaon' a Astrownny^ vol. ii. p. 234). AbCi-l Fazl enters into a learned discussion upon comets in general. — Akbar^ndtna^ vol. iii. p. 192, *

mukaddam of the village, and in the morning he directoU that the revenue officers, whenever he so rested in the* house of a cultivator, should remit the tax and tribute {hdj o hhirdj) of his cultivated land by way of madad-m^dsh^^ or help for subsistence.^ * * * When he arrived at ih^pargana of Hdnsi, he went to pay a visit in the town to Shaikh Jamdl Hdnsawi, and made his offerings and alms. Here a despatch arrived announcing that Muzaffar Husain Mirza, after flying from Gujardt, had been taken prisoner by Edjd ’All Khdn, the ruler of Asir and But- hdnpur. On tlio 1st Zi-1 ka’da the camp moved for the Panjdb, and ^farmdn was sent to Rdjd ’AU Klian, directing him to send Muzafiar Husajn Mirzd with his (the Rdjd’s) son to Court.

[The mauliid-ndma or horoscope of His Majesty.]

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 13tli Muharram, 987^ h. (12th March, 1579) * * * [^Himting^ etc.“\ The Emperor marched to the town of Bahira, and here intel- ligence was brought of the approach of Her Highness Maryam Makdni from the capital, and Prince Salim was sent to meet her. * * * After conferring the government of the Panjdb on Sah'd Khdn, the Emperor started on his return homewards, and on reaching the village of Sultdnpur, appertaining to Khizrdbdd,^ he ordered boats to be collected, so that the rest of the journey might be performed by water. Muhammad Kasim Khdn, tlie Mir-bahr^ collected the vessels, and on the 3rd Jumdda-s sdni, 986 H., the Emperor embarked. The camp returned by land. He reached Dehli, and the boats were moored opposite the tomb of Khwdja Khizr on the 29th of the month. This being the time of the Ws, or anniversary of Khwdja Mu 'fnu-d din, he left the boats on the 1st Eajab, and set off. Travelling thirty koe

^ This is the title of a Tery common Id^Jchirty tenure.

' ^ This passage, and a few more lines of no importanoo, are found in only one copy. ^ The text has ** 986/’ but see note, p. 408, auprd,

• “ S&dhaura.”— !Qad&diii, vol. ii. p. 264.

a day, "he reached Ajmfr on the evening of the 6th, which was the day of the festival, and paid his visit to the tomb. Next day he started for Fathpdr, and travelling fifty kos a day, he arrived there on the evening of the 9th.^ There he spent much of his time in the building called the ^IhddaUhUana^ in the company of learned and holy men, every one of whom he enriched with gifts of gold and silver. Every Friday he used to pass the night there, making offerings and dispensing charity.

In those days there was a reservoir in the court-yard of the palace at Fathptir, twenty ga% long by twenty broad and three gaz deep. This ho caused to bo filled with red, white, and black money (ix. gold, silver, and copper), the whole of which he gave away to the amin^ the poor, the holy, and the learned. The total of this money amounted to twenty krom of tankas^^ and the distribution of it lasted for three years. ■

In this year Ma’sdm Kh&n, Koka of Mirzd Hakim, a young man of courage, who had done some great things, being offended with the Mirzd, left him and came to the Court of the Emperor, who received him with groat kindness. Ho gave him a mansab of 500, and a jdgir in Bihdr, whither he sent him. When Ma^siim went there, Kdla Pahdr, one of tlie highest and bravest of the Afghdn amlrs^ attacked him ; but he was victorious, although he received several wounds. The Emperor bestowed upon him as a recognition a mansab of 1000, with a horse and a robe.

In the month of Shawwal he appointed Mulla Taiyib to the diwdni of the province of Bihdr and Ildjipur, Purkhottam to be bakhsM^ Mulla Majdi amin^ and the eunuch Shamshir Khdn to the charge of the khdlisa of that province.® In the same month

^ The journey was performed on horseback, with an escort of nine persons. The distance was 120 in two days. — Akbar-ndma, yoI. iii. p. 214.

• “ E&j& Todar Mai collected seventeen krora of ddms for this purpose.** — Akhar* ffdma, vol. iii. p. 210.

^ Bad&dni was not pleased with the appointment of these officers. He says they were low base men, and acted as such, serving neither God nor the king. — ^Vol. ii.

Maksud Jauliari, who went to fetch Mirz& Muzaffar Husain from Eaj& ’AU Kh&n of Asir, arrived at Court with the 'Mirzd and the R&ja's tribute, and presented it to His Majesty.

His Majesty’s mind was always intent upon clearing the land of Hindiist&ii Trorn the troubles and disturbances created by infidels and evil men. Ho sent Shahb&z Khan Mir^balihshi * * and several other amirs^ against Rand Kikd, to ravage and occupy his country. Shahbaz Khan accordingly laid the country waste, and pursued the Rdnd into the mountains and jungles. Upon reaching the fort of Kombalinlr, Shahbdz Khan laid siege to it, and captured it in a few days. The Rdnd made his escape from the fort by night.

Sultdn Kliwdja, whom His Majesty had appointed MiM ha]\ now returned from Mecca, and waited upon him with presents — fabrics and stufts of Turkey and of Europe, Arab horses, Abyssinian slaves, holy relics, and curiosities. These His ■Majesty accepted with much satisfaction, and he raised Sultdn Khwdja to the mamab of Sadr (chief judge). As it had beeli determined to send a leader of the pilgrims every year, Khwdja Muhammad Yahya * * was now appointed, and he received four lacs of rupees for expenses.

At the end of this year, 987, intelligence arrived of the death of Khdn-jahan, the ruler of Bengal. His Majesty was much grieved, and sent a letter of condolence to Isina’il Khdn, the brother of the deceased. Muzaffar Khdn, who had been ap- pointed di^dn^ was promoted to be governor of Bengal, Rizwi Khdn to be balchsM, and Hakim Abu-1 Eath and Patar Dds to discharge jointly the office of divodn,

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, the 24th Muharram, 988 (12th March, 1680).

^ The author has now got the date correct.

The\ rulers of Kashmir had always been well-wishers and 'Berv’ahts of the Imperial house. His Majesty now intended, after performing his usual pilgrimage to Ajmir, to pay a visit to the tomb of Shaikh Farid Shakar-ganj, and to visit the PanjAb. So he sent Mulla Ishki, one of the old servants of the Court, along with Kazi Sadru-d din, to Kashmir. 'Ali Khdn, the ruler of Kashmir, entertained them nobly and respectfully, and exhi- bited his fidelity and devotion. Along with the two envoys he Sent his own vakils Muhammad Kasim, to carry his tribute and productions of Kashmir as presents to the Emporor — saflron, musk, paper, shawls, etc. They accordingly brought them to His Majesty, and reported what they had seen and knew of ’All Khan’s cordiality and good wishes.

MuzafFar Husain Mirzd, whom Maksud Jauhari had brought from Rdjd ’AU Khdn, was pardoned through Ilis Majesty’s clemency, and released from prison.

One day, when His Majesty was taking his dinner, it occurred to his mind that probably the eyes of some hungry one bad fallen upon the food ; how, therefore, could ho eat it while the hungry were debarred from it? He thoreforo gave orders that every day some hungry persons should be fed with some of the food prepared for himself, and that afterwards ho should be served.

Hakim ’AH was now sent to Bijagarh along with the envoys of ’Adil Khdn Dakhiiii. Tho rulers of the Dakhin, every one of thejm severally, had been accustomed to send their envoys every year with tribute and presents to the Imperial Court. When Khwdja ’Abdu-lla brought presents and elephants from ’Adil Khan, the ambassador, and his son Shahi Beg were presented with robes, one hundred Akbar-shdhi mhrafis^ one thousand five hundred and one rupees, and twenty-four tankas,

Mir Nizdra, husband of the sister of Mirzd Shdh Kukh, the ruler of Badakhshdn, came on a mission to the Imperial Court, bringing Turk! horses bred in Badakhshdn, fine rubies, several camels, and other gifts.

The Emperor used to keep every year the anniversary .of the Prophet’s birth. This year ho kept it on the 12th Rabru-1 awwal, and he gave a great entertmnraent, at which the saiyids^ learned men, shaikhs^ and amirs attended. Open table was kept, and no one in the city was debarred from partaking of the refreshments. On this occasion it was represented to him that the Prophet and the four lawful Ehalifas^ used themselves to preach. The ’Abbdside Khalifas also observed this tradition, and themselves used to speak.® Sultdns such as Sahib Kirdn Amiif Tiintir and Mirzd Ulugh Beg used to follow the examples thus set them. His Majesty therefore felt it to be his duty to carry into practice on some Friday the custom observed by the Khalifas and Im&ms. On Friday, 1st Jum&da-l awwah he went into the Masjid4 jamd! of Fathptir, and mounting the pulpit, ho opened his speech with these lines :

Guided me in the way of justice and equity,

And drove all but justice from my thoughts.

His praise surpasses understanding 1 Great is His power — Great is God I ®

To these eloquent linos he briefly added some verses of the Kurdn^ expressing thanks for mercies and favours j then he repeated the fdtiha^ and came down from the pulpit and said his prayers.

Muzafiar Kh&n, since his appointment to> the government of Bengal, had not sent a single article of the productions of the country, or any portion of its revenue, to the Imperial treasury ; but he now sent five lacs of rupees in cash, various goods and articles of the country, and elephants and rarities of great value,

• “ Khutba ml khwdndand** This, however, is not the technical Khutba^ but simply a speech.

® BadhAni (vol. ii. p. 268) says these verses were the production of Shaikh Faizt, and that the Emperor, stammering, trembling, and in great confusion, got half through them with the help of others.”

which were graciously accepted. Muhammad Ma’sum, K&buU also sent thirty-nine elephants as tribute.

On a Friday in this month notice was given for all the poor and needy to assemble on the chaugdn ground. Sult&n Khw&ja Kalij Kh&n distributed the alms to them one by one. Nearly a lac of persons assembled, and there was such a crowd and crush that eighty weak women and children were trampled to death. When the Emperor was informed of this, he ordered that for tho future tlie people should come a few at a time, and not make a crowd.

Kutbu-d din Atka, a nobleman of high rank, was now ap- pointed tutor to Prince Salim. In celebration of this appoint- ment he gave a grand feast, and the young prince honoured him with his presence. There was a grand assemblage, and Kutbu-d din made many offerings of elephants and. Arab horses, jewels and cloths. According to tho usual custom, Kutbu-d din Mu- hammad Atka carried the prince upon his back, and raised his aspiring head to the pinnacle of grandeur. Ho made presents of money and jewels to the prince, and the clamour of congratu- lations reached the sky.

y'Abdu-lla Khan Uzbek, ruler of MdwarAu-n nalir, had always kept up a friendly intercourse and community of feeling, and used to send his envoys to tho Imperial Court. Ilis Majesty now sent Mirza Fulad with Khwdja Kliatib, a native of JJukhard, as his envoys to ' Abdu-lla Khdn, bearing a letter ^ full of kind words, and a great variety of presents. _A Ugal dlscusaion. • The usual journey to Ajmir.] On tho 21st Shawwdl ho returned to Fathpur. Mihtar Sa’ddat, whoso title is Peshraii Klidn, and who had been sent on an embassy to Nizamu-1 Mulk Dakliini, now returned with tho Dakhini envoys, who brought with them elephants and other tribute.

An Imperial order was made abolishing the tamghd (tolls) i See Inshde Abu-1 Fazl, Dajtar IV. * See Tabic, p. 246.

and the aahdt^ (customs) throughout the empire. Far^dm enforcing this abolition were issued. These taxes amounted to as much as the whole revenue of fr&n, and it is clear that no king would have remitted them without divine guidance.® In this year Muhammad Ma’surn Khan, son of Mu’inu-d din Ahmad Kh&n Farankhudi, who held the government of Jaun- pur, came to Court, and was allowed to return to that place. Mulla Muhammad Yazdi was appointed chief kd%l of Jaunpur. The government of Dehli was given to Muhibb 'All Kh4n, scgi of Mir Khalifa.

Muzaffar Khan, on arriving in Bengal, set about arranging the affairs of that province. But his prosperity was on the wane, and his day was gone by. Ho was harsh in his measures, he offended men with his words, he deprived many amire of their jdgirs^ he dcnianded the ddgh (brand-tax), and brought old practices up again.

Bdbd Klidn Kdkshdl, although ho was conciliatory, and begged that hhjdglr might be left undisturbed, was called upon for the ddgh^ and received no attention. The pargana of Jalesar, which was the jdgir of Khdldi Khdu, was taken away from him at the beginning of the spring harvest, and was added as tankhicdh to i\iQ jdgir of Shdh Jamdlu-d din Husain. A sum of money due from the spring harvest had been received by Khdldi Khan, and to recover this Muzaffar Khan put him in prison, and ordered him to bo scourged and bastinadoed.

At this time a farmm arrived from the Imperial Court, direct- ing Muzaffar Khdn to apprehend and put to death a servant of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim named Roshan Beg, who had left Kabul and gone into Bengal, and to send his head to Court, This Roshan Beg was among the Kdkshdls, and Muzaffar Beg

1 BadJidni (vol. ii. p. 276) substitutes ^^jizya" for and says that the

produce of these taxes amounted to several krors (of dams ?), Abd-l Fazl calls them “ bdj (misprinted tdj) and tamghd** — Akhar-ndma^ vol. iii. p. 268.

issued ail order for his execution. He also spake some harsh words about B&b& Khdn K&ksh&l. The soldiers who wore present, and especially B^b& Kh4n and the Kaksh&ls, trembled together, and resolved upon mutiny. They shaved their heads, put on their high caps,^ and broke out into revolt. Crossing the river, they went to the city of Gaur, celebrated in old times under the name of Lakhnauti. There they collected men, and having found property of MuzalFar Kh4n in several places, they took it or destroyed it. Muzaffar Khdn collected . boats, and sent Hakim Abu-1 Fath and Patar Das,® with an army against them on the banks of the river.

When the disaffection of the Kdkshals was reported to the Emperor, he sent 2i,farmdn to Muzaffar Khan, in which lie said that the Kikshdls had long been servants of the throne, and •that it was not right to hurt them; they were therefore to be condiliated and encouraged with hopes of the Emperor's favour, and the matter of their jdgirB was to bo settlod<» The farmdn arrived at the time when Muzaffar Khan was in face of tlio ihsurgents.

JTpon the arrival of the farmdn^ Baba Khdn and the other rebels made a show of submission, and sent a message to Muzaffar Khan, asking him to send Rizwi Khan and Patar Das to arrange terms with them, and to sot their minds at ease. lie accordingly sent Rizwi Kh4n, Mir Abii Ishak, son of Mir Rafi'u-d din and llai Patar Das. Baba Khan put all tliroo of them in confinement, and so stirred the fire of warfare.

Coincident with this, it so happened that Mulla Taiyib, Pur- khottam JSakhshi^ and the revenue officials of Bihdr, also entered upon harsh dealings. They took away the jdglrs of Muhammad Ma’sum Kabuli, ’Arab Bahddur, and all the amirs^ and so laid the foundation of an evil system. Ma’sum Kabuli, who after this insurrection obtained the cognomen of ’Asi, having leagued

' tdkihde MughulU “Mughal caps/’— Bad&6iii, vol. ii. p. 280.

• Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 281) observes that Ahii-1 Fath was fonder of feasts than of Patar B&s was a mere Hindu clerk, so that no vigorous action could he

with ^Arab Ba]K&dar and Sufaid Badakhshi, resolved to rebel, and kill Mull4 Taiyib and B4i Purkhottam. Having put them to flight, they plundered their dwellings. After a few days, Purkhottam rallied some loyal subjects, and crossed the river Jausa with the intention of attacking the rebels. But the rebel ^Arab Bah&dur anticipated him, took him unawares, and killed him.

Upon intelligence of ’As! Ma’sum’s rebellion reaching B&bd Khan Kdkshal, a correspondence was opened between them, apd when the Kakslials confronted Muzaflar Khan, *Asi marched to assist them, and arrived at Garhi. Muzaflar Kh&n then sent Khwaja Sliamsu-d din Muhammad Khwafi with a detachment and some guns to the passes of Garhi, to arrest the progress of ’Asi Ma’suin. But the latter had a strong force ; ho broke through Garhi, and attached the Khwaja and defeated him. He then formed a junction with the Kakshals, and the revolt gathered strength.

The Kdkshals then crossed the river, and advanced against Muzaffiir Khan. Wazir Jarail,^ one of the old amirs of the State, along with Jdn Muhammad Bihbudi and some othgrs, deserted Muzaflar Khan, and joined the insurgents. Muzaflar Khan then took shelter in the fort of Tanda, which was nothing better than four walls. The rebels occupied the town of Tanda. They took Hakim Abu-1 Path, Khwaja Sharnsu-d din and others prisoners, and began to pillage. Hakim Abd-1 Path with the Khwaja and Rai Patar Uas effected their escape by artifice, and fled on foot. By the help of the zaminddrs^ they managed to reach Ilajipur. The rebels made themselves masters of the fort of Tanda, brought Muzaflar Khan out of his house upon a solemn assurance (of safety), • and put him to death. They took possession of his property and effectiS, and all the country of Bengal and Bihdr fell into their hands. Nearly 30,000 horsemen assembled round the rebels. The Emperor some time before this had taken Mirza Sharafu-d din Husain I « Wazir Kh&ii Jamil Bog,”— BadSiAiii.

out of prison, and sent him to Bengal to Muzafifar Khdn.' The' rebels now released him from confinement, and pkcod him at their head. So the revolt increased.

^ Upon the facts being communicated to the Emperor, ho sent Rdj& Todar Mai * * and other amirs to repress it. Farmdns were sent to Muhammad Ma’sdm Farankhudi, governor of Jaunpur, and Samdnji Khdii and jdgirddrs of that country, directing them to place themselves under the command of Todar Mai, and render every assistance to quash the rebellion.

While the Imperial army was on the march, Shdliam Kh&n Jaldir fought with Saiyid Badakhshi and killed him. When the army reached Jaunpur, Muhammad Ma’sum joined Todar Mai with 3000 horsemen fully armed, and marched on with him. But Muhammad Ma’sum was a weak-minded man, his dignity and the strength of his array had turned his brain, and he began to show many little actions savouring of disaffect^n, and to utter expressions indicative of disloyalty. Rdja Todar Mai, like a prudent ami experienced man, temporized witJi him, and did all he could to reassure and conciliate him.

o When the Imperial army readied Mongir, Kdbulf and the Kaksh5,ls, and Mirzd Sharafu-d din Husain with 30,000 horse, and 500 elephants, and with war-boats and artillery, in battle order, advanced to meet the Imperial army. Raja Todar Mai had no confidence in the (cohesion of the) adventurers composing the enemy’s army, and deeming it inexpedient to fight, lie oc- cupied the fort of Mongir, and throwing up other fortifications around it, he kept that position. Every day combats occurred between the men of the outposts. When these proceedings wore reported to the Emperor, he on one occasion sent Zainu-d din Kambu by ddk-chauki with a lae of rupees for the expenditure of the army. Some days after, he sent the same amount by "the hands of Darya Kh&n dh-ddr^ and so on by different person#. At different times lie sent a great deal of money.

At this, time Hum&yun Parmuli and Tarkh&n Diwana deserted I To be kept iii,custody.— ^ Ypt..-V.' . ' ^ V, '

•the Imperial army aud joined the insurgents. For four months the loyal forces and the insurgents faced each other, but at length some loyal eaminddrs of the vicinity cut off the supplies from the insurgents, and great scarcity prevailed among them. B&b& Kh&n Kdksh&l fell sick at Tdnda and died. Jabbdri, son of Majndn Kh&n Edkshdl, who was the main prop of the rabble, being informed of the sinking condition of Bdbd Khdn, wanted to go to Tdnda. ’iisi [M a^sum], not being able to maintain his ground, withdrew to Bihdr. ’Arab Bah&dur made a rapid march to Patna, seized upon the city, and appropriated the treasure. Bihar Kh&n Kh&ssa-khail ^ went into the fort of Patna, and held out. Eaja Todar Mai and his supj^orters sent Muhammad Ma’sdni Farankhtidi with a detachment to the relief of Patna. On hearing of his approach, ’Arab Bah&dur raised the siege, and went off towards Gajpati, one of the chief zaminddrs of that country.

The R&j& and S&dik Kh&n and * * ^ and the other amin marched to Bih&r after ’As! Ma’sum, who sought an opportunity to make a night attack upon S&dik Kh&n"s campT But S&dik Kh&n was a wary commander, and on that night he and his men were prepared. J&n Beg and XJlugh Kh&n Habshi were in command of his advanced force, and the enemy attacking them unawares, J &n Beg was killed and Ul&gh Kh&n fell back. S&dik Kh&n had to resist a sharp attack, but the Emperor^'s good fortune aided him, and he defeated Ma’sum, who went off to Bengal in sorry plight. Now, Garhi fell into the hands of the royal troops.

Among the strange occurrences of the time was this : A letter was sent by the hands of Hasan tmcdchl-hdshi to Shuj&’at Kh&n, ruler of M&lwa, summoning him to Court. Accordingly, he and his son Kiy&m Kh&n set off from S&rangpur to attend upon His Majesty. His attendants were seized with the desire to rebel, so they killed both him and his son, and then dispersed, each one taking his own way. When the Emperor heard this, he' 1 “ Commonly ltno^vn as Saiyid Bad&dnf, vol. ii. p, 283.

sent Sharff Kh&n Atka to be governor of M&lwa, and called the young surviving children of Shujd^at Kh&n to Court.

In consequence of the state of affairs in Bengal, ’Azam Khdn who had been living for some time in retirement at Agra, was again received into favour, and ho was sent with 5000 horse to assume the govomment of Bihar.^ For greater security, Shdh- bdz Khdn Kainbu, who was engaged against Rdnd Kikd, and had nearly driven the Rdnd from the country, was summoned ^nd sent with an army to the support of the forces in Bengal, When Shdhbdz Khdn came near to Hdjfpur, where ’Arab Baliddur had taken refuge with Rdjd Gajpati, he marched to attack him. For one month he carried on operations against him, clearing away the jungle, until at length ho drove off ’Arab Bahddur, and made the Rdjd succumb.

[TAe Emperor pays a visit to Sharif Khdn Atka. Ilakimu^l Mulk Qlldnl appointed “ Leader of the Pilgrimage.^*^

A despatch now arrived from Rdjd Todar Mai, stating that he had kept Muhammad Ma’sum Farankbudi along with him by conciliatory treatment and all kinds of expedients. That Khwdja Mansur [the diwdn’\ had written sliarp letters to him, claiming a good deal of money due from him. lie [the diwdn^ had also written letters to Tarsun Muluiuimad Khdn, one of tlio great amirs and commander of an army, Iiolding out threats to him, at a time when encouragement was necessary. The sharp practice of the diwdn having been repeatedly mentioned to Ills Majesty, he removed him from office, and placed him in charge of Shdh KuU Khdn. An order was promulgated appointing Wazir Khdn to be dhcdn in chief instead of him, and Kdzi ’All, son of Kutbu-d din Baghdddi, was to assist him in deciding important questions.

A great natural curiosity was brought to the notice of the Emperor at this time. It was a man born without ears or any

1 The MSS. agree in this, hut Bad&6nC (vol. ii. p. 285) says Bengal.*’ AhA-l Fazl seems more accurate in saying he Tvas appointed to the command in the Eastern proyinces. — Ahbar^ndma^ vol, iii. p, 275.

orifice of the ears, who yet heard all that was spoken, jusrf; like people with ears. His Majesty was greatly interested in the man, and settled a pension upon him.

[Prince Pdniydl makes the usual pilgrimage to Ajmir instead of the Emperor.']

Baja Todar Mai, Tarsun Muhammad Kh&n, and the other a)nirs took up their quarters in Hdjipur during the rainy season, and Ma’suin Farankhudi, with their permission, went to Jaun- pur, which was his jdglr. There he began to show signs of* disaffection. His Majesty therefore sent Peshrau Kh&n, ddrogha of the fardsh-hhdna^ to set him at ease ; he also gave him the country of Oudh instead of Jaunpdr, and bestowed the latter upon Tarsun Khan. Ma^sum spoke dutiful words to Peshrau Kluin, and did not show his disafFection ; but as Oudh was near, he went there.

Niyabat Khdn,.son of Hashim Khdn Naishapuri, who had grown up in the nurture of the Imperial Court, broke out in rebellion in his jdgir of Jausa and Paydg (Allahdbdd), and attacked the fort of Karra, which was tho jdgir of Isma'il KuU Khan. Ilyds Klidii, who was shikkddr of that place for Isma’M KuH, fought with him and was killed. He then invested the fort of Garha, and began to pillage. This being reported to His Majesty, be sent IsmdMl Kuli Khan, * * and several other amirs to repress him. Ho also sent Bdjd Birbal and Shah KuU Khdn Mahram to excite the hopes of Ma'sum Khdn Farankhudi, and bring him to Court.

Wlien Wazir Khdn had departed, Khwdja Mansur was released from confinement, and again appointed to the office of dkvdn.

As soon as Niyabat hoard of the approach of the royal army, he raised the siege of Karra, and went towards Kantal, one of the dependencies of Patna. The amirs followed him, crossed over the river, and came up with him. Niydbat Khdn attacked them, and a hard fight ensued, but at last he was defeated and went off to Ma'sum Khan.

At this time, also, 'Arab Bahadur fled before Shdhbdz Khdn,

and tijok refuge with Ma^sum.^ Sh&hbaz Khdn, in pursuit of him, went to Jaunpur, and from thence to Oudh against Ma'sdm. But Ma'sum advanced to meet him, defeated him, and put him to flight. In one day Shdlib&z Kh&n travelled forty kos to Jaunpur, Tarsdn Muhammad Kli&n, who commanded the right wing of Sh&hb&z Kh&n’s force, had been hidden by the jungle, and when Ma’stim’s army was disordered, ^this force came up and defeated it. When Shdhbdz Kbdu was informed of this, he returned immediately, joined his right wing, and rallying his forces, pursued the enemy. Ma’sum fought again in the vicinity of the city of Oudh, and was again defeated. His mother and sisters, wives and children, property and troops were taken. He himself fled to the Siwalik hills. This happened in tho month of Zi-1 hijja, in the year 988® H.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 15th Safar, 989.®

In the beginning of this year intelligence arrived that Mirza Muhammad Hakim, allured by the inducements hold out in letters sent to him by ’iiisi Ma’sdni Kdbuli and Ma^suni Faran- khudi, and urged on by his maternal uncle Faridun, had set out from £&bul with the object of conquering Hindust&n. lie sent his servant ShAdman over the Indus (in advance), but Kunwar Man Singh, son of B&ja Bhagw&n DAs, attacked him and killed him.^ On hearing of this, the MirzA crossed tho river, and en- camped in )[iopargana of Saiyidpur.

The Emperor assembled his forces, and having advanced to all the soldiers eight months^ pay out of the treasury, ho marclied towards the PanjAb. Prince DAniyal remained at Fathpur, and

1 Ma*'s6m Kh^u had an immenso stock of tho materials of war, ** and there were thirty or forty banners, tugits and kettle-drums in his army.** — Badh6nl, yoI. iu p. 290.

• Should he 989. ® This should be 990 (11th March, 1582).

• A force sent in advance of this had been defeated by Mirz& YUjuf Khhn, governor of the Panj&b,— vol. iii. p. 310.

Sultdn Ehw&ja and Shaikh Ibrdhim were there left in chayrge of affairs. Upon the Emperor's reaching the Barai of Bdd, fifteen ho% from Fathpdr, he received intelligence of the victory of Shdhbdz Khan over Ma'stini Farankhudi. Deeming this an auspicious omen, he continued his march.

When Kunwar Mdn Singh defeated Sh&dman, he obtained from Shadrnan’s portfolio three letters from Mirzk Muhammad Hakim : one to llakimud Mulk, one to Khw&ja Shah Maasur, and one to Muhammad Kdsim Kh&n Mir’^hahr; all in answer to^ letters of invitation and encouragement. Kunwar M4n Singh sent these letters to the Emperor, who ascertained the contents, but kept the fact concealed.

After the Emperor marched from Dehli, Mirzd Muhammad Hakim advanced to Lahore, and encamped in the garden of Mahdi Kdsim Khan. Kunwar Man Singh, Sa'id Khan, and Bhagw&n D&s had gone into the fortress. On the Empe- ror^s reaching Pdnipat, Malik Sdni Kdbuli, dlwdn of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, who liad the title of Wazir Khdn, deserted the Mirzd, and came to the Imperial camp. He alighted at the tent of Khwdja Shdh Mansur, and made him the channel for offering liis services to the Emperor. When Khwaja Sh&h Mansur announced his arrival, the Emperor's suspicions were aroused, and he thought that the diwdn^s arriving at the time when his master was invading Hindust&n must have some policy in it. He was already suspicious of Mansur, and his doubts were now confirmed. So he dismissed Mansur, and showed him the Mirz&’s letters. Mansdr asseverated (his innocence), but it was of no use.

The Emperor proceeded to Shdh&b&d, and Malik 'Ali brought him a letter to the following effect : “When my scouts were coming from the ford of Ludi&nd, which is under my charge, and reached tlie sardz of Sirhind, they found a footman with swollen feet. This footman said to them, ‘ I belong to Sharaf Beg, the servant of Khw&ja Sh&h Mansfir. He is the Khw&ja's shikkddr in his Jdgir o{ Firozpur, thirty kos from Lahore^ These letters are to be

delivered to the Khwdja ; as my feet are in a bad state, do you convey the letters quickly to him/ These letters iny men have brought to me.” When the secretary opened them, one was a letter from Sharaf Beg to Khw&ja Mansur, about the affairs of Ffrozpdr, and the other was a letter from one person to another person, and of the following purport : ‘‘ I met Faridun Kh&n, and he carried mo to wait upon Muhammad Hakim Bddslidh. Although he had sent his revenue collectors into all tliQpargams of this quarter, he has not sent any to ours, but has held us exempt.” On hearing and considering these letters, it appeared to His Majesty that Sharaf Beg had written one of them to Khwdja Mansur, and that the other was certainly connected with the coming of Mirza Muhammad Hakim’s dlwdn^ Malik Sdni, to Khwaja Mansur* Many of the amirs and ofiB-cers of State were on bad terms with the Khwdja, and these exerted their influence to secure his death. So tho Emperor gave the order for his execution, and he was hanged next morning.

Throe days afterwards, intelligence came in that Mirzd Mu- hammad Hakim, having been informed of the Einperor’s march tcfwards the Panjab, had passed tho river of Lahore, and gone off to Kabul. The Emperor advanced from Sirliind to Kalduor,^ and from thence to New Rohtas. There ho received good news, and hunting as he wont along, he reached the Indus. In tlio mpnth of Rabi’u-s sdni, he ordered a fort to bo built on tho banks of tho Indus, which is called Sind-sdgar, and he called it Atak Baiiaras.^ Boats were scarce, so he ordered the amirs and soldiers to search for and produce some. Ho assigned their respec- tive posts to the various amirs. Kunwar Man Singh, with Shaikh Jaiirdl Bakhtiydr and Mddhu Singh his brother * * and others were sent over the river towards Parshor (Peshdwar). When they took possession of that city, the Emperor sent Prince

^ Accordiug to Abii-1 Fazl, he paid a visit to Nagarkot before reaching Kulhnor. — Akhav’^ndma^ voL iii. p. 326.

^ Bad&dni (vol. ii. p. 203) says this was in contradistinction to Katak Banhras,** at the other extremity of the empire.

Mur&d along with Kalij Kh&n, Eai Singh, Mirzd Ytisuli and other amlrs^ to effect the conquest of Edbul.

At this time Khwaja Abu-1 Fazl and ♦ * came as envoys from Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, to beg pardon for his offences. The Emperor sent Hdji Habibu-lla along with them to K&bul, promising him forgiveness, on condition that he repented of the past, would bind himself by oath (for the future), and would send his sister to the Imperial Court. Prince Murdd passed through the Khaibar Pass, and on the 15th Jumdda-s sdnf, the Emperor crossed over the river Sind-s&gar (Indus), and there encamped.

Here he sent the least of his servants, Niz&mu-d din Ahmad, the author of this work, to proceed rapidly in advance of Prince Mur4d, and open communications with the amirs who had gone on first, and to ascertain whether they could get to Kabul without the Emperor, or if they needed his presence ; by what road he ought to proceed; and whether ho should come with all his army or travel express (jartda). In one night and day I reached JalalAbdd, a distance of seventy- five hos^ and delivered my message to the Prince. He was determined up<>n proceeding to Kabul, and thought it advisable to send me back speedily to the Emperor. He also sent along with me Hdji Habibu-lla, who had come from Kdbul to Jaldldbad, and I was to report that Mirzd Muhammad Hakim was sincerely repentant of the past, that ho had taken oaths, and that he was willing to send his sister, but that Khwdja Husain, her husband, had carried lier off to Badakhshdn. When I and Hdji Habibu-lla joined His Majesty, he on the following day marched to Pershor (Peshawar). There he left Prince Salim in camp with E&ja Bhagwdn Dds, Sa'id Khdn [etc.], and went on with speed, travelling about twenty hos a day. When Prince Murdd canie to within seven kos of Kdbul, Mirzd Muhammad Hakim issued forth to the village of Khurd-kdbul, and attacked him; but he was defeated and put to flight. The victorious Prince then entered Kabul.

On fjbe night before this action Faridfin^ tho uncle of Mirz& Hakim, attacked the rear of the Prince'^s army, killed a good many men, and carried off considerable spoil. This day the Emperor advanced and encamped at Surkh&b, fifteen kos from the army of the Prince. When tho rear of the Prince’s army was attacked and plundered, it so happened that Haji Muhammad Aliadi, who had gono on in advance as messenger {cldk-^cliauld) to the Prince, arrived upon the spot, and behold the rout. He turned back and reported the disaster, which annoyed the Emperor. ^ But notwithstanding this news, next day the Emperor wont on a stage, and then received accounts of tho victory that had been gained, and for which he offered up his thanksgiving.

On Friday, 10th Rajdb, ho entered K&bul, and remained there for twenty days visiting the gardens. Here he was informed that Mirzd Muhammad Hakim intended to abandon his country, and take refuge with tlio Uzbeks. Dooming this a disgrace and shame, ho sent Latif Khw&ja to Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, who was at Ghorband, to tell him that his offences were forgiven. The Mirzd, having in the presence of Latif Khwdja made a pr<fmiso and a vow of fidelity, executed an engagement, and sent it by ’All Muhammad Asp along with Latif Khwdja to the Emperor.

His Majesty then turned homewards to Hindustfi,n, after con- ferring Kabul upon Mirzd Muhammad Hakim. Leaving the army, he went on quickly to Jaldl&b&d, where there was a largo encampment. Prince Salim, and tho nobles who were with him, hastened forth to meet His Majesty, and to congratulate him on his victory, Khwajagi Muhammad Husain, the brother of Edsim Khdn Mir-hahr^ who was one of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim’s nobles, came to proffer his services to the Emperor, and was admitted among the number of his friends.

From Jaldldbdd he sent a detachment to attack the hills of the Kator infidels. Travelling by regular stages, he reached the banks of the Sind-sdgar (Indus).^ Muhammad Kdsim Khdn, 1 ** On the 12th Sha’bhn,”—Bad&<ini, vol, ii. p. 296.

'who had been left behind to make a bridge, had construqted one of boats. The journey to Kdbul had been performed in one month. In one day he [and his escort] crossed the river and went on to L&hore, where he arrived on the last day of Itania:(&n. He again entrusted the government of the Panj&b to Sa’id Kh&n, Bdjd Bhagwan Dds, and Kunwar Mdn Singh, and went on his way hunting to Fathpur. At Pdnipat Shdhbdz Khdn came to wait upon him. On the 25th Shawwdl he arrived at Dehli. Prince Daniyal and the amirs who had remained at Fathpur, aird Her Highness Maryam Makdni came forth to meet him, and on the 5th Zi-1 kaMa he arrived there.

While the Emperor was engaged in the Kdbul campaign, Bahadur 'Ali, son of Saiyid Badakhshi entered the country of Tirhut, and gave himself the title of Bahddur Shdh;^ but he was taken prisoner and killed by the men of Khan-i ’’azarn. Ma’sum Ehdn Farankhudi, being in great distress and anxiety in the Siwdlik hills, begged forgiveness for his offences through Xhdn-i ^azam ; and in consequence of the Xlidn'^s intercession he was pardoned. Then he waited upon Xlidi^-i ’azam in humble guise, and was afterwards admitted to an interview with the Emperor at Fathpur.®

When the Emperor was waited upon at Xdbul by the confi- dential servants of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, he made inquiry into the case of Khw&ja Shdh Mansur, and it appeared that Xarmu-lla, brother of Sh&hbaz, had colluded with others to concoct letters, and that he had forged the last letter on tlie evidence of which Xliw&ja Mansdr was executed. After this was discovered, the Emperor often regretted the execution of the Xhw&ja. He now remained for some time at Fathpur,

^ According to Bad&Cnl (vol. ii. p. 298), he caused the hhutba to be read and coins to be struck in his name.

2 He was soon afterwards murdered, as he was returning home from the palace. Kiyhbat was also pardoned for the sake of bis unde Shahhbu-d din Ahmad Khkn, ruler of M&lwa; but he was sent to the fort of Rantambhor, and confined. There he was guilty of things which cannot be mentioned, and stirred up a great mutiny among the prisoners : so in 998 he was condemned and executed." — Badkfinl, rol. ii*

administering justice, dispensing charity, and ari'anging public business.

On the 19th Muharram, 990 h., Kh&n-i ^azam, governor of H&jipur and Patna, came to wait upon the Emperor, and to give an account of the affairs of Bengal. After staying several days, he was sent back to Bengal, and several nobles and soldiers who had been to Edbul were sent with him.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday, 27th Safar, 991 (11th March, 1583 a.d.).

[-4 festival of eighteen dayi duration at the Nau-roz.']

Shdham Eh&n Jalesar from Bengal, and Bajd Bhagw&n Das from Lahore, came to wait upon His Majesty. It has been mentioned in a previous page how Kh&n-i ’azam came with a number of jdgirddrs from Bengal to wait upon the Emperor, leaving the siiha empty. Evil-minded men took advantage of their absence, and coming out of every corner began to excite disturbances. A servant of Ma’sdm K&buli, by name Khabita, in concert with Tarkhdii Dlwdiia and Surkh Badaklishi, raised commotions in Bihdr. Muhammad Sadik Khdn, with Muhibb 'AH Khdn, defeated him and killed him.

[Return of Gulbadan Begam and Salima Sultdn Begam from Mecca. Prince Salim sent to Ajmlr to meet them^ and to visit the shrine of Mu^inu-d din."]

Muhammad Sddik Khdn came from Bihdr, and was well received, but he was soon sent to assist Khdn-i ’azam in suppress- ing the revolt of ’Asi KdbuH. Shah KuU Khdn and other amirs who had been on the Kdbul campaign were sent with him. About this time Mir Abu Turdb and 'Itimdd Khdn, who had visited the holy temple together, came to Court, and had an interview with His Majedty. Abu Turdb had brought a stone upon which there was said to be an impression of the Prophet's foot. His Majesty went out four kos to receive this stone with every mark of honour. An order was issued that all the amirs

in turn should carry it on their backs a few steps. So pach One carried it a little way, and brought it into the city, [ Weighing of Prince Salim against gold and ailverJ] The traitor, Nur Muhammad by name, was brought a prisoner from Tirhut, and suffered punishment in the market.^

The news from Bengal was, that Khdn-i ’azam had occupied Tdnda, that Khdldi Khdn, Jabbar Burdi, and Mirzd Beg Kakshal had separated from KdbuH, and had come to Khan-i ^azain, and that ^Asi had sought refuge with certain zaminddrs. All the parts of Bengal that were in the possession of the rebels now came again under the authority of the Im- perial officers.

As 'Itim&d Klidn had held the government of Gujar&t for several years, he was better acquainted with the prosperous management of the country than others could be, and if the , government were confirmed to him it might be the mearfS of exciting the emulation of rulers in other countries. For this reason he was appointed governor of Gujarfit. Mir Abu Turdb was appointed amin, Khwdja Abd-1 Kasim, brother of Mulld ’Abdu-l Kddir was appointed diwdn, and the humble servant Niz&mu-d din Ahmad, the author of this work, was appointed bakhs/iL Muhammad Husain Shaikh and * * * were madeydgrir- ddrs of Gujarat.

Amir Fathu-lla, one of the saiyids of Shir&z, a very wise and learned man, had gone from Shir&z to ’Adil Ehan in the Dakhin, and had there held high office. On the 22nd Rabi'u-s s&ni he came to visit the Emperor at Fathpur. . Kh&n-kh&n&n and

^ He was a Tarkh&n, and had been a rebel in Beng^al. Having attacked a caravan of salt-merohants, they made a breastwork of their bags, and beat him off. He was afterwards taken near Gaya. — Altbar^ndma, vol. iii. p. 388.

Hakim Abu-1 Fath were isent forth to meet him, aud to bring him in with due honour. He was appointed to the exalted offi^ of Sadr,

The suppression and dispersion of the rebels in Bengal was reported to the Emperor. It was known that 'Asi E&buli was in the country of 'Aisi, and KhAn-i 'azam was desirous of returning home. For these reasons the Emperor ordered Slidh- hkz Kh&n to proceed to Bengal, to allot the whole of that sarkdr mfdglrs to the soldiers, and to do his best to exterminate 'Asi Edbuli. On the 17th Jumada-s sdni, he started to assume his duties.

In this year, an order was given for the translation into Persian of the Mahd^hhdrat, which is the chief book of history of the Brahmans. The translation was completed, and received the name of Razm-^ndma (Book of War).

Information was now brought that Khdn-i ’azam had sent Shaikh Farid to make peace with Katld Afghdn (in Orissa). When the Shaikh reached his dwelling, and had an interview with him, Katlti was very humble. Bahddur Gauriya, one of the zamfnddrs of Bengal, and a high officer in the army of Katlu, came to see the Shaikh, who then travelled on under the eyes of the zaminddrs and the servants of Katlu. Bahadur, in a hostilp manner, blocked up the road by which the Shaikh was returning, and attacked him. Many of his men were killed, but the Shaikh escaped without injury.

Burhanu-1 Mulk, brother of Murtaza Nizdmu-1 Mulk, ruler of the Dakhin, fled from his brother to Kutbu-d din Kh&n,^ and by command ho came from thence to wait upon the Emperor in the month of Rajab. But before this, a person calling himself Burhdnu-1 Mulk had waited upon the Emperor, and had obtained a jdglr. Now that the real man had come, and the imposture was displayed, the impostor fled and hid himself; but he was discovered after the lapse of a week among someyopifi, and was east into prison.

An order was given to 'Itini&d KhAn t© take away the country of Sirohi from SarmAn Deori, and to give it to JagmAl his brother, who was an adherent of the Imperial throne: 1000 mohura . {muhrn) was sent in charge of the writer of this work towards payment of the expenses. When ^ItimAd KhAn arrived at JAlor, the author, Muhammad Ma’sum Bakhari, Kambar Beg fshang AkA, Zainu-d din Kambu, and PahlawAn ^Ali Sistani, who was appointed kotwal of AhmadAbAd, joined ’Itimad KhAn. Muham- mad Husain Shaikh and several of GujarAt remained behind. After ^ItimAd KhAn arrived at JAlor, he proceeded to Sirolu, and having removed SarmAn Deori, he installed JagmAl, whom he left there with Aghzan KhAn, Mahmud JAlori, BijAd Deora, RAi Singh, son of Chandar Sen, son of RAi MAI Deo, Then he proceeded towards AhmadabAd, and on approaching the city, ShahAbu-d din Ahmad KhAn came out and posted himself in ’ITsmAnpur, one of the suburbs. On the 12th Sha^bAn, ’ItimAd KhAn went into the city. Two days afterwards it was discovered that ’Abid Badakhshi * * and a large party of the servants of ShahAbu-d din KhAn had left him, and gone off to KathiwAr, to invite Muzaffar GujarAti,^ who was there living in the retireftient to which he had been driven by the Imperial arms ; their object Ijeing to promote a revolt,

’ItimAd KhAn thought it desirable to have a conference with ShahAbu-d din upon the subject ; so he sent me, the author of this work, to him. When I saw him, he told me that this band of conspirators had a design against his life, and that they had for a long time been preparing this plot. Now that they had torn the veil from their designs, they would receive no encourage- ment or help from him. .When I reported the state of the case to 'ItimAd KhAn, he thought it expedient to conciliate the con- spirators ; so he sent me and two other persons to appease themii But they rejected our overtures, and continued their journey,

1 " Who had fled from the Imperial Court, and had sought refuge with his mother’s relations.” — Badfldni, vol. ii. p. 327. Ah6-1 Fazl says he was really an obscure individual named Tannfl, who took the name of Muzaffar, and called himself sou of Sult&n Mahmdd of Gujarht. — Akhar^n^ma^ vol. iii. p. 404.

Shah&bu-d din removed and went to Karl, twenty koB from Ahmad&b&d. We now sent several letters to ShaWibu-d din, ^ urging him to delay his departure for a. few days; but making •no stay, he went on his way.^

On the 27th Sha’ban, the intelligence arrived that the rebels had come to Dulaka,^ bringing with them Muzafiar and some Kdthlwdr people.

Eambar Beg fshang AkA now came in from Shahdbu-d din, reporting that he had promised to stay at Earl. ’Itimdd Khdn, Mir Abu Turdb, and I, therefore went forth to see Shahdbu-d din, to mollify him and bring him back with us. Towards the close of day, ^Itimdd Khdn set off for Karl. It had been urged upon him that it was not right for the ruler of a city to leave it when the enemy was at a distance of only twelve koH. But it was of no avail. He left his own son with Amir Ma’sum Bakharl and * * * and my son, and started. When he and I reached Karl, We talked with Shahdbu-d din, ♦and we reconciled him’J upon our promise that the parganas which he had for a long time held in Jdgir should be relinquished to him, and that ho should be paid a subsidy of tyo lacs of rupees. In fact, all he asked was conceded. Towards close of day, Ttirndd Khdn and he sot out from Karl, to return to^ Ahmaddbdd. On the same day that Htimdd Khdn went to Karl, Muzaffar Gujardtl camo to Ahmad- dbdd. The men of the city gave him (access to) the fort, and as .part of the wall was broken down, he made his way in immediately.

At midnight, when [’Itimdd Khdn and] Shahdbu-d din were ten ho8 from Ahmaddbdd, they were met by Mir Ma'sum Bakharl and Zainu-d din Kambu, who had come out of the city and brought the news. They alighted, and after consultation de- cided that as the enemy had gained only one day, he had had no time to strengthen himself, and that we must get into the city as

aathor^B words are explicit, though they seem to be inconsistent with what

• “ Twelve kos from Ahmad&h&d.”— Bad&dni, vol, ii. p. 327.

he had done. So we went on to the city, and in the morning arrived at W sm&npur, which is on the side of the river near the city. Muzaffar Q-ujar&ti came forth, and drew up his forces on the sandy bank of the river. Shah&bu-d din was quite helpless, because his men were not trustworthy, and many of them ran off. I did all I could with a few men, but without effect. My son, who had been left in the city in charge of the fort, was plundered of everything. Sliahdbu-d din Ahmad Kh&n and 'Itimdd Kh&n took to flight, and went to Nahrw41a, bettor known as Pattan, forty-five hos from Ahmad&b&d. I, the author, wrote a report of the occurrences to the Emperor.

Throe days afterwards Muhammad Husain Shaikh * * and other jdgirddrs of Gujar&t came to Pattan, and having set the fort in order, prepared to hold out. Muzaffar Gujar&ti gave away jdgirs and titles to the loading rebels, and busied himself in collecting forces. Sher Khdn Fuladi had been governor of Pattan for“ many years, but had '^siiice) lived for some years in adversity in the country of Surath. He joined Muzaffar Gujardti, who sent him with four thousand horse towards Pattan, When Sher Khan arrived at Karl, he sent forw«y:d his men to«*the town of Jutana, twenty kos from Pattan,^ ‘ I attacked them and defeated them, and left Mir Muhibbu-lla * * and a detachment of soldiers at that place. Zainu-d din Kambu was sent to Kutbu-d din, governor of Broach and Baroda, desiring him to advance from that side against Ahmaddb&d, so that thq enemy might be attacked on two sides and overpowered. Zainu-d din went to Kutbu-d din, and brought him to Baroda. When Muzaffar was informed of his arrival there, he led a large force to attack him, and Kutbu-d din, having fought in an unsoldier-liko way, was defeated, and had to take refuge in the fort of Baroda. Many of his men and officers joined Muzaffar.

Sher Kh&n Ful&di now advanced as far as the^ town of Masana,^ fifteen kos from Pattan, and great consternation fell

^ South of Pattan, and about twolye miles north of Karl.

’ ** Mysana ” in the maps. About twenty miles north of Karf. .

upon tlje garrison, so much so that they were on the point of abandoning Pattau, and going off to J&lor. I resolved at all hazards to fight, and went to encounter Slier Kh&n. Shah&bu-d din Ahmad Kh&n and ^Itiindd Khan stopped in Pafctau,^ the other amlr8 joined me. When we reached Mas&iia, we found that Sher Khdn had drawn up his forces, and he advanced to attack us with five thousand horse, while we did not exceed two thousand. Sher Khdn was defeated, and went off to Ahmad&b&d. Many of his men wore killed, and a largo booty fell into our hands. I strenuously urged that wo should advance against Ahmadab&d,^ but the who wore with mo would

When we reached Kari, we remained there, awaiting tho arrival of the soldiers who had been sent to Pattan with tho spoils of our yictory. Wo waited twelve days, and during that time several persons were sent to Pattan to collect men. Wo now heard that Muzaffar Gujarati had bombarded the fort of Baroda, and that Kiltbu-d din, having received a promise (of safe conduct), had sent Zainu-d din Kambd out (to treat). Muzaffar, regardless of his pledge, put Zainu-d din to death. Kutbu-d din, altliough the perfidy and ,vow-breaking of Muzaffar were manifest, was so demented, so blinded by fate, that he trusted to the promise of that promise-breaker, and went out to liim.^ Then, at tho instiga- tion of Tarwari, zaminddr of Pipla, ho was put to death. Fpon heari]|lg of this, I, and the men who were with mo at Kari, returned to Pattan.

From Baroda Muzaffar went to Broach, and tho officers of Kutbu-d din surrendered the fortress. He obtained tliere fourteen loos of rupees which were in the royal treasury at Kambay, and had been conveyed to Broach by Khw&ja ’Imadu-d din Husain.

1 These two nobles « had determined to fly towards Jfilor, but through the efforts of Nizhmu-d din Ahmad they remAined in Pattan.”— -BadhOini, vol. ii. p, 339.

• << This was the proper course under the circumstances, for intelligence of Eutbu-d din Muhammad’s affair had not as yet been received.”— Badhfliif, vol. 11. p. 330.

8 He was at first received with great kiuduess and honour.— Bad&fini, voL ii. p. 381.

And he also got possession of all the property and treasures of Kutbu-d din, which exceeded ten krors. Collecting the soldiers and B&jputs from all pai*ts near him, he raised his force to nearly thirty thousand men.

When these occurrences were brought to the knowledge of the Emperor, he sent Mirz4 Khan, son of Bairam Khdn, along with the Jdgirddrs of Ajmir, such as Pdyinda Muhammad Khdn Mughal * * and others too numerous to mention^ by way of Jdlor and Pattan; and he also sent Kalij Khdn, who was the jdgirddr of Surat, with * * jdgirddrs of Mdlwa, by the way of Mdlwa. This latter force had arrived at Sultdnpur and Nan- durbdr^ while MuzaflFar was engaged at Broach, but dread of Muzafiar prevented them from advancing a step further. I, the author, every day wrote letters from Pattan to Mirzd Khdn, urging his speedy approach. When he arrived with his force at Sirohi, I went forth to meet him, and brought him on with all speed. > Ho remained one day in Pattan, and then advanced.

When Mirzd Khan’s arrival became known to MuzafTar Gfija- rdti, he left Broach, and returned to Ahmaddbad, leaving the fort of Broach in charge of Nasir, his brothor^s son, and Charfias Rumi, one of the Imperial servants who had deserted to Muzaffar. Mirzd Khdn and his army encamped at Sarkaj, three kos from Ahmaddbad. Muzaffar pitched his camp opposite tlie Imperial army, two kos distant, near the tomb of Shdh Bhikaft (God rest his soul!). »

On the day the two armies were thus brought near to each other an3. afterwards some fighting went on, to the advantage of the Imperial arms, until Friday, 16th Muharram, 991, when Muzaffar marshalled his forces and attacked us* Mirzd Khdn, on his side, had made his dispositions. I, the author, and * * were directed to keep the town of Sarkaj on our right, and to fall- upon the rear of the enemy. The two armies met, and the battle began. S^yid Hdshim and Khizr Akd, mkil of Mirzd Khdn,

1 SuU6npdr lies, about twenty miles north of the TCipti j Nandurb&r nearly the same distance south of it.

were slain, and many men fell. While Muzaffar was engaged with Mirza Kh&n, I brought round my men, and fell upon his rear. R&i Durgd, also, of the left wing, under the orders of Mirz& Kh4n, followed to support me. Muzaffar was put to flight, and great numbers of his men were slain.^ Next morning Mirz& Kh&n entered the city, and issued a proclamation of amnesty, so that every one felt reassured. Muzaffar fled to Afa’murab&d and the banks of the Maliindari river. From thence he went to Kambay. Many of the fugitives rejoined him there, so that his force again rose to nearly ton® thousand men.®

Three days after the victory, Kalij Khdn arrived at Ahmad- dbdd with the army of Mdlwa. Mirz& Khdn and all the amin then marched towards Kambay. On their arriving at ton kos from the place, Muzaffar went off towards Baroda. When Mirzfi, Khan reached the village of B4sad, near Patlad, on the bank of the Mahindari,^ he sent Kalij Khan and * * on in advance to overtake and attack the enemy ; but this force, deterred by tlio difficulty and narrowness of the road, came to a halt, and Muzaffar got off to Edj-pipla and Nddot.®

^Mirzd Khdn and his army entered Baroda on tlie 16th, and there rested. While he was there, intelligence arrived that Saiyid Daulat, one of the officers of Muzaffar, had entered Kambay, and overpowered the royal forces in the place, Naurang Kh&n® was sent to repress this^ diversion, and having driven out the insurgent, he returned. Saiyid Daulat then came hack and seized the town again. Kliojam Burdi, an officer of Mirz&

^ Abtl-l Fazl says the Imperial force amounted to only 10,000 horse, while their opponents numbered 40,000 horse and 100,000 foot. — Akhar-iixbmf vol. iii. p. 466.

® BadkCiui (vol. ii. p. 333) makes the number to be “ 2000.”

• Abd-l Fazl blames the Imperialists for not pursuing the enemy, and for allowing him time to levy contributions on Kambay and assemble his adherents. — Akbar- ndma, vol. hi. p. 467.

• This shows that “Mahindari ” is another name for tho Mahi or Mhye ; for there is no other river near Patlkd, and the maps give a “ Wassud ” on its northern bank.

• Bkj-pipla is south of the Nerba^da, almost on a line with Broach. Khdot is no doubt Nkndod, between the Nerbadda and Rfij-pipla.

Kh&n‘'s; marched against him from Patl&d, and defeat^ him. Mirzd Kh&n marched ^ith his army to Nadot, and Muzaffar went off into the mountains. At&Iik Bahddur now deserted from the Imperial army, and joined Muzaffar. So the insurgents were again set in motion.

Mirzd Khan imprisoned Sdn Bahddur Uzbek, of whom he was suspicious on account of his relations with Atdlik Bahddur, and he resolved to attack the rebels. Sharif Khdn and Naurang^ Khdn were appointed to the right, Kalij Khdn and Tolak Khdli to the left, Pdyinda Khdn and some other amirs to the advance. I was sent forward to reconnoitre, and find out the best way of attacking tho enemy

When I reached tho foot of the hills, I attacked the enemy^s infantry, and drove them back for a good hos to where their main force was drawn up in array. A sharp action ensued. The discharge of arrows and bullets was quite bewildering, and many men and horses on both sides were wounded. I dismounted some of my best men, and rode on with them to the mountain, and 1 sent some to call up Kalij Khdn. I also sent Khwdja Muhammad Eafia’, a man renowned fur his courage. Kalij Khdn came up on the left, and becoming engaged, he bore back the enemy a little. But reinforcements were brought up by the enemy, and Kalij Klidn and Tolak Kkdn were repulsed, and fell back a bow-shot distance. The men whom I had dismounted, while the enemy was pushing after Kalij Khdn, finding the way clear, ascended the hill. When the enemy returned, they at- tacked us, and many men were killed. Kalij Khdn had found some shelter and held his ground. I sent to Mirza Khdn for the elephant guns {hath-ndl). They were brought up upon the elephants, and we discharged several guns against the spot where Muzaffar was standing. Naurang Khdn now came up the mountain which covered the enemy's left, and got the command

of his position. When the balls from the elephant guns fell in

^ Mir Ma’stiiii Bakhari (Yol. I. p. 212} was associated with him.—

the midst of Muzaffar’s division, he fled, and great numbers of his men were taken prisoners or killed. The Imperial arms obtained a camplete victpiy.^ Mirzd Khan returned, and came to Ahmaddbdd, where he busied himself in arranging the affairs of the army and the peasantry. He left Kalij Khdn and * * the other Mdlwa to proceed against Broach. For seven months he remained in Ahmaddbdd, and at the end of that time ^e fort of Broach was captured. Charkas Bumi, who had deserted Kutbu-d din Muhammad Khdn to join Muzaffar, and was appointed by him commandant of the fortress of Broach, was taken in the fort, and executed. Nasir, who was also an office]’, escaped, though half-dead.

At the time when Mirzd Khan was sent to Gujardt, Hrs Majesty commande^a city and fort to be built at Paydg, at tho confluence of the Ganges and Jumna, to which the name of Illahabds was given. His Majesty wont there by boat from Agra, and spent four months there pleasantly. * * When in- telligence of the killing of Kutbu-d din and the spread of the revolt in Gujardt arrived, Ilis Majesty started for Agra and Fathpur, so that he might set out from the latter place to Gujardt. On reaching Etdwa, intelligence of the victory arrived, and so he stayed at Fathpur. He sent farmdm to the amkr% in Gujardt. To Mirzd Khdn he gave the title of Khdn- khdndn, a horse, a robe, a jewelled dagger, and the banner of 6000* High), On me, the author, lie bestowed a horse, a

robe, and increased emoluments. All the officers received marks of his favour.

After his second defeat, Muzaffar Gujardt! retreated by way of Oharapdnir, Birpur,* and Jhdlawar,^ to the country of Surath,*^

^ Aba*l Fazl places the scene of this action near Nhndod, south of tho Norbndda. and estimates the loss of the enemy at 2000 killed and dOO prisoners. vol. iii. p. 430.

2 Bad&Cni (vol. il. p. 336) makes this clear by using the words pnnj hazdri,

3 « Bfrpdr ” or “ Virpur,” fifty miles north-east of Ahmadfibkd ?

^ Jhfilkwar is one of the ton prdnts or districts of Klithiwkr. It is on tho northern side. • . ® See note p. 350 auprd.

and rested at the town of Gondal, twelve from th^ijfort of Jdnagarh. His scattered forces gathered round him from all sides, so that he mustered nearly three Jihousand horse and foot. He gave a lac of Mahmddis and a jewelled dagger to Amin Kh&n Ghori, ruler of Sdrath, and so won his support. He gave a similar sum to J&m Marsal,® Rdj4 of Jhdlawar, who was at the head of a body of troops and clansmen. He once more formed designs against Ahmaddbad. Amin Khdn, being cautious, said to Muzaffar, “ Go to the Jdra, and take him along with you. I wijf attend to the provisions for the army, and will follow you.'’ When Muzaffar went to the Jdm, he drew back and said, “You march and advance against Ahmadabdd: I will follow." On the arrival of Muzaffar at Morbf,® sixty kos from Ahmaddbdd, and the intelligence of his advance being brought to Khdn-khdndn, the Khdn set off with all diligence to encounter him. When Muzaffar reached Param-gdm, forty ko8 from Morbi, and neither the Jdm nor Amin Khdn arrived, he returned disheartened and distracted towards the mountains of Barda.^ Then he proceeded to Jagat, which is the extreme town of Sdrath, and well known under the name of Dwdrka.® ^

The Jdm sent his mkik to Khdn-khdndn, to represent that he was friendly to the Imperial Government ; that he had taken money from Muzaffar, but had not joined him, and that he was then ready to conduct the army to the place where Muzaffar was staying. Amin Khdn, also, through the introduction of Mir Turdb, sent liis son to wait upon Khdn*khdndn, and assure him of his good wishes. The Jam’s men guided Khdn-khdndn on a rapid nciarch into the mountains of Barda, which were plundered and ravaged. A vast quantity of booty was obtained, and many men were killed or made prisoners.

BadhOnl's reading (vol. ii. p. 359) is Sattars&l,’* whioh looks more oorreot.

^ The Morvi ** or Morbi ” of the maps, in the north of £&thiw5r, on the route whioh crosses the Han.

^ Harda or Jaitwar is a prdnt or district of Khthiw6r. It is bounded on the west by the sea, and the river Bh&dar is for some ^tanco its southern boundary,-^ThoTn- tun, s,v» Burda,” ® On the coast.

Muzaffar, with five hundred Mughal horsemen, and five hundred K4thiw&r horsemen, went off towards Gujar&t, and proceeded to a place called Othaniya, which is situated between the S&barmati river and the mountain defiles, and was held by a rebellious Kol named Bhdi. When Slidn-khdndn went away (into the mountains), he left Medini Edi, Khojam Bardi, * * * and others in charge of the army at Haddla, near to Dandfika,^ on the high road to Kambay. He also left Baydn Bahddnr and ♦ * #F ^ division at Pardnti,® four kos from Othaniya.

When Muzaffar proceeded to Othaniya, Saiyid Kdsim Bdrha came from Pattan to Bijdpur,^ which is thirty kos from Othaniya; and the force which was at Haddla came and joined the one at Pardnti. Muzaffar, supported by the Kols and Grdssias, and all the disaffected zaminddrs of the vicinity, gave battle to the force which was at Pardnti; but he was signally defeated, and his elephants and canopy fell into the hands of the victors. Many of his men were killed, and he himself escaped barefoot and half-dead.

While Khdn-khandn was thus engaged in the mountains of Bgrda, it became known that the Jdm was not acting honestly. His vakils were dismissed, and sent back to him. The Jdm pre- pared to oppose us, and collected an army of twenty thousand horse ^ and innumerable infantry. When Khdn-khdndn came to within seven kos of him, he sent an envoy to make his apologies, and he also sent his son with three large elephants and eighteen Arab horses® to Khdn-khdndn, expressing his earnest desire to enter into a treaty, and to act in a friendly way. Khdn-khdndn then returned to Ahinaddbdd, and five months afterwards he was summoned to the Imperial Court, whither he proceeded in all haste.

Muzaffar was then in Kdthiwdr, and was greatly aggrieved

^ About twenty miles N.E. of DandCka. ^ Thirty miles north of Ahmad&bhd. ® About twenty miles N.W. of Parhnti. i Badhdni (vol, ii. p. 360) makes the number only « 8000 horse.**

® Horses of Each, which are like Arabs.'* — ^Badhdni, toI. ii. p. 360.

with Amin Kh&n for having taken his money, and not having given him any help. Supported by the people of K&thiw&r and; the zaminddrs^ he collected an army, and marched agains^t Amin : Khan, who took shelter in the fort of Amartali. Intelligence of this was brought to Kalij Kh&n and me, who were at Ahmad4.b4d. Kalfj Khan remained in the city, and I went out with Saiyid K&sim Khdn Bdrha, Medini Edi and * * *, and marched forward with all speed to Sdrath.

When I reached Haddla, MuzaiFar, feeling unable to contend with me, raised the siege of Amin Khdn, and went off towards Kach. I then sent Mir Kalij and * * to Amin Khdn, pro- posing that wo should in concert pursue Muzaffar into Kdthiwdr.

I pushed forward and went to Morbi. Muzaffar fled and crossed the Ban, which is an inlot of the sea, and took the road to Jessalmir. In some places the breadth of the water of the Ean is ten koB and twenty Aos. He went into the country which they call Kach, on the other side of this water. When I reached Morbi, the Jdm and Amin Khdn sent their sons to me, and having entered into engagements with me, I returned towards Birara-gdm.^ *

Intelligence now arrived of the departure of Khdn-khdndn from Court, and of his having gone to the neighbourhood of Sirohi, with the intention of taking Sirohi and Jdlor. I, in agreement with Saiyid Kdsim Khdn, proceeded with my men to join him. The Rdjd of Sirohi came to see Khdn-khdndn, and paid a sum of money as tribute. Gbazin Khdn, of Jdlor, also came forward. But when Khdn-khdndn was on his way to Court, Ghazin had shown some rudeness and signs of disaffec- tion; he was therefore imprisoned, and possession was taken of the fort of Jdlor. Khdn-khdndn went and took up his residence at Ahmaddbdd.

To return to home affairs. . Twenty days after Khdn-khdndn arrived at Court, intelligence was brought of the death of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, the Emperor’s brother. Orders were given 1 Or Viram-gfem,'^ twenty-five miles east of Ahmnd&b&d.

to Edj& BhagwSn Das and Kunwar M&n Singh, the governor V of the Panjab, to go and take possession of K&bul. His Majesty himself proceeded to the Panjab.

At this time Mir Murtaza and Khud&wand-Kh&n, ruler of the country of Birdr in the Dakhin, marched to attack Ahmad- nagar.i They were defeated in battle by Saldbat Khdii, the mkil of Nizdmu-1 Mulk, and then came complaining to the Imperial Court. A farmdn was sent to ^Azam Ehdn, ruler of l^dlwa, directing him to march against the Dakhin, and subdue Birdr. Farmdns were also sent to Mir Murtaza, Khuddwand Khdn, Tiranddz Khdn, and other men of the Dakhin. Many of the great nobles, such as Abdu-l Matlab Khdn, ♦ * Rdi Durga,® Edjd Askaran, * * and many others, too numerous to mention, were sent with artillery, three hundred elephants, and the arniy of Mdlwa on this expedition. Mir Fathu-lla, who had received the title of 'Azdu-d daula, was sent to make arrangements in the Dakliin. Khwdjagi Fathu-lla was appointed hakhsU^ and Mukhtdr Beg diwdn of this array.

This force concentrated at Hindia,^ on the borders of the Dakhin. 'Azam Khdn had a feud with Shahdbu-d din Ahmad Khdn, then ruler of Ujjain, because he suspected Shahdbu-d din of having instigated the murder of his father. 'Azdu-d daula endeavoured to assuage his animosity ; but ^Azain Khdn was a passionate man, and insulted both Shahdbu-d din and ’Azdu-d daula. For six months the force remained inactive at Hindia, and at length matters reached such a pitch that Shahdbu-d din, being offended with ^Azara Khdn, went off to hi^jdgir of Edisin.

^ Azam Khdn marched to attack him, and a dire calamity was upon the point of falling upon the royal army; but 'Azdu-d daula managed to effect a reconciliation.

When Edjd 'Ali Khdn, the ruler of Asir and Burhdnpdr, saw these dissensions in the Imperial army, he gathered his forces

^ “ The capital of Niz&mu-l Mulk,**— Bad&Cini, vol. ii. p. 343.

• See Blochmann*B ^(n-i Ahlari^ vol. i. p. 417. ^ Ih, p. 458.

^ On the south bank of the Kerbadda, Lat. 77.

and marched against ’Azdu-d daula. On his approach, ’Azdu-d danla went to him, and sought to win him over; buthe didj^. not succeed, so he retreated to Gujarat to strengthen Kb&n^ khan&n.

The above-named (’Azam Khdn) went towards Birlur, and plundered Elichpur ; but not being able to maintain his ground, proceeded towards Nandurbdr,^ The Dakhinis followed march by march, and ’Azam Xhdn, notwithstanding his great strength, fell back before them, till he reached Nandurbdr. He wrote letters to Ehdn-khdndn at Ahmaddbdd, calling for assistance, and Khdn-khdndn sent me and a number of amira^ such as * on in advance, and declared his own intention of following, When I arrived at Mahmuddbdd, ’Azam Khdn left his army at Nandurbdr, and proceeded with a few attendants to Ahmad- dbdd. £hdn-khdndn came out quickly from Ahmaddbdd to receive him, and they met at the place where I was resting, and then returned to Ahmaddbdd, ’Azam Khan’s sister was wife of Khdn-khdndn, so ho went to see her, and the two Khans re- solved to proceed afterwards against the Dakhinis.

I and my •associates marched against the rebels to Baro<Ja, and Khdn-khdndn and ’Azam Khdn followed me ; but the latter went on quickly, in order to get the army at Nandurbdr ready. Khdn-khdndn wrote to me, directing me to wait at Baroda till he arrived. When the Khdn arrived, he proceeded with the array to Broach, and on reaching that place he received letters from ’Azam Khdn, in which he said, that as the rainy season had begun, operations must be postponed to the following year, and then they would proceed together against the Dakhin. ’Azam Khdn returned to Mdlwa, Bdjd ’All Khdn went with the Dakhinis to their homes, and Khdn-khdndn returned to Ahmad- dbdd, where he occupied himself in matters of administration for five months.

Intelligence arrived that the Emperor was marching towards

^ Elichpur is io Bir&r, and Nandurb&i in K&ndesb, about 200 miles due west of tbe former.

K&bul, and hai arrived at Atak-Ban&ras,^ intent upon effecting the conquest of Badakhsh&n. Khdn-khdn&n wrote a letter solicit- ing the honour of being allowed to serve under him, and the Emperor sent a farmdn^ summoning him to his presence. Kalij Khan, Naurang Khan, and myself were confirmed in our com- mands in Gujardt. Khdn-khdndn and 'Azdu-d daula, who had come up from ’Azam Khdn, went off to join the Emperor,®

Just as Khdn-khdndn started, the news was brought in that tjie men of Khangdr,® as allies of Muzaffar Gujardti, had attacked and killed Bdi Singh, the zaminddr of Jhdldwar. This Rdi Singh was son of Rdi Man, Rdja of Jhdldwar; and when he succeeded his father, he attacked the neighbouring zaminddrs, such as the Jdm, Khangdr, and others, and subdued them. His name is celebrated in song and story, in the towns of Gujardt, for the courage he displayed, and he had a groat renown.

A feud arose between Rdyat and Sdyat, the nephews of the chief of Khangdr, and severe fighting occurred, in which Sdyat was killed, and many men on both sides perished. Rdi Singh also was wounded, and was left upon the field. Ifext day some jogis found him, tended him, cured him, and carried him with them to Bengal. He passed two years with them in the guise of 2iijogi, When Khdn-khdndn marched against Muzaflar Gujardti, he came to the Khan, and told him his story. The Khdn sent him to Jhdldwar to be recognized by his people. He related {he facts to them, and adduced bis proofs, on which they acknowledged him, and reinstated him. He attacked the people of Kdthiwdr, and plundered several of the tribes, and he also began

to assail the country of the J dm and of Khangdr. He mastered

1 « Which is also called Atak-katak." — Bad&dnf, vol. ii. p. 362. It has been shown in page 386 suprd^ that Atak and Katak are alike distinguished by the addition of “ Banfiras.**

2 Bad&dni here closes his account of the campaign in Giyarkt with these words : << During the absence of Kh&n-kh&n&n, Kiz&mu d din Ahmad rendered excellent and acceptable services in Gujarht, which he himself has fully described in his TdrihM jVtsdwf."— Badkdni, vol. ii. p. 362.

» KhangfiT, E&o of Each, chief of the Jhhreja tribe.— Thornton, vol, ii. p. 48.

and took possession of the town of Hal wad, one ojf the de- pendencies of Jh&l&war, The people of that neighbourhood, who had long been at enmity with him, assembled in force to attack him. The intelligence of their rising was brought to him while he was in the chaugdn ground. He immediately started to meet them, and came up to them in a moonlight night. They sent a person to him to say that if he were really R&i Singh he would not attack them by night. He magnanimously assented to their wish, and rested where he was, and went to sleep. His opponents here found their ^opportunity, and encouraging their followers they drew near to him, and when morning broke their whole party fell upon him. He and eighty men that were with him fought on foot, and he was killed.

When Muzaftar Gujardti heard of the departure of Khdn- khdn&n with his troops and family, be came to Amarun,® where the tomb of Malik Ddwaru-1 Mulk is, and laid the foundations of an army. Xalij Khdn remained to guard Ahmaddbdd, and I ;jvith Saiyid Kdsim and * * went to disperse the insurgents who had killed Edi Singh. When I reached Halwad, I sent a de- tachment to ravage the villages in the pargana of Mdlia,^ whyjh belongs to Khangdr; and I sent another detachment, under Medini Bdi, to Amarun, against Muzaffar. Upon their ap- proaching that place, MuzafFar went off to Kdthiwdr and hid himself. The Jdm s^nt his son to mo to make excuses for his cruel treatment of Eai Singh, and Ehangdr also sent his agents to renew his promises of loyalty. I then returned to Ahmaddbdd, After my arrival there Kalij Khan started for Surat, and en- camped outside the city.

It theh occurred to MuzafFar that after the departure of the arniy and the return of each man to his jdgir^ he would make a dash upon Dulaka and Kambay, as he might thus be able to raise a force before the return of the Imperial army. So be advanced rapidly upon Ddlaka at the head of two thousand

In the north of Ehthlw&r, near the Ban.

• Or “ AmharCn.** 8 Near the ed^ of the Ban.

horseman, K§.this and Jh&rejas. On receiving letters from ^Medini E4i, who was at Dulaka, I instantly took horse and ' started thither. As I was resting till evening at Sarkaj,i Kalij Kh&n came in and joined me with all the chief nobles and men of the city. Next morning we arrived at Dulaka, but then Muzaffar was four kos away. For when his scouts informed him that the" army of Ahmadab&d was approaching, he fell back to Morbi.

•The Imperial artny occupied Dulaka, and at night Kalij Khdu returned to Ahmaddbdd. I and my companions followed Mu- zaffar. One night and the next day we travelled forty-five kos. On reaching Hiram-gam, we heard that Muzaffar had gone to the village of Akhdr, which was four kos off, and had thore shut up Saiyid ‘Mustafa, son of Saiyid Jalal, who happened to be there with his family. Night had come on, and we were unable to proceed farther. So I sent twenty horsemen, with a pair of kettle-drums, directing them to go about a kos from the village, and beat them, that Muzaffar might suppose our army to bo near*^ and give up the siege. By God^s help my stratagem succeeded, th^beleaguered people were released, and Muzaffar went off to the Ean and Kach. In the morning I mounted and hastened off in pursuit. I went as far as the Ean ; then leaving an outpost in the village of Jhajtisa,^ near the water, I returned to Ahmad&b&d.

Four months afterwards, the zamincldrs%i Kach collected a force of nearly a thousand horse and ten thousand foot, under the command of Jasd and Bajdin, nephews of Khangdr. They proceeded to the village of Eddhanpur,^ one of the dependencies of Pattan, and laid siege to the fort. "When intelligence of this arrived at Ahmadabdd, I and * * went off to relieve the place. On hearing of our approach, the enemy took flight, passed over the Ean, and went into their own country.

It was necessary to put an end to these proceedings, so I crossed over the Ean into Kacfi at a place where the water v^as

. ; 3 A towii sixty miles west of Pattsii.

not more than three 1m wide, and set to work plundering and ' destroying. We burnt and destroyed the towns of Kari and ■ Eat&rid, two places well known in Each. We realized an enormous booty, and after plundering and destroying nearly three hundred villages in the course of three days, we re-crossed the Ban opposite Mdlia and Morbi. Here the Ban was twelve 1(08 wide, and we were engaged from dawn till eve in the ‘'passage. The water was up to a man^s navel. After crossing we ravaged , and destroyed the parganas of Mdlia and Morbi, which belonged to Khangdr.

We remained at Morbi three days. Here I wrote to Ehang&r, telling him how I had been informed that the hostile proceedings were the work of Jas& and Bajdin, and had not been sanctioned by him. I had therefore inflicted a little punishment. Had it beeivotherwise, I would have attacked Bhuj, his residence. If he did not henceforth act loyally, he would see what would happen. Ehang&.r sent his vaUh to me with his apologies. After this a Carrier was raised (against inroads).

In the year 995 the younger son of Arain Khdn rebelled against him, and went to Muzaffar, and brought him against^ia father. When I heard this, I went with * * against MuzaflFar, to repress this outbreak. On arriving at BSjkot,^ 80 kos from Ahmad&bad, and thirty from Junagarh, Muzaffar made off to- wards the Ban. Sfti Bihan, vaMl of Arain Kh4u, and a pro- moter of the strife, with Nokiu Gohil, and other zaminddrs^ and Bir Kh4n Singh, Malik Bajan, and others of the chief men of those parts, nearly fiv^ hundred horsemen, separated from the insurgents, and came in to make peace, I treated them hospit- ably, and held out to them expectations of royal favour. The Sim and Amin Ehdn also sent their sons to me, and renewed their professions of loyalty.

After returning to Ahmad&bad, I turned my thoughts to the repression of the Gr&ssias. In thh course of two months I fitted out an. army, and then marched Awards Othaniy a and Ahmad- 1 Near.^the centre of KAtWw&r,

nagar. • I attacked and laid waste nearly fifty villages of the Kolis and Qr&ssias, and I built forts in seven different places to keep these people in check. Falling back with my forces, I went to Wdkdnird and Sarndl,^ to put down the mutinous proceedings of the Grdssias. Having put Ohait B&wat to death, I removed Eartnl KoU, Kishna Koll, and Lakha E&jput, who were the principal Grassias of those parts, and left forts and garrisons in their places.

•In the year 996 the Emperor gave Gujardt to ’Azam Khdn, and recalled me to Court, By rapid stages I reached the Im- perial Court at Lahore in fourteen days# and was most graciously received.

The intelligence of the successes in Gujar&t reached the Emperor as he was travelling. He returned thanks to God for his success, and continued his journey in jgreat joy. At this time Zain Ehdn Eoka, Bdja lldm Chandar Edjd of Bittiah, a man of high repute among the Bdjds of Hinddstdii, who had never before acknowledged allegiance to the Sultdns of Hin- dust&n, now expressed his desire of doing so, and came to np6h the Emperor at Fathpur. He was graciously zccoived. He presented as his tribute one hundred and twenty elephants, and a fine ruby, valued at fifty thousand rupees;

The thirtieth year of the reign and 4j?e Naiiro%4 Sultdnl^ 0^ New Year’s Day of the Hdhi era, now arrived'. * lRyoicing9,'^ ; Letters arrived from Mirza Muhammad Hakim, rolaii.Qjg ^kat ’Abdu-lla Kh&n Uzbek had obtained possession of Badakhtoh®*^» and that Mirz& Shah Rukh and Mirzfi. Sulaimdn were comifi^ * to Hihddst&n. \Mir%d, Shdh Ruhh crosm the Indus and vmets ' xmth a gracious reception from tin Emperor in 993 h. Marriage of: Prime Salim with the daughter of Rdjd Bhagwdn Dds. Great

or ■yir&nktolr ia on tho Watrak river, lafty miles N,B. of Alimadkbfiid.' .

The Nauro%-i Sultdni of the thirty-first year of the reign and the first year of the second harn of the reign fell upon Thursday, 19th Rabi u-1 awwal, 993 h. (11th March, 1685). \Th$ ikual rejoicings.']

At the beginning of this year Mir Murtaza and Khud&wand ’Ehkn^ amirs of the Dakhin, came to the Imperial Court. Their ' affairs have been already noticed in describing the occurrences in Gujarat. When they were defeated by Saldbat Khdn, and caAe to Burh&npur, Raj& ’All Khdn, the governor of that place, toot their elephants from them, and he sent 150 of them in charge of his son to the Emperor. The Dakhini amirs were received, and presented their tribute on New Year’s Day.

Mir Fatliu-lla Shirdzi, who had the title of ’Azdu-d daula, was now created chief Sadr of Hindustan, and received at the same time a horse, a robe, and five thousand rupees.

Letters arrived from Kdbul, stating that * * Mirzd. Sulaim&n, - jZjUh the assistance of Mirzd Muhammad Hakim, had returned to BadJhi^shdn, and obtained a victory over the army of ’Abdu-lla. Khdn u^bek. * ♦ * Letters now arrived from Atak-Bandras, from Kunw>.;ar Mdu Singh and Khwdja Shamsu-din Muhammad, with the inf^'ormation that Mir^ Muhammad Hakim was very ill. That Farididn had started with a caravan from Peshdwar to Kdbul, but had been^ defeated by Afghdns in the Khaibar Pass, and compelled to retreat to Peshdwar. That a fire had broken out in the fort of ^T?eshdwar, and that a thousand camel-loads of merchand^'iZe had been consumed. That through this disaste'f: Faridf-dn hafd got free, and had gone by another road to Kdbul, andd that seventy men hrd perished on the journey from •^tiiirst.

’Abdu-lla Khdn of Badakhshdn, when he was informed of Mirz& Sulajm&n’s success, gathered a strong force, which he sent to oppose him. Mirzfi. Sulaimdn, unable to cope with this army, retreated to E&bul, and all Badakhsh&n came into the power pf the Uzbeks,

Intelligence ^ow reached the Emperor of the death of MirsA Muhauimad Hakim, The Mirzd was the Emperor’s own brother, but the Emperor had shown him kindness and aflfoction greater than oven that of a brother. For the Mirzd had often been presumptuous and aggressive, and the Emperor liad not only pardoned him and sho^\ed him favour, but had sent amin and armies to maintain him in Kabul. He was greatly addicted to wine, and excessive drinking was the cause of his illness and death. He died on the 12th Sha’b&n, 993, W hen the news of his death reached the Emperor, lie was much grieved ; and after the period of mourning was over, his purpose was to confirm the country of K4bul to the sons of the Mirza. But the nobles urged that the Mirza’s sons were of tender age, and incapable of ruling ; and that the Uzbek array which had already taken Badakhsk&n was on the look out for Kabul also. These con- siderations induced the Emperor to march to the Panjdb, and he began his march on the 10th Ramazan. * * *

The Emperor travelled on by successive stages without making any halt to Dehli, There he visited the tomb of his father and the shrines of the saints, and dispensed his charity upon the poor, and celebrated the 'Td. On the 19th Shawwal he reached the banks of the Sutlej and encamped. There he was informed that Kuiiwar Man Singh had sent a body of men across the Indus to Pcsh&war, and that Sli&h Beg, the officer of Mirz& Mu- hammad Hakim, had fled to Kabul.

Sadik Kh&n was sent from Lahore to take charge of the Government of Bhakar. On the 17th Zi-1 ka’da the Emperor en- camped by the side of the Chinab ; * * * and on the 28th he reached and crossed the Behut (Beyah). Hero he received a despatch from Kunwar M&n Singh, reporting that the people of Kdbul had willingly submitted to the Imperial rule. Muhammad ’Ali Khaz/ achi, who had been sent to Kdbul, returned and re- ported that when Muhammad Hakim Mirza died, his sons ^ were

1 Their names were “ Kaikdbhd and Afrhsiyfiib.** — Badbfini, vol, ii. p. 348, The former was fourteen, and the latter nine years of ^^^^—Akhar-ndina,

SO young and incapable, that the direction of^flfaifS at K&bul was in the hands of the nobles, who were favourable to the cMms of the Emperor. Moreover, Faridun Kh&n, the uncle of the late Mirzd, when Kunwar M&n Singh entered Kabul in hot haste, finding that he was helpless, brought the young princes to wait upon the Kunwar. They were received with great kindness and assurances of protection. Kunwar Mdn Singh left his own sons in Kdbul in the cliarge of Shamsu-d din Khdfi, and set off with the young princes and the nobles of Kabul to meet the Emperor. On the 25th Zi-1 hijja the Kunwar brought the princes and tlie Kdbul nobles into the presence of the Emperor at the town of Rdwal-pindi, which is situated between Rohtds and Atak. They were received with princely generosity. Each of the chief at- tendants received five thousand or six thousand rupees as a gift. Suitable allowances iinijdgirs were also granted.

When the Emperor reached Atak, he sent Bhagwdn Das, Shdh KttU Mahrani, and other well-known amirs, with about 5000 horse, to effect the conquest of Kashmir. On the same day Isma’il Kull Khdn and Rai Singh were sent against the Biluchis. Next day Zain Khdii Koka was sent with a force against the Afghdns of Swdd (Swdt) and Bajaur, to reduce tlTat turbulent people to order. The Emperor encamped at Atak on the 16th Muharram, 994.

In former times ^ a Hindustani soldier had come among the Afghdns, and set up an heretical sect.® He induced many foolish people to become his disciples, and ho gave liimself the title of Pir Roshandi? He was dead, but his son Jaldla, a youth of about fourteen, came, in the year 989 h., to wait upon the Em- peror, as Ifie was returning from Kabul. He was kindly received ; but after a few days his evil disposition induced him to take flight, and go off to the Afghdns, There he raised disturbances ; and gathering a good number of men around him, he shut up the

‘ ‘‘ Twenty-five years before this time.”— Badfifini, vol. ii. p. 349.

2 He wrote a book called KhairvA haydn, in wbicb he expounded his heretical tenets. — BadCidni, vol. ii. p. 349.

roads between Hinilustan and Kdbul. In order to i*epress this base sect of RoshandiSy whose baseness will be hereafter described, His Majesty placed Kunwar Mdn Singh in command, and gave him Kabul mjdgtr.

When intelligence arrived of Zain Kli5,n Koka having entered the country of Sw4t, and of his having encountered this sect of Afghans, who were as numerous as ants and locusts, on the 2nd Safar, 994 h., Saiyid Kh&n Gakhar, R&j4 Birbal, and * * * were sent with forces to support him, A few days later Hakim Abu-1 Fath was sent after them with additional forces. After these reinforcements had joined, Zain Khan began to plunder and ravage the Afghans, and great spoil fell into his hands. When they reached the pass of Karagar, a person observed to B&jd Birbal that the Afgh&ns meditated a night attack on that night, that the extent of the mountain and of the pass was only three or four I'os, and that if they got through the pass, they would be safe from the attack designed, Ildjd Birbal,^ without making any communication to Zain Khan, pushed on to get througli the pass, and all his army followed. At close of da}'', when the sun was about to set, they reached a defile, the Iieights of which on every side were covered with A%hans, Arrows and stones were showered down upon the troops in the narrow pass, and in the darkness and in the narrow defile men lost their path, and perished in recesses of the mountain. A terrible defeat and slaughter followed. Nearly eight thousand men were killed, and Bdja Birbal, who fled for his life, was slain.® R6jd Dliarru Singh, KhwAja 'Arab, bakhshi of the army, and * * * were all killed. On the 5th Babi'u-1 awwal Zain Khdn Koka and Hakim Abu-1 Fath were defeated, and reached the fort of Atak with difficulty.

This defeat greatly troubled the Emperor. lie dismissed these commanders, and sent R&ja Todar Mai with a large army

1 In his reckless headstrong conceit,'* says Badhdni (vol. ii. p. 360), who seldom misses an opportunity of venting his spleen upon a Iliudu.

• Many reports of his having escaped were afterwards ciu-rent, but they all proved to be false. — Badhdnf, vol. ii. p. 367.

to repair tlie disaster. The R&j4 entered the mountain region* with great caution. Here and there he built forts, and harried and plundered continually, so that he reduced the Afgh&ns to great straits. Raj 4 Man Singh, who had marched against these sectaries, fought a hard battle with them in the Khaibar Pass, in which many of them were slain and made prisoners. The R&j4 obtained a great victory.

News now arrived that Mir Kuraish was coming to Court as an ambassador from ^Abdu-lla Kh&n Uzbek, King of Mawardu-n nahr, bringing presents. Nazar Be/ who was one of the great nobles*of ’Abdu-lla Khan, being offended with the Khdn, was also coming witli his three sons, Kabz Be, Shadi Bo, and Bdki Be, all of whom had attained the rank of nobles. The Emperor sent Shaikh Farid Bakhshi and Ahmad Beg Kdbuli, with a party of ahadzs^ to meet tlie caravan and bring it througli the Khaibar Pass. This armed party, with the help of Kunwar Mdn Singh, brought the caravan through the pass, having beaten the black sectaries who attempted to block the road, and killed many of them. *

On the 11th Rabi’u-1 dkhir, 995 (11th March, 1587 A.n.), when the sun passed from Pisces to Aries, the Nanro%-i Sultdni was celebrated at the fort of Atak, and Kunwar Mdn Singh came to the feast.

When Mirzd Sh&h Rukh, Eajd Bhagwan Dds‘, and Shdh Kuli Khdn Mahram reached the pass of Bhiiliyas,^ on the confines of Kashmir,^ Y usuf Khdn, the ruler of that country, came up and blockaded the pass. The Imperial forces remained for some days inactive, snow and rain came on, and the supplies of corn were cut off. Moreover, the news of the defeat of Zain Kh&n arrived, and the army was in great difficulty. The amirs resolved to make peace. They settled a tribute to be paid by saffron, shawls,

1 An Uzbek, and ruler of Balkh.” — BadSidni, vol. ii. p. 351.

• “ Plidlb&s.*’— Bad^dui, vol, ii. p. 352,

and by the mint to the royal treasury, and they appointed col- lectors.^ Ydsuf \flas delighted with these terms, and came to visit the amt)% and they brought him along with them to see the Emperor. When they came to Court, the Emperor disapproved of the peace, and the amirs were forbidden his presence ; but after some days they were allowed to make their obeisances.

About this time the ambassador of ^ Abdu-lla Khan with Nazar Be and his sons arrived, and had an interview. Isma’il Kuli Khdn and Rai Singh also arrived, bringing with them the chief men and leaders of the Biluchis. A sum of four of tankas, equal to five hundred liimdns of ^Irak, was presented as a gift to Nazar Be and liis sons. After the feast of the Nauro% was over, Kunwar Man Singh was ordered to go to the support of Rdjd Todar Mai, who had been sent against the Yusufzdi Afghans and others. When the Emperor had settled the course to be pursued with the Afghdns, and the affairs of Atak and Kdbul, he resolved to return to Lahore, and started on the 24th Rabi’u-s sani. Hunting and amusing himself as ho went, he arrived at Lahore on the 18th Jumdda-s sdiii.®

When Kunwar Mdn Singh was appointed to tlie government of Kdbul, Isma’il Kuli Khdn was sent from the river Behut (Beyah) in command of a strong force against the Yusufzdi and*other Afghans. An Imperial order was issued to Kunwar Mdii Singh, that when IsniaMl Kuli arrived, the Kunwar was to go on to Kdbul. Saiyid Bukhdri also was appointed to support Isina’il Kuli, and was, directed to occupy Peshdwar.

Mfr ‘‘Arab Bahddur, who had fled for refuge into the hills of Kamdun, and had troubled the inhabitants of the country at the foot of the hills, was killed by the servants of Mir Abu-l Path in the pargana of Sherkot.

On the 13th Rajab the ceremony of weighing the Emperor was performed, and a splendid festival was held ; and on the 19th

^ ** They gave the cojmtry entirely over to YtXsuf.** — ^Bad&dni, vol. ii. p. 352,

• The author's arrangement has been slightly changed here. In his diar}' style of writing, several lines are interposed between the Emperor’s departure for and arrival at Lahore.

Prince Salfra was married to the daughter of R&i Singh, one of the great nobles. The sent fine presents tVith his daughter, and felt highly honoured by the alliance.

Muhammad K&sim Khdn Mir-bahr and * * was sent with a large force to effect the conquest of Kashmir. After seven marches they entered the defiles of the mountains. When they reached the pass of Kartal, Ya'kfib, the sou of Yusuf Kh&n,V considering himself ruler of Kashmir, came with a considerable force to oppose them. He closed the pass, and there took his post. Hut fortune fought for the Imperial array, and the stone of dissension was cast among the Kashmiris. The chiefs of Kashmir wore distressed with the rule of Ya’kub, and several deserted from him and joined Kasim Khan. Another party raised the standai’d of rebellion in Srinagar, which is the capital of the country. Ya’kub, deeming it of primary importance to crash the internal rebellion, returned to Kashmir. The Imperial army then entered Kashmir without opposition, and Ya^kub, unable .t8 make any resistance, fled to the mountains. Srinagar was occupied, and revenue collectors were appointed to all the parganas.

The Emperor, on being informed of the conquest, sent letters of thanks to Kasim Khdn and the other amirs, and bestowed honours and promotions upon all of them. Ya^kub raised a force, and fought with Kasim Khan, but was defeated. Another time lie tried a night surprise, but was unsuccessful. The royal forces pursued him into hills full of trees and defiles, beating him and driving him before them. He was very nearly captured. At last, in wretched plight and in humble mood, he waited upon Kdsim Khan, and enrolled himself among the subjects of the Imperial throne.® The country of Kashmir was ihus cleared.

^ YCsuf KhSm had boon thrown into prison, and Ya’kdb “ treated his father as dead/' — Bad&dni, vol. ii. 353.

^ He was eventually sent into Bihhr to R&jh M&n Singh, to join his father; and both Ydsuf and Ya'kdb there died in oonfinement, worn out with trouble and ebagrin. — Badkilni, vol. ii. p. 353. Abd-1 Fazl, however, says that ** Ydsuf was released from prison, and reoeived a so that ho might learn better manners, and appreciate tlio kind treatment he had received." — Akbar^ndma, vol. iii. p. 549*

On the 19th Ramazan the ambassador of 'Abdii-lla Kh&ii received leave to return. Hakim Huniam * was sent as envoy to ’Abdu-lla Khan, and Mir Sadr Jahdn * as a complimentary visitor to Iskandar Khan, the father of ’Abdu-lla KhS,n. Nearly a lae and a half of rupees, equal to three thousand seven hundred tiimdm of ^Irdk, goods of Hinddst&ii, and curiosities were entrusted to Muhammad ’Ali Khazdnchi for presentation to ’Abdu-lla Khdn,

Saiyid Hdmid Bukh&ri, formerly one of the nobles of the Sultdns of Gujarat, had been received into the Imperial service, and was sent to Peshawar for the repression of the Roshandi sectaries. Tliey had assembled about 20,000 foot and 5000 horse to attack him. Ho, and a few men who were with him at the time, fought and perished. The Emperor sent Zain Khdn Koka and * * with a large force to subdue these heretics, who occupied the Khaibar Pass, and closed the road between Kabul and Hinddstdn. Kunwar Man Singh marched from Kdbul,^ and attacked and defeated them in the Khaibar, and put a groat mg/iiy of them to the sword. Ho then occupied Jamrdd, and loft a detachment in the Khaibar.

Mirzd Sulairnan, having returiiod from his pilgrimage to Mecca, once more tried his fortune in Badakhshan ; but he was unable to contend against ^Abdu-Ila Klidn Uzbek, and fled to Kabul. From thence he went to Hindustan, and was received by the Emperor in the month of Rabi'u-1 awwal, 995 ii.

The beginning of tliis year corresponded with Monday, 23rd RaM’u-l dkhir, 996 h. (11th March, 1588). [Fedival of New Tear^s I>ay.'\

Kunwar Mdn Singh completely subdued Jalala the sectary,

^ Next day the heretics assembled in great force, and howling all night and day like jackals, they kept up a fight in all directions. At this crisis M&n Singh's brother, Mkdhd Singh, who was stationed at Ohind with Isma’il KulS KhCtn, arrived with a strong force to the assistance of his brother. The Afghans then fled, and nearly 2000 were killed.**— BadkOni, vol.' ij* p. 856.

SO that he could no longer make any resistance, and was com- pelled to take flight towards Bangash. ’Abdu-1 Matlab Kh&n, and * * were sent after him with a detachment to Bangash. Jaiala deceived the royal commanders, and gathering a numerous force around him, he attacked them, and a fierce battle ensued. But the rabble were defeated and put to flight, and many of them were killed.

In this year a son was born to Prince Salim by the daughter of Raja Bhagw5.n Dds. [^RejoicingsJ]

In this year S&dik Kh4n, the governor of Bhakar, under proceeded to attack tho country of Tatta. He besieged tb rt of Sihwdn, and Jani Beg, ruler of Tatta, grandson of Muham- mad Bdki Tarklidn, following the humble practice of his an^ cestors, sent envoys with suitable gifts to the Imperial Court. The Emperor took compassion on him, and sent a farmdn to Sddik Khan, saying, “I bestow the country upon Jdni Beg. Withdraw from its occupation.^^ On the 25th Zi-1 ka’da t^je envoys of Jdni Beg received leave to depart; and to show them greater Iionour, Hakim ’Ainu-1 Mulk was sent with them, and they received many princely gifts.

At the beginning of Rabi’u-s sani the government of Kdbul was given to Zain Khdn Koka, and Rajd Mdn Singh w^as re- called to Court. At the end of the same month Khdn-khdndn Mirzd Khan made a rapid journey from Gujardt with ’Azdu-d daula, and was most graciously received. On the 28th Rajab Sddik Khdn came from Bhakar. Mdn Singh arrived in Sha’bdn, and at the end of the year he was appointed governor of Bihdr, Hdjipur, and Patna. About the same time the government of Kashmir was given to Mirzd Yusuf Khdn Rizwi, and Kdsim Khdn was recalled, Sddik Khdn was sent to Swdt

and Bajaur against the Yusufedis, and the jdgirs of Mdn Singh at Sidlkot and elsewhere were granted to him. IsmaMl Kuli Khdn was recalled from Swdt and Bgjaur, and sent to Gujardt,

to replace Ealij Kh&n, who was summoned to Court. The government of Bih&r and Bengal was conferred on Eunwar Min Singh.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Saturday, 4th Jumdda-1 awwal, 997 (11th March, 1689). [The usual festival of eighteen daysJ] ^

Kalij Eh&n arrived from Gujarat, and was appointed to assist !Rdjt Todar MaP in Revenue and Civil administration. Hakim ’Afr*:-! Mulk returned from his embassy to Tatta with the onvoy'^ v.f JS-ni Beg Tarkh&n, who brought the otferings of the Beg ciJoiig with a letter.

On the 22nd Jumada-s s&ni, 997, the Emperor started to pay a visit to Kashmir and KS.bul. On reaching Bhimbhar,^ at the beginning of the mountains of Kashmir, he there left the ladies of the harem with the Prince Murdd, and went on express. On the 1st Sha’bdn he reached Srinagar, where he remained some days, visiting the city and neighbourhood. When the rainy season came on, letters were sent for the ladies of the harem and Princo Murdd to go to Eohtas, and there await his return, Amir Fathu-lla Shirazi [^Azdu-d daula] died in Kashmir, to the great sorrow of the Emperor, Shaikh Faizi wrote aii elegy upon him. * *

On the 27th Ramazan the Emperor started for Kabul by way of Pakhali and the fort of Atak. Abu-1 Path, one of His Majesty’s friends and companions, di^d at Dhamtaur, and was buried at Hasan Abddl. Princo Murdd and the ladies, by com- mand of the Emperor, came up to Atak from Rohtds. Hero Shdhbaz Ehdn Kambu was sent against the remaining Afghdns. His Majesty then crossed the Indus, and proceeded on to Edbul,

1 Badlitinl (vol. ii. p. 366) places some of the following events in the thirty-third year.

? Who had grown old and stupid, and had lately received a wound from a sabre at the hands of an enemy who lay in ambush for him.*’— Bad&hnf, vol. ii. p. 366.

• “Which the people of Kashmir call K&ji-diir.”— vol. iii..p. 663.

where he arrived on the 22nd Zi-1 ka’da. Hakim Humdin and Mir Sadr Jah&n, who had been sent on an embassy to M4war&u-n nahr, now returned, bringing with them an ambassador from ^Abdu-lla Kh4n, who was the bearer of a letter and presents. His Majesty spent two months at K&bul, often visiting the gardens and places of interest. All the people of Kabul, noble and simple, profited by his presence.

Here intelligence reached him that Rajd Todar Mai wahilu-s saltamt^ and mushrif-i diwdn, and Ilaj4 Bhagwdn Dds amiru-l umard^ had died at Lahore.^ On tho 8th Muharrarn, 998, the Emperor started on his return^ to Hindustan, leaving tho govern- ment of Kdbul in the hands of Muhammad K&sim Mir~hahr^ with Tokhta Beg K&buli, and * * * * several amlrs^ as co- adjutors. He gave tho government of Gujarat to Mirz4 ’Aziz Muhammad Kokaltash Idzam Khdn^ who held the government of Malwa.^ He recalled me, Nizamu-d din Ahmad, the author of this work, to Court. To Khan-kh&ndn he gave Jaunpur instead of the jdgir which ho had held in Gujar&t.^

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 14ih Jumdda-1 awwal, 998. [77^e usual celebration at Lahore.']

Tho author of this work, with his escort of camel-riders,

1 Badailni cannot repress his bitter religious hatred, oven in recording the deaths of these faithful servants of the throne. His words are (vol. ii p. 371), “ They went to their everlasting abode in hell.” He has some verses also, conceived in the same spirit. Abdrl Fazl is more generous. Of Todar Mai he says, that “ for honesty, rectitude, manliness, knowledge of business, and administrative ability, ho was without a rival in Hinddst&n.” — Ahhar-ndmay vol. iii. p. 695.

2 He met with two serious falls on his journey homewards. One at a hymna hunt ; the other from a female elephant which was attacked by a furious msXQ.-^Akbar^ ndma, vol. iii. p. 597.

^ Mhlwa was given to Shahkb Eh5n, but ’Azam Ehhn, in spite against his suc- cessor, wasted the province and laid it desolate {khdk^siydh) before leaving it.— Bad&iini, vol. ii. p. 372.

• It was at this time that Eh&n-khkn&n was elevated to the wakdlat or premier- ship. (This fact should appear in page 697 of vol. iii. of tho Lucknow edition of tho Akbar-numa^ but there is an omission there of several lines.)’

arrived at Court, having performed the journey^ in twelve days. He was very kindly received. Bliagwan Das being

dead, his son M&n Singh, one of the great nobles and governor of Bih&r and Bengal, succeeded to the title of E&jd, and the Emperor sent him a letter by one of his attendants with a robe and horse.

^Azam lDim*s Campaign in Ovjardt ‘When ^Azam Khan arrived in Giijar&t, he essayed to conquer the territory of the Jim,® one of the zaminddrs of that quarter, who maintained a numerous body of men. The Jdm, in concert with Daulat Khdn, son of Amin Khan, ruler of Junagarh, and locum tenem of his father, and several other zaminddrs, assembled nearly twenty thousand horse. ’Azam Khdn divided his army into seven divisions, and some severe fighting followed. Saiyid Kasim Bdrha, in command of the advanced force, fought bravely. Khwdja Muhammad Rafia’, commander of the left, was killed with some other amirs, old servants of the State. Mir Sharafu-d din, nephew of Mir Abu Turdb, was killed with the van. Four thousand Edjputs fell in the battle. The eldest son and repre- sentative of the Jam, with his wazir, were among the slain. Victory declared itself in favour of ’Azam Khdn, The date of the battle was 6th Shawwal, 998 h.®

The city of Lahore liad been for some years (chand sdl) the royal residence, and many chiefs of that quarter had come to wait upon the Emperor. But Jani Beg, of Tatta, although he had sent letters and tribute, had never come in person to enrol hitiTself among the supporters of the Imperial throne, Khdn- khdnan was now appointed governor of Multdn and Bhakar, and he was commanded to effect the conquest of Sind and the Bildchis. In the month of Rabru-s sdni ho was sent on his enterprise along with * * * and a number of nobles, whose

1 “ Six hundred kos** — Badhdni, vol. ii. p. 572.

• “ Sattars&l*’ by name. — Bad&dni, toI. ii. p. 373.

^ Briggs justly observes, that as no results followed « this victory/* it \q& most likely a defeat.— Briggs, Firishta, vol, ii. p. 264. *

names are too numerous, to record. He had a hundred elephants and a train of artillery. Xhw&ja Muhammad Mukim, an old servant of the State, was appointed hahJiM, The King of Poets (Faizi) found the date of this enterprise in the words Kasad^ Tatia^

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 24th Jumada-1 awwal, 999 h. (11th March, 1591). [Usual rejoicings."]

In Shawwdl of this year four servants of the State were selected to go on missions to the four rulers of the Dakhin. The King of Poets, Shaikh Faizi, was sent to Raj& ^Ali Khan, the ruler of i^Lsir and Burhanpur. Khwdja Aminu-d dm was sent to Burhdnu-1 Mulk, who, supported by the arms of the Imperial Government, held Ahmadnagar, the seat of his ancestors. Mir Muhammad Amin was sent to *Adil Kh&n, the ruler of Bijdpur; and Mir Mirzd to Kutbu-1 Mulk, the ruler of Golconda. Shaikh Faizi received directions to proceed to Burhdnu-1 Mulk after liaving terminated his own mission.

On the 28th Zi-1 hijja Prince Sh&h Murdd, better known by his cognomen, ^‘Pahari Jiu,” was appointed to the Government of M&lwa, receiving the standard, kettle-drums, the taman^ the tugh banner, and all the Insignia pertaining to a prince royal, Isma’il Kuli Khan was appointed to be his vakil, (general manager), and * * were also sent to serve under him. When the Prince reached Gwalior, he found that Madhukar, zamirtddr of Undachah, who held a prominent position among the Edj&s of these parts, on account of his numerous adherents, had seized upon i\iQ parganas of Gw&lior. So the Prince resolved to chas- tise him. Madhukar assembled his numerous forces to resist, but he was defeated in battle,^ and obliged to fly into the jungles and hills.^ All his territory was ravaged, and then his son, Ram Ohandar, who was his eldest son and representative, came

' In the vicinity of Narwar, — ^Badh^nl, vol. ii. p. 378.

humbly ^to beg for mercy/ and to be admitted a subject of the ^Imperial throne. He waited on the Prince, and presented a large tribute, and the Prince sent him to the Emperor, who, when he arrived, granted him pardon for his offences. The Prince took up his residence at TJjjain.

'Azam Khan, after his victory over the J&m, remained for a time at Ahmaddbdd, and then resolved upon the conquest of Sdrath and the fort of Junagarh. Daulat Khan, son of Amin Khan, who had succeeded his father as cliief, had been wounded in a battle with the Jam, and was dead. Having determined upon this campaign, 'Azam Kh4n proceeded to the country. The son of Daulat Khan, with his father’s ministers, took refuge in the fortress (of Junagarh) and temporized. But when they found matters going ill with them, the ministers begged for mercy, and brought the youth to ’Azam Khdn, presenting the keys of the fortress, and professing their allegiance. This conquest was effected on the 5th Zi-1 ka’da.

1 Khdn-khdndn, who marched to conquer Tatta, laid siege to the fortress of Sihwaii. Jdui Beg, with all the zaminddra of that country, came with ghrdhs and boats armed with artillery, to give battle, Kh&n-khanan rcaised the siege, and marched forwards. When he arrived at Nasrpur, there was a distance of seven hos between the rival forces. Jdni Beg advanced to battle with more than a hundred (jhrdhs and two hundred boats {khhti) full of archers, gunners, and large guns. Kh&n-kh4n&u, although he had only twenty-five ghrdhs^ went to meet him, and the fight began. The battle went on for a night and a day, but victory at length declared in favour of the Imperial arms. Jdni Beg had two hundred men killed in his ghrdha^ seven glirdha were taken, and the rest made off. This battle was fought on the 26th Muharram, 1000 H. After his defeat, Jdni Beg withdrew to a spot*® on the banks of the river, which was flanked by water

• Firishta transcribes this account, but here he uses the more specific word Uni^ a naze or promontory. Briggs genders the passage by a paraphrase, <‘on a spot of ground surrounded by a swamp, which was flooded at high water.*’

and morasses {chilila)} Here he entrenched his force. Kh&n- kh&n&n raised batteries before it, and besieged it for two^months. ^ During this time the Emperor sent 160,000 rupees, then 100,000 rupees, then 100,000 mans of grain, with several ^ large guns and many gunners, to reinforce Khan-kh&ndn. He also sent R&jd Rdi Singh, a noble of four thousand, by the route of Jesalmir.