373. THE ALANKARA SCHOOL 375

THE ALANKARA SCHOOL 375

included under the figure पर्यायोकत. जगनाथ remarks with great force and truth: "व्वनिकारात्प्राचीनैर्भामहोद्भटप्रभृतिभिः स्वग्रन्थेषु कुन्नापि ध्वनि- गुखीभूतव्यक्कयादिशब्दा न प्रयुका इत्येतावतैव तैर्ध्वन्यादयो न स्वीक्रियन्त इत्याधु-

कियन्तोऽपि गुणीभू तव्यक्थमेदास्तैरपि निरूपिताः। अपरश्च सर्वोपि व्यक्रयप्रपनन्वः पर्यायो- ककुची निचिप्तः। न अनुभवसिद्धोड्यों बालेनाप्यपह नोतुं शक्यते। ध्वन्यादिशब्दैः परं व्यवहारो न कृतः । न हेतावतानक्गीकारो भवति ।' रसगग्गा० pp. 414-415. Though भामह and दएडी did not speak of ध्वनि (or व्यङ्ञय) as the pervading element of poetry, they spoke of वक्रोक्ति or अतिशयोक्ि as all important and as lying at the root of all figures; vide aTHE II. 85 (सैषा सवैव०) and 'अलक्कारान्तरायामप्येकमाङठु: परायगम्। वागीशमहिता- मुक्तिमिमामतिशयाइयाम् ।।' काव्या. II. 220. For the meaning of वक्रोक्ति, vide section 12 below. z defined a figure ara (vide p. 145 above), in which there is some वस्तु (matter of fact) that is व्यक्य. He cites an example of implied उत्प्रेक्षा (I. 13). Therefore he also was not unaware of anra sense. The prominence given to alanikaras by दएडी and भामह (who says I. 13 न कान्तमपि निभषं विभाति वनितामुखम्।) persisted, though in a lesser degree, even in later times. Even though #aHa is a thorough-going follower of the ध्वन्यालोक his treatment of alankaras is longer than that of any other topic in his work. The number of alankāras sepa- rately named by various writers exceeds two hundred. Vide I. A. vol. 41 for 1912 p. 204-208 for further information about alańkāras, Annals B. O. R. I. vol. I. pp. 87-98 (on 'History and significance of alankaras' by Prof. Sovani); Annals B. O. R. 1. vol. II. pp. 69-72 (on classification of alankāras by Prof. P. K. Gode), Mookerjee Silver Jubilee vol. III pp. 661 ff), ('Psycho- logical basis of alankaras), History of Sanskrit Poetics' by Dr. De, vol. II pp. 41-94, 'Les Fleurs de Rhetorique dans l' Inde' by Prof. H. R. Divekar (1930), 'Use and abuse of alankāras in Sanskrit Literature' (in 'Indian Culture' vol. III pp. 675-705 by Dr. Raghavan and in his work 'Some concepts &c' pp. 48- 91), 'Bhoja's conception of Alankāras' in - 'Śṛngāraprakāśa' vol. I pp. 361-417. Several questions arise in connection with alankāras viz. the classification of them, difference between guņas and alankāras, the number of them and lastly their positioh in the theory of rasa and dhvani. Only a brief treatment on all these points can be attempted here. It appears that.भामह (I. 15 शब्दाभिधेयालक्कार- भेदादिष्टं दयं तु नः।) divided alankaras into those of शब्द and those