375. THE ALANKARA SCHOOL 377

THE ALANKARA SCHOOL 377

ten gunas of sabda and ten of artha (under the same names). The ध्वन्यालोक estblished the relation of gus and अलक्कारs. When by a metaphor it was said that rasa or dhvani is the soul of poetry, then the rasa theorists had to state the place of gunas and alankaras. The sao (II. 7) states that just as bravery and the like are the gunas of the soul and bracelets are ornaments put on some limb of the body (wrist &c.), so the gunas, madhurya, ojas and prasada are the gunas of rasa (तमथमवलम्बन्ते येदिनं ते गुखा: स्मृताः । अक्ाश्रितास्त्वलक्कारा मन्तव्या: कटकादिवत् ॥ ध्व. II 7) and it is further pointed out that madhurya is pre-eminently appropriate to विप्रलम्भशार (love of separated lovers) and करुण (tragic sentiment), the guna ojas to raudrarasa and prasāda (perspicuity) is common to all rasas and to all compositions. When the predominant rasa is śrngāra, anuprāsa does not help in its evolution and to employ Yamaka in śrngāra is a great mistake, particularly in विप्रलम्भ (ध्व० II. 15-16). Most of the later writers such as Mammata hold that the gunas are three, that they are the qualities of the soul of poetry like bravery (which is a quality1 of the spirit), that they are permanently associated with rasa and figures of speeeh are like ornaments worn on the limbs of the body (ये रसस्याज्विनो धर्मा : शौर्यादय इवात्मनः। उत्करषहेतवस्ते स्युरचलस्थितयो गुखाः ॥ उपकुर्वन्ति तं सन्तं येऽमद्रारेय जातुचित्। हारादिवदलक्कारास्तेनुप्रासोपमादयः ॥ काव्यप्रकाश VIII. 1-2). Most of the alankarikas follow this position. The number of alankaras has varied from time to time. aa mentioned only four. There were ancient authors who described only five or eight figures of speech (vide p. 69 n. 2 above). The व्रिष्णुधर्मोत्तरपुराय appears to have known only 18 alankāras (p. 69 above). Bhatți, Daņdin, Bhāmaha, Udbhața and Vamana speak of between 30 to 40 alankāras. Mammața defines 61, Ruyyaka about 75, the Candraloka one hundred and the Kuvalayananda 115. The ध्वन्यभाववादिन is made to say in the ध्व. p. 9 'सहस्रशो हि महात्मभिरन्यैरलक्कारप्रकाराः प्रकाशिताः प्रकाश्यन्ते च।'. It is noteworthy that the same figure of speech bears different names such as स्वभावोक्ति and जाति, यथासंख्य or क्रम or 77. Sometimes the same name denotes different figures of

1. एवमेते धलक्वारा गुखा दोषाश्च कीर्तिताः। प्रयोगमेषां च पुनर्वच्यामि रससंअ्रयम् ॥ नाय्यशाख 17.108.