2. Volume 6 — part 2

[Text, vol. iii. p. 158.] When victory declared for the Imperial army, the weak-minded Daud was made prisoner. His horse 1 On the Lon'i, thirty-five miles from Siwana.

stuck fast in the mud, and * * * a party of brave men seized him, and brought him prisoner to Khan-jahan. The Khan said to him, Where is the treaty you made, and the oath that you swore?’’ Throwing aside all shame, he said, “I made that treaty with Khan-khanan. If you will alight, we will have a little friendly talk together, and enter into another treaty.” Khan-jahan, fully aware of the craft and perfidy of the traitor, ordered that his body should be immediately relieved from the weight of his rebellious head. He was accordingly decapitated, and his head was sent ofi* express to the Emperor. His body was exposed on a gibbet at Tanda, the capital of that country.

Campaign against GajpatL Capture of Rohtds.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 161.] In consequence of the difiiculty of transporting camp equipage, Gajpati^ had broken out into re- bellion, and formed the design of plundering Ghazipur. But Shahbaz Khan arrived with the royal forces, and shook the foundations of his position. He fled to the ford of Ohaunsa, pursued by the Imperial troops. There he crossed the Ganges, and continued fighting. The royal forces, having found means of crossing the river, pursued him, and inflicted upon him a severe defeat, taking his boats, guns, and camp equipage. In their pursuit of him, they came to the fort of Mahawa,^ which they invested, and Sangram, the commandant, immediately surrendered. Shahbaz placed a garrison in it, and continued his pursuit of the rebel, who fled into the wooded and rugged country of Bhojpur. All efibrts to overtake him proving vain, the royal troops retired. On the following day the rebel attacked the retreating forces on the bank of a river, and kept up the fight till night. The ground was so broken and confined, that the royal troops were unable to cross in face of their assailants ; but, being guided by Sangram, they fell upon the baggage of the enemy. Unable to accomplish anything by day, the rebel

^ Briggs calls him “ Raja of Gunjowty.” — Firishta, ii. p. 250.

2 Twenty-eight miles north-west of Rohtas.

made a night attack, but being again defeated, he fled to Jagdespur, one of his strongest retreats. For two months the royal forces were actively engaged in clearing away the trees round the fort. At length the place fell, and the family and property of the rebel was captured, but he himself escaped.

After this defeat, Gajpati fled in great distress and terror to the foot of the hills of Rohtas, and there concealed himself. Bari Sal, his brother, with a large body of rebels, sought refuge among the woods and defiles, but they were discovered and slain by the Imperial forces, and great spoil was captured.

When Gajpati was [first] defeated, he placed his son Sri Ram, with a body of rebels and the necessary armament, in the fort of Sher-garh.^ Shahbaz Khan invested this fort, constructed sdhdts^ and made regular approaches. The people of the neigh- bourhood were coming in and submitting to the Imperial govern- ment, when a great and unexpected piece of fortune fell upon him. At the time when this country had no (Imperial) noble to manage it, the fort of Rohtas fell into the hands of Junaid, and he placed it under the charge of Saiyid Muhammad, one of his most trusty adherents. On the death of J unaid, the Saiyid held the fort for some time as a rebel against the Imperial authority ; but he at length induced his men to agree in sending tribute to the Emperor by the hands of some faithful adherent. When the Imperial army approached the fortress under the direction of guides, without whose help the access would have been difficult, they resolved to make submission, and capitulated. Muzaflfar Khan also was approaching with the army of Bihar to attack the fortress. The garrison sent out ofiicers to treat with Shahbaz Khan and surrender the fort. He joyfully agreed to their terms, and took possession of the fortress. Upon hearing of the capitulation, Muzafiar Khan returned disappointed.

The fortress having thus fallen, the people of the hills were filled with alarm. Sri Rdm surrendered the keys of Sher-garh to Shahbaz Khan.

^ Or “ Shergutty,” sixty-five miles S.E. of Jagdespiir.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 195.] On the 2nd Azar, MuzafFar Khan, Eaja Todar Mai, and Khwaja Shah Mansur were summoned to a council at Kot-pakali, where many important matters were discussed and settled. Bihar was given to Shuja’at Khan, Mir Mu’izzu-1 Mulk and other adherents. The mint of the Empire, which had been under the management of a chaudhari^ was now divided.^ That of Fathpur was placed under the direction of Khwaja ’Abdu-s Samad, the elegant penman {sMrin-kalam) ; that of Lahore under MuzafFar Khan ; of Bengal, under Eaja Todar Mai ; of Jaunpiir, under Khwaja Shah Mansur ; of Guja- rat, under Khwaja ’Imadu-d din Husain ; and of Patna, under Asaf Khan. On the same day an order was issued, directing the coinage of four-cornered rupees.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 196.] Haji Habib had been sent to the port of Goa, with a large sum of money and intelligent artisans, to examine and bring to the Emperor’s knowledge the various productions of art and skill to be found in that town. He now returned to Court, having with him a number of men clad in Christian garb, and beating drums and playing European instru- ments. He presented fabrics which he had selected. The artisans who had gone there to acquire knowledge exhibited their skill, and received applause. Musicians of that country played upon various instruments, especially upon the organ, and gave great delight to all who heard them.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 196.] This zaminddr having been guilty of some overt acts, Sadik Khan was sent with a considerable force to induce him by kind words to return to his allegiance, or to

^ The printed text has “ tafhimP instead of the right word, “ taJcsim; an absurd blunder, but not worse than many others.

compel him, if necessary. The Imperial force prepared to make its way through the jungle to the town of iTiidacha,^ which is the principal place of that chief. When they approached the fort of Karhara,^ they found that Paramanand Panwar had shut the fort, and prepared against a siege. The royal forces invested the place, and in short time it was compelled to capitu- late. The army then pursued its march, but was greatly impeded by the dense woods. Cutting their way through, they reached the Satdhara,^ on the north of I/ndacha. The army of the insurgent was arrayed for battle on its banks. Skirmishes went on for a day or two, and the Imperial army was at last directed to cross the river. _Severe fighting^ with varying results, ~\ The enemy were at length defeated and put to flight, and their camp was plundered. * * Horal Deo, the eldest son of the Raja, was killed. * * Ram Sah, another son, was wounded, and fled, and near 200 Rajputs were slain.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 205.] Kombalmir is a fortress situated upon a high mountain, and difficult of access. It was held by depen- dents of the rdnd^ and few had been able to make any impression upon it in former times. * * * Shahbaz Khan was sent in com- mand of an army against this fortress. Raja Bhagwant Das, Kunwar Man Singh, and other chiefs were directed to accompany him. * * On the 4th Farwardin, Shahbaz invested the place. Fear and distraction fell upon the enemy, and by accident a large gun that was in the fort burst, and destroyed the magazine. The assailants immediately dashed up the hill. They encountered a large body of Rajputs posted at a gate near the temple, who made a firm stand, but were cut to pieces, and the fort was

1 TJrclia on the Betwa, in Bundelkhand. It is the chief seat of the Bundelas.

3 “ Seven streams.” The Betwa is so called at Urcha.

secured. The E,ana then fled to the hills of Banswarra. Shah- baz Khan placed Ghazi Khan Badakhshi in command of the fort, and went in pursuit. The fort of Kokanda fell into his power, and he also captured the fort of U^dipur, where he secured an immense booty.

Tribute of Bengal, Arrival of a European and his Wife,

[Text, vol. hi. p. 207.] While the Emperor was encamped on the Beyah, letters arrived from Khan-jahan, accompanying the tribute from Bengal, and from Baja Mai Gosain, the zamin- ddr of Kuch, who had renewed his demonstration of obedience to tho Imperial throne. The tribute of Bengal consisted of the choicest productions of Bengal, and of fifty -four elephants. Along with these came a European, named Partab Bar, one of the chief merchants of the ports of Bengal, who was accom- panied by Basurba,^ his wife ; he was graciously received at Court, and his sound sense and upright conduct won the favour and esteem of the Emperor,

[Text, vol. iii. p. 215.] When the capital was illumined by the return of the Imperial presence, the old regulations came again into operation, and the house of wisdom shone resplendent on Friday nights with the light of holy minds. On the 20th Mir, in that place of meeting, the lamp was kindled to brighten the solitude of seclusion in the banquet of society, and the merits of the philosophers of the colleges and monasteries were put to the test of the touchstone. SiifiSt doctors, preachers, lawyers, Sunnis^ Shi^as^ Brahmans, Jains, Buddhists, Chdr-bdhs? Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and learned men of every belief, were gathered together in the royal assembly, and were filled with delight. Each one fearlessly brought forward his assertions

and arguments, and the disputations and contentions were long and heated. Every sect, in its vanity and conceit, attacked and endeavoured to refute the statements of their antagonists.^ * * ♦ One night the ^ Ihddat-Khdna was brightened by the presence of Padre Radalf,^ who for intelligence and wisdom was unrivalled among Christian doctors. Several carping and bigoted men attacked him, and this afforded an opportunity for a display of the calm judgment and justice of the assembly ! These men brought forward the old received assertions, and did not attempt to arrive at truth by reasoning. Their statements were torn to pieces, and they were nearly put to shame ; and then they began to attack the contradictions in the Gospel, but they could not prove their assertions. With perfect calmness and earnest con- viction of the truth, the Padre replied to their arguments, and then he went on to say, “ If these men have such an opinion of our Book, and if they believe the Kuran to be the true word of God, then let a furnace be lighted, and let me with the Gospel in my hand, and the ^ulamd with their holy book in their hands, walk into that testing place of truth, and the right will be manifest.’’ The black-hearted mean-spirited disputants shrank from this proposal, and answered only with angry words. This prejudice and violence greatly annoyed the impartial mind of the Emperor, and, with great discrimination and enlightenment, he said : “ Man’s outward profession and the mere letter of Muhammadanism, without a heartfelt conviction, can avail no- thing. I have forced many Brahmans, by fear of my power, to adopt the religion of my ancestors ; but now that my mind has been enlightened with the beams of truth, I have become

^ Here, and in other parts of this chapter, there are in the MSS. long passages which are not printed in the Lucknow edition. Among the rest, that about the Padre.

2 There can be little doubt, as Mr. Blochmann has suggested, that Rodolph is the true reading; but one of my MSS. reads Radif,'’ and the other RaunaJc,"' a known word having been substituted for an unknown in each case. The translation used by Mr. Elphinstone has “ Eadif.” The person intended was Padre Rodolpho Aquaviva, a missionary from Goa. — See Blochmann’s A'ln-i Akbari, vol. i. p. 167; Murray’s Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia, vol. ii.

convinced that the dark clouds of conceit and the mist of self- opinion have gathered round you, and that not a step can be made in advance without the torch of proof. That course only can be beneficial which we select with clear judgment. To repeat the words of the Creed, to perform circumcision, or to lie prostrate on the ground from dread of kingly power, can avail nothing in the sight of God :

Obedience is not in prostration on the earth :

Practise sincerity, for righteousness is not borne upon the brow.”

[Text, vol. iii. p. 324.] An Imperial mandate was issued directing the jdgirddrs, shikkdarSj and ddrogahs throughout the Empire to draw up, village by village, lists of all the inhabitants, specifying their names and occupations ; and that these lists should all be collected together. The ofiicers w'ere not to allow any one to reside who was not engaged in some business or occu- pation, and they were to inquire into the arrival and departure of clever men, and ascertain whether their designs were good or evil, so that in a short time the true characters of the out- wardly respectable and inwardly malicious might be brought to the test. This regulation was the means of establishing tranquillity, and of providing security for the broad expanse of Hindustan.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 368.] At the beginning of this year, His Majesty directed his attention to an improvement of the administration of his territories, and passed new laws for the management of civil and revenue business. Eajd Todar Mai had, previous to tiiis, been named as wazir ; but the dangers and difficulties of the post, and the opposition to be

encountered, made him unwilling to accept the office. But this unambitious man, who was acquainted with all the mysteries of administration, was now eleyated to the office of dtwdn, and in reality to the lualmlat. His clear judgment soon set matters to rights. Civil and revenue matters received his especial attention. Careful to keep himself free from all selfish ambition, he devoted himself to the service of the State, and earned an everlasting fame. He devoted his skill and powerful mind to simplify the laws of the State, and he allowed no grasping and intriguing men to obtain any influence over him. He now proposed several new laws calculated to give vigour and glory to the government.

That the collectors of the hlidlisa. lands and the jdgirddrs should realize^ the mdl and jihdt (cesses), according to the dasturu-l ^amal; and if by fraud or oppression anything beyond the settled amount should be received from the cultivators, they were to account it an excess of the proper payment, and were to levy a fine upon those who had exacted it, and enter the amount in the monthly accounts. At every harvest they were to carefully guard the rights of the lower classes. These cases of giving and taking were dealt with in two ways ; — the com- plainant received redress, and power was given to punish the offenders.

The ^dmils of the hhdlisa had two subordinates, a hdrhim (manager), and a khdss-navzs (accountant). These officers had been oppressors, and leaguing with the rich, they had been a great source of evil to the poor. If instead of these two infamous officials, one worthy and honest man should be appointed, the country would prosper, and the people would be contented.

It had been discovered that in the khdlisa districts, the culti- vated lands decreased year by year ; but if the lands capable of cultivation were once measured, they would increase year by year in proportion to the powers of the raiyats ; and engagements should be made for them according to rule. The raiyats having

1 The word used is hdz-y6ft, “resumption.” Its meaning here seems to be that the totals were to be “ brought back ” to the settled standard.

nominated each other as sureties, were to take the proper writings, and in all questions of arrears were to be treated in a considerate manner.

For lands which had lain waste four years, they were to receive a deduction of one-half for the first year, for the second year one-quarter, and for the third year they were to pay ac- cording to established rule. For lands which had lain untilled for two years they were to receive a deduction of one-fourth for the first year. For uncultivated lands, they were to receive 'a small allowance of grain, so as to make the lands capable of yielding revenue. When advances were made for the assistance of poor cultivators, engagements were to be taken from men of respectability, and part was to be repaid at the spring harvest, part at the autumnal harvest. By these arrangements, the country would in a short period become cultivated, the raiyats would be contented, and the treasury fiourishing. When the collectors increased the assessment, back payments were not to be required from small and insignificant estates.

Every year a report was to be made to the Emperor by the collectors, so that efficient officers might receive augmentations of their pay, and an increase of their honours and rewards ; while those who did not faithfully discharge their duties would incur punishment and fall into disgrace.

When a portion of cultivated land was fixed upon, some surveyors, in proportion to its extent, were to be appointed. They were first to measure the land, and were then to acquaint themselves with its quality and produce. (The collectors) were to select a central spot for their residence. They were to carry out their duties everywhere diligently, and to inquire into the state of affairs. In seasons when a sufficient quantity of rain fell, and the lands received adequate irrigation, two and a half hiswas (in the higha) were to be left unassessed ; in jungles and sandy lands, three hiswas were to be left. Weekly accounts of sequestrations, and daily accounts of the collections, were to be sent monthly to the Imperial Exchequer. An Imperial order

•was issued, that when lands suffered under any visitation of Providence, a description of them was to be drawn up, and a copy of it sent to Court, so that the Emperor might give direc- tions appropriate to the case.

If the occupants of hill forts, trusting in the security of their fastnesses, should engage in freebooting, the generals, the faujdars^ the feudatories, and the revenue collectors were directed to unite and effect a remedy. They were first to admonish the offenders, and if that proved unavailing, they were to take measures for inflicting chastisement upon them. Their country was to be laid waste, and the land was to be granted to jdgirddrs^ from whom the revenue ofiicers were to make no demands. If the Imperial troops received any injury, a fine was to be imposed upon the offenders.

Whatever was levied from the raiyafs was to be paid over to the treasurers, and they were to give receipts to the raiyats. The collectors were to remit the payments four times a month, and at the end of this time no balance was to be left unrealized from the raiyats. The raiyats were to be so treated that they should be willing to make their payments to the treasury voluntarily. Satisfactory security was to be taken from the disaffected and contumacious ; and if the bail was not given, watchmen were to be placed over the crops, and the revenue was to be realized.

A descriptive account was to be drawn up of the assessment of each individual, according to his cultivation and labour, and the dates were not to be either postponed or anticipated. The paticdri (accountant) of each village was to apportion [the village] name by name, among the various subordinate agents, and the collectors were to send the cash under the seal of the patwdri to the treasurer. They were to be vigilant to prevent oppression, and to treat each individual according to his deserts. The treasurer was to draw up a statement of the mohurs, rupees^ and dams according to the value indicated by their respective names and impressions, and showing the value of the old coinages

in the new royal coins, so that the collectors and san'dfs might be able to ascertain the respective values of old and new coins. The Ldl-% Jaldli of full weight and perfect touch was of the value of 400 ddm8. The (four-cornered) rupee was worth

forty dams. The ordinary [dasturi) ashrafi and the Akbar-shahi rupee, which had become deteriorated in use, were to be taken at the following rates. If the ashrafi was only two hirinj (grains of rice) deficient, it was to be deemed of full value, and to be received as equal to 360 ddms. If it was deficient from three hirinj to one swrM, it was to be reckoned at 355 ddms; if de- ficient from a surhh to a surhh and a half, at 350 ddms. The rupee not more than one surhh deficient was to be considered of full value, and worth 39 ddms. If deficient one and a half to two surhhs, it was worth 38 ddms. The Lahl-i Jaldli of proper touch and just weight; the Jaldla rupee not more than from one and a half to two surkhs deficient ; old rupees of the Akbar- shahi coinage which might not be deficient more than from three hirinj to one surhh ; were to be received at the treasury. Those of greater deficiency were to be tested separately by the casliier, the particulars of them were to be entered by the accountants in their day-books, and accounts of them were to be sent every day to the Government record office. The jdgirddrs^ treasurers, and sarrdfs (money-changers) were to act upon the above-mentioned rules. The officers of the hhdlisa and ih.Q jdgirddrs were to make proper reports about the well-conducted and the ill- conducted, the obedient and the refractory people in their jurisdictions, so that they might get their deserts, and that the tranquillity of the country might be secured. Instead of the former expenses ihharch)^ the amount having been settled at one ddni for each higha of cultivated land, it was hoped that, upon this principle, 24 ddms might be the estimated sum to be allowed for each cultivator.^

[Text, vol. iii. p. 390.] In the previous year Khan-i 'Azam Mirza Koka received the Imperial commands to put aside his work of punishing the rebels of Bihar, and to devote his energies to the conquest of Bengal. By good fortune, the rebels of Bihar had been put to flight before the arrival of the Imperial forces. But the rainy season came on, and the campaign was deferred for that year. When the rains subsided, Sadik Khan, Shaikh Ibrahim, and Shaikh Farid Bukhari took their departure from Court. Officers were also sent by different roads to all the chiefs of Illahabas, Oudh, and Bihar. In a short time a large force was collected in Hajipur, and was eager for the advance. Khan-i "Azam, with an escort of chosen troops, proceeded by way of Grarhi. Tarsun Khan * * and others crossed over the river to co-operate on the other side, but being greatly impeded by the abundance of trees, ravines, and water and mud, they recrossed the river and joined the army near Mongir. Tarsun Khan and * * then went forward one or two stages in advance. The rebels occupied a position near Kali-gang, and were prepared to fight. Mirza Sharfu-d din Husain, Baba Khan Kakshal, and many other leading rebels were dead, so Ma’sum Kabuli had succeeded to the command. Katlu Lohani headed the rebels in Orissa, and part of Bengal also was in his power. On hearing of the advance of the Imperial army, Ma’sum Kabuli fell back towards Katlu, with whom he entered into negociations, and succeeded in obtaining a promise of support in men and munitions, when the Imperial forces should arrive. After making this agreement, Ma’sum hastened to Ghora-ghat and won over Jabbari, Mirza Beg, and all the Kakshals. To give them a feeling of security, he left his family and children at their abodes. He himself, with a body of rebels, proceeded to the Kali-gang,^ and there made ready for battle.

On the 9th Farvvardin, the advanced force of the Imperial army made an easy capture of Grarhi, which is the gate of that part of the country. The amirs pushed on, and, fortune favouring them, they, on the 16th, came in sight of the enemy, and arrayed their forces for action. They placed batteries on the banks of the Kali-gang, and made ready their war-boats. As the generals were apprehensive of an attack from Katlu, they detached 4000 horse, under the command of Wazir Khan, towards Balkana, and this force went about twelve kos from the Imperial camp, to watch the movements of the enemy and guard against surprise.

Skirmishes with muskets and bows went on, and some valiant deeds were performed. But the idle talk and timid suggestions of ignorant people began to take effect upon the leaders of the army. The strength of the enemy’s force was greatly exagge- rated. So an application was made to the Emperor for reinforce- ments. The Emperor expressed his opinion that news of victory would soon arrive, but he directed Mirza Khan, Zain Khan Koka, and * * many others to march eastwards with additional forces. But before they were ready to march, intelligence arrived of victory, and of the flight of the enemy. * * *

The Imperial army had been lying nearly a month in face of the enemy, and interchanges of cannonade and musketry went on daily. Deeds of valour were shown on either side, but a panic at length fell upon the enemy, and the royal army obtained the victory on the 4th of the month. The enemy then fled and dispersed. While a warm action was going on, Kazi-zada, a leading man among the rebels, arrived from Fathabad, bringing with him many war-boats and supplies of munitions. He was struck dead by a cannon-ball. Ma’sum Khan then ordered Kala Pahar, a distinguished rebel, to take his place ; but he soon met with the same fate. Dissensions arose among the enemy, and Ma’sum Khan, the Kakshal clan, and Khalidin distrusted each other. The Imperial amirs took advantage of this disunion. Khalidin was first won over, and induced to take the oath of

allegiance. Mirza Beg Kakshdl and Jabbari also made terms, secretly engaging not to fight any more, and to proceed home- wards. After a few days they came into the Imperial camp. The enemy being greatly downcast and discouraged, took to flight. ’Azam Khan endeavoured to pursue them, but his efibrts were countervailed by the faint-hearted and frivolous objections of some of his officers. So the discomfited enemy made his escape. When the news of this victory reached the Court, orders were given to stop the march of the reinforcements.

Ma’sum, after his defeat, fled to the home of the Kakshals, in order to save his family and children from harm, now that there was ill-feeling between him and the Kakshals. Mirza Muham- mad Kakshal received him in a friendly spirit ; but the Kakshals in general had posted their forces about Grhora-ghat, and were prepared to figliL Ma’sum plundered Ghora-ghat, and was about to attack the Kakshals. But Khan-i ’Azam sent * * with about 4000 horse, under the command of Tarsun Khan. He arrived, just as matters were going hard with the Kakshals, defeated the enemy, and drove him to Ghora-ghat. Mirza Beg, Khalidin, Wazir Jamil, and others renewed their promises, and went away from the royal camp.

• • After this defeat of Ma’sum Khan, the royal forces pre- pared to march against Katlu, but Khan-i ’Azam had suffered from the climate, and sought to be relieved of his command. The royal order was for one of the amirs to take command of the army and the management of the country for a few days ; and either to return to Bihar 6r stay where they were. Shortly afterwards,- on the 8th Khurdad, Shahbaz Khan was appointed to the command.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 395.] In the interior of Hindustan it is the custom, when a husband dies, for his widow willingly and cheer- fully to cast herself into the flames (of the funeral pile), although she may not have lived happily with him. Occasionally love of

life holds her back, and then the husband’s relations assemble, light the pile, and place her upon it, thinking that they thereby preserve the honour and character of the family. But since the country had come under the rule of his gracious Majesty, inspec- tors had been appointed in every city and district, who were to watch carefully over these two cases, to discriminate between them, and to prevent any woman being forcibly burnt. About this time, Jai Mai (son of Mai Deo), who had been sent with his forces to join the amirs in Bengal, died of sunstroke in the vicinity of Ohaunsa. His wife, the daughter of Muna Baja, was unwilling to burn ; but her son IJdi Singh, with a party of his bigoted friends, resolved upon the sacrifice. The matter came to the Emperor^s knowledge, and his feeling of justice and humanity made him fear that if he sent messengers to stop the proceedings, some delay might occur, so he mounted his horse, and rode with all speed to the place. As the facts were not fully known, some of these men, in their thoughtlessness, were disposed to resist and make disturbances. * * But when His Majesty arrived, Jagganath and Rai Sal came forward to meet him, and brought the leader of these foolish men to him. He accepted their assurance of repentance, and only placed them in con- finement.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 401.] When Shaikh Farid escaped from Katlu and reached the Imperial camp, the amirs started from their lethargy and crossed the river Damodar,^ and marched for two kos in battle array. Katlu entrenched his camp, and prepared to hold out. There also many others took refuge with him. In another place, was Bahadur with a separate force. At the new moon of Amurdad, Sadik Khan and Shah Kuli Khan attacked him, and broke into his entrenchments, when he fled to join Katlu. Next day the Imperial troops followed ; and when they came in

^ Which falls into the Hoogly, near its mouth.

sight of his position, they mounted some guns on the neighbour- ing heights. These proceedings alarmed the enemy, who fled to Orissa. The Imperial leaders had not resolution and enterprise enough to pursue, but came to a halt by the river.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 401.] Burhanu-1 Mulk was the younger brother of Murtaza Nizamu-1 Mulk. When Husain Nizamu-1 Mulk died, the Nizamu-1 Mulki kingdom descended to his eldest son, but in reality the government fell into the hands of the young prince’s mother. He, like his father before him, preferred Burhan to all his friends. In course of time, designing persons stirred up strife between him and his relations, so that he seized and sent to a fortress botli his mother and his brother. His ignorance and vicious propensities kept him aloof from the loyal and good, and threw him into the company of evil persons, whose bad advice quite perverted his mind. He raised a low fellow, a cock-fighter named Husain, to be his companion, and foolishly gave him the title of i^saf Khan. * * This low-born fellow stirred up a war against Bidar, and a fierce struggle went on in Kandahar.^ The news of these foolish proceedings soon spread abroad, and Burhan, having escaped from prison by the aid of his keeper, began to raise disturbances ; but his mind was in fetters, and his fortune asleep. He cast his eyes upon the wealth of others, and began to oppress them. When Nizamu-1 Mulk was informed of this outbreak, he hastened back, and reached Ahmad- nagar on the day he desired. * * Numbers of men deserted Burhan, and he was obliged to fly without fighting. He then went to ’Adil Khan at Bijanagar (sic). - Not being able to effect anything there, he went in the disguise of Sijogz to Ahmadnagar. There he lived in secret, and endeavoured to raise a party among the evil-disposed. Being discovered, he hastened to the governor of Baglana, and not being able to effect anything there, he went

to Kutbu-d din Khan, at Bidar. From thence he proceeded to the Imperial Court, where he met with a gracious reception. ^Account of the impostor who had preceded him. — See Vol. Y. p. 429.]

[Text, vol. iii. p. 412.] After the defeat of the rebels, a portion of the victorious forces marched towards Orissa, and encamped bj the river Damodar. There they rested, and a detachment was sent to Ghora-ghat, to secure the safety of the Kakshals. After some time, Ma’sum Khan, at the head of a strong rebel force, came out of the country of Bhati against Mirza Beg Kakshal, who sought refuge with Tarsun Khan at Tajpur. Ma’suin detached parties to plunder the neighbourhood, and Tarsun Khan shut himself up in the fort. The country was overrun to within seven hos of Tanda. When Shahbaz Khan was informed of this, he marched to inflict punishment on the rebel. An advanced force was sent on with all speed, and he himself inarched from Patna with his army. He proceeded by land, and in a short time reached the disturbed districts, and the rebels fell back before him. Ma’sum Khan was near the Jumna, and there he rested. Shahbaz wrote from Tanda to the amir who held Orissa, saying, that Katlu had no longer the courage to face the royal army, and that they should send a portion of their forces to support himself. Accordingly Wazir Khan and * * joined Shahbaz Khan. That officer then crossed the Ganges, when he was providentially joined by 3000 artillerymen from Bhati, who had been in the service of Shah Bardi, then latelv deceased. This reinforcement raised great hopes of victory, and was at- tached to the divisions of Tarsun Khan and Mirza Beg Kakshal. Shah Kuli Khan, and two or three other chiefs of distinction, came and joined the royal army. Intelligence was now brought that Baba Bhakari, with a rebel force, had gone to the town of Santus, and defeated Tarsun Khan. Shahbaz Khan sent a detachment under Muhibb ’Ali Khan to support Tarsun, and he

himself quickly followed. The enemy then fled, and much spoil fell into the hands of the royal forces. Ma’sum Khan, knowing the crossing of the river to be a difficult operation, took up a position on the bank of the Jumna, opposite the Imperial army. [JVeffOcia^ions,] Shahbaz Khan at length cut short the negocia- tions, and crossed the river mid a storm of arrows and bullets. The action soon grew warm, and the rebels were beaten, and put to flight, on the 4th i^zur. The boats of the Imperial fleet did not arrive to take part in the fight ; but Narain Bumi and Murad Kakshal brought up their vessels, and contributed to the victory. Muhibb ’AU Khan was sent in pursuit of the fugitives ; but a party of them rallied, and gave battle to the pursuers. Shahbaz, hearing of this check, marched on to retrieve it. Another sharp battle was fought, in which the enemy was again defeated, and [Ma’sum] Farankhudi was made prisoner. Much spoil was secured, and the foe fled in confusion. Mirza Beg, and Sangram, and Dalpat rendered effective assistance. The royal forces pursued the fugitives over rivers and through marshes to Ghora-ghat, which was once more plundered. Ma’sum Khan fled with a few followers to Bhati, and Jabbari to Kuch. About 150 men were taken prisoners.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 432.] After the defeat of Ma’sum Khan, Shahbaz Khan went on after him towards Bhati, regardless of the rains and the swollen rivers. ’Tsa Khan, the ruler of that country, professed to be a loyal adherent of the Imperial throne. Shahbaz Khan now determined to test this by calling upon him to surrender Ma’sum Khan, resolving also to tear the veil from his face, and punish him if he refused. Bhati is a low-lying country, and is called by that Hindi name,^ because it lies lower than Bengal. It extends nearly 400 kos from east to west, and

nearly 300 from south to north. On the east lies the sea and the country of Jessore ; on the west lies the hill country soi^th of Tanda ; ^ on the north the salt sea, and the extremities of the hills of Tibet. The father of the chief of this country was a man of the Bais tribe of Rajputs, who used frequently to display his arrogance, and break out in rebellion. In the times of Salim Khan, Taj Khan, and Darya Khan, strong armies were sent into the country, and after a severe struggle, the chief was com- pelled to seek a truce. After a short time, he again broke out in rebellion, but was taken prisoner and put to death. His two sons, ’Tsa and Isma’il, were sold to merchants. When Salim Khan died, and Taj Khan seized upon the country of Bengal, Kutb Khan, the uncle of ’Tsa, won distinction by his good service. By great exertions, he brought the two brothers out of the country of Turan. ^Tsa, by his intelligence and prudence, acquired a name, and he made twelve zaminddrs of Bengal to become his dependents. By his foresight and adroitness, he continually professed his allegiance to the rulers of Bengal, and sent his tribute ; but he took care not to see them.

The army of Shahbaz Khan reached the banks of the Ganges, near Khizrpur. This is a place, where there is a ferry over the river, and consequently two strong forts had been built there, one on each side of the river. He soon made himself master of these strongholds, and occupied the village of Sunarganw. Next he took Katrapur, where the magazines were, and plundered it. His army next marched rapidly to a large city called Mashhadi, where great plunder was obtained. After this, they encamped on the shores of the Brahmaputra, which is a large river that flows from Khata. Ma’sum Khan fled before the advanced force, and took refuge in an island, being very nearly taken prisoner. Meantime ’’Tsa, who had been away in Kuch, arrived with a large force and excellent supplies. The Imperial ofiScers then

before ; it will then read “ on the south Thnda.” But the whole description is unintelligible. — See Blochmann’s Ain-i AJcbari^ vol. i. p. 342.

took post at Totak, on the bank of the Brahmaputra, opposite the town of Kumara-sainundar, and fortified their position. They were warmly attacked, both by land and water, but on each occasion obtained a fresh victory. Tarsun Khan was now detached to distract the enemy, by menacing an attack upon their supplies at Bajrapur. There were two roads from Bhowal one at a distance from the enemy’s position, the other along the river bank pretty close to it. By the decree of fate, Tarsun Khan chose the latter route, and Ma’sum, being apprised of this, marched to attack him with a large force. Shahbaz Khan sent Muhibb ’AH Khan and * * with swift messengers to apprise Tarsun of his danger, and to direct him to take up a strong position, and not to fight till lie received reinforcements. * * On being informed that a force was approaching, Tarsun Khan, casting prudence aside, inferred that it was his reinforcements, and went forth to meet and welcome them. He had not pro- ceeded far, when he discovered that they were enemies. His friends advised him to return to his camp, gather his own men around him, and wait for the reinforcements ; but it was of no avail. With a bold and daring heart he prepared for the fight. Part of his followers left him ; but with no more than fifteen who remained true, he gave battle. Two of his relatives were slain fighting bravely, and he himself was taken prisoner. Ma’sum received him with a great show of kindness and friend- ship, and endeavoured to win him over j but his advances were repulsed witli scorn and reproof. This woke the narrow-minded rebel from his dream, and stirred up his wrath, so that he slew Tarsun Khan, full of years and of imperishable fame.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 436.] When Shahbaz Khan marched against Bhati, a force was sent under Wazir Khan to Burdwan, against Katlu. But the time was passed in doing nothing, until Sadik Khan arrived. He was an active and intelligent ofiicer, and

soon worked a change. The rebel fled in shame to Orissa, and the Imperial officers pursued him to Takarohi, where he was so pressed that he was obliged to seek refuge in the forests of Dharmpur. Unwilling to molest him farther, and weary of the campaign, the amirs renewed to him the former offer of allowing him to remain ruler of Orissa, as a tributary of the Empire. He accepted the terms, sent his nephew to Court to express his allegiance and duty, and made an offering of sixty choice elephants.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 4137.] Shahbaz Khan occupied a position on the Panar river, a branch of the Brahmaputra. Here he entered into negociations with the rebels, in the expectation of being able to win them over to his views. ’Tsa received his pro- positions very respectfully, and for a time kept up communica- tions. But it became apparent that his words and his intentions were not in unison, and so the war a^aiii beo:an. For seven months the Imperial forcos obtained victories from time to time, and the rebels were disheartened by failure. But Shahbaz Khan, in his self-conceit, had paid little regard to the feelings of the amh's in his army. They combined to thwart him, and ill-feeling waxed powerful. Death was busy among them, and their position became insupportable. The enemy knew that the Imperial army was dispirited, and although, by good fortune, there had been little rain, the men were listless and in low spirits. The enemy brought up a number of labourers, and cut the banks of the Brahmaputra in fifteen places, and turned the waters into the Imperial camp. When the batteries were fiooded, they brought up to them large boats, called in the language of the country hil/dra. A fire of cannons and musketry was opened on both sides, and suddenly a great stroke of fortune happened to the Imperial forces, when a musket-ball from their ranks killed the commander of the assailants Some of the boats came in collision, and suddenly the waters began to fall. This com-

pelled them to take flight, and many of their men were drowned. They were defeated on all sides, except in the battery of Saiyid - Husain, thdndddr of Dacca, who was taken prisoner.

’Tsa now awoke from his dream of ignorance, and opened com- munications through the medium of this prisoner. Shahbaz Khan received his overtures favourably, and ’Tsa consented to submit to the supremacy of the Emperor, and to acknowledge himself a servant. The port of Sunarganw was to receive an Imperial ddrogha. Ma’sum was to be sent on the pilgrimage to Mecca, and tribute was to be transmitted to the Emperor. He won the hearts of the mnirs by his munificent presents, and the royal army retired.

Shahbaz Khan crossed the river, and reached the confines of Bhowal, looking for the fulfilment of the agreement; but the mind of T^sa had been perverted by evil counsellors. He now made new propositions and conditions, which led to sharp con- tentions. Preparations for renewing the war went on, and on the 19th Mihr he offered battle. The amirs in the royal army were so short-sighted and weak in judgment, that they looked for their own advantage in the failure of Shahbaz Khan, and thought to profit by his defeat. The first to leave him was Muhibb ’AH Khan, and he was followed by others, who each pursued his own course. Shah KuU Khan Mahram made a stand against the enemy ; but he was wounded, and was ill- supported by his men, so he evacuated Bhowal. Shahbaz Khan now awoke to his danger, and endeavoured to conciliate his officers ; but his repentance was too late, and he was compelled to retreat towards Tanda, abandoning his baggage. The sons of the Mir-i ^adl, and many others were talcen prisoners, and Shaikh Muhammad Ghazni vi and several others were drowned. * * After eight days’ retreat, the army rested to take breath at Sherpur. Shahbaz Khan now endeavoured to collect his forces, with the intention of returning to avenge his defeat; but his followers were incensed with him, and refused to support him. On reach- ing Tanda, Wazir Khan came forward loyally to support him.

But Shalibaz showed his old temper, and they could not come to any agreement ; so Shalibaz was compelled to proceed to Court. As soon as the news reached the Emperor, he sent officers to stop the return of the unsuccessful chiefs, and to administer counsel and reproof. Sa'id Khan, and oi\QY jdgirddrs of Bihar and Bengal, were directed to join with their forces, and to aid in the punishment of the rebellious zuminddr. * *

’I'sa was too cautious to leave his own country, but he induced Ma’sum to advance to Sherpur. A detachment of the rebels overran the countiy as far as Malda, and to within twelve Iws of Tanda. Wazir Khan did not feel sufficient confidence to go out and attack them ; but he held his ground, and secured that important city. The royal messengers now arrived, and turned Shalibaz Khan back with words of censure. He was told that if more forces were necessary. Raja Todar Mai and other chiefs should be ordered to join him ; but he replied that his army was now numerous, and the men full of ardour. On the 18th De, he entered Bengal, intent on the conquest of Bhati, and the rebels retreated before him. On reaching the Junma,^ he learnt that Ma'sum was at Sherpur, and did not expect that his opponents would cross the river. Shahbaz Khan immediately determined to cross the river and advance ; but the amirs dissented from his design. However, he skilfully conveyed some troops over this great river, and immediately upon their approach the enemy fled, leaving many prisoners and much spoil behind them. * * * Sa’id Khan and * * went in pursuit of the enemy, who fell back as he approached. After the country was clear of the rebels, the amirs returned to Sherpur Miraja. * *

While the Imperial forces were at Sherpur, Ma’sum Khan proceeded towards Fathabad in Orissa, and Dastam Khan Kakshal also remained in that neighbourhood, in the hope that if the Imperial army were divided, he might find an opportunity of striking a blow, and before any intelligence was received about Ma’sum, this rebel (Dastam Khan) had overrun the country to 1 See next note infra.

within twelve kos of the Imperial camp. A force was sent against him, before which he retired. [^Dissensions of Shdhbdz Khan and the amirs.']

At length it was agreed that as the enemy had two armies, the Imperial forces should also be divided. One under Wazir Khan and * * was to march against Ma’sum ; while Shahbaz Khan and * * remained where they were, to watch over and keep in check the rebels of that quarter. * *

[Text, vol. hi. p. 466.] Ma’suin Khan, on hearing of the approach of the royal forces, made new preparations. Having selected a strong position, he proceeded to erect fortifications at Taramhani, a place where the Ganges, the Jumna, and the Sakti unite.^ There he founded two forts. When the Imperial aymrs had made the needful preparations, the wary ’Tsa endeavoured to make terms ; but his proposals were not listened to. The amirs resolved to attack the fortifications, and commenced operations, driving the enemy before them. On the 21st Farwardin, one of the forts was assaulted and taken with the help of boats, and the other was captured on the following morning. They then at- tacked Ma’sum, who, being unable to check their advance, made his escape by the river.

While the amirs entertained expectations of "Tsa proving true to his engagements, they directed their attention towards Orissa, where Sulaiman Sarbani had broken out in revolt ; and having gathered many Afghans around him, was plundering the country. They attacked the son of Wazir Khan in the neighbourhood of Burdwan, and after a sharp action, compelled him to shut himself up in that place. The Imperial amirs hastened to his relief, and the rebels being compelled to raise the siege, took up a position

1 “ Some leagues below Dacca, the river (Ganges) separates into two branches. One, called Padmavati, runs eastward, and falls into the sea at Chittagong. The other branch runs northward, and divides into three streams, called Sarsuti, Jumnh, and Ganges.” — Ardish-i Mahjil.

on the banks of the river Mangal-kot.^ * * Sadik Khan attacked them, and defeated them. * * Three hundred of them fell in the action, and a thousand in the pursuit. * *

At the time the Imperial amirs retired from Bengal to Bihar^ Dastam Kakshal laid siege to Ghora-ghat. Babii Mangali now came up from Sherpur Miraja, and compelled him to raise the siege.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 490.] When the Emperor marched to the Panjab, he received intelligence that Wazir was unable by him- self to secure tranquillity in Bengal, and that the rebels were still active. Orders were accordingly sent to Shahbaz Khan, directing him to march from Bihar to Bengal. Although Shah- baz requested to be allowed to return to Court, messengers were sent to him with positive instructions to proceed on this duty. The messengers reached him at Jaunpur, and on the 20th Bahman, he proceeded to carry out his duties in Bengal. By conciliation and judicious encouragement he won over the rebels, so that they submitted and became peaceful. A detachment was sent to the country of Bhati against ’Esa, and the territory abandoned by Sadik Khan was recovered. ’Esa humbly sub- mitted, and sent presents to the Imperial Court. Ma’sum Khan had entered so deeply into rebellion, that he was afraid to present himself ; but he offered to send his son in token of submission to the Imperial Court, while he himself lived quietly in seclusion. It was determined that the best thing he could do would be to proceed to Mecca; and afterwards go to Court. Many of the Afghans of Katlii left him and joined the royal forces. Katlu himself made specious representations, and Shahbaz Khan was simple enough to give back Orissa to him.

At this time, a force was detached against Kokra,^ a flourish- ing country lying between Orissa and the Dakhin. Madhii

^ Eighteen miles north of Burdwan. Xhoorda ?

Singh Bumi the chief, relying upon the difficulties of the ap- proach over the mountains, offered resistance. The Imperial forces, however, made good their approach, overran the country and made it tributary.

Defeat of the Imperial Forces. — Death of Raja Birbal.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 491.] When Kokaltash (Zain Khan) marched to effect the subjugation of Swad (Sw’at) and Bajaur, he first subdued Bajaur, in which he found 30,000 houses of the Yusufzai tribe. * * He then marched against Swat, in which mountain region there were 40,000 houses of the same tribe. On reaching the banks of the river, the natives made a strenuous resistance, and the advanced guard was checked for a time ; but the braves of the altamsh went to their support, and the sight of their gallantry so encouraged the rest, that they fought bravely, and put the enemy to flight. Kokaltash built a fort at Jag-dara, in the midst of the country, and then applied himself to the chastisement of the enemy. Twenty- three times he was victorious, and he destroyed seven armies. All the country was brought under his hand, except the hills of Karagar and the country of Bunir. But his army was worn out with ascend- ing mountains and. continual fighting ; he was in consequence compelled to ask for reinforcements. The Emperor sent Eaja Birbal, Hakim Abu-1 Eath, and other officers to support him. They had no sooner arrived, than dissensions arose among them. Hard words and fierce looks were exchanged between Kokaltash and the Raja. The Raja and the Hakim were also on ill terms with each other. * * AVhen they reached the hills of Malkand, Kokaltash endeavoured to reconcile them, and they held a long debate as to the distribution of the various forces. Hakim Abu-1 Fath hastened off with some forces to the fort of Jag-dara. The Raja was incensed at this separation, and nursed his angry feelings.

In the morning they met at the fort. Kokaltash prepared a feast, and invited his colleagues. But the Raja refused to attend,

and sent to say, that the best thing to be done was for experienced men to meet and determine on the course to be pursued. Kokal- tash repressed his anger, and went to the Raja. Other chiefs also went with him, and represented that it would be best to recognize Kokaltash as chief, and meet to consult at his abode. At this council the Raja and the Hakim spoke hotly, and then abused each other ; but by the conciliatory conduct of Kokaltash, they were appeased. * * He then proposed that a force should be left to hold the fort, while the rest of the army marched against the enemy. He thought that the fresh forces might undertake this work, while he remained with the old force to protect the centre of the country ; or if they preferred, they might remain at Jag-dara, while he went to chastise the moun- taineers. The Raja and the Hakim rejected both propositions, and said it was the Emperor’s desire, not that they should occupy the country, but that they should inflict chastisement on the enemy, and hasten back to Court. Kokaltash remonstrated that it was inexpedient to abandon a country which had been acquired with such difficulty ; that the attempt to return through the defiles of the mountains would be rash : if they would not agree to either course he had proposed, and were determined to return, the best plan would be to proceed by the way they had come, for that was practicable for an army, and the enemy could not stop them. They adhered to their own proposition, and Kokaltash weakly put aside his duties as a general, lest his associates should convey their complaints to the Emperor, and excite his dis- pleasure. They were afraid that if they marched separately, their attempts would fail, and they would incur disgrace j so fate had its way, and the word was given for the march of the whole army, and the Raja and the Hakim received the command of the right and left wing. * *

On the 2nd Isfandarmuz, they marched from Jag-dara towards Karagar, and having proceeded five kos^ they halted at the village of Kandak. Next day the road was full of defiles, and the right wing was left as a rear-guard, while the halt was made half a kos

in advance. The advance-fruarJ was to skirmish a little in front for that day, and then fall back. Next morning, when the advance entered the pass, the figlit began. The Imperial forces were snccessfnl in several encounters, and in a short time carried the pass, and captured some booty. Thousands were lured into this snare. The altamsh^ also, hearing the cry of plunder, hastened to share it, and large numbers of the main body broke and hastened forward. Kokaltash, who had chosen the camping ground, when he advanced and came in front of the Afghans, found the troops engaged in plundering. Hasan Khan Tabati was carried off wounded, and matters looked very serious. Kokaltash, on learning this, engaged in the fight, and made a firm stand. That day and that night, and the early part- of the next day, the battle went on. Kokaltash shot four of the enemy’s chiefs with his own hands, and the foe was for a time repulsed. The close of the day brought victory ; but the baggage of the camels and oxen had been plundered. That which was carried by elephants and mules came up.

Next day they they advanced six hos, near to Khanpur, and there halted. Kokaltash himself took the command of the rear, and fighting all the way, reached the camping ground. He then repaired to the Kaja, to consult with him as to what course was to be taken, blaming the movements that had been made, and eloquently exposing his own views. As the distance before them was now diminished, and the rugged nature of the way was not visible, the general opinion was, that they should leave the hills and rest for a few days, until a plan could be formed for over- powering their adversaries. Kokaltash represented that the ground in front of them was most difficult, and it was utterly futile to attempt it. His own opinion was, that they should stay where they were for a while and defend themselves. The space was sufficiently large; there was no danger of the foe gaining a position to command it ; there was abundance of water and grass, and plenty of wood to build stockades : they might thus inflict chastisement on the fierce foes who held all the hills

around. Else they might send and endeavour to make peace, by restoring the prisoners and booty they had taken, on condition of receiving hostages. Or, they might wait for a while, until news of their position reached the Emperor, and he sent an army to seize the hills from that side. But fate had ordained it other- wise. They held to their own views, and thought they saw their safety in what was to be their ruin.

On the 6th Isfandarmuz, they marched towards the lofty mountain of Bulandrai. K'okaltash wisely took command of the rear. The fighting began again more fiercely than before. When they had made some little way, and evening came on, finding a lofty mountain before them, they came to a halt. On Kokaltash coming up, it became clear that there was another defile to pass before they could be safe. As this was governed by heights close at hand, he made haste to push forward. The advance- guard was ordered to ascend the heights and clear the command- ing positions ; then to come down again at a distance, and at the early dawn show the way over this difiicult mountain. When they were repulsed by the Afghans, Kokaltash with a party of braves rallied them ; but others hastened to fall back, and all order was lost. Although Kokaltash exerted himself to re-assure them and restore order, it was all in vain. The Afghans attacked them fiercely on every side with arrows and stones, and they were driven from the heights in disorder and dismay. At the bottom, elephants, horses, and men, were all mixed together in confusion. There many brave and noble men made a bold stand, and sold their lives. One party, having found a passage, made their escape ; and at the close of the day another party made their way over the rugged mountain. Kokaltash was with this party. In the conflict he had resolved to sell his life, but a brave friend seized his rein, and dragged him out of the fight. At length he reached the camp on foot, through a hundred difficulties. Scared and foolish men raised the cry that the Afghans were upon them. So, in the greatest distress, they moved on from that place at an unseasonable hour. In the

darkness many lest their way, and fell down precipices. The Afghans stayed behind, securing and dividing the plunder.

Next day, many of the wanderers perished, and some were made prisoners. In this conflict 500 men perished.^ Among them was Raja Birbal, whose loss the Emperor greatly deplored.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 503.] Birar is a Rajput state adjoining the country of Malwa. The rulers of the Dakhin did not pay proper obedience to the Imperial Government, so Khan-i ’Azam Mirza Koka received orders to march, with a great many other arnirs^ to inflict punishment upon them. He proceeded to Hindia, to make preparations for the campaign, and a force which he sent in advance took Sanwali-garh from Nahir Rao. Other zamin- ddrs made offers of submission. But dissensions suddenly arose among the amirs of the Imperial army. The commander gave grants in Malwa to his own adherents, and the amirs who had been sent on the campaign had great altercations with him, so that divisions arose, and the work of the campaign was arrested. Shahabu-d din Ahmad Khan went off in anger to his jagir, and instead of lending assistance, prepared for opposition. By the exertions of prudent men, a conflict was prevented; but the two amirs would not work together. Tolak Khan, one of the prin- cipal amirs^ was thrown into prison on a false charge. Amir Fathu-lla Slurazi received many annoyances, and retired before the ruler -of Khandesh, to seek refuge with Khan-khanan in Gujarat. By unnecessary delays and dispersion of the troops, the Imperial army in a short time dwindled down, and the enemy, who before had trembled, now grew bold. Raja ’All Khan of Khandesh and * * assembled the forces of Birar and Ahmadnagar, and advanced to give battle. The royal amirs now

1 This must mean one particular episode of the battle, for according to the Tabakdt nearly 8000 men fell. See Vol. V. p. 451 ; see also the Extract from the Zubdatu-t Tawdrikh^ post ; Elphinstone, book ix. chap. ii.

awoke from their dream, and endeavoured to form some plan, but did not know friend from foe, and could not distinguish between supporters and opponents. Vacillation and discordant counsels made all hope of unity and -resistance vain; so they retired before the enemy towards Birar, leaving their baggage. On their march, they put their guide, Hathya Rao Bumi, to death, upon suspicion of treachery. From want of proper information, a force was sent into an intricate country, near Kherla, and suffered great loss. Finding Birar unoccupied, they plundered it, and on New Year’s Day they sacked Ellichpur, the capital of the country. One party was for going off to Ahmadnagar, another for trying to hold the country. This proposition was not li&tened to, and so they moved off with their plunder towards Gujarat. * * When the enemy got intelligence of the retreat, he left his artillery and heavy baggage, and marching quickly against Hindia, he plundered and burnt that town. * * The Khan-i ’Azam went off express to Gujarat, to seek the aid of the forces under Kh an-khan an.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 602.] At this time, Padre Farmaliun^ arrived at the Imperial Court from Goa, and was received with much distinction. He was a man of much learning and eloquence. A few intelligent young men were placed under him for instruc- tion, so that provision might be made for securing translations of Greek books and of extending knowledge. With him came a number of Europeans and Armenians, who brought silks of China and goods of other countries, which were deemed worthy of His Majesty’s inspection.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 604.] Raj 4 Man Singh, the ruler of Bihar,

liad, by his ability, reduced that province to tranquillity, and punished the rebels. So towards the end of the year, he had formed the design of invading Orissa by way of Jharkand. He halted at Bhagalpur, and there sent to ask for the co-operation of Sa’id Khan, the governor of Bengal, who, in consequence of the near approach of the rainy season, postponed his assistance. At the beginning of the present year the Baja marched by way of Bardwan, and he was accompanied by Bihar Khan and others, with artillery from Bengal. He halted at Jahaiiabad till the rains should be over, and Sa’id Khan and others should come to support him. But Katlu had raised his banner in Orissa, and now boldly advanced to Dharpur, twenty-five kos from the Imperial army, with the intention of giving battle. He sent forward Bahadur with a numerous force to Baipur ; and to check this force the Baja advanced a detachment under the com- mand of Jaggat Singh. The rebel was obliged to take refuge in fortifications, and then submissively offered to treat ; but he, at the same time, artfully called upon Katlu for support. * * Katlu sent men to his assistance. Jao’ofat Singh was warned of his danger, but paid no heed. At length he was attacked by the rebels, and was obliged to fly and abandon his camp ; but he was saved by Hamir, the zammddr who had given him warning, and conducted to Bishanpur. Upon learning of this reverse, Baja Man Singh held a council, and the prevailing opinion was, that it was desirable to retreat to Salim abad, where the families of his troops were, and there to re-organize his army. But the Baja rejected these counsels, and resolved upon taking the offensive. The Imperial good fortune now came to his aid, and the rebel Katlu died, after an illness of ten days. His younger son suc- ceeded him, but the Afghans sued for an arrangement. The excessive rains and the depression of the royal forces made a settlement desirable. It was accordingly agreed that the Em- peror’s name should be used in the khutha and on the coins, that the country should be obedient and loyal, that Jagganath, the celebrated place of worship, should, with its dependencies,

become subject to the royal exchequer, and that no injury should be done to the loyal zambiddrs. All of them, with craft and dissimulation, affixed their signatures to this document. On the 4th Shahryiir, Katlii’s son was brought in, with 150 elephants and many valuable articles, which were offered as tribute. Eaja Man Singh then returned to Bihar.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 612.] When Burhanu-l Mulk made his first attempt on the territory of the south, and was unsuccessful, he returned to his estates. Now that Khan-i ’Azam had gone to Gujarat, and Shahbaz Khan was dead, he betook himself to Kaja ’All Khan, the ruler of Khandesh, who, in compliance with the Imperial commands, was eager to assist him. He had also agreed with ’Adil Khan, of Bijapur, that a force should be sent from thence when they approached Ahmadnagar ; and accord- ingly a contingent was sent to the frontier, to await the arrival of Raja ’All’s army. Jamal Khan, the governor of Ahmadnagar, resolved to prevent the junction of the two forces. Before Burhanu-l Mulk came near, Jamal Khan defeated his son Ismafil, and then hastened to attack the forces of Bijapur, and defeated them with little difidculty. When, after this, Burhanu-l Mulk entered Birar, Muhammadu-1 Mulk and * * other chiefs joined him. Jamal Khan, inflated with his previous victory, marched out rashly to oppose him. * * Raja ’Ali Khan placed Burhanu-l Mulk in charge of the amirs of Birar, and gave battle to Jamal Khan. A sharp fight ensued ; but Jamal Khan was killed by a musket-shot, and his army was broken up. A great victory was gained. Soon after, Isma’il Khan, the son, was brought in a prisoner, and was placed in confinement. The ruler of Khandesh then led a detachment to Ahmadnagar, and soon made himself master of the whole country.

When Burhanu-l Mulk got possession of Ahmadnagar, he

had a fine opportunity of showing his gratitude and fidelity, and of making himself an example to other rulers. But the intoxica- tion of success got the mastery over him. He forgot the many and great favours he had received, oppressed the people under him, and sought his own advantasre in the wrongs of others. The Emperor determined to send first an envoy to Baja ’All Khan, who had raised Burhan to the position he held, to consult with him and the other rulers of that quarter, as to whether they would invade his territories. If they agreed, the ambassa- dor was to return ; if not, an Imperial army was to be sent. Shaikh Abu-1 Faiz Faizi, “the prince of poets, was accordingly sent to Baja ’AH Khan and Burhanu-1 Mulk.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 640.] This country had always been governed by independent rulers. Among them was one named Partab Bao, whose son, Nar Singh, strove against him, and took an opportunity of poisoning him. Mukund Deo, a native of Telingana, and a servant of the late Baja, rose up in opposition to the new ruler. Dpon the pretence that his wife was going to pay a visit to the usurper, he sent a number of dulis^ filled with arms, and a number of active men as ostensible guards of his tribute. They were admitted into the fort, and soon put an end to the usurper. Although it was the rule and custom that new rulers should not expend the treasures accumulated by their pre- decessors, Mukund broke open seventy chests, and appropriated their contents. He was very liberal in the use of them, but his act alienated the feelings of the people.

When Sikandar Khan Uzbek left the Imperial service and joined Sulaiman Kirani, the latter sent his son, Bayazid, by way of Jharkand, the Benares of that country, against Orissa; and he sent Sikandar with him. The Baja sent two of his chiefs to oppose him, but many of their men were lured by money to

desert them and abandon their master. Some fighting followed, in which Mukund and his general Ishat Rai were killed. Power then fell into the hands of Rakh Banj (?), but Sulaiman got him into his power, and made an end of him. He then established his power over the whole country.

In the time of Khan-khanan Mun’im Khan and Khan-jahan, a large portion of this country had been brought under the Imperial rule ; but through the incompetency of the amirs it had been wrested from them by Katlu Lohani. When Katlu died, and Raja Man Singh withdrew his forces, as before related, his course was disapproved by many wise men ; but a treaty was patched up. The evil spirits of the country now strove to over- throw each other, but so long as Katlu’s vaMl ’Tsa lived, the treaty was observed. When he died, the turbulent Afghans seized upon the temple of Jagannath, and plundered the country of Hamir, who had proved himself loyal.

Raja Man Singh regretted the treaty he had formerly made, and projected another campaign, for which he received the Imperial permission. The forces of Bengal and Bihar were named for the service. On the 23rd Aban, he set off by water, but Tolak Khan and * * the other amirs proceeded by land. Madhu and Lakhi Rai and * * other zaminddrs were sent by way of Jharkand under the command of Yusuf Khan, the ruler of Kashmir. When the army reached Bengal, Sa’id Khan, the ruler of the province, was ill ; but as the business was urgent, the Raja pushed on without him. When Sa’id recovered, he followed the army, and joined it with * * many chiefs and 6500 horse. A great part of the country was occupied. The crafty Afghans sought to make peace ; but experience had shown what their professions were worth, and a deaf ear was turned to their propositions, though some of the amirs of Bengal were in favour of an amicable settlement. The enemy took up a position in the forests of Midnapur, a place in the middle of Orissa. _Dispositwn of the royal forcesd\ On the 31st Farwardin, Raja Man Singh ordered an advance. * * The enemy then crossed the river, and

set their forces in array. Their centre, under the command of Nasib Khan and Jamal Khan, sons of Katlu, consisted of 3000 horse, and twenty-five elephants. In the wings were 2000 horse and twent^^-five elephants, and in their advance were 1200 horse and eighty elephants. Battle was joined and was well contested, the result being for some time doubtful. * * But victory declared in favour of the Imperial forces. The Afghans had 300 men killed, and the royal army lost forty men.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 651.] When Khan-i ^Azam had established his authority in Gujarat, he resolved to extend his sway, and to bring more of that region under his rule. At first he was im- peded by the timidity of his followers ; but after they had rested and recovered their spirits, he renewed his projects. Somnat, Koka, Mangalor, Mahu, Paro, and seventeen other places fell into his hands without a struggle. He then resolved upon the conquest of Junagarh. This was a renowned fort in the country of Surath, and was held by the grandsons of Amin Khan. Former rulers had been able to make no impression upon it. On the 23rd Khurdad, his army reached the vicinity, and seventeen batteries were raised round the lofty fortress. Nur Beg Khan* and some others were detached to check the Kdtlm^ who were rendering assistance to the besieged. A great fire broke out in the fortress, causing much destruction ; and the European artillery officer, who had embraced the Muhammadan religion, fell dead into the fosse. This greatly encouraged the assailants. But the garrison liad abundant supplies, and were confident in the strength of the place. They had a hundred guns, some of which discharged balls of one man and a half, and these they fired several times daily. Khan-i ’Azam at length placed some mortars on an eminence commanding the fortress, and opened fire upon it. This disturbed the confidence of the garrison, and a capitulation was proposed. The siege had lasted three months,

but the keys were given up on the 7th Shahryur. In all, fifty- seven persons of distinction surrendered, all of whom were honourably treated, and received honorary dresses andyd^irs.

Prejyarations for the Invasion of the Dahliin.

[Text, vol. hi. p. 683.] The expostulations and advice ad- dressed to Burhanu-1 Mulk made no impression upon him, so the Emperor resolved to proceed to Ygra to organize a force for service in the Dakhin. On the 25th Mihr, Prince Daniyal was directed to march thitherwards. Khan-khanan, Rai Singh, and many other nobles, with treasure, artillery, and elephants, were ordered to accompany him. Shah Rukh Mirza, Shahbaz Khan, and other chiefs of Malwa, were ordered to join with their forces. Raja Man Singh was also directed to march from Bengal, if that province could be safely left. Prince Sultan Murad was instructed to prepare to take part in the campaign. * * At the town of Shaikhupur, Khan-khanan was summoned to an audience, and he then represented that the most favourable time for an invasion of the Dakhin was after the end of the rains, when grain and fodder might be procured in abundance. So Prince Daniyal was recalled, and the Emperor resolved to head the expedition himself at the conclusion of the rains. * * Khan-khanan was directed to proceed to i^gra, there to collect and organize the forces, and the Emperor returned homewards.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 713.] Since the time when the Emperor withdrew his gracious attention from the Dakhin, fresh misfor- tunes had fallen upon that country, and discontent grew rife. Nizamu-1 Mulk Burhan was dead, and his son Ibrahim, who succeeded him, took to evil courses. An army marched from

Bijapiir against him, and on the 16th Amurdad a battle was fought about forty miles from Ahmadnagar, in whicdi he was killed by an arrow. The Bijapur army returned triumphant, and the Nizamu-1 Mulki forces were scattered abroad.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 741.] Prince [Murad], in pursuance of orders, now prepared for the invasion of the Dakhin ; but Khan- khanan was delayed by the tardy gathering of his men. Before he joined, some little dissension had sprung up between them. The Prince’s desire was that the heads of the army should all join him, and proceed by that road [from Gujarat] to the Dakhin. It was the opinion of the commauder-in-chief (Khan- khanan), that he should advance from Malwa. As their opinions did not agree, the Prince, on the 20th Aban, marched from Ahmadabad, and rested awhile- at Broach, in expectatian of getting more men. On the 22nd Khurdad, he left Broach. Khan-khanan remained for some time at Bhilsa, which was in his iktd\ to assemble his forces. Ou the 9th Amurdad, he marched for Ujjain. This greatly incensed the Prince, who sent him an angry message. He wrote in reply that he would join the Prince’s army as soon as he had received the promised contingent from the ruler {marzhdn) of Khandesh ; the Prince might meanwhile enjoy the pleasures of the chase in Gujarat. The Prince was enraged with this reply, aud his flatterers fanned his anger. He marched with his army towards Ahmadnagar.

The chief nobles, -and Baja ’All Khan, were inclined to the Prince, and when Kh^-khanan became aware of this, he left his army, artillery, and elephants with Mirza Shah Kukh and other amirs, while he started off express with Raja ’AH Khan (to meet the Prince). On the 19th Azur, he met the Prince at the fort of Chand, thirty kos from Ahmadnagar. The meeting was not cordial. Afler a great deal of talk, a darhdr was held. When the army moved, there was no unity of feeling. Khan- khanan, with his numerous force, was oflended, and kept aloof

from the management of the business. Sadik Khan brought up an old grievance which he had against Shahbaz Khan, and rarely went to the darhdr. On the 8th De, the army encamped half a ho8 from the city, and on that day Khan-khanan and Shahbaz Khan went to the city {Ija shahr raftand). Through their negligence an attack was made upon the baggage of the army, which was with difficulty repelled, and the people of the city were encouraged by the evident signs of dissension. On the 8th, the fortress was invested. Chand Bibi, sister of Burhan, prepared for resistance. As they had carried off Ahmad,i the son, Ikhlas Khan came to Ahmadnagar with Moti, and being defeated, fled to Pattan.

When the royal army approached, Manjuh (the icazir) carried off Ahmad, with a portion of the treasure and some of the elephants, to Bijapur; but he was nearly taken prisoner. From want of proper munitions, the siege was protracted. Chand Bibi was afraid of being taken prisoner ; but being informed of the condition of the assailants, she was encouraged to defend the city. On the 9th, Shah ’All and Abhang Khan made a night attack in force upon the battery of Khan-khanan ; but the defenders fought bravely, killed many of the assailants, and repelled the attack. If the repulse had been followed up, the pursuers might have entered the fort with the fugitives, and the place would have fallen.

The close blockade and scarcity of provisions were taking effect on the garrison. * * On the 13th, an unsuccessful attack was made upon the camp. * * On the 16th, a caravan from Grujarat came near, and was plundered by Sa’adat Khan. * * On the 19th, Slier Khwaja, Shaikh Daulat, Kamran Beg, and Daulat Khan, were sent with a force towards Pattan. They inflicted a defeat on Ikhlas Khan, and secured great booty. Then, eager for further plunder, they pillaged the inhabitants of

1 Ahmad Shah, who claimed to he of royal descent, had been raised to the throne. An opposite faction had set up Moti, a bazar boy, and he having been taken prisoner Ikhlhs Khan procured another child, who was also called Moti. — Briggs, Fiiishta, Yol. ii. p. 270 ; vol. iii. pp. 291, 292.

Pattan, a city which had received letters of protectiou. On the 11th Isfandarinuz, a portion of the wall was broken down. A mine was carried from the battery of the Prince, and a hole cleared out under the wall. It was filled with powder and ex- ploded, when it brought down about thirty gaz of the wall. The troops were ready for the assault ; but another mine, which had been carried under the -wall from the battery of Shahbaz Khan, was discovered by the garrison and emptied. From fear of a disaster like that which occurred at Chitor, the storming party was held back, and such a delay occurred, that the day- light passed away, and during the night the garrison repaired the breach. But the garrison was greatly disheartened by the activity of the bosiegers, and now proposed an accommodation. They oftered to elevate Bahadur, son of the son of Burhanu-1 Mulk, to the throne, with the title of Kizamu-1 Mulk, and as a vassal of the Imperial throne. The territory of Ahmadnagar was to be confirmed to him, and the province of Birar given up to the Emperor. Jewels, the pick of the elephants, and other things were to be sent as tribute to the Emperor. Notwithstanding the desperate state of the place, and the scarcity of provisions, these unworthy terms were agreed to, and a treaty was concluded on the 17th Isfandarmuz.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 744.] In this year there was little rain, and the price of rice rose high. Celestial influences were unpro- pitious, and those learned in the stars announced dearth and scarcity. The kind-hearted Emperor sent experienced officers in every direction, to supply food every day to the poor and desti- tute. So, under the Imperial orders, the necessitous received daily assistance to their satisfaction, and every class of the indiirent was entrusted to the care of those who were able to care for them.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 764.] The Ahmadnagar affair, and other unfortunate matters, had brought disgrace upon the armies of the Dakhin, and made their leaders desirous of retrieving their fortunes, by contending against the Imperial forces. Shah Murad was at the head of the royal aruiy, and was desirous of giviug battle, but the experienced amirs objected, and con- tinued their opposition, until Mirza Shah Rukh was appointed commander-in-chief, and Khan-khanan and other distinguished officers were named for different duties. The military chest, the elephants, and the artillery, were carefully looked after, and everything properly arranged. Mirza Shah Rukh and Khan- khanan commanded the centre. * * The army marched from Shahpur, and took up a position twelve hos from Pathari.

The enemy also prepared for battle. The army of Nizamu-1 Mulk was in the centre ; the ’Adil Khanis were on the right, and the army of Kutbu-1 Mulk on the left. On the 28th Bahman, after the first watch of the day, the river Gang (Godavari) was passed, and the battle began by an attack on the right wing of the enemy. But they held their ground firmly in a strong position, and kept up a heavy fire. Great bravery was exhibited on both sides, and a long and desperate struggle was maintained. The enemy was numerous, and the superiority of his fire checked the Imperial ranks and made them waver. Jagganath and several other Rajputs drew rein, and did not move, while the ’Adil Khani troops made an onslaught upon Raja ^AH Khan of Khandesh. He made a stubborn resistance, and fell fighting bravely, with thirty-five distinguished officers and 500 devoted followers.

Mirza Shah Rukh and Khan-khanan had been successful in their part of the field, so also had Saiyid Kasim and other leaders. The enemy was under the impression that tlie ruler of Khandesh was in the centre, and thought that Mirza Shah Rukh and Khan- khanan were involved in his defeat. During the darkness of the

night, the opposing forces remained separate from each other, each supposing that it had gained a victory. In the course of the night many of the scattered troops rejoined their standards. Under the impression that Haja ’A\i Khan, of Khandesh, had gone over to the enemy, the Imperial troops plundered his bag- gage. Dwarka Das of the advance, and Sa’id Jalal of the left, retired to Nilavvi. Earn Chandar, who had fought bravely, and had received twenty wounds with the forces under Eaja ’All Khan, remained among the wounded during the night, and died a few days after.

AVhen morning came, the Imperial forces, 7000 in number, found themselves in face of 25,000 of the enemy. They had all night suffered from thirst, and they now carried the river Sugam. The enemy was only half-hearted, and being dismayed by this demonstration took to flight, and made but little resist- ance. * * Worn out by the protracted conflict, the Imperial forces were unable to pursue. At the beginning of the campaign, the Imperial forces numbered only 15,000, while the enemy were 60,000 in number. Still they had gained this great victory, and had captured forty elephants and much artillery.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 802.] On His Majesty’s return from the Panjab, he formed the design of marching direct to the south without visiting his capital. But his mind was disturbed by the non-arrival of the Princes, and many idle stories were reported to him. So he halted, resolving to make a politic delay, and he again summoned the Princes to his presence. On the 25th of the month, the author of this work received orders to pro- ceed to the Dakhin, and to bring Prince Sultan Murad to Court. If the amirs of the Dakhin were willing to undertake the management of the country, the author was to leave it in their hands, and return with the Prince ; but if otherwise, he

was to send the Prince to Court, and to remain and associate himself with the other officers in supporting Mirza Shah Pukh. A banner and kettle-drums were given to the Mirza, and the province of Malwa was assigned to him, so that he might be able to raise and equip an army in his own province, and return to the Dakhin when called upon.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 803.] At the beginning of Isfandarmuz, the fort of Lohgarh, at Daulatabad in the Dakhin, was taken. Mirza ^Ali Beg Akbarshahi besieged it for a month, and want of provisions and water compelled the garrison to surrender and give up the keys.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 805.] In this year the fort of Kherla, in Birar, lying between Birar and Gondwana, was obtained by capitulation on the 13th Yban, the garrison being short of provisions. The fort of Nasik, near Ahraadnagar, was taken soon after.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 806.] Alas, that wine should be burdened with suffering, and that its sweet nectar should be a deadly poison ! * * On the 17th Urdibihisht, near Dihbari, on the banks of the Purta, twenty kos from Daulatabad, Prince Sultan Murad’s fits took a grave character, and on the 22nd he became insensible and died.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 837.] On the 22nd Isfandarmuz, Khan-i ’Azam, Ysaf Khan, Shaikh Farid, and the writer of this work were directed to invest the fortress of Ysir, and to construct

batteries round it. But the force which was sent on this service, under the command of Shaikh Farid, was very small compared with the numbers of the enemy ; so it was deemed prudent .to halt at three kos from the fortress. Some inexperienced and mischievous persons excited the Emperor’s anger at this resolu- tion. But the writer went to visit him, and explained the true state of affairs, and his anger was soon appeased. On the same day the author was appointed to take charge of the province of Khandesh. Thereupon he established twenty- two stations in the province, and to each he appointed a responsible officer. To one he appointed his brother Shaikh Abii-l Barakat, with some experienced subordinate officers ; to another his son Shaikh ’Abdu-r Rahman. In a short time the refractory were brought to obedience, and many others gladly became subjects of the Emperor. The soldiery submitted peacefully, and the peasantry applied themselves to the work of cultivation.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 828.] Disturbances now broke out in the province of Bengal, through the imprudence of Raja Man Singh, who, although he was absent in the province of Ajmir, kept the government of Bengal in his own hands, thinking that all would go on quietly, and according to his wish. ’Usman, Shujawal, and other Afghans, broke out in rebellion. Maha Singh and Partab Singh made light of this, and attacked them at Bhadrak ; but were defeated. The province was not lost ; but the rebels got possession of some places.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 831.] Salim, the Prince Royal, had been sent against the Rana (of U'dipur). His love of ease, encouraged by his improper companions, induced him to spend some time at Ajmir in pleasure. After a while, he hastened to U^dipur, and the Rana then leading his forces in another direction, plundered Balpur and other places. Madho Singh was sent against him, and

defeated him. But before this honourable service was accom- plished, the Prince was induced by his evil counsellors to form the design of going to the Panjab, and of there following his own pleasure. But just at this time came the outbreak of the Afghans in Bengal, and upon the advice of Baja Man Singh, he proceeded' thither. On the 1st Amurdad, he crossed the Jumna, four kos from Agra, and greatly pained Maryam Makani, the Emperor’s mother, by not going to see her. In her kindness she went out after him, to chide him for his neglect ; but when he heard of her approach on his return from hunting, he entered his boat, and went off as fast as he could, leaving the venerable lady to return home with sorrowful heart. The Prince went on to Allahabad, v/here he seized upon many jdgtrs. He appro- priated the revenues of Bihar, amounting to more than thirty lacs of rupees, and assumed the royal title. The Emperor, in his kindness and forbearance, did not believe all this, and his great nobles agreed with him. Letters were sent to the Prince ques- tioning him upon his irregular proceedings, and he replied that he was doing good service, and was innocent of any wrong.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 832.] The operations against Ahmadnagar were protracted, and the royal army was in difficulty about sup- plies. Evil-disposed persons in all parts began to move. So, on the 4th of the month, Mirza Rustam was sent to Prince (Daniyal) with a /ac of mohurs. Nasik fell into the hands of the Imperial officers about this time.

After the rains the Emperor set his heart upon the reduction of Ahmadnagar. He sent directions for using every effort, and he himself proceeded to Burhanpiir. Oh and Bibi 'was for keep- ing the treaty which she had made with the writer of this Avork ; but Abhang,^ at the head of a large force of Abyssinian s and Dakhinis, was fighting against her. On the 26th Farwardfn, the royal army arrived, and suspicion seized upon the Hakhini ^ The Nihang Khan of Briggs.

forces. One man whispered to another that their leaders had made terms with the Imperial army; so this force of Abhang’s lost heart, and dispersed without making any resistance. On the 2nd Urdibihisht, the various intrenchments were assigned to the various amirs. Chand Bibi was for abiding by the treaty. Several of the leading men in the fortress then took matters into their own hands, and made several unsuccessful sorties. Under the direction of the Prince, great efforts were made to form a khdk-rez'^ to fill up the ditch and reach to the walls. This was from thirty to forty ga% broad, and seven ga% deep {zharfd). The wall was of bluish stone, and twenty-seven gaz hio-h. Mines were formed from the trenches of the Prince and

Mirza Yusuf Khan; but the besieged broke into them, and filled them up again. They even formed a counter-mine from the inside, and exploded it ; but it was smothered by the khdk-rez and did no damage there. The shock split a bastion of the fortress. When this was discovered, efforts were made to clear out the chasm, and this being effected, 180 mans of gun- powder were placed therein. On the 6th Shahryur, it was ex- ploded. The bastion and thirty gaz of the wall was blown into the air. The garrison suffered from the falling stones ; but not a particle of stone fell on the besiegers. Through the breach rushed the assailants, and another party made their way in from the intrenchments of Mirza Yusuf Khan. Fifteen hundred of the garrison were put to the sword ; the rest were saved by the solicitations of their friends. Bahadur, son of Ibrahim and grandson of Burhan, who had been set up as Nizamu-1 Mulk, was taken prisoner. Yery valuable jewels, embossed arms, a splendid library, fine silks, and twenty-five elephants, were among the booty. The guns and ammunition exceeded all compute. The siege was carried on during the rainy season ; but by great good fortune there was no flooding to interrupt

1 Johnson explains this as “the foot of a wall,” but the words mean literally “ earth-spreading,” and the text makes it clear that it signifies the filling in of the ditch, and the levelling up of dirt against the walls.

the construction of the khdk-rez. The day after the victory, heavy rain commenced. The siege lasted four months and four days.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 835.] A party of Lohanis who had come to Ghazni upon business had been attacked from an ambush by the Hazdras. After seven days’ fighting, they were compelled by thirst to retire, and they then sought the aid of Jalala. He went with them into Ghazni, in the disguise of a merchant. When they were attacked by the men of Sharif Khan, and by the raiyatSy Jalala tried to get them back again to their homes. Again the Hazaras fell upon them and scattered them abroad. Jalala was wounded and carried to the hills, where he was put to death by Murad Beg and other intelligent men.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 844.] Although Ahmadnagar had fallen to the Imperial arms, a scarcity of grain soon after weakened their power ; the malcontents again assembled, and broke out in rebellion. They placed at their head ’All, son of Shdh ^Ali, and uncle of Murtaza Nizamu-1 Mulk. Khan-khanan was there- fore appointed to take command at Ahmadnagar, and the writer of this history was sent to Nasik.

[Text, vol. iii. p. 849.] The writer of this history was held back from going to Nasik, and marched against the son of Shah ’AH, which was deemed to be more important. In Isfandarmuz in the preceding year, he had joined Khan-khanan, near Baran- ganw. But intelligence was brought that one of the great vassals of ’Adil Khan Bijapuri was coming towards Ahmadnagar with

^ Jal&la is generally called tdriki, “sectary.” Chalmers, in his MS. translation, read the word as “ Tdjihy and, strange to say, Elphinstone has adopted that word in one of his notes. Jalala’s followers, as Elphinstone shows, were Yhsufzais, not Tajiks.

5000 horse and 12,000 foot. The Khan deemed it necessary to watch his proceedings, so he proceeded to Jalna-pur, and left the author to march against the son of Shah ’AH. On the 27th, the author reached the banks of the Ganga (Godavari). On the 29th he got possession of the fort of Kalna, which is one of the chief fortresses of Ahmadnagar. * * ’AH Mardan Khan, the commander of the Imperial forces, was defeated and taken pri- soner in Telingana.

The author’s efforts were thereupon directed to the repression of this outbreak, and he sent his son with 1200 horse against the enemy. * * On the 6th Khurdad, he defeated them with a loss of 400 killed, and many wounded.

This is the supplement of the Akhar-ndma, containing the four remaining years of Akbar’s reign. It was composed by Shaikh Inayatu-lla, and is sometimes met with bound up with the Akhar-ndma.

[The above is all that has been found among Sir H. M. Elliot’s papers concerning this “ Completion of the Akhar-ndma^ There is no copy of the work in his library, and not a page of trans- lation. The work seems to be almost unknown in England, for it is not to be found in the Libraries of the British Museum, the East India Office, or the Royal Asiatic Society. A translation of the whole work is given at the end of the MS. translation of the Akhar-ndma belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society, already noticed at p. 8 supra. It is the work of “ Lieut.’’ Chalmers, of the Madras Army, and was used by Elphinstone. The following Extracts are taken from this translation, and may be accepted as accurate.

Nothing more has been learnt of the work or its author than what he tells us. in the following pages. It will be seen from the conclusion that he calls himself “ Inayatu-lla, or Muham- mad Salih.”]

The most admirable command of His Most High Majesty * * was issued to this effect, that as the Akhar-ndma was still un- finished, and Abu-1 Fazl was no more, and had not attained

the happiness of completing this noble record, this humble in- dividual (Inayatu-lla) should relate the annals of four years ■which remained unchronicled. And as the second volume of the Shaikh was both deficient in beauty of style, and contained many obsolete words unintelligible to the generality of mankind, a point which was not approved of, he was further directed to arrange his diction and phraseology after the model of the first volume, so that his meaning, though wonderful and sublime, should be clad in the familiar garb of common language, and that it might thus be understood and commended by small and great. My hope is, that by obedience to this mandate, the morning of suc- cess and complacency may dawn upon me, and that I may thus secure an ample stock of approbation and advancement !

This year commenced on Thursday, the 27th Ramazan. * * About this time, a letter arrived from the Prince Sultan Daniyal, reporting that (Malik) Ambar had collected his troops in Bidar, and had gained a victory over a party -vvdiich had been sent to oppose him by Malik Barid. After exacting tribute from him, Malik Ambar successfully attacked the Kutbu-1 Mulki terri- tories, and then proceeding towards Telingana, had besieged Mir Murtaza in Pathri. The Prince, therefore, to prevent his junction with the son of Shah ’AH in Ahmadnagar, had de- tached the Khan-khanan against him, while Shaikh Abu-1 Fazl was ordered against Raju.

It has already been related, that His Highness the Prince Sultan Salim had set out against the Rajd of Ajmir, attended by a train of followers countless as the stars. But as Akbar had now heard of the disturbances in Bengal, he had countermanded the Prince, and directed him to unite his forces with those of Raja Man Singh, to reduce these Eastern rebels, and that

the Prince deferred his departure, and merely hunted towards Allahabad.

When the Emperor was at Akbarabad (Agra), the Prince wrote to request the honour of an audience, and proceeded as far as Etawa for the purpose ; but here doubts were suggested to him by some ill-inclined persons, and he feared to advance any further. His Majesty was no sooner made aware of this circum- stance, than he wrote to the Prince, that “ if he were earnest in his wish to pay his respects, he ought to display his confidence by doing so alone, and dismiss his attendants to ih.Q\v jdgirs ; if, on the contrary, suspicion withheld him, he had better retire to AllahabM, there to re-assure his heart, and repair to Court when he was able to do so with full trust and confidence.” The Prince, alarmed at this kind yet disdainful communication, instantly despatched Mir Sadr~i Jahdn^ who was the chief justiciary of the Imperial dominions, and His Majesty’s agent with the Prince, to his august father, charged with the most submissive apology, and referring to the Mir’s own observation in testimony of his sense of duty and allegiance. He then set out towards Allahabad, and meanwhile an Imperial farmdn was issued, in- vesting him with the government of Bengal and Orissa, and directing him to despatch his officers to take possession of those two provinces. Raja Man Singh was, at the same time, ordered to transfer the provinces, and to return to Court.

A splendid victory was gained by the Khan-khanan over Ambar. It had been reported by Mir Murtaza and Sher Khwaja, that Ambar had been joined by Farhad with 2000 horse, and had strengthened himself in Nandeir. The Khan determined to send his own son, Mirza Trich, with a body of brave followers, against him. As fate had ordained the day of punishment for Ambar to approach, he was sufficiently hold to draw out his forces, and prepare for battle in the vicinity of Nandeir. Mirza Trich, chafing at his insolence, marshalled his

brave forces and attacked him. The centre and left soon bore down their opponents, and if the right had in like manner gained the same honourable title to fame, it is most probable that the whole of the enemy would have been taken, and the sedition quelled at once. Even as it was, twenty elephants, with all the enemy’s equipage, were taken.

’Usman the Afghan trod in the path of rebellion, and cross- ing the Brahmaputra river, was in vain opposed by Baz Bahadur, the Imperial thdnaddr^ who retired to Bhowal. Raja Man Singh no sooner heard of Baz Bahadur’s retreat, than, marching the whole night, he joined him on the following morning, and attack- ing the enemy put him to flight, and took many guns and much spoil. The Raja having then again delivered the country to Baz Bahadur, returned to Dacca ; but as the ofiicer of the district now formed the idea of crossing the river and seizing upon the country of ’Tsa, and Saripur and Bakrampur, the Afghans again assumed a posture of defiance, and defended the approaches both with guns and boats. As the contest continued for some time, the Raja sent a chosen body in advance, with orders to cross the river when they could get the opportunity. But the Afghans opened a discharge of artillery upon them from their boats, and many of the warriors were killed. Tlie Rdja now opportunely arrived in person, and with his men boldly crossing the river on elephants, the enemy, astonished at their daring, took to flight. The Raja drew not his rein till he' had followed them to Tira and Mahwari. Then Ghazni, the chief of the latter place, sub- mitted, and the Raja pushed on. He took Bakrampur and Saripur, and stationed trusty forces throughout the country. The Afghans then retreated to Sunarganw, while the Raja returned victorious to Dacca.

As Shaikh Abu-1 Fazl adorned the garment of the high con-

sideration iu which he was held with the embroidery of hearty fidelity, he had reported to His Majesty some of the youthful indiscretions of the Prince Salim Mirza, the heir-apparent — forgetful that the high road to honour and distinction hath its dangers, and that the branch which wildly ventures to run crookedly must ever bear bitter fruit.

To His Majesty’s amiable disposition, therefore, his reports were not entirely acceptable, and, as this soon became current among all classes, Akbar summoned him to Court, and directed him to make over his retinue and command during^ his absence to his son ’Abdu-r Rahman. Abu-1 Pazl reached Sarai Banga,^ two stages from Gwalior, on the 1st Shahryur. There Bar Singh Deo Bundela, anxious to obtain the favour of the Prince Sultan Salim, planted an ambuscade in his way. Abu-1 FazTs followers apprised him of the danger, and recommended him to retire for protection to Rai Ray an and Raja Rai Singh, who were with 2000 horse at Antari, a distance of only two kos. But the Shaikh, whose hour of death was at hand, and the gem of whose discrimination had therefore grown dull, only replied, “The fear of death is vain, for its period cannot be deferred. I have been raised by my gallantry from the position of being son of a danvesh to the rank of nobility, how then shall I basely seek shelter from another?” The Rajputs soon afterwards placed their rough hands upon his collar, and slew him with his atten- dants. His head was sent by Bar Singh Deo to the young Prince. His Majesty was much affected on hearing of his death, and he earnestly besought pardon for his sins from the Creator. Orders were issued for bringing Bar Singh Deo to punishment.

Prince Ddniyal, with the levity of youth, had forgotten the vow which he had made by the head of his august father to

‘ According to Asad Beg, who had personal knowledge of the matter, the place of the murder was called “ Sarai-Barar,” and the murderer’s name was Nar Singh. See infrd^ — WikdycC-i Asad Beg.

forsake the habit of drinkino:, and had a^ain addicted himself to wine. Akbar addressed to him a letter of exhortation, bidding him take warning by the fate of Prince Sultan Murad, and en- treating him, if only out of regard to his earthly parent, to withdraw his hand from the impurity of this venomous and treacherous poison.

The Sultana Salima Begam took her departure for Allahabad, in order that she might by her influence bring to the Imperial Court the Prince Sultan Salim, who had been repeatedly re- ported to have thrown the veil of repentance over his offences. He was tlierefore pressingly and graciously invited to the presence.

Bar Singh Deo, the murderer of Abu-1 Fazl, had first been pursued by the Bai Bdyan to Bhander, and from thence to Trich, a strong fort on the river. When the advanced party of the Imperial troops turned their conquering face against this place, he came out and drew up his troops to dispute the bank of the stream.^ The Kai Bayan crossed and attacked, and drove him back again into the fort, which was then besieg^ by the royal forces. The distress of the enemy increased, till the benighted culprit broke from the walls by night, and fled to the jungle. His elephant was slain there ; but he contrived, under the darkness of the night, to effect his escape.

The Sultana Salima Begam, having interceded between His Majesty and the young prince Salim, reconciled the monarch to the wonted exercise of paternal affection, while at the same time she also procured for Salim the pardon of Akbar’s august

mother. When the Prince approached the capital, that venerable matron proceeded some days’ journey to meet him, and brought him to her own private abode. Even His Majesty, to conciliate his illustrious son, advanced several steps to receive him. * * After a short interval. His Majesty conferred on him the royal diadem, which is the main source of ornament to the Court and Sovereignty, and the chief light of the pomp of royalty.

This short-sighted Paja, who had just now acquired the country of Bangu, and secured possession of the gold hoarded for many years, became elated with the extent of his treasures and the number of his elephants. He had succeeded by his wiles in bringing over Kaid Kai, the zaminddr of Bakrampur, who had been forcibly reduced by Man Singh. He then openly rebelled, and assembling an army at Sunarganw, laid siege to a fort in the vicinity. Sultan Kuli Khan the governor bravely defended himself, and eventually sallying forth, dispersed the besiegers. Ahmad, another rebel, then joined the Baja with his forces, and a second time summoned Sultdn Kuli. Eaja Man Singh, hearing of the increased numbers of the enemy, despatched a force under Ibrahim Atka, Raghu Das, and Dalpat Rai, to his assistance. These soon brought the Magh Raja and all his forces to action, for as victory ever attends the Imperial standards, they attacked him, regardless of the number of his boats and the strength of his artillery. A complete victory was gained. One hundred vessels, of different kinds, were taken ; and the Raja was compelled to intrench himself in front of the Imperial troops, to provide safety against their attacks.

About the same period the Raja of Baiiswarra, who had excited a rebellion, was defeated by Mirza Shah Rukh, whose admirable zeal called him to the field, notwithstanding the infirm

state of his health. The Raja was defeated after a short contest ; his stronghold was taken, and himself driven to the hills. He next raised a party in Malwa, and the Mirza, thinking it more important to repress him than to seize his territory, promptly followed him thither. On this, the rebel immediately returned, and re-occupying his own country, increased in insolence. The roads were impassable in consequence of the rains, and the Mirza, being unable to move his troops, was compelled for the present to suspend the pursuit.

His Majesty had already once deputed Prince Salim to uproot the rebellious Rana, and the standards of victory had already overshadowed I/dipur. Another force had also been sent to reduce the hill-country. But the Rana escaped to his fastnesses, and the consummation of this important affair was delayed. An order was now again issued that the Prince should a second time brace his courage to the destruction of this doomed infidel. * * But the inclinations of the young Prince were not heartily engaged in the enterprise. He reported that his troops were not prepared, and made extravagant demands, both for increased forces and treasure. JMoreover, he intimated his wish, that if his exorbitant requests were not complied with, he might be allowed to return to his own/dyir. His Majesty, accordingly, guessing the object of his conduct, directed that he might con- sider himself at liberty to return to Allahabad, and to present himself at Court whenever afterwards he chose to do so. The Prince accepted this permission, and marching on the 6th Azur, crossed the Jumna, near Muttra, and turned towards Allahabad.

Shortly after, the irrevocable commands were issued to Prince Sultan Daniyal and the Khan-khanan to march against ’Adil Khan of Bijapur, who was dilatory in the transmission of his tribute, and had otherwise shown himself refractory. * * The

young Prince was ill, and unable to proceed himself ; but by the advice of his counsellors, he deputed Inayatu-lla to Bijapur, with a despatch calculated to excite both the hopes and fears of ^A'dil Khdn.

Raja Man Singh, after defeating the Magh Raja, turned his attention toward Kaid Rai of Bengal, who had collected nearly 500 vessels of war, and had laid siege to Kilmak, the Imperial commander in Srinagar. Kilmak held out, till a body of troops was sent to his aid by the Raja. These finally overcame the enemy, and after a furious cannonade, took Kaid Rai prisoner, who died of his wounds soon after he was brought before the Raja.

At this period almshouses were directed to be established throughout the Imperial dominions ; also caravanserais for travellers at every stage, where food was to be prepared and held in readiness at all times for the way-worn traveller, who is usually too fatigued to be equal to the exertion of cooking his own repast.

Prince Kaikubad, son of Mirza Hakim, having contracted the pernicious habit of indulging in intoxicating drugs, was sent into confinement in the fort of Rantambhor, under the custody of Raja Jagannath, there to be kept until punishment and seclusion from corrupt society should work in him amendment.

’Adil Khan of Bijapur, being now wrought on by the exhorta- tions of Mirza Sharfu-d din, tlie Imperial ambassador, to offer his allegiance to the State, Mirza Trich was the noble honoured

with the charge of extorting both the tribute which he agreed to send, and the litter of his daughter, who was to be united to Prince Sultan Daniyal. That young prince was also prevailed on to proceed with 5000 horse to Ahmadnagar, to celebrate the rejoicings on the occasion of the nuptials.

The death of the sister of Eaja Man Singh, who was the chief favourite in the harem of the Prince Sultan Salim, occurred at this time. This lady was ever ambitious of an ascendency over the other inmates of the harem, and o’rew violent at the slialitest opposition to her will. Having one day had a quarrel with one of her rivals, she took the opportunity of the Prince’s absence at a hunting party, to swallow a large quantity of opium ; pre- ferring, in her fury, the draught of deadly poison to the sweet waters of life. She expired before the Prince, who was recalled from his excursion by the news of her illness, could arrive, and he remained for some days absorbed in grief for her loss.

It now became necessary to despatch to the Court of Sultan Daniyal Shaikh Abu-1 Khair, brother of Abu-1 Fazl, and equally devoted with that chief to the service of the Emperor, to endeavour by any means to briug the young Prince to Court, with the view there to force him to abstain from the ruinous course of inebriety which had now reduced him to the most debilitated condition.

Reports arrived that the practice of indulgence in wine drink- ing, and of the excessive use of opium, had affected the health of the Prince Royal, Sultan Salim, and had made his temper so irritable and tyrannical, that the slightest offences were visited with the severest punishments, that pardon was never thought

of, and that his adlierents were struck dumb with terror. His Majesty, aware that a word of counsel spoken in season, would avail more than a thousand at a distance, * * determined to proceed to Allahabad, to attempt the reformation of the Prince.

[The progress of the Emperor to Allahabad] was arrested by the accounts which he received of the dangerous illness of his august mother, and his affectionate heart was overwhelmed with grief at her distressing state. * * On the 20th Shahryur she departed, leaving the world in grief. Akbar clad himself in the deepest mourning, shaved his head and beard, and avoided all ornament in his apparel. Her body was conveyed to Dehli. His Majesty himself placed his shoulder under the bier, and helped to bear it for several paces, and the same office was per- formed by the chief amirs of the State. Her remains were interred near to those of her illustrious husband.

The abode of Bar Singh Deo, the murderer of Abu-1 Fazl, had been several times attacked and plundered, but the culprit himself had still escaped the vengeful pursuit of Shaikh ^Abdu-r Bahman. Orders were now given for the reinforcement of that officer with as many of the Imperial troops as he might select as worthy, from their valour and conduct, to be partners in the work of retribution. Baja Bikramajit was also associated with him.

Shaikh ’Abdu-r Bahrnan and Khwaja ^Abdu-lla reported that they had succeeded in taking the fort of Urcha, ^ one of the strongest in Hindustan, and that the rebel. Bar Singh Deo, had

been driven to hide himself like a snake among the wilds, to escape the pursuit of the Imperial warriors. Shortly afterwards another despatch was received from the same chiefs, stating that as the enemy had poisoned all the wells, and 1000 men had died of fever, they had been compelled to abandon Urcha as a place of residence.

Shall I talk of the changeableness of this world, or shall I relate the sad tale of this young branch of tender years, or shall I rather acquaint my pen with the evil which his own obstinacy and folly wrought upon himself! The fire of the wine- cup ex- tinguished the light of his natural abilities, and the lamp of his intellect was unable to burn through the abundance of this

baneful liquid. The affectionate arguments of His Majesty were disregarded, till by degrees the fumes of wine sapped the strength and vigour of his constitution, and his trembling limbs lost their functions. The Khan-khaiian and Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan used their utmost endeavours, both in obedience to the Imperial orders and the real affection they felt for him, to stop the supply of this deleterious liquor. They posted guards to prevent its introduction ; but the base parasites who were about the Prince’s person contrived to introduce the poison unper- ceived, sometimes concealing it in the barrels of muskets, and sometimes in their turbans. After forty days of illness, the young Prince died, at the age of thirt^^-three — an event which caused both friends and strangers to sit down in grief and mourning.

It has been already related that Bar Singh Deo took refuge in the wilds and forests. He was, nevertheless, pursued by Raja Jai Singh, who shot many of his followers, and at last wounded the blood-stained murderer, who, however, still contrived, though with blistered feet, to effect his escape.